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AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Agriculture-Related Administra-
tive Officers
James E. Martin, President
Stanley P. Wilson, Vice President for Agriculture,
Home Economics, and Veterinary Medicine
Gale A. Buchanan, Dean and Director, Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station
Robert A. Voitle, Dean, School of Agriculture, For-
estry, and Biological Sciences
A. Ray Cavender, Acting Dean and Director, Ala-
bama Cooperative Extension Service
AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY COUNCIL
Members Ex-officio Members
Hugh Summerville, Jr.
Aliceville
Darden Bridgeforth
Athens
Eric Cates, Jr.
Greenville
Fred Denman
Samson
Henry Gray, III
Eufaula
Ray Jones
Huntsville
Robert E. Lee
Montgomery
David Ozment
Cullman
Charles H. Williams
Mobile
James Barnes, President
Auburn University Agricultural Alumni
Association
Gary Byrd, President
Alabama Council of Farmer Cooperatives
David Carter, President
Alabama Poultry and Egg Association
Emory Cunningham, President
The Progressive Farmer
Albert McDonald, Commissioner
Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries
Goodwin Myrick, President
Alabama Farm Bureau Federation
R. D. Rouse, Dean and Director Emeritus
School of Agriculture and Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station
Jimmy Sanford
McQueen Smith Farms, Inc.
National Council on Agricultural Research,
Extension, and Teaching
E. V. Smith, Dean and Director Emeritus
School of Agriculture and Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station
Hilton Watson, Executive Vice President
Alabama Forestry Association
E. H. "Ham" Wilson, Executive Vice President
and Chief Executive Officer
Alabama Cattlemen's Association
Edward L. Turner, Jr.
Alabama Farm and Power Equipment Dealers
Association, Inc.
ON THE COVER: Auburn University's
historical dedication to agricultural serv-
ice is recorded in stone at the entrance
to Samford Hall.
\ V \ U.I ,..CV / r '/ / L / / C~AnCIYt n \IAltlP
Alnhnmn F~i-m R
Foreword
Auburn University's agricultural com-
ponents continue to serve all Alabama
citizens as they fill their teaching, re-
search, and extension functions under the
land-grant college system. Each of the
units-the School of Agriculture, For-
estry, and Biological Sciences, Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station, and Ala-
bama Cooperative Extension Service-has
a specific area of responsibility. These
functions blend together, however, into
the overall program that not only con-
tributes to growth and development of
Alabama's total economy, but reaches into
every home in the State to make life more
pleasant and fulfilling for all Alabamians.
This report offers a summary of sig-
nificant accomplishments by the three
units during 1983, a year of challenge to
Alabama's agricultural and forestry in-
dustries and related businesses. Efforts in
teaching, research, and extension focused
on areas of greatest needs to assure that
limited financial resources available could
make the greatest impact on the State.
The teaching program of the School
of Agriculture, Forestry, and Biological
Sciences strengthened its advising system,
updated and modernized curriculums,
purchased computers and other high-tech
teaching equipment, and increased for-
mal recognition of superior teaching in
its continuing efforts to better serve stu-
dent needs. Special efforts were made to
correlate offerings of community and jun-
ior colleges with Auburn degree require-
ments so that transfer students can get
the best possible education and still grad-
uate in reasonable time.
Recruitment efforts were stepped up
to enroll adequate numbers of students
with the necessary academic backgrounds
to fill the wide-open job market for ag-
ricultural graduates. Financial assistance
for worthy students continues to be an
important need, and progress was made
in this area in 1983.
Research and extension efforts pre-
sented a unified attack on several major
agricultural problems during the year.
Noteworthy among these was the infor-
mation blitz and accelerated research di-
rected toward soybean stem canker.
Farmers were informed of the most tol-
erant varieties available and best produc-
tion methods to minimize damage from
the threatening disease. Hundreds of
breeding lines were evaluated as plant
breeders worked overtime to speed de-
velopment of resistant varieties for the
future.
Opening of the Fescue Diagnostic Lab-
oratory at Auburn signaled another phase
of Auburn's all-out efforts to overcome
serious losses caused by fescue toxicity
effects on grazing beef cattle. Samples of
seed and grass tested indicated high rates
of infestation in the State and area. Cat-
tlemen had already been informed about
the seed-transmitted fungus that is re-
sponsible for toxicity, identified in earlier
Auburn research, and services of the new
laboratory will allow farmers to identify
clean and fungus-infected seed to avoid
perpetuating the problem and lead to a
"phasing out" of infected pastures.
The tradition of service that dates to
the signing of the Smith-Lever Act in 1914
was evident in activities of the Cooper-
ative Extension Service in 1983. Workers
at county, district, and state levels re-
sponded to problems facing farmers, agri-
businesses, home owners, youth, and other
population groups, problems that were
intensified by unusual conditions en-
countered during the year. Whatever the
problem at a specific time or place, county
and district agents and state specialists
were ready with the latest scientific in-
formation available to meet the need.
"People programs" have traditionally
been Extension's strong point, and this
tradition was strengthened in 1983 by
successful efforts to assist and develop
leaders in all communities in Alabama.
These grass-roots leaders are the people
who have demonstration projects on their
farms to help extend improved methods
of production, who assure success of
farmer and consumer meetings, tours, and
other organized programs, who provide
leadership for 4-H and other youth ac-
tivities, and who support useful public
programs at all levels of government.
Scientists of the Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station continued their wide-
based research program that combines
applied research aimed at today's prob-
lems with basic studies to provide the
new knowledge that will be needed in
the years ahead. Production research was
directed even more to economic aspects
to help farmers survive the ever tight-
ening cost-price squeeze. Projects were
organized and executed to find methods
that maximize the bottom line, profit fig-
ure rather than just yield level.
Some of the new and exciting research
endeavors underway in 1983 included
embryo transplant activities, soil erosion
studies by satellite technology, genetic
engineering studies with both plant and
animal application, use of naturally oc-
curring fungi as a natural means of ne-
matode control, biological methods of
insect control, development of new prod-
ucts for utilizing forestry production, and
methods of recovering and reusing nu-
tritional and energy components from an-
imal waste.
We take pride in what was accom-
plished during the year and pledge our
continued support of all facets of life in
Alabama. Your continued interest, sup-
port, and guidance are solicited.
Vice President For Agriculture, Home Economics, and Veterinary Medicine
Dean, School of Agriculture, Forestry, and Biological Sciences
LIaie c
4 
t i ic altaK
Dean and Direcor, Alabama Agricultura Experiment Station
Acting Dean and Director, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service
Contents
Foreword ..........................................
School of Agriculture, Forestry,
and Biological Sciences ..........................
Alabama Cooperative
Extension Service..................................
Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station...............................
Location Map .....................................
Information contained herein is available to all persons
regardless of race, color, sex, or national origin.
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SCHOOL 
OF AGRICULTURE,
FORESTRY, AND
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
T HE SCHOOL of Agriculture, Forestry, knoxxledge but promotes intellectual
and Biological Sciences continues to btild growth.
on its reputation for producing outstand- The 
programs in the School are dy-
ingly prepared students. This has never namic 
ones that are designed to provide
been more important than it is today wxhen knowxledge 
to meet the many needs of a
the federal government is predicting a 13 
changing society. 'These needs include
percent shortfall annually of students that not only the 
abilitx to provide an abun-
have dev eloped the agriculttral mind- dant 
stpply of food, fiber, and high qtal-
power necessary to compete in todax 's 
itx recreation, but producing these in a
society Facultx and staff are dedicated to manner 
that is compttible with the en-
prov iding an env ironment that not only 
v ironment and xxhich is economical for
satisfies the sttdents' thirst for technical constmers and profitable for agriculttre.
NEW OPERATIONS, 
PROCEDURES,
CAPABILITIES
[he School continues to wxork closely
with Alabama's community and junior
colleges so that sttdents transferring to
Aubirn can do so wxith the least amotnt
of inconvenience. rhis sear a recrtitment
and retention committee was established,
and this groip is hard at wxork refining
efforts in these twxo most important areas.
One of the most significant developments
of this committee is an advisor's hand-
book that should allos the facults to
operate mtch more efficiently and eftec-
tivelyx when dealing wxith students.
Another of the more promising de-
xelopments in the recruiting area has been
the formation of the Ag Ambassadors The
Ag Ambassadors are a highly select group
of s oung men and women tiedicated to
enhancing the image of and interest in
agriculttre, forestry, and the biological
sciences as xxelI as Auburn Universit. The
Ag Ambassadors will assist at School or
other [nixversity sponsored events and be
axailable to speak on topics related to
agriculture or youth opportunities before
farm oriented grotips, cixic clubs, btsi-
ness grotps, school assemblies, banquets.
or similar events. The School has been
successful in increasing gradtate teach-
ing assistant stipends xwhich should allowx
it to better compete for ottstanding grad-
uate students.
For the first time, a School exhibit xwas
devxeloped emphasizing opportunities for
y outh. This past y ear it was shown at the
North Alabama State Fair, Ag 100 recep-
tion in Montgomer'. the Ag Alumni Fall
Rotndup, Stnbelt Ag Expo, the Sotth
Alabama Fair, the Alabama State Fair, and
at Auburn High School.
The )ean eontinues to work closels
xwith the Curriculum Committee to en-
courage rexvisions that xxwill benefit the
ovcrll program of the School. A major
change made this year wa s to shift the
Food Science Program in the School to
the School of Home Economics. It is felt
that this moxe will offer the maximum
opportnity to increase enrollment in this
important area.
TIhe )ean's Office, along with a num-
her of departments. contintes to actixvelx
pursue scholarship donors. Results are
encotraging, and these efforts should as-
sist in the recrtiting efforts
The Teaching Improxement Commit-
tee redesigned a teacher cxaltation form
which is completed by the stidents. In
addition, the committee xorked xith the
Dean in establishing a Dean's Axard for
T'eaching Excellence, the first of xxhich
xxere presented to Dr. Bill Mason. Coor-
dinator of the General Biology Program,
and1 Dr. Ralph Harris, Professor in the
Department of Animal and Iairx Sciences.
This particular axard is different from
the Outstanding Teacher Axard given by
the students in that the individuals are
selected by their peers.
Ctrrentlx the students in the School
select the best teacher from their de-
partments to compete for the title of Out-
standing Teacher in the School of
Agriculttre, Forestry, and Biological Sci-
ences. This xear's nominees xere Dr. Wil-
liam Hardy. Agricultural Economies and
Rural Sociology L r. Clarence Johnson.
Agricultural Engineering; Dr. Joe Hood,
Agronomy and Soils Dr. Ralph Harris,
Animal and Dairx Sciences Dr. Bryan
ITrueloxve. Botanriv Plant Pathology, and
Microbiology; Dr. Claude Boyd. Fisheries
and Allied Aquacultures. )r. Conrad
Brewer, Forestry: Dr. Harrv Ponder, Hor-
ticulture; Dr. Claude Moore, Poultry Sci-
ence: and Dr. Larry Wit. Zoology-
Entomolog. Dr. Joe I Hood was selected
as the 1983 recipient from the School.
A number of physical improvements
and equipment purchases were made
within the School this past year. A fume
hood and air conditioner were pirchased
for the electron microscope facility to
render that area safer and more comfort-
able. Twxo laboratories wx ere renoxvated
and converted into several offices in Fun-
chess Hall so that all faculty might have
private offices. Microscopes were pur-
chased tor the Botany, Plant Pathology,
and Microbiologx, Fisheries and Allied
Aquaculttres, and Poiltry Science de-
partments. A significant amotnt of equip-
ment wxas purchased for the Forest
Enginecring Program. New equipment
obtained for the School's comptter lab-
oratory included a 'state-of-the-art" net-
work system and hard disk storage. A
number of ov erhead projectors werc also
purchased this year for use by various
departments. A compiter terminal room
was developed in Ftnchess Hall and an-
other in the Animal Sciences Building.
This senices both sttdents and faculty.
A new roof wxas placed on Funchess
Hall. which made a dramatic improve-
ment in that facility. Efforts begin on the
renovation of the main Agricultural En-
gineering Biilding shotld not only im-
prove the building's appearance btt its
efficiency as wxell. 'his past year saw an
increase in maintenance monies in a num-
her of teaching departments as well as in
Research Operations. Research Informa-
tion, and the Donald F. Davis Arboretum.
A vinery at the Arboretum wxas con-
structed by Research Operations in 1983
with monies donated by friends of Dr.
Henrv Orr, Professor Emeritus of Horti-
cultture. The vinery wxas subsequently
Outstanding contributions of Professor Emeritus Henry P. Orr were recognized with
the 1983 dedication of the Henry P. Orr Vinery
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dedicated to Dr. Orr in recognition of 
his
otitstand ing contributions.
A nexw Strengthened Stibject \Iatter
Option Program for A and AA certification
in general biology has been reviewxed by
the State D~epartment of Eduication and
has been approv ed subject to some minor
rev isions. [his xxiii allowx gradtiates xx ho
are presently certified to teac h to rettirn
to Auibuirn unixversity and obtain a masters
or Ph.D. in their area of spec iailization,
therebx becoming more proficient.
E~nrollIment in pre-xveterinary options
in Animail and D~airn Sciences. Entomol-
ogy. Microbioilogy, Pouiltry Sc ience Zo-
ology, and W\ildlife Management continties
to grow. 'I'bis optio~n aillowxs stuidents to
more easily puirsue ia bachelor's degree
in their chosen department xx bile also
obtaining the prereqtuisites for admit-
tance to the xveterinary medicine program.
A nexx cuirrictulum in Ruiral Soc iology,
wxhich had been approv ed at the t nix er
sitx lexvel, xxas gixven final approxval bx the
Alabama Commission on Higher Eduica-
tion. thereby offern better serx ice to
stuidents in this important area. Couirses
and cuirricutila are constant ly being
changed to keep programs on the 
"ct-
ting edlge.,
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Enioiment in pre-veterinary options cuntin-
ues to grow as students take advantage of
the expanded career options offered by this
addition to curricula in the School of Agri-
culture, Forestry, and Biological Sciences.
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS
Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology'
The D~epartment ctont inued to tiilize
the microctompuiter laboratoryx not only
for teaching the formal coturse. Micro-
comptuter Applications to) Agrictilture, bt
also in training sessions for v ariouis groups.
G~rouips of farmers, Soil C onserx-ation
Sen-ice personnel. v ocat ional eduication
teatchers, facultx, and others wxere gixven
training in microcomptuters and their uise
in agrictulture during the y ear.
A nemx cuirricuiluim, Rural Soc iologx 
-
wxas approvedc by the Alabama Commis-
sion on Htigher Eduication. [he turricui-
lum is designed to link basic under-
standing of agricultural production, mar-
keting. and distribution to a broader ap-
precilat ion of social relationships,
processes, and organization. Formal aca-
dlem ic training in the sciences and pro-
duction is intended to foster a practical
prob~leml-solxving approach to social 
is-
sues (Gradtuates xxill be prepared to tin-
dertake people-oriented careers in
buisiness, indtustrx, and gox erment or to
pursuie fturther training in the social or
agricuiltural sciences. The cuirricuilum in-
cluides a directed hield experience course
that xxi II pr-ovide students practical xxork
involxvement in an agribuisiness firm or in
other organizations that serx e farmers andI
rural people
4
Furthe-r dcxv lopment of cotuirses, pol-
itcic-s, and procedtures for the- Ph.D) pro-
gram in Agricui tuira IEonom ics xxas
earnied out during the year. Adxvanced
cotirses in Agricultuiral P~olicx. Lconomics
tof Agricultural Produticion, andI Adv anced
Agricultural Finance wxere dtexveloped.
Recognizing the importance o~f agricul-
tural finance and credit in the- training of
young people in agricultuire, the tinder-
Training in the use of computers is an integral 
part nf the training offered to prepare~
students r r~a-e~.- 'n *k~- hiqh tech fields
A
graduate Agricultural Finance couirse xxas
changed from 3 to 5 credit hours A newx
course, titled World and Agricutu ttral
ITrade. wxas offered in the D~epartment for
the first time in the spring quiarter of
I1983. Problems involv ing the use of mi-
erocomputers wxere coxvered in sexveral
courses taught in the D~epartment.
Students in the Agricultural Eonom -
ics Club initiated a nexwsletter entitled
[-Ihe Economic E xchange, publ ished
xx cekly duiring the school quarter. Its pur-
pose is to enhance communication amoing
stidents and betwe en stuidents andl fac-
ult.
Every 5 years the D~epartment of Ag-
ricultuiral Economics and Ruiral Sociology
carries otit a sun cxy of former B.S. and
M.S. stumdents. A total of 610 graduiates
wxas recently contacted to obtain infor-
mnation on location, emplox ment,- in-
comes, and cmments concerning the
cuirricuilum. Abouit three-fourths oft the
graduates wxere puirstuing careers in ag-
ricutiuttre, agribuisiness, and related areas.
Agribusiness and finance (25 percent) and
credit ( I ' percent) wxere the agricultur-
alIx related oct upat ions accounting for
most of the responding graduiates. About
10 percent of the graduates claim farming
as their major occupation.
[be majoritx of graduiates indicated
that training recieicd at Auiburn wxas
closely related to the requiirement of both
their beginning and present career
choices. Areas recommended for addi-
tional training or course offerings in the
department included: comptiter appli-
cations. management, cooperatives,- sales,
and humman and personal relations. A re-
port entitled "Characteristics and Status
of Graduates in the D~epartment of Agri-
cul tural Eonom its and Rural Sociology"
wxas published based on the findings of
the suirx x of former students.
Agricultural Engineering
A revised curriculum in Agricultural
Engineering xwas implemented 
in 1983.
(omputer usage in engineering 
analxysis
and design has been increased 
consid-
erabli. Laboratory wxork has been
strengthened in many of the courses.
Ihe content of Electrical Ss stems in
Agriculture has been increased 
from 3 to
5 credit hours. Major additions 
to the
course content are in the area ot 
linear
feedback and control sxstems 
theory in
solid state control devices. Nine nexs 
lab-
orators sessions are being added.
Agrictlttral Processing and Food 
In-
gineering has been increased from 
3 to
5 credit hours. A signiicant amount 
of
news engineering analysis and laboratories
has been added. Engineering analysis 
and
design principles and eqtipment selec-
tion for crop, food and feed storage, pres-
ervation, and manufacttiring 
are covered
Thermal processing. curing, dr- ing, re-
frigeration, materials handling. 
ptmps.
fans, and storage processes are tatght.
A news 6-credit cotrse in Ens ironment
of Agrictlttral Structiures and W aste Man-
agement is now required of agricultural
engineering majors Functional require-
ments and engineering analysis 
and de-
sign of animal structures and agrictltural
storage buildings are considered 
Empha
sis on env ironmental control 
systems and
energy management is stressed. Animal
wxaste transport, biological treatment. 
and
processing. with emphasis on total uti
lization for refeeding and energy 
pro-
duction. is considered.
