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On the cover:
Examples of two
of the Experiment
Station's innovative
projects in 1992
are featured on the
cover. In the top
photo is an aerial
view of experimental
artificial wetlands
used to filter waste
water from a live-
stock production
operation.
The bottom photo 
is
of Auburn's first test-
tube calf, a Jersey
bull that had been
implanted as a
fertilized egg into
a Holstein cow using
in-vitro fertilization.
Both projects are
featured in this
annual report.
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS
William V. Muse, President
Paul F. Parks, Vice President 
for Research
Lowell T. Frobish, Director
David H. Teem, Associate Director
Russell B. Muntifering, Associate Director
Patrick D. Green, Assistant Director
James R. Roberson, Assistant Director
CONTENTS
Foreword
This report was produced by the
Office of Research Information
James R. Roberson,
Editor and Assistant Director
Catherine L. Smith.
Associate Editor
Robyn Hearn,
Associate Editor
Teresa Rodriguez, Designer
The information contained herein
is available to all regardless of 
race.
color, sex. or national origin.
Innovations for Producers
Animal Research May Help 
AIDS Victims
Protecting the Environment
Improving Cotton Fabric Flame Retardants
Natural Weapons Combat 
Pests
Computer Model Helps Guide 
Agricultural Policy
Director's Research Awards
Financial Highlights
3
FOREWORD
-IL'e on ce 
"aLd. 'tb hdictio-
nary is the only 
place 'here
succcss comes before work."
This 11), .1l Report presents results and
successes ot only a few research projects con-
ducted by scientists working in the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station. However, it
is dedicated to all the faculty and staff who put
team work before individual success, making
1992 a year of tremendous successes in the
Experiment Station.
One of 1992's successes w as the opening of
the Plant Science Center, culminating several
years of administrative work. The Center pro-
vides scientists with the latest in greenhouse
en'ironmental control, where climate is moni-
tored and controlled by computer. This Center
allows scientists to reliably and closely simu-
late field testing of plants before applying new
techniques in actual field tests and then trans-
ferring the knowledge to growers.
When the term "hard work" is used in agri-
culture, one usually thinks of pulling weeds,
working cattle, or some such physical labor.
Although hard work is hardly out of vogue on
the farm, computers and other labor saving
devices are becoming standard management
tools. Auburn scientists have developed and
implemented coiputei programs that assist pro-
ducers in making management decisions. A sys-
tem to obtain weather data, plus historically-
based weather predictions that can be used to
make management decisions such as when to
spray pesticides is near completion. In the
tuture, computer programs will adjust the fertil-
izer, pesticide. or planting rate based on the soil
type, pest intensity, or other production factors.
More than ce. concl ns about maintaining
and improving our environment must be con-
sidered when making management decisions.
Likewise, when conducting research, scientists
must consider the ecological impact new innova-
tions will have, regardless of benetit to produc-
ers. Thus, environmental quality continues to be
a high priority of Experiment Station research.
Finding environmentally compatible uses for
waste materials, thus converting them to re-
sources, also is an important part of the Experi-
ment Station research program.
Experiment Station research is also cogni
zant of consumer needs and concerns. Wh-
American agriculture moved from animal-di a
to mechanical cultivation and harvesting eqt.
ment, agricultural research was decades ahea
implementation. Likewise, when farmers tui
from human labor to chemicals tor pest contuk.
research-proven technology was several years
ahead of actual implementation. Unfortunately.
the rapid changes in technology, coupled with
level or reduced support for agricultural re-
search, has dramatically reduced this lead time
between technological breakthroughs and the
utilization of new information by producers.
To be as successful as we have been in the
past, the Experiment Station must continue to
adapt to the growing requirement for quicker
technology transfer, or it must secure the re-
sources necessary to widen the window of
opportunity for applying agricultural break-
throughs. Fortunately. we have the dedication
of scientists, administrators, and support staff
to do both, thus assuring success for Auburn
University and the producers of Alabama.
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Harsh freezes
virtually wiped
out Alabama's
once-thriving
satsuma orange
industry, but
Auburn horticul-
turists are look-
ing for new ways
to protect the
valuable crop
and thereby
revive citrus
\ production in the
_ State. This study
is exemplary of
the wide-ranging
and innovative
research program
y sponsored by the
Experiment
Station in 1992.
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INNOVATIONS FOR PRODUCERS
ailrn University's Alabama Ag-
,ultural Experiment Station
\ \ i develop innovations to benefit 
the
State's producers of livestock, crops, and other
commodities. These pages present but a few
examples of the developments AAES research-
ers accomplished in 1992.
In one exciting area of research, a new
management strategy designed by AAES ani-
mal scientists showed promise in increasing
the number of pigs born, as well as enhancing
their survivability, size, muscle mass, and per-
formance. The procedure calls for injecting 
a
natural growth hormone into gestating sows. A
related project could yield equally dramatic
results in cattle.
Co-sponsored by the Alabama Pork Pro-
ducers association, researchers injected por-
cine somatotropin into sows when the embry-
onic muscles were developing. In preliminary
studies, the procedure 
resulted in longer,
healthier, more muscular, and possibly faster
growing pigs. Preliminary data in a study using
bovine somatotropin in cattle should be avail-
able within a year.
GOOD NEWS FOR CATTLE PRODUCERS
The Alabama Cattlemen's Association is
supporting another area of research involving
bovine somatotropin. In this project, animal
scientists inject the growth hormone into cull
cows in an effort to hydrate muscles and in-
crease the yield and quality of lean meat from
for ground beef, but the new procedure 
pro-
vides the potential for enhancing the value 
of
loins, ribs, or other muscle groups in old cattle.
This innovative technique the first use
of bovine somatotropin in cull cows 
was
successful in initial experiments in reducing
fat deposition and increasing protein synthesis
and deposition.
TEST-TUBE CALVES
Cattle producers also stand to benefit from
veterinary medical research in the area of "in
vitro fertilization" (IVF), or the production of
test-tube calves.
When a cow is culled from a herd because
of injury or illness, cattle producers lose 
both
the animal and the genetic value of the calves
she might have produced. Now, Experiment
Station IVF research offers producers 
a way to
salvage valuable genes. IVF is used to unite
eggs and sperm in an artificial environment and
then to implant the fertilized eggs into another
cow that can carry the calf to term.
To date, four dairy cows have been im-
pregnated with IVF calves. The first 
calf, a
Jersey bull carried by a Holstein cow, was born
in mid-January. The IVF technique is offered
as a service to Alabama producers by Auburn
veterinarians.
REVITALIZING THE OYSTER INDUSTRY
Auburn faculty helped make a break-
through in 1992 that could revitalize the oyster
CHEAPER SOURCE OF
ETHANOL - Auburn
researchers took a
major step in 1992
toward finding a
cheap, abundant
source of ethanol for
use as automobile
fuel. Auburn scien-
tists have found that
switchgrass may be
an ideal source of
inexpensive material
to produce ethanol,
a fuel that is safer
for the environment.
Most ethanol is now
made from corn
grain and is so
expensive it must be
subsidized to make
its price competitive
with gasoline.
industry in Alabama. 
Working in
cooperation with the AAES, 
Boin
Secour Fisheries, a private company
in Baldwin County, harvested 
its first
crop of o sters gro5 n off 
the hottom
of the bay.
Auburn's Miine Extension 
and
Research Center (AUMERC) 
and
other State agencies worked 
with the
company to improve upon 
a system
of linking mesh bags and 
suspending
them above the bottom of Bon 
Secour
Bay with buoys. Tiny oysters 
were Secour
placed in small-meshed bags 
and then
moved to increasingly larger-meshed 
bags as
~ itured.
owing oysters off bottom 
allows faster
Lcaner growth, both of which produce 
pre-
im oysters. The oysters grew 
to marketable
in 15 months, but researchers 
hope to get
t down to 12 months. It takes 
about two years
,\ ters to reach market size in 
the wild.
NIERC provided water quality 
sam
aind other technical expertise 
on the
,ject. The marine center has 
several projects
aderway to revitalize the oyster 
industry. but
this effort was the first 
to reach commercial
dication.
\1U LEAN PRODUCT
,eloping new food products 
also re-
___* a top priority in 1992. 
AAES meat
scientists who made headlines 
with the devel-
nnd beef continued
o (and(1 Research CenLer lelped) 
clinc a .vrem ol'o/f
(utilng of raidly ma/o uiing premium 
ousters in Bon
Bas.
their efforts with the introduction 
of AU Lean
sausage, which has 70 percent 
less fat and about
half the calories of traditional 
pork sausage.
When cooked, AU Lean contains 
9 per-
cent fat, compared to 31 percent 
for traditional
pork sausage. In addition to 
reduced fat, AU
Lean sausage contains only 
96 calories per
two-ounce serving, compared 
to 210 calories
for a comparable serving 
of traditional pork
sausage. Also, it rated highly 
in two taste tests.
Several major grocers are 
planning to
market the sausage in the Southeast 
and North-
east. Numerous other food chains, 
restaurants,
and organizations also have 
expressed interest.
GENETICALLY IMPROVE) 
MUSHROOMS
Another AAES breakthrough 
has the po-
tential of providing the 
world a new high-
protein food source. Auburn 
microbiologists
successfull geneticallI engineered 
a commer-
Icrc~l/hmrni of the /AULan UN /Liiiii io,-LiiiLc /LLLcI IL 
L),tiii ii LI III
ith/ the introducto of a sausg conta 0110iing~ 70) pece less fcJt.
7
Poultry scientists
have developed a
ncw, more sensi-
tive method for
screening chemi-
cial variety of edible mushroom, and their new
gene-splicing technique is likely the first step
toward developing a new protein-rich food.
Perfecting this technique - the first ge-
netic engineering of an edible mushroom - is
the first step in improving the protein quality
of mushrooms. The technique will allow re-
searchers to splice genes into the oyster mush-
room from other plant and animal sources,
such as the seed storage proteins of legumes or
egg-related proteins from poultry.
Researchers speculate that if mushrooms
can be genetically improved for protein con-
tent, then the fungus might nutritionally and
economically compete with traditional agricul-
tural commodities. Mushrooms grow on agri-
cultural byproducts, require little land, do not
need sunlight, and are inexpensive to produce.
BETTER SALMONELLA DISINFECTANTS
Alabama's poultry industry could reap
major benefits from research by AAES poultry
scientists. Despite rigid health and safety pre-
cautions, it is estimated that up to 30 percent of
the poultry that make it to market are contami-
nated with Salmonella, which can cause illness
if meat is prepared improperly. However, a
new test developed at Auburn could help lower
this contamination significantly.
cals proposed for use in removing Salmonella
bacteria from chicken carcasses.
Many compounds show great promise in
laboratory tests but then exhibit little effective-
ness in field trials. Traditional lab tests exam-
ine bacteria concentrations in the water used in
chill and scald baths in poultry processing.
However, Salmonella become imbedded in fol-
licles in a chicken's skin and are able to \ur\i\
most disinfectant treatment
In an AAES project, sci... .. . .
skin - which was first treated with gamma
radiation to kill all native bacteria and then
inoculated with pure Salmonella to test
existing chemicals and design new treatments.
The new test, referred to as the Skin Attachment
Model (SAM), provides a more accurate mea-
sure of the numbers of Salmonella actually
killed by a proposed chemical treatment.
LUPINS RETURN TO ALABAMA
A group of Experiment Station and U.S.
Department of Agriculture researchers launched
a six-year project that could revolutionize cool-
season production agriculture in the Southeast.
With support from producer check-off funds
administered by the Alabama Farmers Federa-
tion, they are working to establish winter-hardy
white lupin as a viable crop in the region.
DNA FINGERPRINTING
FOR MICROBES -
Recent developments
in the Mobile Bay
area revealed that
ships from South
America sometimes
carry epidemic strains
of bacteria in their
bilge water, possibly
causing pollution of
oyster beds. AAES
microbiologists are
using highly advanced
methods of "DNA
fingerprinting" in
studies that could help
detect and define
these and other wa-
ter-borne pathogens
that can harm the
State's aquaculture
industry and cause
disease in humans.
The IcIeu1n1e crop pioduces a
sweet, high-protein grain that
can be crushed and fed to live-
stock without processing, giving
is rcrlule / is a wilr coer crPop, 
ha s the polclliah to tcuolution-
ize production atgriculture in the 
Southeast.