A complete contintous systems sim-
tlation langtage for use on the Depart-
ment's comptter system has been
developed for graduate instruction and
p~ I"
p.- .
Agricultural engineering students gain 
visibility on campus by
tractor they maintain for special campus 
events.
research programs. This general 
ptrpose.
user oriented CSMP-type langtage allows
mathematical models of biological 
and
phxsicil systems to be esvaltated 
with
either ntimerical or graphical output. 
Ap-
plications are being made to waste 
man-
agement, irrigation, and tillage.
Agronomy and Soils
A number of improsements have been
made in departmental procedures 
in the
past year. Among them is the 
system
wxhereby adsisors are alloing 
students
to make appointments for registration 
by
prosiding sign-tp sheets on their 
doors.
This makes it easier for the student 
to
contact his professor and permits 
the pro-
fessor to distribute his time more e-enly
among his adsisees. The Department 
has
purchased new projection screens 
for all
classrooms and laboratory rooms tsed 
for
teaching.
A newly established set of required
basic courses for gradtate students 
will
help to maintain the highest standards 
for
the gradtate program. In conjtnction 
with
the USDA Office of International 
Coop-
eration and Development, the 
Depart-
ment of Agronomy and Soils gave a 
fertility
management course attended by 
15 in-
ternational sttdents. Most of the teaching
staff participated in this program.
Undergraduate students participated
in the regional soil judging contest 
and
gradtate students were on the weed 
sci-
ence judging team which entered the 
re-
gional contest. A number of students 
ere
involved in internship programs 
in the
department. These programs give 
stu-
dents valuable experience in the field 
and
contribute significantly to the 
learning
experience. Two students within the 
De-
partment placed second in the Southern
F~eed Science Society Graduate Student
Paper competition.
Prospective students in the Depart-
ment are being written a personal 
letter
encouraging them to attend Auburn 
Uni-
versity in the Department of Agronomy
and Soils. The Agronomy Club has 
spon-
sored a sale of "Auburn Agronomy" 
jack-
ets and caps to faculty and students 
to
increase visibility. In addition, students
ith academic problems are given special
counseling in hopes of retaining them.
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The science of soil reaction is an essential part of agricultural 
training.
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Study of physiology of reproduction provides senior students with The Auburn University Herbarium 
is the official reference collection of
scientific base for careers in animal agriculture, plants for the State 
of Alabama.
Animal and Dairy Sciences
T he D~epartment of Animal and Dair
Sciences' teaching program continues to
increase, and currently the ADS curric-
ulum has the largest enrollment in the
School of Agriculttre Forestry. and Bi-
ological Sciences. Animal and Dairy Sci-
ences graduates are employed in a xarietx
of positions, including management po-
sitions xxhich range from scedstock farms
to agrictltural industries. An excellent
pre-x eterinarv medticine program also
prepares sttidents for training in the field
of x eterinarx medicinc
NEVs\ OPELRATIIONS Maijor emphasis
wxas placed on the tise of computers in
the AIlh instruction program. wxith nex
IBM Personal (omputers ptrchased for
the facult. [he nexx computers hav e
greatly improxved the cotrse content. par
tictlarly in the junior and senior lecel
courses "Ihe computers hav e expanded
the graduate program and allowx graduate
students to become fullx trained on tse
of computers for their instruction and
graduate programs.
(URR LI U M CHfANGES. Students in
the prodtction option of the Department
can elect to take chemistry and math
courses xxhich hax e more application to
their field of interest (hanges in the
chemistry and math requirements in 1983
gixe the sttdents more flexibility in se-
lecting courses for the A)S curriculum.
Also. nex courses in lixestock merchan-
dising and phy siology of lactation xwere
offered this year
DlL I OPMlN nIS IN ITHE DEPAR I
ME'N I' Grant funds wx rc tised to improx e
6
the facilities at the horse teaching unit
Newx fencing wxas also established and
major landscaping xxas completed at the
horse teaching unit.
:Major improvements in the beef teach-
ing tnit were also initiated in 1983. A
successftil cmbrxo transfer program wxas
sttrted and sex ral students participtted
in the program. A Polled Hlereford heifer
produced at the beef teaching unit and
showxn by an AI)S major at a national shoxx
wxas selected as the Grand (hampion fe-
male. Ihe heifer xas later sold for
S18.000.
The AD)S intern program xx as an active
part of the undergraduate ctrriculum The
intern program wxas repotedl in t paper
at the Sotthern Section of the American
Societx of Animal Science. The AS) intern
program is the largest in the Sottheast.
RE(RFIFMI' NT. The outstanding cur-
riculum and facultx in the D~epartment
continues to tttract oitstanudiing oung
people from Alabama and the Southeast.
The lepartment has no formal recruiting
program. \'isits xxith agriculttral letders
tnd potential students are made each time
faculty and sttff participate in state meet-
ings and other programs. The best re-
cruitment is to hax e a quality program.
Botany, Plant Pathology,
and Microbiology
IThe lDepartment of Botanx, Plant
Patholog and \licrobiology is copartner
xxith the Department of /oolog-Ento-
molog in an instructional program in
general biologx that meets the need for
basic training in biology throughout the
Inixersit. The (eneral Biology Program
offers undergraduate lexel courses in two
specialized sequences-one for science
and professional majors in medicine and
one for nonscicnce and education majors.
T he present sequencc of courses for non-
science majors has been developed only
luring the past 2 years and includes course
offerings in human ecology and the re-
lationship of microhes to man.
During 1983. a program in Biological
Statistics (BST) wxas organized. Additional
courses are listed in that program to pro-
yide students wx ith an introduction to
compter applications. comptiter pro-
gramming. and statistics. Graduate stu-
dents xxith interest in agriculture. forestry,
or biological sciences max nowx obtain a
minor in applied biological statistics.
Facilities for microbiology instruction
were improv ed stbstantially last year by
the ptirchase ot sttident microscopes of-
fering both high resolution and phase
contrast capability. New space and money
for equipment xw ere also proxvided during
1 983 for a laboratory course in molecular
genetics to be offered at the Leach Nu-
clear Science C enter.
[he curricula of the department have
beei expaided by the additiun of courses
emphasizing plant and microbial ge-
netics. ultrastructure. and biochemistrx
Fisheries and Allied
Aquacultures
[he Department is in the process of
compterizing certain of its gradtate stu-
(ent records. Once the system is in place,
it wxill be much easier to monitor the
progress of sttidents. With the large num-
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"- 1
f- : /1,
4
aitiiiiis fruni drOuuiL te wuria comle to AuuCCii St d tuyn 
Mei~ awoid
renowned fisheries and aquaculture program.
her of students, it is important that they
be encouraged to select committees, de-
velop plans of study, and dev elop ex-
aminations in a timely manner.
Iwo newx courses wecre added to the
curriculum: FAA 599. Research Methods,
was dexeloped to better advise the in-
coming students in a systematic xxav on
matters related to beginning their thesis
and dissertation research. In addition, a
nexx section wxas added to the Special
Problems Course. FAA 698. Aquaculture
Facilities. TIis xyas added to gixe the
students credit for special assignments in
designing facilities for use at the Fisheries
Research U nit at North Auburn.
A number of courses were restruc-
tured (luring 1983 In particular. FA 520
521. 522. 528, and 529 haxe been rede-
signed and submitted to the Curriculum
(ommittee If approved. these changes
wxill be implemented in 1984. These
changes are a part of a major revision in
the Aquaculture curriculum.
Progress wxas made during the year in
devxeloping a computer system in the De-
partment for use in the teaching program.
A series of 11 Apple lIe computers. disk
drives, and matrix dot printers in indi-
xidual offices and laboratories has been
linked together in a netwxork and joined
xwith a centrally located CORVUFS hard
disk storage facilitx and letter-quality
printer. Twxo of the indiv idual computers
can be linked to the lBNI mainframe in
the C omputer (enter. WXith these two(
computers serxing as -"dumb" terminals.
it is possible for all the machines in the
netwo(rk to access the mainframe. Sev eral
of the staff and a large number of the
students are utilizing this facility.
.Auuef ii ivlst iioiernng us raUe-rw-ie lidr eurvoYu'Y oquip
ment in their studies.
A major restructuring of the master of
aquaculture program was begun in 1983.
The program has been in effect for ,4 years,
and experience indicated a need to change
certain aspects. The program objectixes
could not be realized and the number of
hours allotted to the field internship part
of the program was not sufficient. Another
problem encountered wxas the lack of su-
perxision and direction. The program had
been organized xithout committing ad-
ditional facultx superxision to it. As a
result. the students in the program did
not feel they xwere receixving adequate
superxision. Fortunately the School wxas
able to provide monies for part of an FTFE
to support the program. A program co-
ordinator has been identified, and in-
creased interest in the program is evident.
It ppears that enrollment will also in-
crease
In the past x ear the Department ini-
tiated a plan to reduce the number of
students in the graduate prograim and
shifted the proportions enrolled in the
three graduate degrees. To more nearlx
match enrollment wxith resources, it xwas
decided to gradually reduce graduate en-
rollment. The plan is to decrease the
number of students in M.S. and Ph.D.
programs xwhile increasing the number
seeking the master of aquaculture. this
shifting emphasis should reduce the grad-
uate load on the research staff.
A major emphasis in the teaching pro-
gram is on graduate education. The Ie-
partment continues to haxe one of the
larger graduate programs in the unixver-
sitx. Plans call for an increased enroll-
ment in the undergraduate program. but
sloxx I so there xxill be additional job
forest management, or broaden their ed-
ucation base in a number of areas.
opportunities for these graduates. To meet
the projected growing demand for grad-
uates in fish farming, a new fish produc-
tion option xwas begun in 1983. 
This
option places more emphasis on field tab-
oratorx courses.
In June the Department proxided a
one-xeek, non-credit short course in
management of farm ponds for sport fish-
ing for Alabama vocational agriculture
teachers. Iraining for this group will be
continued, wxith consideration being gixen
for offering a credit short course for 
their
use. [this group of high school teachers
would be of considerable assistance to
the Department in the recruiting of un-
dergraduates.
Forestry
CURRICf LUM CHANGES. The curric-
ulum leading to the bachelor of science
in forest products in the Department of
Forestrx was revised in 1983. The major
changes xere to increase the number of
courses in business and to proxide more
flexibilitx in the curriculum through a
restricted electixes categorx.
The goal of the Forest Products cur-
riculum remains essentiallx the same, to
produce a graduate who has a good
knowledge of wood as a material, along
with sufficient business and engineering
principles to function effectixely in the
forest products industr. Through proper
choice of both free and restricted elec-
tives, individual students can emphasize
areas such as basic science, business, 
or
forest management. or broaden their ed-
ucation base in a number of areas.
ACCREDITATION, OTHER AD-
VANCES A major activ ity- for the Depart-
ment during 1983 was reaccreditation of
the Forest Management curriculum 
and
initial accreditation of the Forest Engi-
neering curriculum. A review team rep-
resenting the Society of American Foresters
and the Society of Wood Science and
Technology visited the campus in April
1983. Final action on accreditation was
taken at the Societx of American Foresters
annual meeting in October 1983. The
Forest Management curriculum receiv 
ed
a full 5-year accredited status, the max-
imum possible. The Forest Engineering
curriculum received 2 years' accredita-
tion, with some minor adjustments nec-
essary to receive an additional 3 Nears.
These adjustments wxill be made in 
1984.
The Forest Products curriculum was 
re-
viewed b\ the Society of Wi ood Science
and Technology, but SWST is just initi-
ating professional accreditation and the
Auburn visit was a "trial run."
The forestry teaching program re-
ceived an unexpected. but welcome, ad-
dition when Robert E. Mitchell. Chief
Forester and Vice President of MacMillan-
Bloedel Inc.. was named an adjunct pro-
fessor in the Department. March 1. 1983.
This arrangement was made possible
through the generosity of NlacMillan-
Bloedel. The firm retains Mr. Mitchell on
its payroll. but allows him to spend ap-
proximately half time working in various
aspects of the Department's program.
During 1983. Mr. Mitchell taught Intro-
duction to Forestry and xxill teach this
course again in 198-, as well as a senior
level forestry- problems course. Our 
stu-
dents are fortunate to have an individual
with Mr. Mitchell's expertise and 
expe-
rience as their instructor in these courses.
STUDENT RECRITIMENT. At the an-
nual meeting of the Department of For-
estrx Adv isorn Committee in Nov ember
1983. a program -,vas initiated to involve
Adv isor- Committee members in student
recruitment. Specifically -the program will
be initiallx aimed at identifying students
at Alabama's junior colleges who have 
an
interest in forestry. Each junior college
has been assigned to one or more mem-
bers of the Adv isor- Committee who will
contact the junior college administration,
identils students interested in forestry.
and then meet with these students and
their instructors to discuss Auburn's for-
estry curricula. prerequisites. and for-
estrx career opportunities
Horticulture
The Department purchased two new
pieces of equipment that will be useful
in the teaching programs. From 
special
funds from the Dean's Office, the De-
partment acquired a CPT wxord processor
This machine ill speed tp the 
prepa-
ration of examinations and class handout
materials and simplify record keeping on
students and graduates. At the beginning
of the academic year the Department 
pur-
chased a Kodak IEtographic Auto Viewer
and projector This self-contained, rear
mounted projector and screen Nxith built-
in audio is a piece of equipment the
Department has needed for years. [he
machine's primary use xill be for teach
ing Plant Materials where students can,
with the help of the machine. study on
their oxxn time, and at their own pace.
Ior some time the Iepartment 
of
Architecture, which teaches two required
courses in Landscape Architecture 
for
horticulture students, has had difficulty
finding space for these students. The 
num-
ber of students in Landscape Architecture
is limited by the number of drawing ta-
bles av ailable The Horticulture Depart-
ment has agreed that the Landscape
Architecture courses for horticulture stu-
dents will be taught in Horticulture's
landscape design teaching laboratory in
Funchess Hall.
Funds wxere made available to hire one
student half-time to maintain the field
research in teaching areas on campus.
This has resulted in a marked impros 
e-
ment in the horticulture student orchards
and gardens on campus.
[he Department has long used the
ornamental plantings on campus in its
ornamental horticulture teaching pro-
Job opportunities are bright for ornamental horticulture 
students who gain valuable experience through 
a teaching program in
which they design landscape plans and install 
the landscaping around campus buildings.
~ ~,/ ', 
\~
gram. In the past this has been a matter
of studying the material already present
on campus. This approach was changed
last year when students began to acti 
elh
landscape and maintain parts of the cam-
pus. Among other projects, these students
drews up the landscape plans for and in-
stalled the landscaping for Coier Hall
They pruned and renov ated the shrubbers
around the [elfair 1. Peet T heatre and
D~udley Hall and planted trees in the lawn
area of Coier Hall and the Library One
student landscaped Alumni Hall and won
the Tidy I iger Award for that project.
The Department made two major cur-
riculum changes in the past sear 
Intro-
duction to Horticulture. HI 101, was
extensivels revised to make it a 3-hour
course instead of 1 hour, 
and a ne 3-
hour course, HF 412, Interior Plantscap-
ing, was developed and taught for the
first time.
In revising HI 101 
to make it a 3
hour course, the Department has de-el-
oped a dual-purpose course to serve the
needs of freshmen in horticulture as wsell
as mans other students throughout the
campus who wish to gain some under-
standing and feel for horticulture but who
do not wish to major in the program.
Such "service" courses in horticulture
have been extremely popular on other
parts of the campus. As our new HF 101
becomes better kno-n, this course can
provide an interesting electi-e 
to man}
students on campus
The proliferation of fast-food restau-
rants has resulted in an increase of job
opportunities for those trained in orna-
mental horticulture, especially in 
the
maintenance of lawns and shrubs. These
students have been well trained to profit
from this trend. A new senice that is
gaining importance is the planning and
maintenance of interior plantings A num
her of students have recentls found em-
ployment in that field.
Beliesving that job placement is a pre-
requisite to recruiting )epartment fac-
ilty have made that their number one
goal xxith a large measure of success al-
ready esident. At this time organizations
are waiting in line for graduates from the
horticulture programs. Now that they can
provide more jobs than they hase stu-
dents, facults feel thes are in a strong
position to recruit.
Poultry Science
The Department of Poultrs Science
was the "spotlight" department at the
Sunbelt Agricultural Exposition in Moul-
trie, Georgia. in l983. The Department
dev eloped an outstanding exhibit that
created wxidespread regional interest
Continiing emphasis is being placed
on recruitment -within the Department
since job opportunities tar exceed the
number of graduates asailable. The De
<~I
I IL
dl
I
-AW M1
Use of an electron microscope in the poultry science teaching program 
gives students
experience and knowledge in use of scientific equipment.
partment works wxith the placement of
students and probabls is the lead de-
partment in the nation in placing students
in the processing area.
The D~epartment is continting its ef-
forts to improv e its scholarship program.
wyhich wxill also assist in recruiting. A
student in the )epartment is the I1983
Vice President of the Southeastern Poultry
Science (lub.
The newx pre-s et option resulted in
the enrollment of the first three students
in this program in the fall of 1983. In
addition. twvo students are participating
in the first summer intern program. This
program is expected to grox as students
and industry recognize its valie. The DIe-
partment has made a slight modification
in the curriculum for Poultrs Science
Agribtsiness majors to pro.: ide more ap-
plicable math and computer training for
these students.
Zoology-Entomology
The Department of Zoologv-Entomol-
ogy has made significant strides in Its
academic program during the past year.
A major change wxas the approval of the
Integrated Pest Management curriculum
in the Department. In addition, intern-
ship options were opened in both the
Wildlife and Eintomologs areas. There has
also been a rapidly expanding enrollment
in the pre-set program within the various
entities in the )epartment.
The Department's r igorous student re-
cruiting program contintes to be one of
the best in the School. One new inno-
vation established this sear was a formal
interaction with all high school science
clubs and their sponsors throughout the
State. Additionallh. the faculty- in this De-
partment are extremels active partici-
pants in high school programs, science
_ w 
a
_- 
.
fatrs, and the Alabama Jtunior Academ} ot
Sciences. At the graidtiate lexel. a coim-
puterized mailing list has been dcx eloped
to) target information on D~epartmental
gradtiate programs t) specific entities
throughout the I'nited States There is a
highly structured D~epartmental mecha-
nism for ansxx ering inquiries tron poten-
tial graduate students and putting them
in contact wxith the appropriate Depait
mental tactilt.