NEW INSECT
DISCOVERED - Some
nursery managers
report a 30 percent
incidence of mal-
formed, "bushy-
topped" pine seed-
lings, and AAES
foresters have found
a new insect that
may be responsible
for much of this
damage. Taylorilygus
pallidulus, or T-bug,
was found in the
Southeastern U.S.
and several other
countries. Identifica-
tion and subsequent
control of the insect
has dramatically
reduced injury to
pine seedlings world-
wide.
it a big advantage over some 
other grains.
Also. lupin grows on poor soil 
because it pro-
duces its own nitrogen, leaving up 
to 200 pounds
of N per acre when grown as 
a cover crop.
Before the 1950s, up to 2.5 million 
acres of
lupins were grown annually in Alabama. 
How-
ever. since the native lupin was bitter, 
it was
grown only as a green manure or cover 
crop.
Lupin is not grown at all now.
The Auburn-based multidisciplinary 
re-
search team is evaluating exotic 
white lupin
varieties and working to develop new 
varieties
in stands from the Gilf Coast 
to the Tennessee
Valley.
Alabama is a grain deficit state, but 
both
the poultry and beef cattle industries 
are grow-
ing. Lupin could prove to be a valuable 
new
feed source for livestock. Crop 
producers also
could benefit by having a new 
winter cover
crop that enriches soil with little 
input.
TESTING BIOENGINEERED 
COTTON
Alabama cotton producers could benefit
trom the effort of AAES agronomists 
who are
testing a variety of cotton genetically 
trans-
formed to tolerate 
applications of bromoxynil,
a contact herbicide that kills normal cotton.
Experiment Station tests demonstrated that
the transgenic cotton, developed by Calgene
Labs in Davis, Calif.. performed 
well under
Alabama growing conditions when 
treated with
two applications of bromoxynil, 
which was
shown to control annual morningglory,
velvetleaf, prickly sida. and some 
other weeds.
The ability to use bromoxynil 
on cotton will
provide a long-needed option tor 
broadleaf
weed control in this crop. Calgene 
anticipates
full registration of the new cotton 
by 1994 or
1995.
SEEKING FROST-RESISTANT ORANGES
Satsuma oranges once were a thriving 
crop
in the Gulf Coast, but harsh treezes in 
the
region virtually wiped out the industry. 
Now
AAES horticulturists are looking 
for new ways
to protect satsuma trees from cold weather, 
thus
revitalizing orange production in 
Alabama.
Auburn researchers are comparing 
vari-
ous freeze protection methods, 
such as
mounded soil around the trunk, water 
misting
systems, and trtnk wraps. Yields 
from warm
years will be compared to yields during 
cold
years to determine which treatments 
are most
effective.
A mature satsurna tree can produce 
10-15
bushels per year, and prices have averaged 
$30
to $50 per bushel. Some trees in 
the study site
at the Gulf Coast Substation have 
yielded as
much as 48 pounds of fruit.
ANIMAL RESEARCH 
MAY HELP AIDS 
VIcIMS
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,j V rchers in the Experiment
i.'tion's animal health 
pro-
im have developed ness
cl I, to 
combat two parasitic
diseases that not only aftect 
food and compan-
ion animals but also 
are lethal for AIDS 
pa-
tients.
Crvpto sporiefum parvium 
affects cattle.
and To-voplasmau gondii 
infects pigs. goats. and
sheep. These parasites 
also are included in thc
AIDS-defining complex 
ot opportunistic dis
eases. Auburn scientists developed 
three chemi-
cals that inhibit the growth 
of C. pun urn and
one that inhibits T. gondii.
The breakthroughs were 
made possible
by years of Experiment 
Station-supported re-
search that led to the development 
of scientific
models for examining 
the effects of various
chemicals on the parasites. 
Innovative tech-
niques were developed 
using neonatal mice
and cell cultures, which 
serve as models for the
development of cryptosporidiosis 
and
toxoplasmosis in humans 
aid food animals.
Using new models, researchers 
screened
many experimental compounds 
before finding
that Maduramycin, Alborixin 
and Diclazuril
inhibit C. parvnn. and 
Diclazuril is effective
against tox.oplasmna. Testing 
in humans or non-
human primates must follow 
before the new
chemicals can go into 
widespread usage for
AIDS therapy.
While not 
fatal to most 
people,
cr ptosporidiosis can 
cause a fatal gas-
trointestinal iLu-like illness 
in AIDS victims.
AboLt 5 percent of AIDS 
patients will have the
disease, and those who 
do contract it hase no
way to fight it. The 
condition can kill the
patients or weaken them 
so that other compli-
cations become fatal.
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(U \ lpo poridiion has 
ieceived increasing
attention since it was first identified 
in humans
in 1976. Much of the pioneering 
research done
on the protozoa has been 
conducted at AU.
T. gondii can cause a severe 
encephalitis in
AIDS patients. Also, 
the parasite can be trans-
mitted to otherwise 
healthy people who 
eat
undercooked pork or are 
exposed to the feces of
infected animals.
Experiment Station researchers 
are con-
tinuing studies to detine 
how the diseases de-
velop and spread and to 
calculate the economic
impact they have on 
the dairy, poultry, and
other livestock industries. 
In a related area of
research, Auburn scientists 
are developing a
mutant strain ot toxopla 
onu to use as a vaccine
candidate for toxvoplasma00 
infection in pigs.
In addition to Experiment 
Station support.
the research is funded by 
grants from the Ameri-
can Foundation for AIDS 
Research and the
National Institute of 
Allergy and Infectious
Diseases.
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B/lIgbur;n, staing(/ii, orks Iw ith
an A uburn reterinurrstu 
ndent in u
studs' of /aLasite t/lt not onh,
a, hunfil ) tOlm li1esock 
but
al/so ctiu he let/al Jor AIDS
victlu s.
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PROTECTING THE: 
ENVIRONMENT
Ir ndin , Ahibama's wxater
ources. forests, wildlife, and
Qrall environment has lonD
Dcci a fonl i L perimcnt Station 
scientists.
and research to better understand and 
control
humankind's impact on nature continued 
in
1992.
One ef\iroonniental concern 
tackled b\
dozens of AAES researchers is disposal o1
animal wastes. which can directly 
affect watei
quality, particularly in areas where livestock
and poultry production are concentrated. 
D-
veloping low cost, highly etficient waste 
man-
agement technologies is important in 
mini
mizing water quality problems while 
still pro-
moting profitable agriculture.
CONSTRUCTED WI ETLANDS
In one innovative project. Auburn re
searchers are working with federal 
and State
researchers to design and test artificial 
wet-
lands to filter waste water lagoons from 
a swxinc
operation. Constructed wetlands are shallow.
earthen detention ponds planted with aquatic
plants, such as reed, bulrush, and cattail. 
The
plants serve as attachment sites for microolrgan
isms that aid in waste water treatment.
The constructed wetlands site, located 
at a
500-pig swine operation, contains two rows 
of
five cells, each cell measuring approximately 
26
X 162 feet. Nitrogen content of swine 
lagoon
water discharged into the wetlands 
was reduced
by 83 percent and total phosphorous 
by 69
percent.
The project is a cooperative effort 
between
the Experiment Station, Tennessee 
Valley Au-
thority (TVA), USDA-Soil Conservation 
Ser
vice, and Alabama Department of Environmental
Management.
1. . cilnlli III( III? cal po\l In iIII polillih01 to i, iili[/Iiotr, 
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.1TURNING;A LIABILITY
INTO A RESOURCE
A related concern is
poultry production.
\\hich has grown ap-
pioximately 50 percent
in Alabama since 1986.
Lp to 4.5 million tons of
litter are produced annu-
ally in Alabama alone.
Broiler litter is a mixture
of manure. feathers, and
other xastes that collect
on the floor of poultry
houses.
One viable disposal
option is to use litter as a
fertilizer. In 1992. AAES
agronomists evaluated it
for use in fertilizing
M hcrmudacrass. Litter was
,hown to be as good or
hetter than ammonium-
nniratc~ amendcments.
Other agronomy re-
search shoed that rais-
ing stocker cattle on lit-
ter-fertilized tall fescue
can be economically comnpetitive with produc-
ing row crops, rexversing the opinion held by
some that producing row crops is more 
profit-
able than beet enterprises.
Auburn horticulturists showed that a pot-
ting mix using composted litter was 
able to
sustain growth of ornamental plants as well 
as
or better than commercially produced media.
and that it presented no substantial odor 
prob-
lems in the home. If widely used by the 
nursery
industry, litter-based growth media could pro-
xide an economical alternatixe to potting soil
ingredients that are often in short supply.
Agricultural engineers dexeloped special
spreaders for applying litter in forest planta-
tions and will exaluate the fertilizing effect of
the poultry byproduct on seedlings and on 
older
trees at nid-rotation. If tree growth 
is enhanced.
the project could yield yet another xiable 
use
for this xaluable poultry byproduct.
WATER QUAI.ITY RESEARCH
Water quality research is one of the Ex-
periment Station's strongest programs. Pollu-
tion of groundxater is a groing enx ironmen-
tal concern, yet predicting the pollution poten-
tial of landfills, lagoons. and land-applied
chemicals is not easy because the process oc-
curs underground, out of xiex. Howevxer. AAES
agronomists working with Auburn civil enci-
neers. are proxiding new insichts into this criti-
cal issue usinc new laboratory models.
The scientists and encineers dexeloped
models that simulate the moxement of leachates
as they percolate through the soil into aquifers.
The researchers filled glass boxes with sand 
or
beads to simulate soil profiles and the move-
ment of leachates. With these models they can
obsere how contaminants trickle don 
in the
TRANSGENIC CAT-
FISH - Further
progress was made
in 1992 on an AAES
project to geneti-
cally engineer faster
growing catfish.
Laying the ground-
work for this recent
success was the
earlier development
of "transgenic" carp
with growth rates
enhanced by up to
40 percent. Now,
Auburn fisheries
scientists have
successfully trans-
ferred the rainbow
trout growth hor-
mone gene into
channel catfish.
USDA gave Auburn
permission in 1992
to test the new
catfish in high-
security outdoor
ponds. So far, many
of the fish, which
contain only one
foreign gene, have
exhibited a 25
percent greater
growth rate.
12
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I. ."
IMPROVING PHOTO-
SYNTHESIS - Basic
microbiological
findings by AAES
researchers may one
day be used to
improve crop produc-
tivity by genetically
enhancing photosyn-
thesis, the process by
which plants absorb
energy from sunlight.
Chloroplasts, the
plant organelles
responsible for
photosynthesis, have
a very complex
genetic structure, but
Auburn scientists
made discoveries
about how chloro-
plast DNA is copied
and passed on to
new cells. This find-
ing and continuing
AAES research could
provide the tools for
genetically engineer-
ing plants capable of
more efficient photo-
synthesis.
difcrcnt oil t\ pc" anid
reach groundwater. Re-
searchers also can moni-
tor the chemical concen-
trations of leachates as they mo\
through the soil. From this work
the Auburn scientists believe po
tential groundwater problem,,
can be better predicted.
AAES fisheries expert
have a wide ranging program to
protect Alabama's water 
re-
sources. In one recent study, Au-
burn researchers developed
guidelines to help lake managers
attain water quality levels that are acceptable 
to
skiers and swimmers, but not detrimental 
to the
State's $600 million sport fishing 
industry.
Regulatory agencies are attempting to re-
duce the amount of nutrients entering 
lakes to
improve water quality, but lake management 
is
a tradeoff between extremely clean water 
and
greener water, which is better for sport fishing.
Nutrients, such as 
phosphorus and nitrogen,
which can come from waste 
water and some
industrial effluent, increase the concentrations
of algae, the base of a lake's food chain. How-
ever, high concentrations of algae can 
reduce
the aesthetic value of a lake.
Researchers studied water quality and fish
populations in lakes 
Martin, Jones Bluff,
Eufaula, and Weiss to calculate the 
optimum
concentrations of algae allowable for both
.
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Auburn researchers have cons ii , ii (od 
~ ,gm nci, 1al
wetlands that show promise for filtering wvaste 
water fron livestock
operations.
good fishing and reasonable aesthetic 
quality.
They found that reducing chlorophyll from
extremely high concentrations to moderate
concentrations may 
not harm bass and 
crappie
fisheries. At the same time, improvements in
water quality and clarity can be achieved. With
these guidelines, many of the State's greener
lakes can be cleaned without 
harming fish
populations.