The teatching program for the De-
partment of Zoology I ntomologs has con-
tied to cevolv e to be more responsixve
to the needs ot students sers ed. During
the past x ear. mo~re than 5.000 students
xx ere exposed t) cutrse offerings in the
basic life sciences ais xxell as entomologs.
marince biology, and xxildlife manage-
ment. Major ctirrictilum changes in-
cluded the establ ishmc-nt ot both
entomology and xxt ildl itc management in-
ternship programs to prosvide hands-on
expericnce as part ot the edticational
process. Additionallx. the establishment
of a ncxx Integrated Pest Management ctir-
ricutiIutm xx ithin the lDepart ment wxill af-
ford the opportinitx to prox idc- students
xx ith necessirs educational experience tior
emplo mt-nt in the expanding pest man-
agement industrs.
Recruiit menu o~f outstanding students
cointinties to be a priority program wxithin
the D~epartment Iin times of decli ni ng
enrollme-nts elsesshere, the D~epartment
has contintied to attract increasing ntim-
hers of majors into its sarioiis prograums
both at the undergraduate and gradutatc-
lex els. Recently established pre-yetc-ri-
nars medic inc ctirrictila hix e exhibited
signi ficant groxxth.
Stuidents and tic ulIn in the D~epart-
menu hasc c ont inuted to be recognized
for outstanding ac hiexvements. The Stut-
dent WXi Ildlife Societe C ompetit ion Team
earned th i rd place honors in the Southeast
against stiff competit ion from nine othc-r
majo~r tinixversities. xxhi Ic the Sitident In-
tomology Tecam xx as crosx ned as South-
eaistern C ham pions. Ihis sear's School ot
Agricuilture. Forestrs. and Biological Sci
ences Outstanding Student .x-Ward also -xvas
earned bx a major xwithin the D~epartment.
I ndividual f acultx xx ithin the Decpartment
xxere recognized xxith the D~ean's Assard
for 'leaching IExcec-llence and the Out-
standing I c-acher Asx ard. FacultyI honors
incltide elction ton presidenc ies or other
kex offices in regional. national, and in -
ternational societies.
Decspi te sexvcre econo~mic pressu res,
he lDepart ment has conti nuted to expand
its programs to meet the needs ot students
sc-rs ed. Stipends fnor graduate assistants
xxere increased on an ax erage I5 percent
and a ne-w scholarship program xx as cs-
tahl ished bx the Alabama Pest C ontrol
Ass~ciat ion. The Decpartment has also con-
intied to expand its aireads cxc elIlent
coimpuitei teachIiing fac iliuties. tihe rececnt
I O
-am
J ,p t -
Conducting insect poputa io. stuidies under varying habitat conditions is
of the innovative entomoioQy reaching program.
lo~cation tof the l nix ersits Satc-llit C om-
puiting F-acility wxithin the D~epartment
provxides ready access ot computer ter-
minals to all students.
General Biology
lxxele different General Biology fac-
uilty spent muich of their time in I1983
dec loping and adjtisting to nessr cotirses
nows ottered in the treshman program.
Sexveral ot these factultNx wxere involvedt in
the tieselopmenu o~f txxo ness laboratory
manuitals xx rituen cxcltisix clx for twxoI of
these courses. One of the mantials has
been published by Kendall-Hlunt Ptibl ish-
ing C ompany and the other is presently
being prepared by L nix ersits Printing
Sers ice.
T[he ness principle c ouirse for non-
science majors (BII 105. Perspectux es in
Biologs ) xxas a lso prepare-d fo~r listing in
the Auibtirn I nixcrsutx Independent Stitch
Program C atalog for the current secar. Ihis
ins ols cd the xxi riting of a 300t-page course
book that is nosx in press. IThe tiniqtie
featture of this c orrespondence course is
the inclIuision of the laboratory expert-
ence.'I his max be the oils biologs cotirse
in the I nited States offc-rc-d for tide-
pendtent study that incltices a laborauorx
compornent.
Muich nexx office equipment wxas o~b-
tamned and i nstallIc-c in th Gw (eneral it-
ology secretarial sers ice centers in 1 983.
i ritia Ill all teaching and testing mate-
rials arc- noss dcx doped by xworcd pro-
cessor. IThe high-speed printer atllos
rapid proutctioun of multi-copic's of dito
maste-rs produc ing clIcar-coupx materials
fo~r lairgc classces. Xirutiillx ex ers professor
s 
one phase
has dev eloped some ty pe of test blank
procedure on wxord processor disks. Even
wxith technical manuscripts, the secretar-
ial staff turnarotund time is usuially less
than 24 hours.
TIhe two news 1BM Personal Computers
purchased in late 1 983 are being used
bx most faculty to store class rolls and
test scores and to comptute hinal grades.
At least one-halt ot the faculty are spend-
ing the time necessary to become pro-
ficient on these machines. Both
uindergradtiate and graduate students are
also using this equipment. otten at night.
Enrollment in the general biology
courses took a sharp upward turn in 1983.
Teachers assigned a total ot 1,250) grades
at the end of tall quarter 1982. 1That
jtimped to 1,-4-44 in the fall of 1983. This
increase in teaching loads xwas accom-
modated by more judicial use ot the large
lecttire room and assignment ot larger
teaching loads for both taculty and grad-
uate teaching assistants.
Agricultural Jou r-nalism
Althotigh it does not exist as a separate
department. a nuimber of students are en-
rolled in the nevx ctirriculum ot Agri-
cultural Journalism. 1This curriculum wxill
p-epare graduates for a variety of careers
requiring skills in xx riting articles. re-
ports, and broadcasting nexx s related to
agrictulture. IThe curriculum pros ides
specialized knowsledge ot agric ulttiral
stibjects as wxell as joturinalism training. It
prov ides a nest opportunity to sttidents
wxho arc sc ientificallx oriented and desire
to wotrk in commttnicttions. .1ob oppor-
tun it ies in this area coot inue to he bright.
ALABAMA COOPERATIVE
EXTENSION SERVICE
P LRHAPS THE MOST efiectixe xax Ex-
tension goes about its assigned job of
"helping people help themselves" is by
working with and helping dexelop lead-
ers. All agriculture and forestr demon-
stration wxork is based on this principle:
identify ing energetic, forward-looking
people xho are willing to shoulder re-
sponsibility, and then helping them show
the better way to others It's at time-tested
method, and a theme that runs through
all phases ot Extension xw ork
As Vou will see. the theme of lead
ership dev elopment is prominent
throughout the briet articles wxhich make
up this report. Just a glance xxill tell you
that most ot the accomplishments re
ported in agriculture and forests are
based on successful leadership dev elop-
ment. either in demonstration projects or
in our xwork wxith associations and other
clientele groups In +-l. shaping the fu
ture leaders of our rural communities and
our agriculture and forest industries is a
central concern.
In home economics and home gar-
dening, the theme is most obvious in the
reports on training Master \olunteers. And
in community resource development al-
most all efforts are directed through lead-
ers of public. professional, or volunteer
organizations.
In terms of long-range benefits, the
most significant achiexvement related to
leadership in 1983 wxas launching of a
project known as LEADERS-the Alabama
Agriculture and Forestry Leadership De-
velopment Program. LEAI)IRS aims at
strengthening the v oice of agriculture and
forestr in public aftairs by gix ing nten-
six e training to selected indix iduals xwho
haxve alrcady demonstrated leadership ca-
pabihtx in agriculture, forestr . or agri-
business careers.
For conxenience, details of the LE:AD-
ERS program are given in the (RI) section
of this report. Clearly, hoxcxer, the
promise of I LEAIDERS goes far bexyond anx
single IExtension program area in its po-
tential for impact on the future of Ala-
bama.
Forest Demonstrations Shou'
Way to Productiv ity
At the end (f 1983 there xxecre 39
actix e forest management demonstrations
in Alabama, totalling nearl 2).000 acres.
and 9 more being dexveloped Purpose of
the demonstrations is to shoxx non in-
dustrial prixvate landowxners the benefits
(f multiple-use forest management and
increased productixvitx . urrently, there
are about 200.000 of these oxxners wxho
control about three-fourths of our 22 mil-
Iion acres (f forestland, and this laud is
producing only about hall its potential
timber xield
Ihe demonstration program is coor-
dinated by Ixtcnsion in cooperation wxith
the Alabama Forests Planning Committee
tnd countx forestr committees Achieve
ment of full production potential on the
demonstration acreage alone would1 mean
an eventual increase in forestrs inc ome
of 25(10(000 per year. Nearl 2.300() peo-
Water quality management education helped catfish farmers cut fish losses by 80
percent.
Al
Nearly 2,300 people attended forest man-
agement education programs on demonstra-
tion properties in 1983.
pie xisited these demonstrations last year.
As more and more owners are influenced
bx them, the additional income wxill run
into the milloins
Water Quality Training Aids
Catfish Farmers
Catfish farming became more profit-
able in 1983 as prices paid for fish wcre
higher and feed prices lower. Losses
caused by the catfish farmer's number one
killer. lowx oxygcn. wxre reduced by. 80
percent from 1982. adding additional
rexvenue to catfish operations.
Aiding farmers in their efforts to con-
trol losses we rc four intensixe multi-
countx water quality training courses
gixen to catfish producers by aquacultural
specialists at the Alabama Fish Farming
Center in Greensboro. Newsletters, farm
xisits. and office consultations supported
the program aimed at reducing fish losses
No fish wcre lost by training course par-
ticipants In fact. oxverall losses to lowx
oxygen xxere reduced to 100.000 pounds
during 1983 compared to 500)000
pounds lost during 1982. The result wxas
$200,000 additional income to catfish
producers in wxest Alabama.
Finance Workshops Cut
Credit Costs
Many Alabama farmers experienced
serious financial difficulties in 1983. One
Extension response was a series of I3
financial management workshops held at
xarious locations around the State and
involxing both farmers and lending agen-
cies.
AGRICULTURE AND
NATURAL RESOURCES
~dp~ia~
.D ~ic- ,u U e:xpAllu e :i.urocomuuntputer-application assistance to farmers, and
continued its own search for improved efficiency through electronics, as in this micro-
system used by pest management specialists.
The need expressed by both farmers
and lenders was for a better understand-
ing of farm records and financial docu-
ments, to enable them to build on financial
strengths and shore up financial weak-
nesses. The workshops concentrated on
practical management tools such as cash
flow plans, enterprise budgets, and profit
and loss statements, showing participants
how to use these tools to cut the amount
they pay in interest cost by at least 10
percent. Farmer and lender response was
enthusiastic, and similar workshops will
be held in other areas of the State.
Farmers Look to Extension
For Computer Help
Managing farm resources has become
a very- complex problem, and many Ala-
bama farmers have found that microcom-
puters can be very useful in dealing with
their farm management problems. Most
of these "computer farmers" have also
turned to Extension for assistance in mak-
ing the best possible use of computers.
During 1983, Extension helped nearly
2,000 people learn computer uses in var-
ious kinds of meetings, including seven
farmer workshops.
In 1983, plans were finalized for es-
tablishing an Extension microcomputer
facility on the Auburn University campus.
This facility will be used for training Ala-
bama farmers, Extension personnel, agri-
businessmen, vocational-agricultural
teachers, and others in applying micro-
computer technology. In addition to com-
puter education. Extension is also able
to assist farmers with the use of Univer-
Jennifer's tomato represents a sector of our agricultural economy 
worth over $500
million last year. Extension serves nearly 700,000 home-gardening households pri-
marily through the media.
S.. ,
% ; S'i p c~-s l ,r, cr' J~4
'. .
sitx-developed public domain software
programs. As more farmers acquire mi-
crocomputers, the demand for such help
will surely increase.
Demonstration Program Helps
Small Farmers
Extension has developed an extensive
demonstration program to help small and
limited-resource farm families improve
their productivity and income through
better methods of farm management, mar-
keting, and home food supply produc-
tion. This program is conducted in all
counties. The Extension Service at Au-
burn University and the Extension Pro-
grams at Tuskegee Institute and at Alabama
A&M University cooperate in conducting
this program in their respective areas.
Each farmer selected for the program
conducts either a whole-farm demonstra-
tion or an enterprise demonstration for
livestock, crop, or home food supply pro-
duction. In some areas, TVA provides in-
centive fertilizer or seed.
In 1983, whole-farm management
demonstrations were completed on 29
farms. Agricultural enterprise demonstra-
tions were conducted on 108 crop and
102 livestock farms. Whole-farm dem-
onstrations averaged a net income of
$8,255. Crop enterprises had an average
value of 51,033 and livestock enterprises
$1,211. Home food supply demonstra-
tions were conducted on 914 farms, and
had an average value of $224.
Horticulture Information
Reaches Huge Audience
Through Mass Media
Interest in home horticulture has in-
creased rapidly over the past 10 years.
Demand for information 
on gardening,
lawns, and ornamentals is great. To meet
the demand, Extension makes use of mass
media to supply needed information to
Alabama's 1.35 million homeowners and
675,000 home gardeners.
The year 1983 was typical. County
Extension offices handled a flood of tele-
phone calls and letters in the spring fol-
lowing distribution of 34 horticulture TV
spots to seven stations. It was estimated
that each of these short programs reached
over 200,000 people. Using information
supplied by specialists at Auburn, county
agents spread the word through their own
radio programs, and through newspaper
columns and articles. A special Spring
Garden Packet of 31 articles was prepared
at Auburn and sent to 23 newspapers.
Five major papers, with a combined cir-
culation of over 350,000, used the packet
as a Sunday supplement; and the others
used the articles in their homeowner sec-
tions.
I(eas S4ha red on Pecan Tour
I he 125 people attending the C entral
Alabama Pecan I our aind ield Dax last
si mmer had the opportunity to share ideas
and to) see innox ations in pecan orchard
management.
I hanks to the cooperation of sexveral
central Alabama pecan groxers tour par
ticipants sayx pecan trickle irrigation
sx stems techniques in pecan pest man-
agement- the rtsults of pruning large trees.
and equipment for mechanizing pecan
culture. Tour stops at research plantings
at the E. Smith Research Center near
\tilstead and the Turnipseed-lkenberrx'
place near I nion Springs alloxx ed groxv-
ers to see first-hand ongoing research on
pecan pest management. high density
plantings xx ith the v arictx (hexenne and
management of older trees
(rowxer interest in innoxatixve ideas.
as seen on the Pecan I our. Nx ich xxas a
cooperatixe effort of Extension and the
Alabama Pecan (roxwers Association, has
helped Alabama become the third-ranked
state nationally in pecan production
Cotton Producers Show-n
Higher Yield Potential
Iour Extension demonstrations in
three counties comparing lowx and high
density cotton plantings (65.000 xvs.
I1.000 plants per acre) hax e shonwn an
axverage increase in yicld of 100 pounds
of seed cotton per acre on the loxwer
densit. (otton also xxas 10 percent ear-
lier in maturing in the lowxer 
densitx
stands. xxith 25 percent fexxer barren
plants One of the demonstrations showxed
a 26 percent increase in xyiclds. xxith onlx
half as many barren plants
IThe reason for high density stands xxas
that wxhen cotton groxxers started har-
vesting xith mechanical cotton pickers
thex xere encotraged to plant more seed
per acre in order to have a more exen
and eflicient floxx of cotton into the picker.
Noxx. most groxxers are planning for in-
creased x feld by reducing planting den-
sit
Operation SOIL Stops Erosion
Operation SOIL, a multi-agency pro-
gram launched in 1983, is designed to
reduce serious soil erosion problems in
16 north Alabama counties xxhich ac-
count foi a third of the State's cropland.
On full 80 percent of this cropland,
erosion rates haxe been ranging from 2
to 8 times wxhat is considered acceptable
for sustained agricultural production.
Important progress xxas made in 
1983
bx establishment of 35 conserxation til-
lage demonstrations in 9 counties, in-
cluding corn, grain sorghum, soxbean,
and alfalfa crops. Because no-till or con-
serxation tillage is one of the most effec-
tixe eros ion control methods ax ailable to
the farmer this program element xi ill be
expanded to allI 16 counties in 1981
Fescue Toxicity Service Aids
Cattlemen
Sun exs haxe shoxxn most of Alabama's
850.000 acres of fescue pasture to he
highI infected xx ith the fungus rcccntlt
shoxxn to be responsible for -'fescue tox-
icitx.' a sx ndrome in cattle that dramat-
icallx reduces animal gains and hinders
reproductixe efticiency.
On June 1, 1983, a Fescue 'toxicitx
Diagnostic Center xwas opened on the At
burn 1 nix ersitN Campus as a joint project
of the Alabama Cooperatixe Extension
Serxice and the Alabama Agricultural Ex-
periment Station It offers producers a
place to hax e fescue seed or plant samples
tested for the fungus, and is the first such
producer-oriented facilitx in the I nited
States.
A massixve Extension educational pro-
gram wxas initiated to make certain fescue
growers are axxare of the Fescue IToxicitx
Diagnostic Center and their options re-
garding fescue. ilimination of the fungus
from fescue pastures could increase gross
income from beef cattle gains by oxver
529 million annually in Alabama. Re-
qtiests for fescue analyses haxe been re-
ceived at a rate of about 
100 per month,
indicating the success of this program and
its value to producers.
- /i
Benefits of conservation tillage got statewide
emphasis. Rye provided mulch for this beau-
tiful no-till corn in Morgan County.
No-Till on Peanuts Shows
Cost Advantage
Alabama's 183.i000 acres of peanuts
bring considerable income to the State,
but they are an expensixe crop to grow.
Current estimates are that the average
peanut producer spends about S 50(0 per
acre before he sees any return for his
inxestment. Abilitx to minimize produc-
tion costs is therefore a key factor deter-
mining proit or loss
Extension's fescue toxicity information program aimed at dramatically increased cattle
gains through elimination of fungus from pastures such as this.
h x 
' 
's +
~ ~ ~ 44
1C
Improved reproductive efficiency in swine herds was locus 
of the CHORE educational
program.
In 1983 EIxtension demonstrations
shoxwed that the no-tillage approach to
peanut production cin be a significant
cost saver. On fixve of six demonstration
farms, no-till show ed sax ings of from 5
to 25 percent. wh ile maintaining ac-
ceptable xields
BCIA Adds 50 Ie rds
Interest in performance testing of beef
cattle continued to increase in 1983 xxith
the addition of 50 nexw herds in the Ex-
tension-sponsored Alabama Beef C attle
Improx ement Association. Some indica
tion of the impact of performance testing
on production can be seen in the fact
that adjisted wxcaning weights are 88
pounds higher no than in the late 1960s.
At present stocker calf prices, this im-
proxvement is wxorth about S45 million
for Alabama cattlemen luch of this in-
crease in performance has resulted from
the use of superior sires. and the central
bull testing progratms haxe contributed
greatlx weight per daxt of age of bulls
tested at Auburn I nix ersitx. the oldest
centrail test in America, has increased from
1.93 pounds in 1951 to 3.01 pounds in
1983.