FINDING USES FOR SOLID WASTES
Old newspapers and other paper products
represent about 30 to 40 percent of the debris in
municipal solid waste systems. EPA has man-
dated a 25 percent reduction in solid waste
disposal in landfills by 1995, with more dra-
matic reductions to follow. AAES-sponsored
research could keep a great 
deal of scrap paper
out of the nation's landfills by finding benefi-
cial uses for it.
C-'~
ti/i) hU i ideiii la i e ('mic i n ai i ll /Uh wi l 
(ore Gunlerci ill
Re s evi in UIl sitiiol J hII wee cnetr/l tHI/U/ 
CI Hffct!
godwaIllI dIlc/s cald other wUildlife that depen~d on the lake.
PRO I L( IIN, 01 R
FORESTS
Forestry research
crs have a long-established
pro'am of investigating
the effects of air pollution
on forests in the region. In
recent studies, Auburn for-
esters joined U.S. Forest
Service scientists to study
In cooperative work with the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture's Agricultural Research
Service, Auburn researchers tound that apply-
ing ground newspaper in a trench next to rows 
of
cotton increased cotton lint yields about 15
percent.
When ground newspaper was mixed with
broiler litter and trenched near the plants, lint
yields increased 60 percent. quadruple the in-
crease resulting from applying litter alone.
Also, ground newspaper was shown to reduce
evaporation and soil erosion and to exhibit a
herbicidal effect on grasses in the cotton.
Another use for recycled newspaper is
being investigated by AAES poultry scientists.
Researchers are testing a new type of chip made
from recycled newsprint that can be 
used as a
floor covering in poultry houses. Pine shavings
are the traditional covering material but in
recent years have become more expensive and
in shorter supply. In AAES studies, chicks per-
formed equally well 
on the new paper 
chips,
which were developed by Advanced Material
Technology, Inc.
air quality in the forests of 
Alabama, Florida,
and Mississippi.
Trees and bushes on Mt. Cheaha in the
Talladega National Forest were found to suffer
greater damage from ozone pollution than
similar plants in other national forests. Re-
searchers attribute this finding to the fact that
Cheaha lies in the Birmingham-Atlanta air shed.
Ongoing studies also are under way in Alabama
at the Sipsey Wilderness 
and sites near Ashland,
Centerville. and Demopolis.
In related studies, Auburn foresters are
examining effects of pollution on hardwood
forests in the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park. In 1992, researchers completed the first
year of a study of visible ozone injury of trees
in the park. More than 50 percent of the trees 
in
study plots showed signs of ozone injury.
Other studies are in progress to investigate
the effects of logging and road building on
water quality and wildlife populations in for-
ested wetland areas. Auburn has approximately
$1 million in extramural tunding for research in
flood plain forestry.
VITAMIN C AND
EXERCISE - In a
study involving
well-conditioned
cyclists, AAES nutri-
tion and food sci-
ence experts found
that while consum-
ing 600 mg of
vitamin C each day
over a two-week
period, the athletes
had significantly
lower heart rates
during exercise than
they experienced at
the same workload
when ingesting only
60 mg of vitamin C
a day. Also, systolic
blood pressure was
found to be signifi-
cantly lower 15
hours after exercise
in the 600-mg
phase of the study.
These findings
provide an impor-
tant insight to
nutrition and human
performance.
14
-- L
i-K - s r e e e 
x i h f s t e et 
o e u e
CATFISH ADVERTIS-
ING PAYS OFF -
A study by AAES
agricultural econo-
mists shows that the
catfish industry's
five-year, $1.5
million advertising
campaign to in-
crease awareness
and consumption of
catfish has been a
good investment for
producers. According
to a survey, the
campaign increased
consumer awareness
of catfish by 15
percent, consumer
attitudes toward the
fish by 3-6 percent,
and at-home and
restaurant purchases
by 12-13 percent.
Also, revenue in-
creased by 8 percent
at the wholesale
level and 9.5 per-
cent at the farm
level. Each addi-
tional dollar of
advertising was
estimated to gener-
ate about $13 of
additional producer
surplus profit.
For example. AAES foresters 
are wrap-
ping Li a study on helicopter 
harvesting of
timber from wetlands owned 
by Scott Paper
Company in Monroe County. 
Under the spe-
cific set ot conditions at 
the site, they found no
water quality problems 
caused by aerial har-
vesting. However. these results 
may not apply
to all wetland types, and 
approximately 95
percent of harvesting is still 
ground based.
WILDLIFE STUDIES
Zoologists and wildlife scientists 
at Au-
burn are involved in several 
studies to protect oi
cnhance the populations 
of important game
animals and endangered species 
in Alabama.
In one project, co-sponsored 
by TVA.
Experiment Station scientists 
are examining
the possible impact of aquatic 
weed control
measures on water fowl and 
endangered bats
that depend on the environment 
in and around
Guntersville Reservoir.
Sterile grass carp were 
released into
Alabama's largest lake to control 
the growth of
the aquatic weed 
hydrilla. However,
Guntersville is a major wintering 
habitat for
ducks in the State, and it plays 
a major role in
the ecology of two of the nation's 
largest colo-
nies of endangered grey bats. 
Ducks eat the
hydrilla, and bats live on 
the insect population
that could be reduced if too 
much hydrilla is
removed from the lake.
AAES wildlife experts are 
involved in a
four-year study to determine 
the impact of
grass carp on the ducks and 
bats. Carp must be
restocked every 10 years, and 
the TVA will use
the Auburn-generated information 
as a basis
for determining whether to continue 
the weed
control measure.
t .i
/
4. ~ :'j .
I,.
4, ',.
int t crcs 1 ctton) tiells 0O i ercet it 
i trenliedtl
nearr, the plants..v
IMPROVING COTTON
FABRIC FLAME
RETARDANTS
( tetileC chemists in I99?
hegan development 
of new
more efficient flame retar-
otton fabrics. The new com-
pounds could greatly increase the service life
of flame retardant finishes aud dcirease the
risk of clothing catching fire.
A major problem with some ex.isting flame
retardants is that improper laundering can de-
crease their effectiveness. When washine
clothes, consumers otten do not follow proper
procedures to maintain the flame retardant sur-
face. Also, many existing finishes seep int,
fabric and react with its internal structure, cap
inc
leiii
Au~burI Ii evpci iilcitdl . ppiLuaci Is th
ate flame retardants containing micro
smaller sized polymer particles that bind (,
with the fabic's surface, thus eliminatine;~
potential problems. Due to their chemical na-
ture, the finishes are more wear resistant and
harder to damage while laundering.
Since part of the finish is a polymer - or
long chain of nolccules with many reactive
ends - more than one protective function
could be included in one treatment. For ex-
ample, a compound could be added to absorb
pesticides or deactivate bacteriological agents.
Because only one side of the fabric will be
treated, the harmful substances would be trapped
and unable to reach the skin.
When exposed to extreme heat, solid ma-
terials break down into gases that can ignite at
high enough temperatures. Flame retardants
change the way solid materials break down,
decreasing the amount of combustible gaseous
i1 ulr l i J l,1 ... ..... .. _ .
flamei ,etarhiai U/)l/h1I/il.
material released. However, existing flame
retardants do not work tnder all the conditions
in which they are needed.
Knowledge and expertise gained in previ-
ous AAES-supported textile combustion stud-
ies led to the current effort to modify existing
retardants or create new ones.
The work is one program ot the National
Textile Center - University Research Consor-
tium, which Auburn and three other Southeast-
ern universities established in 1992 with an $8
million grant from the U.S. Department of
Commerce. The prototype flame retardants are
being tested in collaboration with researchers
at North Carolina State University, a National
Textile Center partner.
i<
iIll fill, Ili
i
It~~
16
NATURAL WEAPONS 
COMBAT PESTS
odcI n agriculture' high de-
~/l4 dency on chemical 
pes-
ides can place a heav y
Lw Locr on mlk cml ii onment, but 
a nesw institute
ait Auburn swill heclp lessen this burden 
by prosvid-
ing natural, nonpolluting alternatives 
to control
insects. wseeds, and plant pathogens.
The Biological Control 
Institute (BCI),
w\hich includes entomologists. 
mici obioIo~ists,
and plant pathologists, will seek 
natural w eap-
ons and processes to control plant 
pests. BCI's
arsenal will rely on beneficial 
bacteria, fungi,
or insects.
NEW~ BIOCONTROL INVENTIONS
Two new inv entions by Auburn 
scientists
exemplify the type ot research 
that will be
(s a memberL of the n0011 BiologicalI Contro/ 
Institute. Aubr m110 Oicrobiolog~ist Joe Shtmw 
use .e ti
doom
5..
i.5
.4. .4
fostered by the Insti
tute. The new bio-
control systems pro
mote the growth o1
beneficial microor-
ganisms that attack
diseases, weeds, or
insects btt are harn-
less to the crops
themselves.
~, a~
I /)l1< 0/o p a A iw i i'trn 1,01 oi , ( Vo u /u) I I IIr , idl 
oil the seL u/ lxi,)) IIul
prdators, suc/h as the earwig I inet), to) cont1o/ pests, 
such/ 05s the corn ea1110101
One invention, developed by an Experi-
ment Station microbiologist, is an emulsifier
designed for use in sprays using fungi that
destroy weeds. Two patents were issued on 
the
invention in 1990 and 1991. and a third one is
pending.
The naturally occurring tungus used in
one system is harmful to sicklepod, a weed
that causes yield reductions in soybeans, 
cot-
ton, peanuts. and other rov crops. Spores from
the fungi are placed in the emulsion. where
emulsified droplets of water allo the fungus
to germinate and infect the wx eeds. The emul-
sifier, which is sprayed on weeds using conven-
tional pesticide equipment, is expected to work
with most herbicidal fungi.
Auburn's other biocontrol invention, de-
xeloped by AAES plant pathologists, 
helps
sustain and grow beneficial microbial agents
by providing a tood source and helping them
stick to leaf surfaces. This is the first significant
system for biocontrol agents of foliage dis-
eases. A major food company is conducting
product development research using the sys-
tem on tomatoes.
Chitin, cellulose, or other complex carbo-
hydrates are mixed in the spray to feed the
microorganisms. In addition to the food amend-
ment, the formula includes a natural oil that
acts as a varnish to anchor the food source to
the leaf. The formula will not wash off with rain
or irrigation water.
AAES research has found 50 to 300 per-
cent increases of beneficial microbes on leaves
treated with the new spray, which also is ap-
plied with conventional equipment. It has been
adapted tor tse with 40-50 bacteria or fungi
that provide various benefits, such as suppress-
ing early blight on potatoes; leaf spot on pea
nuts; fly speck and sooty blotch on apples; and
early blight disease, leaf spot, and bacterial spot
on tomatoes.
AFLATOXIN CONTROL
In addition to ongoing work with the two
inventions, AAES researchers are involved in a
variety of other investigations to exploit ben-
eficial bacteria and fungi. For example plant
WHO DO YOU
TRUST? - A survey
of Alabamians by
AAES rural sociolo-
gists revealed some
interesting statistics
about which sources
people trust for valid
information about
the safety of farm
chemicals. Overall,
university professors
were the most
trusted, and the
least trusted were
advertisements. Less
than 25 percent said
they trusted civil
servants or elected
officials. Television
documentaries also
were highly trusted,
especially by people
under 30.
:;i~R~B
"a;
Is .
a
ih
contol studies.
l(-/ I)
DEER'S FAVORITE
FOODS - Studies at
the Auburn Deer
Research Facility
yielded results that
can be used to
develop planting
regimes for whitetail
deer management.
Wildlife experts
found that deer
prefer small grains
from November
through February.
Ryegrass and crim-
son clover also are
favored during the
cool months. In April
and May, deer
prefer ladino clo-
vers. Red clover is
preferred May-
September. Soy-
bean, velvetbean,
and jointvetch also
are favored at times
during the hot
months. Generally,
forages are pre-
ferred when they
are growing 
rapidly,
relatively high in
crude protein, and
relatively low in
fiber.
IC1L-~CI
natural openings, immunizing the 
plant against
the pathogen. Tests to date have demonstrated
a 50-60 percent reduction 
in black rot.
In similar research, a penetrating 
surfac-
tant system is being 
tested for use in 
a spray to
control kudzu and other weeds. This 
version of
the system uses microbes harmful 
to weeds but
not to crops. Using 
the halo blight pathogen.
researchers were able to kill most 
of the leaves
in a field of kudzu.
Plant pathologists also developed 
a meth-
od of applying bacteria as a seed 
inoculant for
disease control and growth promotion. 