Chore Produces Extra Pigs
(HORE, an acronx m for Concentrate
Harder on Reproductixe Efficienc, is a
new Extension sxinc educational pro-
gram started in Januarx. 1983, to increise
the productix itx of Alabama sxine herds
The idea is to shoxw Alabama sxwinc pro-
ducers host to carr out the kex manage-
ment and production 'chores ' that reallx
improxve reproductie efficient}x and can
gixve them at least one extra pig per sowv
per xear.
T he latest research-tested information
on reproductixve efficiencx has been made
ax ailable in C HORE packets through
countx Extension offices. In addition. Ex
tension has set up 218 demonstrations to
show the practical applications and pay-
offs from (1)RE.
Thew Alabama Pork Producers Associ-
ation, the Alabama Feed Manufacturers
Association and related agribusiness firms
haxe been inxolxed in launching C H(RI
bx supporting the dexelopment of ma-
terials and by promoting the program
Alabama DHIA Earns
National Recognition
The Alabama lairy Herd Improvement
Association was evaluated by the national
DHIA in 1983 according to the standards
of a recently established nationwide
Quality Certification program. 'The result:
iatioial recognition for Alabama DHL
for outstanding performance
'[he new Quality (ertification pro-
gram is part of a reorganization of DHIA
efforts designed to improve quality of
service to members and strengthen the
program as a total dairy management sys-
tem rather than simply a production test-
ing program. In the new arrangement
Extension provides educational and tech-
nical assistance to D)HIA personnel who
conduct the managerial aspects of the
program.
Alabama producers have responded
well to the changes. '[he Extension dairy
specialist, county agents, and the DHIA
manager have combined forces in meet-
ings throughout the State to explain the
reorganization and present updated in-
formation on use of records in decision-
making. Currently. oxver halt of Alabama's
dairy herds are enrolled in DHIA, axer-
aging 13,369 pounds of milk per year.
as compared to less than 10000 pounds
for non-members.
Computer Analysis Provided
For Poultry Producers
Looking for ways to help poultrx pro-
ducers become more efficient and max-
imize profits. Extension specialists
designed a computer analysis program in
1983 to examine relationships between
various production factors and cost in
broiler complexes. The program, carried
out with the involvement of Auburn re-
search personnel, has so far been applied
on ? percent of Alabama's anual chick
placeient.
In one complex, representing 34i mil-
lion broilers annuallx, the program iden-
tified a feed additixe as at significant cost-
sax er. but saw no saxving from a particular
vaccination program Factors generally
identified as significantly influencing cost
are feed conversion, market weight, per-
cent livability, percent condemned, and
market age Applications of the program
are being further explored, and it is ex-
pected that use will increase statewide.
Successful Wheat Storage
Demonstrated
Oxver the past 5 Nears, xwheat produc-
tion in Alabama has increased signifi-
cantly' The question has been, can we
store xheat safelx in Alabama Wheat is
ltficli t) store in Alabama ecctise it is
Itti s ested in eairlx summer and miit hc
stored xxhen hrnidit and temperatrur e
are high and xhen insect intexrtn ionx caln
be a problem. Addressing the practical
problem. Extinsion has conducted dem
onstration xx ork in sexeral locations in
the State One farm in Hale (ountx has
successfullx stored xx heat in sex eral hins
for ox r a NearI le 90.000-bushIel tacilitu
Sas designed and huilt specifically for
wxheat storage, and includes a high speed
automatic hatch drs er. )ata on this farm
demonstration indicate that if Auburn
I.nixersitx 'x recommendations are tol]
los ed, farmers can xuccessfullx sttre
xhear in Alabama IThis demonstration xill
pioneer long term storage of xxheat in
the South
Swine Housing Demonstratioi
Shows Cost Saving
I he cost of constructing conxentional
slatted and partiallx slatted s ine finish-
ing buildings has prexvented manx Ala-
bama hog producers from constricting
nex facilities. A program to design and
demonstrate loer cost sxine finishing
buildings utilizing state of the art tech-
nolog in tlush type manure remox al s\ s-
tems wxas initiated during 1983.
To demonstrate these principles a
demonstration xwas established tn a tarm
in D)eKalb County, and a xxine finishing
ficilfty capable of handling 1.000 head
constructed. Compared to the coxt of con-
structing a conx entional slatted floor fai
cilitx, saxings were about S4) per head
capacity xith the nexx design Ibis
amounted to a saxings of S40,000 in con-
xtruction costs for this LDe Kalb pork pro-
dhiccr ()pen gutter tlushing technitfues
uxed for manure remoxal in the bu ilding
resulted also in reduced labor cost for
cleaning and reduced odors in the facil-
its
iL-Poinit Program Fights
Soybeani Stem Canker
Losses to stem eanker, a nex and se-
rious threat to Alabama's soN tean indus-
trx reached an estimated S1? million in
1983. In response- Extension formulated
at six-point educational program to helP
sosbean producers battle stei canker in
198-+. Kee points in this program, alreafy
prox en successful in the field. are crop
rotation, use of stem canker resistant x a-
rieties proper cultural pactices, fuigi-
cide seed treatments use of clean seed.
and delax ed planting.
ixtension's educational campaign for
the 198.4 groxing season started xxith
three area meetings. including Extension
and Experiment Station scientists to ac-
quaint leaders of Alabama's soybean in-
cfustr xxith the stem canker control
program. Numerous county meetings. ar-
tic les in farm magazines and nexxspapers,
and radio and TV progrtms xwere then
used to introduce the six-point program
to sobean producers. Information dis-
seminated to sosbean producers xxill be
updated xxith the latest information from
researchers in Alabama and surrounding
stares during the 1984 groswing season.
Wiregrass Peanut
Practices Improv ed
Ilegun onl1 9 cears ago xx ith I0 gro-
ers in one counts. the %\ iregrass Crop
Pest lanagement Program has now, been
proven to haxe spurred rex olutionarx im-
pros ements in pest control practices
among area peanut producers A sun ex
condfucted in 1983 shoxxs that nearly all
Wxiregrass grosx ers hax e adopted the highly
effictent and economical integrated pest
manaigement practices xhich are the heart
of the program. The key finding is that
90 p'ercent of the groxwers now. use scout-
ing to determine xxhich pest control tech-
niques are needed, and to eliminate those
that are not
Other significant findings: 8- percent
noxw folloxx the recommended leafspot
disease sprax schedule 8 percent use
scouting to make xweed control decisions
and 83 percent use threshold lexels for
leaf-feeding insect control decisions rather
than the presiouslx used automatic spra s
xxhich xxere more expensixe and xxhich
kill beneficial insects that help control
pests
Scouts Trained for Cotton
IPM Program
Ox er 1 ,'0 persons xwere trained in three
shorteourses bx Extension specialists in
1983 to sere as hield scouts for the cotton
1P'M program. (rowers employing trained
personnel to monitor iiisects obtain im-
proved insect control through greater use
of beneficial insects. treatment thresh-
Successful wheat storage know-how demonstrated at facilities such as this will pioneer
long-term storage of wheat in the South.
-
; _.;aiaF
4 
-
on
8, _ 
- ' " 
y?$. l 
:.-
A six-point educational campaign launched in 1983
will continue in 1984, helping soybean producers bat-
tle the serious proofem of stem canker.
I WI Cl
--
- i---: * ___
Pesticide applicator training is a vital service provided by Extension. 
In 1983, fly-ins such as this helped aerial applicators refine
performance and avoid environmental problems.
tneir
olds. and improv ed timing ot insecticide
applications. Ihe economic henefits of
PM on cotton hav e been measured as
increased }fields of approximately 150
pounds ot lint per acre. wxith little or no
additional cost. Scouts trained in 1 983
monitored insects on 149.(0(0 of the
state's 219.00 acres planted to cotton.
Prix ate consultants. wxho also attend these
scouting shortcourses, monitored another
60.000 acres tor growers.
Mosley Awards Encourage
Wise Resource Use
Last year Auburn Universit honored
19 Alabamians with the W. Kellx ;Mosley
Enxvironmental Axard. Financed by an an-
nual gift of S15. )00 by ~. Kell Mosley
and sponsored and administered by Ex-
tension in cooperation wxith other agen-
cies. the program encourages wxise use of
our forest resotirces by spotlighting the
achiexvements of those who are either out-
standing practitioners of multiple-use for-
estrx or wxhose xw ork contributes to that
practice.
In 1983 about 2,500 people attended
Mosley Axard recognition programs.
which were also xxideix reported in the
media and in trade journals and maga-
zines . hen people become awxare of the
achievements of others, thes are encour-
aged to adopt the same beneficial prac-
tices.
4-H AND YOUTH
Pesticide Applicator Training
Saffeguards Health,
Envi ronumen t
In 1983 as in other recent x ears in
Alabama, xers fexx cases if human or en
v ironmental injury from pesticides were
seen. This is mainlx because applicators
have been made awxare of the potential
hazards of pesticides and hax e learned to
use them safel. Extension conducts train-
ing programs for both farmers and com-
mercial applicators each Near. In 1983
near - 4000 farmers and oxer 1.200 com
mercial applicators signed tp for this
training.
In addition. Extension pest manage
ment and ag engineering specialists
teamed wxith the Alabama Acrial Appli-
cators Association to help aerial appli-
cators refine their performance Sexeral
fix-ins w ere held, and computer analy ses
xx cre used to imakC suggestions for making
applications moire economical and re-
ducing potcntial for ens ironmental prob-
lems. Since three-fourths of all insecticides
applied to roix crops in Alabama are ap-
plied aeriallx the statewxide impact of
this training xxill be considerable
4-H-Responding to
Changing Needs
Five years ago Alabama -t-H undertook
an intensixve self-studx. restlting in the
I9,8 f-H I'rogramn Review,. that has pro-
vided a blueprint for the direction 4-H
has taken in the past 5 xears.
(hanges that wxere made hase proxed
beneficial. 4-H curriculum committees
xxcrc created to guide programs and pub-
lications. As a result of a recommendation
to provide training to agents in recruiting
and training leaders, agents' in-service
training, area leader training wxorkshops,
sub-district leader meetings, and leader
publications hax e been initiated. A third
suggestion that has been follow ed is to
proside more community and special in-
terest club opportunities.
One of the most notable aspects of
the sears since the 19-8 Progf'ramn Re'ieu
is that 4-H enrollment has held steadv in
spite of the fact that full-time i-fl profes
sional positions haxe been decreased. To-
tal enrollment for 1 983 xxas 1 16.583; -2
percent xxre cy(ung t-H'ers aged 9 to 12
About 16 percent were farm xouth,
percent urban, and percent from towns
tnder 10.000 and rural non-farm areas.
Ihis shift in 4-H population from farm
to small towxn and urban areas has chal-
lenged 4-H to provide programming de-
signed to meet the special interests and
needs of these south.
Citizenship Program Builds
Leaders
During thc first xxeek of June each
xear 8? Alabama 4-H young people join
fellowx 4-H members from throughout the
United States at the Citizenship-Wash-
ington Focus program. Using the nation's
capitol as a classroom, they find out hox
government wxorks and how they can be
actixe and effective leaders in their com-
munities.
At Citizenship Focus they make new,
friends from other states, use their lead-
ership skills at special wxorkshops and
seminars on citizenship, and serve on
committees. Thex learn more about their
counirv's histors and see for themselves
hoxx a bill becomes a lawx. Thes increase
.w
their knowledge and appreciation of their
American heritage. Ihey exchange ideas
wsith other 4-H members throighoit the
nation
This program has helped maintain the
interest of older south in 4-H. Upon re-
turning from C itizenship Focus, the teen-
agers use their newsly acquired leadership
and communication skills in their counts
programs. Ot the youth who run for state
council. appl tor work at the state 4-H
center, attend State and National 4-i-I Con-
gress, participate in Caldwxell Leadership
Conterence and serge as junior leaders at
4-H camp more than haltf attended Citi-
zenship Focus
Youth Learn to Reduce
Energy Costs
The Alabama 4-H energy emphasis
during 1983 was on modifying wsindos
to manage heat loss and solar heat gain.
Four-H'ers learned that using insulated
shutters, sunscreens. and storm windoxxs
could reduce energy costs by up to 20
percent. A community service program
promoted by count- Extension offices in
cooperation with the Alabama Power
Company taught people to make their
owsn storm wxindoxw s at a sen loss cost.
In two counties, workshop participants
made storm windows providing signifi-
cant sav ings for some 60 families oxver
commercially available wsindowxs This
program will continue into 1984.
The 4-H Youth Development Center
continued its efforts in energy manage-
ment to reduce operating costs and to
prov ide educational demonstrations for
youth. Ihe solar xater heating system vas
modified in 1983 to be more effective in
providing hot water for the cateteria.
Storm xindows and sunscreens were in-
stalled in the lodge to help reduce the
heating and cooling load Ihis project
was planned and coordinated xith co-
operation from the Alabama Poxxer Com-
pany and Vuican Metal Company Supply
Corporation
Plans were made and xxork begun to
install a heat recover- water heating sys-
tem in the new dormitors at the Center.
The sx stem is expected to proxvide 80 to
90 percent of the hot xxater needs for the
nexx dormitors, and save SSOO to S600
a scar.
Youth Learn Food Skills-
and More
In 1983 oser 60.000 Alabama youth
wxere helped through food and nutrition
programs to develop essential life skills
related to selecting foods needed to stay
healths. Project activities prosided over
30,000 girls and boys the opportunity to
develop food related skills. In the proc-
ess, thex acquired other important life
- --
These 4-H'ers Studied water quality tactors at a 4-H resource conference: just one
example of 4-H preparing future citizens to meet the needs of a changing world.
skills. Sharing what thex learned xxith
community and school groups deseloped
desirable citizenship responsibility and
enabled them to understand those differ-
ent from themselses. Presenting programs
taught them to speak before groups. Com-
peting in foods axards events prepared
over 30.000 xouth to tunction more ef-
fectis els in todas's competitive wsorld.
More boys competed in county and dis-
trict esvents, and for the first time in the
history of -t-H a boy won top state honors
in a foods program when Joe Adams of
Etossah Counts won first place in the
meats demonstration.
In a stateide foods and nutrition studs
of 234 -- Hers, all youth acquired nutri-
tional knoledge and each desveloped five
or more skills in food preparation. Txo-
thirds reported learning skills in selecting
and busing food and 9 out of 10 said
they gained skills in planning meals, lead-
ership. and communication. Half changed
their attitude toxard children, elderly,
and handicapped.
Volunteer Leadership
Recognized-and Enhanced
Some 25,000 adult and teen volun-
teers helped deliver the 4-H program in
1983. Thes- are a sital part of the total
4-H program. Accordingly. Alabama Sa-
lute to E.xcellece-a nex concept for
Learning to understand the meter was one factor in the 1983 4-H 
energy program,
which helped youth learn to reduce energy costs.
~-N
l~L N
1
ii IiiN S
ie31 :;; ;:
jj//// 
ry 
)
This camper was one of over 60,000 4-H'ers
who learned healthier nutritional habits in
1983.
recognizing and training these volun-
teers-focused on programs designed to
enhance their leadership skills and un-
derstanding of the 4-H program. and to
help them work more effectively with
young people.
Miore than 100 volunteer adult 4-H
leaders participated in intensive training/
recognition programs highlighted by idea
sharing and methods of applying new
knoxledge and ideas in local situations.
Specificallyx
-An experimental series of five area
meetings. conducted with 30 xolunteers
and professional 4-H staff working to-
gether on topics of the group's choice.
-Alabama's annual v olunteer 4--H
leader retreat, a eekend program of
learning, fun, and fellowxship attracting
65 adult local 4-H leaders from across
the State.
-Representation hx 13 4-H volun-
teer and professional workers in program
and leadership roles at the annual South-
ern Region 4-H \olunteer Leader Forum
Another 300 leaders participated in
sub-district recognition programs diring
district 4-H roundups, where they had
opportunities to get acquainted and share
program ideas.
New Livestock Program
Expands Participation
Manx 4-H members in the State who
are interested in livestock may not be
situated to raise purebred animals. To
provide these club members an oppor-
tunity for livestock projects, specific ac-
Some 25,000 adult and teen voiunteer ieaders worked in the 4-H program in 1983. Salute to
Excellence recognized their invaluable contribution.
tiNities tor 4-H'ers with commercial or
non-registered heifers were introduced in
1983. Four fairs cooperated with Exten-
sion to establish classes in the junior shows
for non-registered beet heifers. Most of
the heifers exhibited in 1983 were owned
bx the 4-Hers, but some were leased from
producers. Participation in 4-H beet and
heifer programs increased by about 20
percent over 1982. The quality of the
animals exhibited xas exceptionally good.
In many cases it exceeded that of the
purebred animals exhibited.
A continued increase is expected in
both the number of 4-H'ers participating
in this program and the number of ani-
mals being shown. Commercial beet pro-
ducers in the State will haxe an
opportunity to observe high quality non-
registered animals, and will be encour-
aged to improve both the qualitx and
growth rate of their oxn herds
Home-Based Business
Training Offered
Alabamians looking for waxs to turn
their skills into money-making home-
based businesses foind a resource in x-
tension programs in 1983. Designed to
be taught in 4-hoir seminars at multi-
county area meetings. three home-busi-
ness training programs focus on the basics
of starting and operating a business.
"Sew for Pay," begun in 1982 and
continued through 1983, was presented
21 times across the State to about 1,200
people. Participants were introduced to
seing specialties. pricing structures, re-
sources, and organizational guidelines
Participants continue to receixe "The Sew
for Pay- Nexsletter" quarterly to update
information and resources in the field
(atering/Food for Profit' was pre-
sented nine times across the State to about
?00 people in the summer and fall of
1983. Special emphasis xas placed on
government regulations and health codes.
Participants were introduced to waxs to
use their expertise in operating a food-
oriented business from their home legally.
"CASH. Creative Artisans Succeeding
At Home," the nexest home-based busi-
ness program, was piloted during 1983
in two locations and ill be presented
at nine sites during 1984. "CASH" fo-
cuses on assisting people xith product
oriented businesses bx proiding infor-
mation about pricing strategies, product
development concepts, marketing alter-
natixes, and planning.
Families Helped to Make It
Through Hard Times
As a continued response to the finan-
cial and emotional stresses on Alabama
families due to the high unemployment
rate, Extension intensified the multi-dis-
ciplinarx program ":Making It 'l'hrough
Hard limes" in 1983.
A series of nine publications with sug-
gestions for coping with various aspects
HOME ECONOMICS
1
of unemplox ment wxas introduced. Exten
sion agents across the State stressed topics
such as dealing wxith creditors, job hunt
ing information, tips for sauing monex in
meal preparation and in energy con-
sumption, information on increasing 
in-
come. and public assistance axailability.