The
scientists use a strain of root-colonizing 
bacte-
ria that produces an antifungal 
agent. After
seed inoculation, the bacterium flourishes 
as
the plants germinate. This biocontrol 
technique
functioned as well as a chemical fungicide 
in
controlling damping 
off of cotton seedlings 
in
preliminary field trials.
NATURAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
Auburn's earliest biological 
control re-
search was conducted 
in entomology, with
studies dating back to the early 
1900s, and the
program remains active today. 
For example,
AAES scientists released a parasitic 
wasp at the
Wiregrass Substation in 1990 to control lesser
cornstalk borers. An ongoing evaluation 
of the
wasp, a native of Ecuador that kills other
pathologists discovered 
a bacterial chitinase
enzyme with anti-fungal properties 
that could
be used to control 
fungi that produce 
aflatoxin,
one of the most powerful natural 
carcinogens
known.
Only 20 parts per billion of 
aflatoxin are
allowed in U.S. crops, and there 
is presently no
effective way to control the 
toxin-producing
fungi in peanuts, corn, or 
other crops it con-
taminates. Aflatoxin-contaminated 
crops can-
not be exported to Europe.
After screening hundreds of 
bacteria as
possible sources of genes that 
control the pro-
duction of chitinase - an enzyme 
that breaks
down fungal cell walls- scientists 
found three
microbes highly active against 
aflatoxin-pro-
ducing fungi. They then isolated 
the DNA
related to chitinase production. 
Using genetic
engineering, the plant pathologists 
hope to
transform plants to express 
the bacterial ge-
netic material, allowing 
a plant to fight off
infection by fungi that produce aflatoxin.
PUTTING BENEFICIAL 
MICROBES
TO WORK
In other research, plant 
pathologists are
using a nonpathogenic form of 
the bacterium
that causes black rot to immunize 
cabbage
against black rot disease. The 
beneficial mi-
crobe enters the surface of the 
cabbage through
is)
(0li " Iirio - 0c/llfh 
l-o, v l)(', iUiY "IN 1 ((iii ii l i iiN iiii iii iilltiiU, u 
l\ cl
insects by using its stinger to inject them 
with
eggs. is under way.
Other entomological research is aimed 
at
increasing the population of a native insect.
known as the earwig, which is one of 
the most
beneticial predators in Alabama peanut fields.
Earwigs feed on all other insects. including
the lesser cornstalk borer. corn earworm. 
and
fall armyworm.
In AAES studies funded cooperatively by
the Alabama Pcanut 
Producers Association,
researchers found that the ear ig 
does not
function weli in hot, drry weather. Based on
these findings, entonologists will 
test a
theory that narroower row spacing 
- which
provides shade to reduce exvaporation 
and soil
temperature - would increase the activity 
of
earwigs.
hur Qltoml)oijts also
.uc ,Ct lchine for bacterial spores
aid proteins toxic to insects. These
Ciopounds are known as BT(short
for / "Bcillu thutiringien is') tox-
in,. AAES researchers located BT
toxins effective against the lesser
irnstalk borer and the beet army-
v\ arm. Entomologists also have
tcted foliar sprays ot BT toxins
thait kill pink bollworms and to-
hacco budwornis. two common cot-
rn pCts.
Ihe task now is to determine
the best way to exploit this knowl-
edge. One major goal is to develop
a genetically engineered peanut plant 
that pro-
duces the BT toxin against cornstalk 
borers.
The toxin genes have already been cloned 
into
pllant-associated bactecria in a collaboration 
be-
tween AAES entomologists and plant patholo-
gists. This created a plant-colonizing bacteria
that can kill insects.
Another entomological study is aimed 
at
providing biological control of the greater wax
moth, which can destroy honey combs. Auburn
researchers are looking for techniques to 
attract
and enhance populations of a naturally 
occur-
ring wasp that feeds on the moth. Biocontrol 
is
important in honey production. because 
con-
sumers demand purity and reliability 
in this
product.
Chemical insecticides can pose problems
in the home, as well as in the field, prompting
SAVING FOR A DRY
DAY - Increased
demand for irriga-
tion water in the
Southeast is causing
increased stress on
many small streams
where farmers are
pumping directly
from the stream.
AAES agricultural
engineers are inves-
tigating the feasibil-
ity of pumping
during high stream
flows, which occur
during the winter,
storing the water in
off-stream reser-
voirs, and then
distributing it for
irrigation when
water is scarce and
competing uses are
greatest. Research.
ers have completed
an analysis of stream
water availability
and are now evalu-
ating water storage
reservoir costs and
designs. Preliminary
work has begun in
the design and
construction of a
facility at the Ten-
nessee Valley Sub-
station in Belle Mina
to test an experi-
mental pumping,
storage, and distri-
bution system.
4
2(0
A gra/ae stunt set II ) a pr(ein gel in one o/ Auburn' 
s bio01log'ical (ontrol laboratories.
PRESERVING PLANT
GENETICS - Improv-
ing crop productivity
requires ongoing use
of diverse plant
germplasm. A goal
of the National Plant
Germplasm System is
to preserve the
original genetic
variability of plants
acquired and saved
for future distribu-
tion. However, lack
of information on
the reproduction of
31 Vicia species
could cause these
plants to be lost.
AAES agronomists
are working with the
Germplasm System
to identify the repro-
ductive processes of
the Vicia, a genus
that includes com-
mercially important
plants such as hairy
vetch, broadbean,
and fava-bean.
urban entomologists to look for biological
control agents for one of the most common
household pests - the German cockroach.
They were successful in tinding the first true
biocontrol organism that is hoth practical and
effective for German cockroach control.
In an AAES study, entomologists 
used
nematodes or tiny worm-like parasites, to pro-
vide an environmentally sound alternative to
conventional insecticides. Nematodes were
conined in moisture-retaining stations and
placed in cockroach-infested apartments. The
nematode stations performed as well as coin
mercial insecticidal bait stations.
GENETICS IMPORTANT IN BIOCONTROL
Other biological control research in 1992
included the development by AAES microbiolo-
gists of a technique tor genetically engineering 
a
bacterium that can help some trees and shrubs
take in nutrients from the air. The bacterium
establishes a symbiotic relationship with the
roots of trees and conserts gaseois nitrogen into
a form the plant can use as a source of nutrition.
The bacterium is associated with several
woody plants, including the alder tree, a hard-
wood that could be valuable as a source of
material for fuel, furniture, and construction.
These plants also are useful for land reclarna
tion.
Through genetic engineering, the bacte-
rium could be maide even more efficient at
recycling nitrogen, or the microorganism could
be transformed to colonize the root zones of
other trees.
Microbiologists also identified two novel
plant proteins and cloned the respective genes
for application as biocontrol agents against
bean weevils and several plant pathogenic
fungi. The first, cloned from cultured tobacco
cells, exhibits antifungal activity against a spec-
trum of pathogens. The second protein-related
gene, cloned from a native Southwest American
bean plant, gives a plant insecticidal proper-
ties. Goals tor future research include genetic
engineering research to develop new plants
that expiess these valuable traits.
COMPUTER MODEL
HELPS GUIDE
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
of iy chan oes concern 
in the
JDIedral budget deficit and 
agri-
cultural technology haxe majoi
Slects on farmers. consumers, tax-
payers. and the economy. 
but these effects are
often difficult for decision makers 
to measure.
A sophisticated computer 
simulation pro-
gram is used at Auburn to help policy 
makers
weigh the benefits and risks involved 
in deci-
sions such as decreasing the 
national debt or
banning pesticides.
The agricultural sector model, 
which runs
on the Alabama Supercomputer. 
was used to
determine that cutting the deficit 
by $30 billion
a year over the next four years 
would increase
real net farm income by approximately 
5 per-
cent annually. Nationally. that 
xould mean an
extra $1.4 billion a year in real 
livestock in-
come and $200 million a year 
in real crop
income.
Deficits damage agriculture in many 
ways.
Higher interest rates and a stronger 
dollar, both
products of high deficits, 
increase operating
expenses and decrease exports. 
Falling farm
cash receipts and rising operating 
expenses
squeeze farm profits. Lower protits and 
higher
interest rates will lower farim land 
xalues, adding
more financial risk in the eyes of 
farm lenders.
In another study, the computer model 
indi-
cated that farmers in the South 
could be dealt a
lethal blow in some scenarios for 
banning com-
mon pesticides. The Study looked 
at a variety of
scenarios related to targeted 
bans of three pes-
ticides - aldicarb, triazines. and acetani 
i des -
in low-, medium- and high-risk 
zones.
One scenario called for bannin- 
all three
pesticides in all risk zones. Such 
a ban would
cause annual crop income to drop nationally
more than $2.1 billion, and livestock 
income
and Public Polic'. uses a solhisicaIed 
cmputer model lie de/loaped to 
gaini in sighn ilto
mai/jn plice' decisions.
would drop $350 million. The 
Southeast/Appa-
lachian states would lose $298 
million in crop
income; the Delta states. $274 
million.
To make matters worse, the 
same scenario
also would lower the annual 
Gross National
Product by 0.2 percent, increase 
the budget
deficit by 2.6 percent and raise 
food prices by I
percent. U.S. consumers would 
have to pay
$953 million more each year 
to maintain the
current standard ot living.
A national ban on all pesticides 
and inor-
ganic felrmilizers would increase 
crop income by
$11.9 billion, but the GNP 
would drop 3.59
percent, the deficit would 
risc 18 percent. and
consumers would have to 
pay an extra $30.5
billion to maintain the cur-rent 
standard of living.
77
DIRECTOR'S RESEARCH AWARDS
ied Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station Director's
Research Awards in 1992. The awards, initi-
atedin 1981 to recognize special career achieve-
ments by AAES scientists, include $10,000
unrestricted grants for use in the winners' re-
search programs.
Recipients were Dr. B. Graeme Lockaby.
professor of forestry; 
Dr. David I. Bransby.
professor of agronomy and soils; and Dr. C.
Wesley Wood, Jr.. assistant professor of
agronom y and soils.
Lockaby, a member of the AU School of
Forestry taculty since 1986. has generated more
than $2.2 million in extramiral research fund-
ing and produced 18 refereed articles over the
past five years.
As part of the Southcrn Global Climate
Program, Lockaby's investigations have yielded
information on the influence of climate on pine
growth, etfects of acid rain on pine, site prepara-
tion effects on decr habitat, and moisture-nutri-
ent interactions in hardwoods. His results help
to clarify how the productivity of individual
trees and forest systems are limited.
In other research, Lockaby has shed new
light on the impact of timber harvesting on
wxetland biogeocheiistry.
Bransbh has generated $922.400 in extra-
mural grants and wx ritten 14 rIeferi eed articles
1987.
In the area ot forage/livestock production.
Bransby' s accomplishments include new meth-
ods to reduce losses fiom fcscue toxicosis
methods of utilizing chicken litter, and infor-
mation on optimal stocking rates and alternate
forage species.
As part of the U.S. Department of Eneigy's
biofuels program. Bransby was instrumental in
identifying switchgrass as a promising energy
crop for the Southeast. He tound that the forage
can be used as a highly economical source of
biomass for ethanol production.
Since coming to Auburn in 1990, Wood has
generated more than $1.2 million in extramu-
ral grants and authored 25 refereed articles.
His work emphasizes soil fertility and envi-
ronmental chemistry. A major ongoing project
by Wood involves the development of best
management practices for using chicken litter in
crop production whilc minimizing the risk of
environmental degradation. His basic research
in this area is aimed at determining nutrient and
heavy metal release kinetics from manures.
Wood also is evaluating new and existing
technologies for predicting crop nitrogen needs
to provide Southeastern producers, crop consult-
ants, and testing laboratories with the means to
make site-specific nitrogen management deci-
siois.
(Gau
V :- 7,
Uo
Mit I
~C1
at
rai
:; $i
~
::
18'
.i
FI N A N C I A L H I G H L 1 G H 
TS
Total
Revenues
State
State Paid
Employee Benefits
Federal
Contracts and Grants
Auxiliary Revenues
Federal
State
Private
$16,077,612
$1,840,884
$4,268,420
$6,463,389
$4,020,815
Contracts
and Grants
$2,889,206
$1,106,514
$2,467,669
Auxiliary
Revenues
Sale of Research
Projects
Diagnostic Services
and Fees
Interest and
Royalties
Indirect and Other
Cost Recoveries
$3,072,058
$268,800
$57,447
$622,510
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Report of Revenues
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 1992
23