The information also ,vas stressed 
in
nexwsletters, radio and television 
pro-
grams, and special emphasis meetings
Statewide. countx agents distributed ox er
2'.000 publications.
A random survx of 12 counties in-
dicated that almost 5,000 indixviduals in
these counties requested information 
on
'Making It Through Hard 'l'imes." 
T he
surcx also indicated that they 
had put
into practice skills introduced in the pub-
lication series: -4 percent making 
better
use of food. 51 percent cutting costs 
on
utilitx bills. 39 percent using hints for
lob hunting, and 10 percent actuallx earn-
ing extra income
Home Study Popular With
Employed Homemakers
Extension home economics is helping
to meet the need of the emplox 
ed con-
sumers and other busy persons through
Learn-At-Home courses. 'Ihe Microxw 
axe
Learn-At-Home Course. introduced in
1983. assists consumers in selection, 
use,
and care of the oxen. Ihe Food Preser-
xvation Learn-At-Home (ourse 
xas first of-
fered in Januaryx of 1978. It has achiexed
popularity among many homemakers 
in
that it offers them an opportunity 
to learn
at home the recommended techniques for
home canning and preserving of food
products
1The 'Monex Management 
Makes
Cents' Learn-At-Home Course is aimed at
families xxho do not haxe time 
to attend
meetings but wxho need and 
xxant agent
feedback. Families xxho complete 
the
course prepare a current net xworth state
ment. household inventor, 
budget and
a family sax ings plan.
Another txpe of home studx 
course is
"loney Management lips for Y oung 
Fam
ilies," a series of 12 monthly 
nexxsletters
aimed at helping families organize their
money matters. Changes 
made and re
ported by participating families 
include
increasing savings, learning 
to saxe money
through better shopping habits, using
coupons, bartering, and 
preparing and
stax ing xith a budget
Family Strength 
Emphasized
As part of its continuing 
program
aimed at bolstering the 
strength of Ala-
bama families. Extension 
promoted Na-
tional Familx Wieek on a 
statexide lexvel
in 1983 Governor Vallace 
signed a proc-
lamation urging localities to 
obserxe Fam-
7
11q./
-f;p4~ 
i
Extension programs across the Staie neiped
families stretch income by learning skills in
clothing construction and home improve-
ment, including furniture restoration.
ilx week and 1Extension Home Economists
sponsored eight area meetings across 
the
State, titled ""hat's Happening 
to the
Eamilx?" The program included xideo-
taiped remarks by Goxvernor Wallace, Sen-
ator Heflin, and Department of Pensions
and Security Commissioner Erazier.
Another phase of the family strengths
program has receixved national recogni-
tion-a project tunded in lixve eouities
by the D)epartment of Pensions and 
Se-
curity for parents identified as abusixve or
neglec tul. (ount I Extension 
agents Of1
fered parent education 
classes for these
people. A total of 281 
families took part
in the program. and 
Ixtension parenting
assistants made almost 
-+1))0 home x isits
Food Programs 
Show' Way to
Better Health
Extension Home Economists 
were x er
actixve in the Food and 
Fitness campaign
in 198. xxith 6, counties 
conducting
educational programs designed 
to give
dietary guidance. In addition 
to numer-
ous newxs articles, radio 
spots, teleision
programs, and agents' newxsletters, 
agents
held 255 meetings related 
to Food and
Fitness attended bx almost 9.000 
persons.
Food andi Fitness exhibits reached 
an es-
timated 3,.000 persons 
Food and Fitness
topics included xeight 
control. food
satets and food supplx, exercise, fad 
diets
and diet aids, dietarx guidelines, 
home
care for common illnesses, 
diet and
chronic illness, food mx 
ths. and food ad-
ditixes.
A suirx c shoxxed that one-half 
to al
most three-fourths ot the target 
audience
felt the program had helped 
them eat a
greater xvariCtI of foods, seleet foods 
loxer
in tat, eat less salt and sugar; 
and plan
meals and snacks to better meet 
nutri-
tional needs. Oxer 91 percent 
stated that
Extension programs had helped 
them save
monex on groceries.
I hrough the Eood Preserxation 
pro-
gram, lxtension helped families preserve
332,000 qirts of food at an 
estimated
retail xalte of nearly S500,000. 
Of 1 .300
pressure canner gauges tested. 15 percent
xxwere recommended for replacement.
An innovative aspect of Extension's family strengths 
program was use of game-playing
to teach values of family and interpersonal relationships.
IC 
I 
~r 
I=7=M
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/'I~
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c 
/ 
If
l 
I
n 
4 ,
This Extension food and fitness exhibit was viewed by over 15,000 at the Food and
Nutrition Expo in Birmingham.
sim dun
Master Food Preserver Volunteers helped over 3,000 families in six counties learn
recommended food preservation methods.
The Expanded Food and Nutrition Ed-
ucation Program (EFNEP) continued to
help improve the nutritional level of
6700 low-income families with young
children and the -. 000 EFNEP -- H youth.
This federalls funded Extension Program
operated in -4 Alabama cotnties. with
262 part-time paraprofessionals working
individually with homemakers in homes
and in small groups.
Master Volunteers Pass
Expertise to Others
Twvo Master volunteer programs give
solunteers intensive training in a given
subject matter by the cotnty agent tor
20
home economics. Ihese volunteers then
pass on their expertise to others.
In 1983. 61 Master Food Preserver
Volunteers in six counties wxere trained
in tood safety and freezing, drying, and
canning techniques. These volunteers
then devoted a total of 1.263 hours to
helping over 3,000 families learn rec-
ommended food preservation practices
In 1983. Extension launched a Master
Money Manager program. Volunteers re-
ceive intensive training in money man-
agement. 1hey then commit to give others
assistance in money management pro-
gramming 'lhree counties have com-
pleted one series of lessons for
enthisiastic participants and are cur-
rently- supervising volunteer pay back
hours.
COMMUNITY
RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
Leader Development Project
Started
To fill the need for more effective
leadership in puhlic affairs by represen-
tatives of otr agriculture and forestry in-
dustries, Extension took action in 1983
to gather support for and organize a co-
operative leadership development pro-
gram. Knowxn as LEADERS, the Alabama
Agriculture and Forestry Leadership De-
velopment Program is patterned after sim-
ilar programs in other states. These
programs have stccessfullv demonstrated
increased involvement of their "gradu-
ates" in local, cotnts, state, and national
affairs. Extension believes the Alabama
program has the same potential.
The first LEADERS program class will
begin in 198-4, and will involve 30 par
ticipants engaged in agriculture forestry,
or agribusiness who hav e demonstrated
leadership potential and commitment to
careers in these indtstries. Over a 2-sear
period. these future leaders xxill attend
studs institttes in s arious locations in
Alabama and wxill travel to Washington,
D.C., other agricultural states, and for-
eign countries. Sibjects studied will in-
clude government economics, public
policy, communications. and foreign af-
fairs.
LEADERS is the restlt of cooperation
among Auburn U niversits. Alabama A&:M
nixersits and Tuskegee Institute, and a
committee of agriculture and forestry
leaders assisted by a team of faculty and
Extension personnel The program has
been partially funded bs the W . K. Kel-
logg Foundation. [he ultimate aim of the
LEADERS program is to develop the par-
ticipants' potential to exert influence on
public decisions affecting agriculture and
forestrx indistries, the state of Alabama,
and the nation
Marine Industries Supported
Through Sea Grant Services
Traditional Extension programs hase
always been an important part of life in
coastal Alabama. About 10 years ago, Ex-
tension broadened its program efforts
there as part of a newx and unique con-
cept: Marine and Coastal Resource De-
velopment I his tledgling effort has
matured and dev eloped into the Alabama
Sea Grant Adv isory Service x Which is op-
erated in cooperation xith the Mlissis-
sippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. This
service offers technical and adsisor as-
sistance to gosernment, commercial in-
terests, and the public. xith the aim of
fostering wise use and dcevelopmennt of
our coastal resources.
()ne major area is support tor Ala-
bama's seafood industrx In 1983 Exten-
sion s Sea (rant office and the Naxal Ocean
Research and D)ex elopment Actix ity joined
forces to help both the sea food industry
and sportlishermen. [he project inxolved
locating and mapping concrete rubble
from the old Dauphin Island Bridge. whici
had been destroy ed during Hurricane
Fred eric
T1 he rubble wxas to has e been disposed
of in deep wxater. wxhere it would act as
artificial reefs to attract and concentrate
populations of finfish. t'nfortunately, not
all the rubble wxas placed xxhere intended,
and Alabama shrimpers began suffering
damage wxhen their expensixve nets
snagged on large pieees of debris in highly
productiv e shrimping areas.
Sportfishermen, on the other band,
did not knowx the locations of these rub-
ble reefs to fish them. 'he solution wxas
an underwxater survey using side-scan ra-
dar, followed bx' dixving verification and
publication of the locations bx Loran C
coordinates. The result: sportfishermen
can find plenty of fish at these reefs, while
commercial shrimpers can now axvoid
these areas, and damage to their nets
Public Sector Management
Improved
A newx area of involxement for Exten-
sion during 1983 was training in human
resource management in the public sec-
tor. Modern concepts of job analx sis and
design. selection, performance appraisal,
and compensation are kexys to the effec-
tixe operation of local gox ernments and
other organizations in the public sector.
As an example of this xork. Extension
proxvided in-depth assistance to the Mad-
ison (ounty Department of W~aste (Control
in dev eloping a job-related performance
appraisal system. This project xas then
inctrporated into an oxverall educational
program on solid wxaste management
wxhich xxas presented to 31 county and
26 cite goxernments at a solid waste man-
ageme-nt seminar As a result, this infor-
mation xw as picked tp by an international
association of solid xxwaste managers. and
Extension wxas contacted and agreed to
present the same program at an interna-
tional seminar
200 + Community Facilities
and Services Projects Assisted
Ox er 200 communit facilitx and
serxvice projects received assistance from
Extension in 1983, including xx ater and
sewer systems, solid xaste sx stems, rural
health clinics, fire departments. public
recreation facilities, transportation serxv-
ices. and multi-use public buildings Ex-
tension assisted iocal goxernments.
xvolunteer organizations, authorities. etc.
bx proxviding technical information, help-
ing assess needs and capabilities, rec-
ommending specific management
practices to improxe efficienex . dcel-
oping budgets, and training personnel.
In some cases Extension was called
on to educate potential users of com-
munity facilities and senices. A good ex-
ample of this type of assistance and its
value xas demonstrated in Clarke C ountvx
T he cost of the countv garbage collection
senice was supposed to be recovered
through user fees, howxexer onlx 22 per-
cent of the rural households xxcrc par-
ticipating, and the senice was costing
the county about $66,000 a x ear more
than it wxas receixing.
The Counts (ommission asked the
count}' agent for help. Extension outlined
and assisted in carrxing out a public-
axxareness solid xaste sign-tp campaign
xvhich resulted in a 165 percent increase
in the number of rural households using
the sers ice. Noxw the countx no longer
has to subsidize the garbage senice with
money from the general fund.
Similar solid waste participation 
pro-
grams are being carried out or planned
in four other counties, and there is a need
for such programs in at least 42 other
counties "'Iotal potential savings to countx
Rubble from the old Dauphin Island bridge was a net-snagging problem
for Alabama shrimpers. Extension teamed with NORDA 
to locate and
publicize trouble locations.
goxvernments is estimated to be three to
five million dollars.
Rural Industrial Development
Stepped Up
STEP is an acron m for Start Tapping
Economic Potential. Extension's inte-
grated program of assistance to counties
and communities xxho vxvant to strengthen
and dixversifx their econdmies. The pro-
gram has been successful in helping to
attract industry to Alabama, and in help-
ing dev elop existing industries. A good
example of this work in 1983 was the
Escambia Counts effort.
When the Escambia C ountx Industrial
Development Authority decided to un-
dertake dexelopment of a STEP existing-
industn expansion program. the Author-
itx's Executixve Director. Daid Hutchi-
son. contacted the countx Extension office
He then attended an Extension industrial
wxorkshop in Auburn and discoered just
what he needed to get his program going.
One of the first steps was to xisit local
manufacturers and determine what their
needs were and if they had expansion
plans. Sexveral companies called after the
visit and accepted the Authoritx's offer
to help wxith expansion plans. financing,
or other problems. From talking wxith plant
managers, the skills needed in Escambia
County were determined. A significant
good-xill gesture xas an existing industry
appreciation dinner held in Flomaton,
with about 160 people attending.
In the short time since this program
was initiated, one firm has relocated its
plant in the Atmore Industrial Park and
is building a 10.000-square-foot build-
ing. Employ ment will increase by 12 to
15 people oxer the next 2 xears. When
announcements are made on other ex-
pansions and new firms later in 1984,
over 200 jobs xxill haxe been created xith
capital investment of six to eight million
dollars. The Escambia County Industrial
Dexelopment Authority is happy with the
success thex have achiexed bx following
the STEP program.
Expansion at the Atmore Industrial Park followed adoption by the
Escambia County Industrial Development Authority of Extension's rural
industrialization recommendations.
-= ,*ii
I -
WORK OF- 111E Alabania Agrictiltuiral
E xperimniit Station cltring I 983 5deim-
onstrated a balaiiced approach betxx e-c-
hasic aiid applied research. Mlajor effort'
xxent into applied prtojects designed to
stipple solti ons to ctirrent probleiis fac-
iiig agricutiutre. At thec sanme time. needs
of the futttre aiid x oids in knoxx -ledge
ahont critical xc ic-utific areas xx ere ad-
dressed in nexxy anid exciting haisic sttudues.
Produtiitx of researchers iin both are-as
is iillustriiced bx t-e ptubliucations rec ordl
for the x car: 2 2, articles in referced jotir-
nials. I _I articles iin other journals. -8
ptilucations isstued bx the E xperimnit
Station. antd 15 A iic-xxs aind pictire storics
releasedl to Alabamnci y iix mxnedia.
Nuimerous fheld clay programis at suib
stationis arotind the State offerced farniers-
Research in the- Department oh Agri-
cuti tiral IEconiomics and RuiralI Soc iiol(gy
conlicerins thle ecoiioic antd humian re-
souire problenis of agriu tuore. agri-
btusiness. andc related areas. Becatuse of
the dixersitx of agricultuire. researchers
in this decpartiieiit muist foIcus on a x aried
set of prolblenis. Hloxxexer, inicreased em-
phasis is be-iing gix c- to management, mar-
ketiiig, aind the fi nanc ial prolblemis of
farmiers andt agribousiniess firms.
Part -titre Farming
Patrt-time farmniig is oin tie increase
ini Alaba~ma. Of thie 5,50)3 Alabama farm
operaors repolrting iii the most receiit
Censos of Agrictiltire, onlx 35 percenit
indlicatedthle ir principal occupationi xxas
farming. Almiost half of thec farniers re-
piortetd 20)0 or imoire dlaxs xx (rk off the
farnm dtirinig the x car. The hiancial statuis
oif nianx tarm hiotisehiolds is iproxved as
the resul t of the inicomie antI benehits con-
tribuitedl li off-farnm xxork.
Thie Alabamia Agrieciultural I xperimeicnt
Stationi stuidy rex ealed thait pariitume farmii-
crs xx ere. iii genieral x ouiiger thani fuill
tiiie farnier-, lThir farms aind gross sales
xxere smaller antI thex tended to hax e
einterprises that reqtuiredh less time antd
labor thani fcill-tiume farmers.
Part-time farmuig links farm fanmilies
to benefits and oplpolrtuities nout reach lx
ax ailablc iii the fairm sector. Job-related
health iinsuirance life insuirance. uuem-
plox-mt-ut benefits. and peinsions max in-
sculate the- farm hiouiehiold fromt somie oIt
tie tuuiertaimN oh agrictulttural markets
hlicoxxners, anic agribtisinuessuiien a
close-tup look at research uinderwxax aind
atn opportunitx to) relate this researchI to
their 'xxii needs. HIigllights of the liteId
dax series wxerc- txx o rescearc h totirs that
drexx large eroxx cs. Attendtanice at thec 1I V.
Sm ithI Reseairch C enter touirs in Jol inum-
beredl iin the thousancds despite record-
brcaing heat. More thani 500t fronm north-
erin Alaha~ma xx cr- On hanid for thc Teni-
nitssec \a~lx Agrictilturail 'Shox anid
Reseairch Tiotirs in Auiguist, xx hiclh fc-attired
presc-ntationis on all phases of rest-archI
tiiclcrxx ax at thec Tennessee Vall-x Scub-
statiOll
Soiie ot the exciting finiiniigs fromi the
x ear's reseairchi arc hiiglighited oni the
follox iiig pages.
ainc c-nsture qutal itx of lilt- ini reti remeiit
years.
Broiler Marketing Studied
Blroiler niarketing in Alabama contin-
ties to chaiige in respionise to ehaiigiiig
markc-t denmandls. letxx Bet 1 965 aunh 1980.
for example, there wxas a 10) percent tde-
creasc- iii the proportioni (If Statc- broilers
processed as ice-packed broiler prodcits
(doxx i to 8 1 perceiit) Broiler procecssors
are pac kaging a larger pro~portioni of their
ouitpuit in produtc t forims niore suiitable
for miarketinig antd distribtition as x alute-
added broiler produccts. Th li-xatic-added
forims tised arc- frozen. chll packced, xac-
uium packed, n uurthier proicesset. IThese
foriis aecoutiietd for It) percent (of the
outtutt of Alahamia broilIcr firms iii 1980,
aiccordliiig to Atibuirni dexeloped data. Thle
niosi popuilar x alcie-added fornm wxas fro-
Zell.
O)ut-of-statc- destinationis iccoutiid for
88 pecn iol Alabainaas broiler prodltc-
tioni in 1 980. Thle Sotuthecast has increased
in i m portance as a ma~rket regioii for Ala-
bama brolilers as conipare-wxxithi the last
Norih Cenitral Regioii Foreign ctotuntries
hav e beguni to plax ani iiipo~rtant role as
markets, receixiiig 8 perceiit oIf the broiler
produltits processed in Alaibamai in 1 980.
Production and Credit
Man agemenlt, for the Catfish
Enteiprise
P'rodiuetioni and cedcit mnaigement are
kex factors for farmers xx lit are conisid-
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
ern g going intt) catfish prodution iiIhe
conditions tinder xx hich ai. catfish enter-
prise XXul Otbt ecome7 a part ofI an oiptimial
farm organization wxere studcied hx nmeans
ot a model that maximized profits and
nct xv orth. Cotton, soyxbeans, heef cattle,
aind catlish enterprises wxere possibilities
n the model. lThree pond sizes Nx cre con-
sidered.
lhe catfish enterprise exhibited a
strtong tenidency to enter the optimal tarnm
organization xx heii the 20)-acre pond
bu ilding alternatix e wxas ax ai lable. capital
wxas adequate. and a high mianagemnirt
initeiisity xxas eniploN ed. \\ hen capital wxas
limited, hioxxexer. smaller ponds xc re the
onily alternati e. and the eatfish enterprise
NN as dimiinished or excluded fromii the tarm
torganiizat ion. The cat fish enterprise gen-
erallx increased iiet xx orth bx abotit 1-5
percent anntially.
Private Land Ownership in
Alabama
Mlore thaii 30 mill ion acres. 93 per-
cent of the total land in Alabama, is pri-
xatelx held by more than a miillion
iniivixiduals and entities. Oxx iiersliip is
con~icentrated iin die hands of indix iduals
aind tamilx oxx ners N- ho represeint 99 per-
ceiit of the oxwnershiip tuiits aiid ?9 per-
cenit of the acreage. Ax erage size of
iindix icdal aiid family parcels xwas re-
ported to be 25 acres. xx lile nonfamily
pareels ax eraged 695 acres. Nonfamilx-
eorporations represented I-A percent oif
the acreage xxith an ax erage size of1 -4.190)
acres, according to ax ailable data.
Almost txxo-thirds (of the prix atl\ held
land iin Alabania is tised for farming de-
spite the fact that onilx a fotirthi of the
oxx ners hold farniland. Foreigin interests
in Alabanma farniland i nxolx e less than 2
pereit of the prix atelx held laud and
exveii less of the total land airea. Mlost
foreign (lxx ied laud is dex oted to the
production of tiniber and is concentrated
in ithe sotithxx est-rii section o)1 the S~tate-
Number of farmers continues to decrease,
but nearly two-thirds of the privately held
land in Alabama is used for farming.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND
RURAL SOCIOLOGY
-Agri ciiliii il engineering research Iini
1983 h ighilighited possible reuse ofi pool-
trN littei, sine sxasie uitilizationi for teed
stock antI miethane prodclition.i prope.r
use ot tras eler irrigators for more ethicient
wsater application. and pioiwer and nma-
tliiners tillage sttidies-
Potential ('ses for Used
Poultry Litter
B~roi ler producers ini Alabama depend
milonpine shiay ings and pinie sdt dust
million broilers are grossni on this litter.
I litse hi rds add apprti\imatels 2 5 bill ion
potiids oil niantire (wxet basis) tot the lit-
ter.
\\ hen broiler hotises are cleaned. the
shainigs-miantire i xitire is used timar-
Il tfor fertilizer or as a etomponient of
cattle teed. IThese tises generally require
Ilititle or iio processing. Hoss c-s c there
has been inc re-.sinig initerest in drs ing and
separatiiig the larger wsood particles from
te mantirc- antI tint-r swood partieles to
iicreatse the- sal ue aiid tise pute-ntiat (it
thie s to fractiotns. Atibtrn research has
eentered around separation aind c harac-
t-ri/atioin oil these trac tions to de-termint-
the-i r potettial for uiste as animal teed.
tfu-I fur htitaing. and for relitt-rng pouil-
trs hotises.
Iiial sitidies dtettrmined tic- part ic-
ulate makt-up of pine shas ings as thiey are
rteceiv ed from the planer mill. 'I lie large
particle size c onsistetd ot all particles tail-
ing tui paiss a ntinber 8 sies e. the re-
mainder xxas conusidert-t small particles
(lues). Tliis determinat ion xxas based oin
fut- pirtic le size coiisidered compatible
sxith maniure- to be pet leteci or ot herwxist-
used as fertitli/er tir animiial fec-c. Thle large-
Iaticls could thtii be tised tor relitter-
ing of poultrN hoiises or burning as ftiel.
Based oii an as eragt- of mutlti ple tests. the
large partic le traicitn matte tip 2 per-
cent oft the sample antI the tines 28 per-
ccint of the sanilhe wxeight.
Tillage Tools, Practices
ReseaorchI on tllage inclIutded sttidies
on ihe- gt-ometrs ofl tools and effects oft
titllage oii crtop prodtiction. O ne segmni-t
prosic-cl iinttrimatitun relatise to iniple-
mnti design. xx ile the other gasve prac-
tical fiiidings for on-tarm use-
ITic- spacing aiid arrangenient ot the
chisel tools iiifluteiiee the xx as soil and
stirface residic tlowx throtigh the tilIlage
implement. Dta xxerc collected to de-
termine the influence of chisel tool spac-
ing antd arrangenient ton eintrgy
aiice of cisel tllage iiiplenients. ITle
restilts iiidicate that performnice ot full-I
si/ed chisel til lagt- impleiieiits max lie
predic tetd b smialIl-scale models of tie
impleiieiits. These prediction methods
iia lit tisefuil to dlesigiiers aiid eingiiieers
ini the decsigii ot chisel til lage impleiients
xxithi greater eiiergy effhcieiics and ttiii-
tioiial performniice.
ITic mtoldbtoartd plowx chisel pltwx
stibstoi I etder, antd disk hiarrowx we re
ev aluiatedt as priiiars tillage tools tor cot
ton pirodcti on at the Tleninessee V al les
Stubstation. Plots xwerc located iii 1983
iii thit samie place thiey we rc iii 1980,
1981I anit 1982. Sexvcre tdrs wxeather tic-
cutrredt in July aiit Atuguist re-stilting iii loss
yieltds foir all pltts. Seed cotton s ield~s iii
1983 ranged froni a high of 9-u- potiiics
per acre- for the iioldbloard pilow-x to a lowx
Separation and characterization of poultry house litter identified different components
that can be valuable as animal feed and fuel for heating, and for relittering poultry
-wi
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
ol 80 t pounds per acre tor the disk hiar-
row, witoh the chisel plusw and subsoil
bedder intermediate at 860 antI 909
pounds. respectx elsI [he -t eNar as erage
seed ct~ton 5 ilds xxere about equal for
the tour tillage treatments. approximateix
1,95(0 pounds per acre.
Cotton Yields in Cov'er Crops
IEmergence of cotton planted in wxin-
ter cover erops (vetch. clover. and xxheat)
xxas impros ed in I1983 us er the prev ious
Near and wxas acceptable tor all treat-
ments. Stand redtuetion from emergence
to final stand wxas significantly less in 1983
than 1981, but not as good as 1982. The
legtime eos ers. especialls clover. still
caused a problem in retaining a hinal stand,
restilting in depressed syields.
Seed cotton yields for carpx planted
treatments ( Max 5. 1983) resulted in
1,682, 1,2- 1, 1 .199. and 8-2 potinds per
acre for wxheat, no cos er, setch, and clover.
respectis els. The late planted treatment
(Juine 6. 1983) had similar results 01
L-10. 1466 1 5302. and 930 pounds per
acre for xxheat, no cover, vetch, and clo-
yer. respeeti ely. An additional section of
early. strip killed cosers (killed April 5.
1983) wxas investigated in the earl
planted treatment. The effeet appeared to
impros e the cotton stand and syields in
the closer acr condition.
AGRONOMY
AND SOILS
Research coinducted in the past sear
retleets the changing needs of prodtiction
agriculture in Alabama. Major efforts hasve
been made to impros e production effi-
ciency and syields of major crops, inerease
feed and foirage produetion for animals,
and tdesvelop newv plant v arieties. Empha-
sis wxas placed on o5vereoming limitations
associated wxith pests, soil phy sical prop.
erties. soil acidtits. and low soil fertilits.
A highlight ot the sear wxas release of
a ness cent ipedegrass ctiltis ar. At' (Cen-
tennial. Tsso newx projects wxere initiated
in cotoperatiton wxith the Tennessee Valley
Atithority to sttidy the influience ot crop-
ping sy stems oin runoff and associated soil
loss Contintiing sttidies are esaluating
tillage sy stems. crop rotations, and starter
terti lizers in attempts to boost produetion
(it cttton, eorn, grain sorghum, soy beans.
aind wheat.
Starter Fertilizers for No-
tillage Systems
D~ata fronm studies eondticted wxith
starter fertilizers at several Alabama lo-
cations confirnied that starter fertilizers
wsill improv e y ields of crops grtowsn in
no-tillage ssstenms. Starter tertilizer in-
creased the total yield of ratooned grain
sorghum 36 bushel per acre (from 131
to 168 bushels in one test and from 161
to 195 bushels per acre in another test).
Four tests were conducted with cotton:
seed cotton yield responses were 0, 200,
290. and 1.143 pounds per acre. With
cotton planted after wheat grain harvest,
the percentage of open bolls on October
15 averaged 6 and 53 percent for the no
starter and starter treatment, respectively.
A simple optimum starter fertilizer
combination could not be defined, but it
appears that 100 pounds per acre of 20-
20-0 or 20-20-8 will be sufficient. Potas-
sium was critical in the Tennessee Valley
soils but not the Coastal Plain soils. The
biggest yield responses to these starter
fertilizers were on soils that needed sub-
soiling and when the fertilizers were
placed deep in the subsoil track
Herbicide Applicators
Compared
Research at four locations evaluated
herbicide application in soybeans using
a conventional hydraulic boom equipped
with either 11002 or 800006' flat fan
tips versus controlled droplet application
(CDA). All plots received Lasso? 4E -
Lexone* "5 df applied preemergence and
Basagran* 4 + Blazer 2L* applied post-
emergence over-the-top at normal and
one-half normal rates. This allowed for
four rate combinations.
Although method of herbicide appli-
cation and herbicide rate combination
affected soybean injury at some locations,
injury was only slight and was of no con-
sequence. Soybean yields from unculti-
vated rows were the same at three
locations regardless of method of appli-
cation. At the remaining location. some
combinations of application equipment
and soybean oil carrier reduced yield,
indicating that the higher rate of soybean
oil concentrate was detrimental. Soybean
yields from cultivated rows were the same
for all methods of application at three
locations, but using the controlled drop-
let applicator and soybean oil concentrate
produced a lower yield at one location,
Herbicide rate combinations did not
affect soybean yields at three locations,
while combinations receiving the normal
rate of Lasso + Lexone had lower yields
at one location. This shows that herbicide
rates could be reduced but were not spe-
cific for the controlled droplet applica-
tion method. Low volume herbicide
application is viable but needs additional
refinement.
Erosion Research by Satellite
A computer modeling approach for
the IUniversal Soil Loss Equation, which
utilizes a digitized soils data base derived
from soil surveys and Landsat satellite
data, was used to study soil erosion in
northeast Genera County. This targeted
area of concern for the Soil Conservation
Service has been a primary site for much
Experiment Station research on the soils
in the region, and the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration has made
it a primary site for much soils-related
remote sensing research.
For years the Universal Soil Loss Equa-
tion has been widely used to estimate soil
erosion on a field basis, but obtaining the
same information for a large area would
be time consuming and costly. A com-
puter modeling approach using geo-
graphically oriented data such as a
digitized soils data base and satellite data
can attempt to provide this information
synoptically for a large area. The soil
erodibility (K factor) and slope-slope
length (S and L factors) would be deter-
mined from the soils data base. The land
cover and condition (C factor) can be
determined from the remotely sensed data
and as resolution improves with future
satellites the conservation practices ap-
plied (P factor) would also be possible.
The rainfall (R factor) would be constant
or adapted to fit one of the data bases for
variations over a large area.
Once the data bases are in place, val-
ues for the factors can be easily entered
to demonstrate how changing the slope
length, altering the cropping system, or
installing terraces can affect the estimated
soil erosion loss.
Information provided in photos made by satellite is proving valuable
in erosion control research.
ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES
Research in the Department of Animal
and Dairy Sciences in 1983 emphasized
reproductive physiology. environmental
physiology, nutrition, biochemistry, meat
technology,. genetics, and breeding. Sev-
eral new projects were initiated in the
physiology and genetics areas with em-
phasis on molecular biology, growth con-
trol mechanisms, and reduced fat
deposition in animals,
Physiology Studies Contribute
Approximately 40 percent of the
calves on commercial dairy farms fail to
receive adequate amounts of colostrum
at birth. This results in disease problems
and a high incidence of deaths up to 3
months of age. Therefore, research was
begun to discover methods of improving
the immune system in young dairy calves
to reduce the incidence of diseases. Re-
searchers found that adding ascorbic acid
to dair calf diets can stimulate the im-
mune system and reduce the incidence
of disease and deaths in young dairy calves.
An experimental mastitis control
method involving multiple infusion of
benzathine cloxicillin during the dry pe-
riod was more effective than the single
infusion or no infusion treatment. Quar-
ters treated three times during the dry
period had 35 percent fewer infections
than non-treated quarters.
Reproduction problems and extended
postpartum interval continue to be a ma-
jor problem for Alabama cattlemen. A re-
cent study with Angus and Hereford cattle
indicates that anestrus conditions follow-
ing parturition are likely the result of
endocrine and biochemical changes which
occur during gestation. The physiological
events associated with nursing a calf fur-
ther increase the postpartum interval.
These findings will be used in future ef-
forts to improve reproductive efficiency
in cattle.
Calf gain on fungus-infested pasture was only two-thirds as 
much as on fungus-free
fescue.
Advances in Nutrition
Research
Fescue toxicity in beef cosxs and caslves
had dramatic effects on production traits
in 1983 tests. ( OSS-callf perforimancc dur
ing a 128-day fescue grazing season from
Noxember I- to \lay 29 shoccd sxide
ditferences betsween flungus-free and fun-
gus-infested pastures. Cowxs grazing fun-
gus-free fescue gained at the rate of 1.01
ponids per das and their nursing calv es
had av erage daiiy gains of 2.54 In con-
trast, cows on fungus-infestc-d fescue lost
).5 1 pound per da} and their calv es gained
onl15 I.9 pounds per dax .lilk produc-
tion at 230 day s postpartum xxwas rediced
(I I x ersus 6.6 pounds) bx the fungus
infected treatment
At the end of Max. the coxx s and their
caflses xx ere put on dalllisgrass-c lox er pas-
tures MXhen the calv es wxere seaned in
August. those that had been on the in
fected fescue pastures xx ere 1 10 pounds
lighter than those that had receis ed the
tungus-free pasture. It xxwas fotind that fun-
gal infection concentrations exceeding
20 percent ssill depress steer daily gains
an axverage of 12 pound for evers 10
percent increase in the inf-ction lev el
A studs xxas condtcted to determine
ensiling characteristics of the chopped
xxhole corn plant xith xarious lev els of
chemically processed broiler litter. Re-
suilts rexvealed that the addition of broiler
litter to chopped wxhole corn reduced the
production of lactic acid and xolatile
acids, but as much as 1i) percent pro-
cessed broiler litter cotld be added to
the forage Wxithout jeopardizing the pro-
duction of fermentation acids essential to
the presersvation of corn silage Also. the
addition of 10 percent broiler litter to
green forage improved the feed's crude
protein content I his represents another
excellent wxax broiler litter can be used
as a feed ingredient.
Restructured Meat Products
Imp rov 'ed
Studies on restructured meat products
continue to highlight the research pro-
gram in meat science Restructured meat
sx stems present the opportunity to change
the pbh sical state of the meat to a more
iniform appearance Ihis .tiburn devxel-
oped technoiogx also alloxs the proces-
sor to consert lover salicd meat cuts
into qality products which are xxcll re-
ceixcd by the consumer.
Restructured beef, chicken, and pork
nuggets wxere manufactured to determine
the effect of phosphate on freezer storage
of the nuggets. Recent studies indicate
that the addition of phosphate not onix
improxcd the textural properties hut re-
duced oxidativ e rancidity of the nuggets
(uring freezer storage. These products
open at ncw mirket for beef and pork
prodced in Alabama. Future studies xxill
include forage fed beef from cattle pro-
duced tnder production systems cur-
rentl utised in Alabama.
ANIMAL HEALTH
RESEARCH
Rcesearch of the Departmcnt ol \nim Il
Health Research is organized to insesti-
gate problems or conditions that atfct
the health of food producing animals
I hese ma be infections, diseases, para
sitic diseases, or abnormal phxsiological
conditions
Respiratory Tract Disease of
Cattle
Respirators disease still remains one
of the most important disorders of cattle
despite the axailahilits of v accines. Re-
searchers at Auburn are studying the fun-
damentals of the immune response to
determine xwhx vaccines are often inef-
fectixe. 1his inlormation is needed so that
rational immunization strategies can be
devxeloped.
The possibility of using interferon
against such diseases is being investigated
since it nows appears possible to produce
it at a price that wxill allos its use in
domestic animals. Because human inter
feron is active in vitro in bovinc cells,
there is a possibility that it might be
useful in xviral infections in cattle. Auburn
researchers are currentiy testing human
interferon for its ability to prevent res-
pirator- disease induced bx infectious ho-
vine rhinotracheitis x irus. one of the
principal xiruses inxolved in shipping
fev er of cattle. In addition, mans kinds
of interferon are being tested for their
abilits to prexvent x iral infection of cells
of domestic animals to determine whether
interferon should be considered for test-
ing in other animal species.
Parasites of Cattle
Progress is being made to overcome
the problem of internal parasites of cattle.
Ihis is of economic importance to the
Southeast because. wxith the area's rainfall
and humidits. the free living larvae of
these parasites surxvixve weli on pasture
forage As a result, the cattle of this region
are easilx infected.
Various methods of delivering the an-
tihelmintic drug to the cuos have been
studied. It wxas found the fenbendazole
incorporated into cold-pressed feed blocks
or molasses blocks remoxed 99 percent
of the Haemom hiis. ()stertagia. (Coop-
eria. and Osophag ogostonum parasites
of calves. The calves appeared to prefer
the molasses block. 'his proxvides a de-
livery system of the antihelmintic drug
Such internal parasites as the coccidia Cryptosporidium were 
found to be easily transmitted
by contaminated facilities, from calf to calf, or by animal caretakers 
who come in contact with
infected and uninfected calves.
-I.
/ "
so that the caix es xwill not has e to be
handled on an indix dual basis.
ieh cocc idia ( riplospordilu m is at
c autsatixc agent ot diarrhea in nexx born
dia iry caixes up to I month tif age. Not
onily is the parasite pathognc bx itself,
but it xx eakens the caix cs and makes them
more susceptible to \ ral arid bacterial
infections. Studies at Auibirn hax e sllt~xxn
that crx pisporidiuni is crisilx transmitted
The fDepart menilt of Blot anyx Plant Pa-
thlogy. arid Microbioliogy is at large de-
patment xx it h e xtensixve research
prgrams dealitng xx itil sexeral inierdis-
ciplinars aspects of plant scince arid
imlic robitology. 'he D~epart merit also ad-
ministers the neNN Fescue Dliagnlostic C en-
ter that is aireadx making significant con-
tribtionls to soluttion of tile fescute toxicity
probilem.l Agrieultcirally related research
in tile Department has tracditioinal lx cein-
teredi abouit areas (If plaint pathlology and
xx ced science. xxith partictular emphasis
gix ci the stdx (of fungi and nlemlatoldes
pat holgeniic to Alaibamna croips and oil the
mlodfe olf action of hleriidces. The fDe-
partmen-it maintains a large referenlce col-
iectioll of ftungi ant i11giher planlts anti is
also exteniyxels invxolixed in tile sttudy of
funigal toxinls (mx cotoxtils) and biosta-
tist ics. IThe programils ini arceas (If planit
biology and m icroilogx are espec iallix
comnplemenitarx for tile adx ailcenlent of
bitotechnology, the application of nexx
genletic anidc biochlemical dcx elopmlerits in
planlt aind microbial sx stemls xx hich is
destinled to inmpact signlificanllti on agri-
cututre bix the ttirn (If tilt cenlturx.
Fescue Diagnostic C'enter
Operating
Akfter one x ear of oIperationil the Fese
fDiaginostic (.einter has processed t,3 15
sampiles. These samples came from 18
states aind txxo foreigil counitries.
Judging b} the data collected thlus far,
tile fesctie endophxte is wxidely distrib-
tited itn tile T nited States The mean per-
ceint infestation for tile states examined
xxas 69 percent for planlt samles aind 59
percent for seed samples. Plaint sanmples
from Alabama also shloxwed 60 percent
infestation indicating that Alabama is
rellreseiltatix e of tile futed States San-
ples submitted bx Alabanma residents catme
maiinix from Black Belt counties. xx ti tile
Piednmont also fairly xweli represented.
Approximately 9 percent oif all sam-
ples wxere conmpletely free of tfhe endo-
phy~te. Fesctue plants from stich fields in
Alabamai are being tisedi as seed sources
for eilcoph te-free Keltuickx'-31 seed.
2(6
to caixe fx romi contamnrated facilities,
from one cailf to another. and bx animal
caretakers xx ho come in c ontaict xxith in-
tec ted and tiinin lected caix es.I'he drcigs
illticilsiil and lasalacid), both presently
mairketed as feed extenders. hax e some
ainticocciial action bitt anrcriot effuctix e
inl piecictiiig the disease Midhe admin-
istered dailyi to caix es exptoseci to crxp-
tosporidititr ottc5sts.
Thle [ecite iDiagnostic C enter has also
serx cd as at clearing hotise for iinformlatin
pcrtainIling to fescute toxic its lbx respond-i
tug tio ox cr 10f0 requests fo~r informiation.
seeti data. mlethlods of detectin. andc ani-
serum. Samle ts anialxzecd for out-of-state
seed laboratories are to be tused is polints
ofi refere-nce for seed certificatioin anld
eidiopilste research in thotse states. Per-
sonllt froml tilt State oIf Nor-thl Caro~ili
Se-ed 'cstitug Lab~oratory are sclcled c-d to
be trainecd il ditagnlostic procctitres at tile
Cenlter.
Rust Control in Forest
Nurseries
Results oIf seed treatmlenti tests xxithl
itobtoll pine seed indicate that Bax Ietoii
501 \'P W applited as at seed diressilg at a
rate ioi I gram per pucnci oIf seed xxas as
effectix e as the seed soak prlcedutre comul-
monlyi used toI protect emerging seedlings
from ftisiform ruist. In addition. Baxyletoni
seed dressing xxas compatible xx uth Arasan
andt Anthlratltlilone, txxo( chlemlicals colm-
moly used as bird repel leilts fbx forest
tree nlursery personnl~el. Protectionl from
fuasiforml rust afforded lix tile Bax letoin
secd treatmnirt procedure lasted 36 dias
fronm st)X ting
Resul ts of field tests wxhere Bas letoin
wa ~s applied as a foi ar spray shoxx cc that
the dosage rate c tild be reduced xxi thott
affecting efficacx. Incidence of ftisifttrm
rust in plotts receix ing -+ ouncles aetix e
ingredienlt per application did not ditler
from ruist tin plo~ts receixving 6. 8, or I12
ountces per applllication.i
As at result of these tests, recomnmen-
dations for tust torm rust control in south-
eastern fo~rest tree nucrseries during I 984
xwiii reflect ia savintgs oft ox er 51I 5.000
in chemical costs alone. In addition, the
envxironmlerit wxill benefit fromi the die-
crease in tile amloutnt tot pesticide applied.
New Fungicides Inhibit Sterols
During the paist decade. a nexx gen-
erationi (If xxstemic futngicides has ibeen
dex eloiped tihat etlectix ely controls at broad
spectrum of plaint diseases caused by
fungi. Althotugh chlemically quite dix erse
these fungicides hax e the same mode tot
action in that tiles inhibit the formation
oIf specific sterols. stuch as ergosterol, re-
quired ftor ftungal groxwth.
Current xwork xwitl these fungicides
at Auburnl ins tlx es colmbining both bastc
and applied researchI approaches to tin-
derstand hoxx blocking the sx nthesis of
groxxth-essential sterols is translated to
fungal groxxth inhIibition, and hence in-
hibition of infectiton. Research is flirthler
directed to determiine hoxx thlese fungi-
cides can be applied most effectixelx in
disease conltrol unider nattural field con-
ditions.
Diseatses of peanuts, pine trees, cereal
grains. and pecans are currentx receixting
the greatest atttention as potentiatl targets
for the ster ol-inhibiting fuingicides.
The finding that low rates of Bayteton will keep pine seedlings 
free of fusiform rust
(top, as compared with diseased seedlings at bottom) offers chances 
for savings in
fnreut nmrspripq
se w_- 
-- - -
BOTANY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, 
AND
MICROBIOLOGY
--. * W Owl
-~o -p-c -,(.?
:- ----- - - .-.- tz, 7 .
-
Prooierns and solutions to forest harvesting identified during 1983 could lead to
improved efficiency of operations in the future.
FORESTRY
Iorestry research during 1983 cox-
ered a xxide spectrum of actisvities wxithin
the oxverall uimbrella of growx ing, har-
vesting, and processing timber Particu-
larls significant adsvances wxere made in
the areas of predicting forest grossth ant
yield. deriving newx products from south-
ern hardwooids. increasing efficiencs in
forest site preparation. dersving chemical
prodtcts from xx ood residues. increasing
forest growxth throtgh herbicide appli-
cation, increasing operating efticiency of
forest harsvesting ss stems. and improxing
the productix its of forest tree nurseries
Predicting Forest Growth and
Yield
Preliminars mtrtalits. crowsn ratio an
diameter gros th models xwere des eloped
in 1983 for sexveral tree species and spe-
ci-s grotps. Significant relationships has e
been identified but data problems still
exist Additional data has e been obtained
and will be txaliated for their pottntial
in model deselopment ir mtdel esvalu-
ation. A preliminary analxsis of Alabama
surs cx data identified sexeral svariatbles.
most noticeabl age and topographic class.
that xer meaningltss or ambiguous for
gross th projection purposes A simple di-
ameter groxth model appears most rea-
sonabl considering data axailabiity.
Site Preparation Effective
Preliminars statistical anals sis of 2-
year data indicated that qtantity of top-
soil lost from site-prepared areas signif-
icantls alters the soil nttrient con-
centratitns. Howex er. no statisticallx sig
nificant difterences in 2-y ear pine seed-
lings heights xere detectable, partially
due to a high degree of x ariation
Preliminars analysis from studies on
the effects of herbicidebtirning combi-
nations suggest the following:
* Winter btrning folloswed b} spot
treatment swith liquid hexazinone signif-
icantly reduced both basal area and ntim-
her of stems of woody competition after
one season.
* There appears tt be no significant
difference in total basal area or number
of stems of wxoody competition betsxwen
liqtiid hexazinone and pelletized pi-
cloram treatments after one season, al-
though some differeices in species
susceptibi lit are ex ident
* Summer, hand-directed foliar sprav
ing of ssxeetgum and oak sproits xxas
qtiite effectis e wx ith wxater mixtures of
liqu id hexazinone. trichlop r. and a pi-
cloram-2.-I combination.
* A late wxinter burn killed 14 percent
of sweetgtim and oak rootstocks. wxhile a
spring birn in the same area killed 19
percent of the tagged rootstocks.
Forest Harvesting Systems
Imp roved
\arious machines and techniqtes for
thinning pine plantations wxere sttidied
during 1983. Only first commercial re-
mos als in pine plantations were exam-
ined because of the need for and lack of
information on this stbject. Project re-
sults hase identified problems and solu-
tions.
Thinning patterns which minimize
damage to remaining trees and at the same
time make the work more systematic and
less costli have been identified. Certain
combinations of equipment and certain
machine attributes hav e prosen more ef-
fectis e than others. Many of these ma-
chine attributes have been passed on to
equipment manufacturers to be incor-
porated in future machines. Production
rates hase been estimated for seseral ma-
chines working in thinning applications
tnder a svariets of terrain and stand con-
ditions.
Neu Products from Southern
Harduoods
The physical and mechanical prop-
erties waere determined on 3-laxer, ori-
ented strand boards from southern
hardwxoods made with three mixtures:
mixture I 35 percent red tak. 15 percent
xhite oak. 30 percent sx eetgium. and 20
percent yellow poplar; mixttre 2. 55 per-
cent red oak. 15 percent swhite oak, and
30 percent swxeetgtm; mixttre 3. 100
percent red oak.
Restlts indicate the aserage mechan-
ical and ph} sical properties of hoards
frtm mixttre I are superior to mixttres
2 and 3. Flextral board properties are
losser than those of commercial CIX
southern pine plywood. btt in such prop-
erties as rail shear strength, interlaminal
shear strength and plate shear modulus,
the oriented strand hoards are consider-
ably stronger and stiffer than plywood.
A-s showx n bs these restlts, appropriate
mixtures of high and los density south-
ern hardoods can be ised to fabricate
commercially acceptable oriented boards
for sheathing in hotsing. Such boards.
wxhile 5-10 percent denser than aspenite
xxaferboards. wo tuld also be stbstantially
stronger and stiffer
FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQUACULTURES
Research on fisheries management in
the Inited States is approxi mately a half-
centurs old \lost of this effort has been
directet tosard management of the hi-
tlog) of v arious fish populations tnder
exploitation. Little effort has been di-
rected to understanding the attitudes and
interests of the fishermen exploiting those
populations. Because stch attitudes are
impirtant to the marketing of Alabama's
fish resources, the Iepartment has in-
cluded such subjects in its recent re-
search program to sopplement projects
dealing wxith various aspects of sport fish-
ing and commercial aquactlttre.
Fisheries Satisfaction
In a recent sttls. angling groips on
four reservoirs w ere asked to rate their
incompleted trip qtality and fishing suc-
eess as either poor, fair, good, or excel-
lent I rip qualitx 
ratings xere not
correlated xxith ratings of fishing 
success
Ihus. the number of fish that 
fishermen
catch is not a good indication 
of howx
much thex enjox the trip 
(atches wre
significantly different regarding 
total
number of fish per angling 
group. yet
anglers did not rate their fishing success
diflerentis Collectixel, fishermen 
ad-
justed their success expcctations 
accord-
ing to intended target and reservoir 
s stem
slished \ irtuallx identical ranges 
of ium
hers of fish per angling group xxithin 
each
success category demonstrated that 
in
dix idual fishing success ratiigs xx ere 
sub
jectixe.
The results obtained indicated 
that it
might be possible to stbstitute 
ither fac
tors associated Nx ith fishing for 
the actual
catch and killing of fish.
Polvculture Increases
Production
Production of chainel catfish on Ala-
bama farms has been denonstrated 
to be
it profitable eiterprise. As a result. sexeral
thousand acres of ponds are curreitlx 
in
production V irtuallx all of these 
ponds
are managed for ionoctlture, xwith onlx
catfish stocked Thlerefore, polxculttire 
of-
fers good opportunities for sigiificaitlx
increasiig prodtction in catfish poids 
by
stocking sex eral species 
xiti comple-
mentarx feeding habits in the same 
pond
An experiment on polx culture x as
conducted in 1983 usiig four ponds
ranging in size froim Ii to 
2' 1 acrts and
stocked wxith channel catfish at a rate of
410(00 per acre. In addition. 
eachi pond
also xxas stocked xx ith 250 hiylrid 
C hinese
carp (bighead carp x silxer carp) 
per acre
Feeding rate xwas determined based 
on
the number of catfish in the poids 
It \\ as
assuiied that the carp could teed oi 
alga
and small crustaceans (zooplanktoi ) that
are iot ttilized bx catfish.
On draining. ai ax erage of 4A00d
Pliuids per acre of catfish wx as 
remox ed
froi these ponds This is at good 
rate of
Iroduction for this species in 
monocul-
ture. In addition, an axerage of 1.100
pounds per acre of hyblrid carp xxas re-
moxed fron the ponds, and the carp 
xx ere
sold for approximatelx the same 
price as
the catfish.
Brackishuater Bass
Fishing for largemouti bass in brack-
isl areas of northern Mobile Blax is an
importait recreatioial actixvit 
lie eco
nomic x alue of that fisherx is important
IThese fish are found in abundance 
in
those xaters, and eixironmental condi-
tions appear to be ideal for their groxth:
hoxx exer. one of the characteristics 
of the
fish in that area is their relatix ely 
small
size I his species groxs to a 
niich larger
size in other xwaters of the State
Receit research xxwas doie to 
deter-
mine xxhetier those fish xwere 
genetically
different froi bass in the sane 
rix er sxs-
tem but upriv er from the Mobile 
Delta
13x comparing enzymne sxstens 
fron the
txxo groups, it wxas determined 
that all of
the bass in the Mobile Bax drainage 
are
a common genetic group Similar 
studies
indicat that the bass from 
this drainage
are geneticallx differenit fron bass 
in other
rix er sxstens in the State. 
Appairently the
small size of bass caught in 
Mobile Bav
is a result of local enxironniental 
con-
ditions rather than the geietic 
stocks
there.
Catfish Problems Studied
It seens that the more 
rapidlx the
catfish iidustrx groins the more 
nexx dis-
eases farmers face. In 1983, a sex 
ere ane-
mia occurred in ctltured channel 
catfish
in Alabama aid Georgia. Exidence 
iidi-
cates that the anemia xxas catsed bx some
conipound in the teed. Although 
the toxic
substance has not beei identified. 
it xxas
sho\x that the feeds contained 
no pes-
ticides. heax x metals, peroxides, 
or knoxxn
m\xcotoxins that could hax e caused 
the
aiie iii i
Ixperimental inducement of 
sex re
anemia bix feed xxwas demoistrated 
in cage
Research in iorticulture is invxols ed
xxwiti frtit aid nut crops. xxoodx 
orna
meital nurser crops floricultture 
xeg-
etalble crops, and food science 
as related
to horticulttral crops. Becatse of 
the xxide
ranige of crops in iortictlture. 
the D~e-
partiiIent nitist concentrate research 
wxhere
it \\ ill do the most good for the 
economy
of the State E mphasis has been 
placed
on pecans and peaches and to 
a lesser
extent oi apples, plums, straxberries.
and blueerries: on problems of 
the or-
naic-iital ndurserx industrx on 
the nutri-
tioii of x egetable crops and the 
breeding
of iex x arieties of tonatoes, 
southern
peas. xatermelons, aid cantalotpes; 
the
testiig of nex xvarieties of xegetables 
and
organRization of a fotndation 
seed pro-
gram for sxweet potatoes; greenhotse 
re-
search on florist and foliage 
plants; aid
coordinated consuner qiality 
dttermii
iations of the effects of research 
oi frtit
and xegetaile prodtcts. Much of 
the xxork
is condtcted on 1 1 stbstations 
aid out-
lxing fields throughout the State.
Shade Tree Evaluation
Increased enphasis on tree plantings
in cities. residential districts, 
and along
streets and highixxax s has accelerated 
the
introduction of iex species and 
cuttix ars
Fishermen reported that factors other 
than
number and size of fish caught helped 
de-
termine satisfaction with fishing trips.
cultured channel catfish during 
a -i-week
sttid. Severelx anemic fish had hemato-
crits as lox as 2.0 to 5.0. xxhile the 
ax-
eraige hematocrit xxas 25.8 in control 
fish.
Hemoglobii concentration and en thro-
cxMte cotnts xxere loer in affected 
fish
than in controls, and clotting time 
of the
blood xxas greater in test fish. Mortalitxy
duriig the std xxas 9.( percent 
in the
test fish. compared to 0.5 percent 
in the
coitrols. Fish mortalitx xas not assoei-
ated xxitf anx specific brand of feed.
for tise in these landscape areas. Limited
information on mn of these trees 
has
led to the selectio of trees poorlx 
stited
to a particular site, restlting in 
high main-
tenance aid remoxal costs. Thus, 
there
xxas ai need for a comprehensie 
exvalta-
tion of traditioal and nex iitrodtctions
of shade and oriamental trees This 
need
xxas the basis for a study begtn to exvaltate
leaf color. floxering. and frtiting. 
and to
ex aluate the adaptability and groxwth 
rate
of species and cultix ars of shade and 
or-
namenital trees for the Southeast 
It is
desigied to last 35 xears.
trees x cre grotped into txo classes:
small trees (under 30 feet) and large 
trees
(over 3(0 feet) in height xwhen mature.
For the past 3 xyears- approxiatelx 
150
speeies and cultixvars of trees hae been
evaluated. C onsidering oxerall 
growxth
characteristics. Anerican dogwood, 
wxhite
floering crape nixrtle, Mtuskogee 
lax-
ender floxering crape mnxrtle. 
Natchez
xwhite floxeriig crape mxyrtle. and 
Y osh-
ino cherr are the best small trees 
for
shade and ornameital tse.
I rees selected in the large tree 
eval-
tation iecause of their stperior 
land-
scate qualities are: trident maple. 
True
shade honex loctst. Aristocrat and Brad-
torh ornamental pear. and sawtooth 
oak.
HORTICULTURE
':'f
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Evaluation of large numbers of shade trees identified superior landscape spec
such as Bay Beauty dogwood, which combine overall tree desirability and blc
beauty (inset).
Disease Resistant Watermelons
Released
Disease is a major factor limiting pro-
duction of watermelons in Alabama.
(ummy stem blight. anthracnose, and Fu-
sarirum wilt are three of the most serious
diseases. Severe crop losses and reduced
yields of melons have resulted from these
diseases in certain fields in Alabama. Al-
though satisfactory control of gtmmy stem
blight and anthracnose may be accom
plished with the proper application of
organic fungicides dtring normal weather
conditions, no control measure is effec-
tive dtring periods of high humidity and
high rainfall.
The discoverx that certain plant in-
trtductions were resistant to gummy stem
blight and race 2 anthracnose led to an
Alabama Agrictlttral Experiment Station
watermelon breeding program to develop
multiple disease resistant breeding lines
that produce high yields of excellent
quality fruit. This research resulted in
release in 1983 of A[ -tbilant and AU-
Producer. v arieties that are resistant to
gtimmy stem blight (Did;'mella bp,-on-
iae). Fusa-ium wilt (Fusariumn oxi's-
porumn nil'eumn). and anthracnose
(Colletotrichumn laginarium. race 2).
Both arc stperior to the current v arieties
of their type in yield, quality, and disease
resistance.
Thermal Blast Peeling
Developed
[he food processing industry-and
producers of frtits, vegetables, and nuts-
stand to gain by an Auburn developed
process for efficiently peeling, skinning,
or shelling of food products. Known as
"thermal blast peeling." the system offers
rapid removal of outer cov erings ind other
tnedible portions from food prodtcts
xith minimal loss or damage to edible
portions. It has proved effective in the
peeling of frtit and vegetable crops, cor-
ing peppers, shelling of legume seed pods.
shicking and silking corn, popping corn,
skinning onions, shelling of nttcrops,
scaling and skinning of fish, and removal
of shells from shellfish.
The process is accomplished by heat-
ing the strface of the prodtct rapidly in
Vitamin E and the
Cardiovascular System
Cardio'ascular disease is a leading
catse of mortalitx in Alabama as well as
in the United States as a whole. In ad-
dition to risk factors stch as age, smoking,
and obesity, the probability of developing
the disease is also increased by (1) a high
total cholesterol level in the blood; (2)
a reduced high density lipoprotein-cho-
lesterol (HIDLC) level and an increased
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
(LDLC) level: and (3) the balance be-
twxeen different types of prostaglandins in
the blood and blood vessel walls.
Variuus diet modificatios have been
tsed in attempts to redtce total choles-
terol and LDLC levels and increase the
HDL lev el. Aerobic exercise and vitamin
E supplementation of the diet, either sin-
gly or in combination, have been thought
of as ways of modifxing cholesterol and
prostaglandin synthesis in the body. How-
ever, this was not the case in the first of
sexeral experiments needed to test this
hypothesis. lsing 32 male hamsters, 16
were fed a "normal" diet and the other
an atmosphere of superheated steam un-
der elevated presstre. supplemented with
radiant heat from the vessel wall- and
then flashing to atmospheric pressure by
instantaneos opening of the vessel cover.
The result is an explosion which blows
the prodtct from the vessel and simul-
taneously blasts the covering from the
product by violent action of highly en-
ergized moistire beneath the product
covering High peel yields have been
achiev ed for most food products, and new
processed products, such as canned,
peeled plums, can be produced. In the
case of the pimiento and bell peppers,
the unedible core is also blown tree of
the edible pod during the thermal blast
treatment. Patents arc pending on the
k 
process 
and apparatus.
HOME ECONOMICS
RESEARCH
The home economics research pro-
gram is concentrated in the areas of nu-
trition and textiles with one project in
the hotsing area. [he nutrition projects
are studying nutrition-health interactions
and nttrient metabolism. Textile research
is related to clothing as a protective bar
rier against pesticides, to fabric flamma-
bility, and to the prediction of
la performance of textiles in acttial use. The
ies, housing research 
is a part of a nine-state
om southern regional project studying hous-
ing status and needs of moderate- to low-
income people.
,
I6 receixed the normal diet pius addi-
tional xitamin I lter 6 wceks, blood
serum from the hamsters xxas analx zed
for total cholesterol. L(C ,ind tor pro-
staglandin Content No ditterences wxere
tound betwx en the txx o groups in an ot
the three analyses
upholstered Chair Wear Study
Sixt\ chairs Upholstered xx ith cotton
fabrics of x arx ing wxeights and construc-
tions wcrc placed in homes in \lontgom-
er and Elmore cotnties for tse bx
families. After 2 xears of wxear, the chairs
hax e been brought back to Auburn I ni-
versity for analxsis ot their x ear perform-
ance. Firniture industr representatix cs
\\ere in\itei to Auburn to see the restlts
ot the \\,ear stud\'
Although none of the chair frames
shoxed damage, some of the manufac-
turing problems found diring the \\ear
study xx ere loss of adhesion ot conxolute
foam to seat ctshion. side arm panels
pulling axax from the metal tack strip.
inadequate scam allo\xances on chair
skirts, and ctrling of the skirts in htmid
\\ethcr After needed changes in man-
ufacttring procedtres xwrc made, sex-
eral chairs xx rc re-tipholstered and
additional we ar trials performed.
Fabric soiling wxas the most prex alent
fabric problem. folloxed by fabric xx ear
or abrasion. A laboratorx test method wxas
deceloped to simulate the effects o xxear
and soiling observ ed on the chairs. Such
a laboratorx test method permits screen-
ing of fabrics for tse in upholster in less
time and at less cost than can be done
xith a xxear studx.
Alabama Housing
)ata tro~m a questionnaire on percep-
tion of hotsing alternatives vhich xx as
aidministered to a sample of lox- and
moderate-income families in the southern
region. xxcrc compiled The Alabama re-
spotndents in this study wre primarily
female (-5 percent). xhite (,1 percent).
and married (68 percent). \lost had com-
pleted htgh school or some higher edu-
cation (61 percent) and most of the
hoiseholdx had annual incomes of
S t)) or more (-- percent).
Findings related to hoising condi-
tions in Alabama indicate that 9-4 percent
of the hotses wcrc conv entional, 8- per
cent of the households oxwned their oxxn
homes. 6-a percent xere pa} ing s200 or
less on monthl\ hotsing costs, and 51
percent had lix ed in their present homes
for less than 10 x ears [he respondents
\\ ere satisfied or x en satisfied xxwith their
present homes (88 percent) and did not
\\ nt to mox e ( 1 percent) Onrx 52 per-
cent of the Alabama respondents bcliex-ed
there xxas an energx crisis, btit - percent
reported that the energy situation had an
impact on their housing decistons
Most of the respondents had heard
about manufactured housing (95 per-
cent) apartments (92 percent), earth-
sheltered homes (88 percent). passive
solar (6' percent). and actixve solar (63
percent), but one -* 9 percent had heard
about retroittel houses. Most respond-
ents xould not consider lixving in man-
ufctured (-9 percent), apartments (60
percent), or earth-sheltered hotises (56
perceit), but most wvould consider lix ing
in retrofitted (65 percent). actixe solar
(5+ percent), and passive solar hotses
(50 percent).
Condition of upholstered chairs after 2 years of consumer use provided guidelines
for the furniture industry to use in extending the life of their product.
POULTRY SCIENCE
Research in poultrx science has for
the past sex cral cears. emphasized dtsease
and parasite control or closelx related
areas. Major thrusts continue in these
broad areas. but examples in this report
shoxx another tmportant segment of the
program ith feed costs accotnting for
approximatel txo-thirds of poultrx pro-
duction costs. research dealing xxith nu-
trition and feeding seems to be
appropriate and timelx-
Reproductive Performance
and Protein Level
Loxx protein feeds can be used for
both male and female breeder chickens
xxithoit loxering reprodtctiv e perform-
ance. This xxas learned in studies of re-
producticie performance wxith v arc ing
lev els of protein in the diet.
Broiler breeder males xwere fed a ra-
tion of 12. I4 16. or 18 percent protein
from 29 days of age through their breed-
ing cycle The 16 percent protein diet
serxed as the control group for maintain-
ing bode xeight Semen xxas collected
from It) males per treatment and data
rectrded on semen volume, visual score.
sperm cell counts, packed cell volume,
and percentage males in production.
Throughout the stud. males gixven the
1 2 or 14 percent protein diets prodtced
greater numbers of spermatozoa per
ejactlate than males provided the 16 or
18 percent protein diets. A significant)
larger percentage of males fed the 12 or
1I percent protein diets came into semen
production before those given the higher
protein diets Protein treatments had no
significant effects on bodx wxeight Total
testes xx eight per bird xas similar across
grotps xith the exception of males fed
the 1-4 percent diet. Males giv en the 12
percent diet wxere more efficient produc-
ers of semen.
[he reproductive performance of fe-
males fed a similar protein feeding regime
wxas sttdied. There wxere no significant
differences in fertility and shell quality
and only a slight difference in egg pro-
duction among females fed either a 12,
1I, 16, or 18 percent protein diet during
the laxing period.
Feed Utilization Improved
Research on impaired digestion by
coccidial infections and certain modern
feeding practices has created a great deal
of interest among broiler producing com-
panies during the past year. Feed is crit-
icallx important because it constitutes
about txxo-thirds of the cost of producing
a dozen eggs or a pound of broiler T[bus.
increasing teed efhiciency can signifi-
cantly improve economy of production.
One or more outbreaks ot coccidiosis
in broilers may result in I to 100 points
poorer feed efficiency dtring a - to 14-
dax period than that of uninfected birds,
or I to 30 or more points during the life
of a 3' 2- to -I2-pound broiler.
Birds that become too hungrx digest
little of the food that passes dowxn their
tracts during the first 30 to 60 minutes
after feeding This occurs with growxing
breeder pullets wxhen fed ev enx other day,
wxhich is a common practice. Meal feed
ing of broilers four times during each 24-
hour dax resulted in feed effbcienc su-
perior to that xxhen birds wxere fed ad lib
twxo or three times a day and/or wxere
alloxxed to be Nxithout feed too long
Several companies, by emplox ing im-
prox ed meal feeding programs. has e seen
a 3- to ,-point improxvement in feed ef-
ficiency. It wxas estimated that a I-point
improxement in feed efficiency to the
I nited States broiler industrx in 1983 was
xorth at least S16 million.
Feeding Time Affects Shell
Qua lty
Results from egg shell quality inves-
tigation at Auburn max change feeding
practices used in mane broiler breeder
operations. Findings indicate that feeding
breeder hens in the afternoon results in
better qualits egg shells than Nx hen using
the early morning, feed restriction feed
ing sxstems
laN ing hens possess a unique digestive
(crop) and skeletal sx stei to supplx ad-
ditional calcium for shell formation dur-
ing periods of inadequate intake. In the
Auburn tests. hoxx c er, neither metering
if calcium (feed) from the crop nor re-
sorption of skeletal calciuim xas sufhicient
to aIloxx hens to produce eggs xxith max-
imum shell qualitx xx hen deprixed of cal
ci m for a single day or cen for a fexx
hours within a dav. [he most important
time for lens to consume calcium xxas
found io be (uring the afternoon at the
initiation of shell calcification.
IThese results haxe broad application
to the broiler egg imdustrx because broiler
breeders are restrictix e fed amid consume
their dailx feed allowance xx ithin the first
2 toi 6 hours of the norning. Results
indic ated that broiler breeder hens be-
cotime cxen iitre calcium deficient at iiight
than c-ommercial Iegiorns Bhroiilcr breed-
ers fed during the afternoon laid eggs
xith better shells than hens fed (luring
the morning.
With feed costs representing the major expense of poultry production, Auburn research
dealing with nutrition and feeding is making important contributions.
ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY
Research of the Iepartment of /ool-
ogx -[itomiologx contiiiied to address
both basic aid applied research missions
during 1983. lwxo programs xwithin the
Department. entomology and wxilcdlife sci-
ence. are unique in Alabama and haxve
proxidced timely research findings relatixve
to insect pest management amd xwildlife
nianagcmemii aiid ecology .Lntomologx re
search w xorkers haxe iade signiicait
progress relaiye to chemical and biolog
ical control of insect pests on cotton,
soxbeans, peanuts. lixvestock, aid xarious
vegetable crops. mildlife biologists xxithin
the D~epartment hav e continued to gen-
erate research information xxhicli should
permit improxcc management of the
State's xilmdlife resource.
Tbe I)epartment also has xigorous on-
goiig research programs in the basic life
sciences. in marine biology, and in hield
/oologx. Fundamental research in the area
of cellular phy siology and molecular ge-
netics has prov ided basic information
xxhich not onlx expands ktioxle-dge of
cellular processes but max also prox ide
neNx strategies for pest managenent. Ac
tixe research programs in protozoology
and parasitolog hasve dealt xxwith cryp
tosporidiosis, a parasite-induced syn-
drome xxith extremclx harmful eflects in
both man and animals, icluding cattle.
Controlling Scale Insects on
Ornamental Plants
Scale insects are among the most im-
portant insect pests of ornanental plants.
[hex feed on all plant parts in all stages
of growsth. resulting in uiattractixe or
unmarketable plamts or even plant mor-
talits . Economic losses resulting from
damage and control expenses cost Ala-
bama nurserymen millions of dollars an-
nuall. [here are 16- species of scale
insects knon to occur in Alabama, in-
eluding such economic pests as San Jose
scale, tea scale, and xxhite peach scale
Entomologists at Auburn are studxving
the scale insects fruin both the basic and
applied points of x icxx and then incor-
porating the results into integrated pest
management programs. The life history
of euonxmus scale and pine tortoise scale
proxvides information for timing spray
programs agaiist these pests. Insecticide
efficac trials have been conducted on a
nunber of pests. including citrus mealy-
bug. eions mus scale, tea scale, and x-ite
peach scale. Results shox that they max
be effectivelx controlled xith such com-
pounds as (isgon,' Meta-Svstox-R?, Or-
thene ", and Suipracide*
Although chemical control plays an
important role in the management of scale
31
insects. alternaiv e control measures are
being inestigated Natural host plant re-
sistance. biological control using para-
sites, and nexx application techniques x itb
conxentional insecticides are being in-
corporated into a pest management pro-
gram to combat scale insects xxhich attack
ornamental plants.
An Eterging Zoo nosis
Pioneering xx ork at Auburn has re-
sulted in the addition of (r)ptospor
idium to the list of more than 150
zoonses, diseases for xxhich the agents
are nattrallv transmitted betxxecn other
x ertebrate animals and man C rtptospor-
idium, a small protozoan parasite that
invades intestinal cells, causes diarrheal
disease in domestic and companion ani-
mals and in man.
In persons wxith an intact immune sy s-
tem. cr ptosporidiosis manifests itself as
a scrc, short-term, tlu-like, gastrointes-
tinal illness. Preliminarx studies indicate
that this coccidian parasite max be a ma-
jor catse of human diarrheal disease. es
pecially in dcveloping countries xho-sc
societies are primarilx agricultural al
xxhere xveterinarx ptblic health sen iy
and food hygiene practices are inad,
q ii ate
Persons xxith immune deficiencies.
peciallx those xxith the recentlx rec( c
nized acquired immtne deflciein
sxndrome (AIDS), are at risk of dcxy
oping a life-threatening infection if c\
posed to fecal contamination containing
oocs sts (the infective stage) of (r)'pto
spordidnim. Presentlx there are no knox n
drugs that are effectiv e in the treatment
of this ncxlx recognized disease.
Biological Control of Insects
Information gained in 1983 research
on insect pathogens affecting insect de-
foliators ot sox bean ftrther advanced the
field of biological control of insect pests
The soybean looper is infected bx sex-
eral ftingi in Alabama. including En/u
mophthora gammac. Infectious spores
of this fungus. wxhich are forcibly ejected
axxax from the dead insects' bodies. were
found to be produced principally be-
txween 900 p.m. and 10:00 a.m. daily
during the summer months, with peak
production occurring betwxeen 3:00 and
-:00 am. Dail temperattres are loxwest
and humidities are highest at this time
and these conditions are required for the
tungal spores to successfull germinate
and infect healthy looper larxae. The re
search is also seeking to determine other
factors xwhich promote mass mortality in
looper populations xxhich is often seen
in sox bean fields in mid-summer. Suc h
information xxill ultimatelx allow predic-
titn of xxhen natural regulation of soy-
bean looper can be expectedx with
resultant sax ings of expenditures for pes-
ticides
Nexx formulations of Bacills thurin-
giensis xcrc found to be highlx effectixve
for control of x elx et bean caterpillar and
sox bcan looper This bacterium, mar-
keted under sev eral trade names, is highly
selectix e for lepidopterous Ian ac and does
not destrox beneficial insects xxhen
spra ed on the crop
Free-Roaming Dogs
Results of a nexx project by Auburn
xxildlife researchers indicate that free-
roaming domestic dogs may be a source
of concern. In the studs. txx groups of
dogs in rural Lee and Mlacon counties
xwerc radio-tagged. One grotp (pack I)
xx as xxell-fed and cared for, hax ing a high
degree of association with its owner. Dogs
of the other group (pack II) xwere not
partictilarly well-fed or cared for and had
a loxw degree of association with the
ow~ner.
Pack I regularly roamed oxver an area
tf -i 5 square miles in the vicinitx of the
oxxner's residence. Pack II roamed over
3.8 sqiare miles. Both groups did more
roaming during the months of Jantary to
April than at other times of the sear
Both groups of dgs engaged in hunt-
ing and chasing deer, rabbits. sqtirrels,
bobwhite. opossum and other wildlife
species. Deer were chased but nexer
catight by either group of dogs. However.
rabbits (swamp and cottontail), gre-
squirrels, fox squirrels, chipmunks, cot-
ton rats, and opossums wxere sometimes
killed. Lixestock wxere sometimes chased
or harassed by these radio-tagged dogs.
No injurx to livestock xas ever obserxed.
in fact, one grotp of cattle regilarly
chased the dogs when they attempted to
traxverse their pasture.
Both chemical and biological control methods are being studied in efforts to combat
scale insects, which are major pests of ornamental plants.
-4j
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I'V'
School of Agriculture, Forestry and Biological 
Sciences
Alabama Cooperative Extension 
Service
AUBURN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
School of Agriculture. Forestry and Biological Sciences
State Headquarters. Cooperative Extension Service
Main Agricultural Experiment Station
1. E. V. Smith Research Center. Shorter
2. Extension District 1 office. Decatur
3. Extension District 2 office. Auburn
4. Extension District 3 office. Selma
5. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina
6. The Gilbert Farm
7. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville
8. North Alabama Hort, Substation, Cullman
9. Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield
10. Forestry Unit, Fayette County
11. State 4-H Center, Lay Lake
12. Chilton Area Hort. Substation, Clanton
13. Forestry Unit, Coosa County
14. Piedmont Substation. Camp Hill
Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee
Forestry Unit, Autauga County
Prattville Experiment Field. Prattville
Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction
Alabama Fish Farming Center. Greensboro
The Turnipseed-lkenberry Place, Union Springs
Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Camden
Forestry Unit, Barbour County
Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville
Headland-
Wiregrass Substation
Extension Area Specialists Office
Boar Test Station and Swine Demonstration Unit
Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton
Solon Dixon Forestry Education Center, Covington and
Escambia Counties
Ornamental Hort. Substation, Springhill
Sea Grant Advisory Service
Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope
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