A w f~y. , C... ;'G". 'mo t4' t .r ~ s 4 944;,b "A , , .- tr 4 .4- 44 *44 t 4 4 4 S..,, ~ G4 ;/'A k?4 NEW-LOOK IDENTIFICATION SIGNS ADVERTISE THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION (olni I ul ncxx identification signs began shoxwing up at units ot the Alabama AgicultuLral Fx\pcriment Station in 1980, as a piroject aimed at prod ding gr eater x isibilitx to outilying units wxas implemented. When installation is comvpleted in 1 98!, these newx-look signs %N ill extend~ f rom neat the I enneysee line al most to the (Gulf of M exico, telling residents and transients that Au- hur n I'nix ei itx is neattbh. Ihe orange and blue signs, wxhich feature a unique sv mbol representing agriculture, also are being ins.talled at Auhur n to identifx campus faeilities that arie used for x periment Stat ion research. 1 hux, the matching signs are expected to prox ide an identt lot each of the 22 outl\ ing units that "xill tie it to the oxeirall Agricultural Ex\periment Station Sx stem. Attention being cireatedl bx the signs alireadx instailled i ndicates that the aims are beting re- a liied. I -I [ k- VER. This reseeding stand of vet, ,..- turned under at the Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, illustrates one valuable use for the four reseeding vetch varieties recently released by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. The new varieties, Cahaba White, Nova II, Vantage, and Vanguard, were ready for release just when rapidly escalating prices for commercial nitrogen created new interest in legume cover crops to supply nitrogen for following row crops. Reseeding ability of the new vetches makes them well adapted for growing in rotations either for turning under or for winter grazing. 4 , ;. <' ;t.4 Li i. ' ~ ,~ - Report from the Director A\ll of the Alabamna Agiicuiltuiral I spetinent Station lfimily scentists, technicians. studeiit xxorkcis, resouice aind clerical sup- poirt peirsonnel, andl adniinistratois take tremendous piride in this repoirt oif our 1980) wxork. We are proud of research conducted dur- ing the last Near that made significeant contributions to Alabama's total agricultural industr\ . and wxe are pleased to tell about major changes iin the orga nizatio nal structunrc of Au burn's agricultural units that we rc implemented in 1980). All agricultuiral programs at A uburn Univ ersity were organized dutring the past sear under a V'ice p~resident for Agriculture, H ome Eoinomics, and Veterinarv Medicine. Starilex P. Wilson, former Associate D~irector of the Agricultural Experiment Station and As- sistanit Deant for the School of Agriculture. wxas named to the newx vice piresidenct position, f hie lix e units ins-olsed, the Alabama Agricultural E xperimerit Sta- noioi, Coorrperat ise E xtension Sers ice, School oif Agricultulre, F or- estrv, arid Biological Sciences, School of Veteri narv Medicine, and School of HIome IEiroics, are each headed by a (lean who re- piorts dii ectly to this Vice President. On October I, 19801, 1 accepted the challenge of becoming your Dc)an for Research and D~irector (if the Alaharia Agricultural Experiment Station. Maiix benefits are being realied as a direct result ot the new, or- gaiiationtail striu(cturre. One (if the more significant adv antages wxill he thle ciinitii nd consolidatiron of personnel and phiannirug proce- dures ini the Alabama (Cooperatix e E xtenion Serv ice, the Ala- hamia Agricultural Experiment Station, and School (if Agricul- ture, I oresti , arid Biological Sciences. (Closer associatioin of scientists ini all (fixvisionis wxill enable us to doi a more effectise cob (if carrs inrg iout iiuir m issioni as a L and-G(irant U nix ersity. Ihe Vice Pr esident liii Agriculture, Home Ecoinoimics, and Veterinary M edicine is thrust in a unique role as administratix e head to proi vide ov erall leadership of all agricultural research, teaching, and extensiotn elfiorts for agriculture at Auburn U niv ersity. E xamples highlighted in this report clearly illustrate that the re- sear ch herig ciind uctedf by the Alabhamna AgriculItuiral E xperriment Statimun is highlx important arid cinrtributes immeasurably to the econon\ml ifrur State. It is rtreortlix thiat our icsceirch Ctlorts fleCr Cx~r fisacet of our agricultural and forestrx interests iii this State. Wh ile solutionis anre being found to man' uof the pro blems facinrg oiur farmers, foresters, and iother user clientele, much research remains to be done. If we are to niairitain and, hopefully, increase productivity oif our agri- cult ural an rd foirest ry ernterpises, it is r iiper atix e thfat xwe rccixve thle financial support niecessars for research to support these actisvities. F unding at less than increased cost during the past Near has neces- sitated reductions in proigrams oit the Alabaria Agricultural Ex- periment Statiron. Io maintaini qunalits iif research, it has been necessarx tui reduce scoipe oif the prograim. We noss base abhiut 1401 science mart-year equrs alents, cmomparred to abut 155 less than a decade ago. As our staff beciimes smaller, wec are able toi address lewser of the problems impacting on thle success oit A labamia agri- cultural and uorest enterprises. Sexveral stall members of the Alabania Agricultural I xperiment Statiiin we rc recipients (ifs arious assards ackrioxedging arid coin- mniding them liir their iiutstanding research during the past sear. Recinition has conic firom scientific societies, trade or gani'a- tions, academic institutioins, and industries. Additionallsv, ses eral individual scientists wxerc elected to iiffices, editiirial boardfs, and committees oif national scientific suocieties. T hese awsatrdx. honurs, and electriois clearly reflect the cornpetencv and qualit' iot scien- tists on ouir stall. Agriculture and for estry are expected tii cmontribuite substantially toi the soilution iof mans of the proiblems facing America in t his decade. We are expected tin cintinue tii hasve readily as ailable an abundance iif high quality fonod at miidest prices arid ,n excess onf grain for export tii aid in our banlarice of pars nents, as we ll as find a siolution to our eriergy proiblenis and miaintain and impriixe the qualits oif life and our ensvironment. Our agricultural and finrest en- terpr ises can nieet such challenges, hut onlx if Agricultural Ex- periment Station receives sufficient suppiirt to ensure the research base necessary to continualls increase prouductix its. - Gale A. Buchanan, Director Aol I SOME NOTEWORTHY FINDINGS IN 1980 V r / )4l p. ) POULTRY SCIENCE Making Egg Shells Stronger Aubittrn poutifry rexearc herx are xearching for wxax x to xtimulate henx to deposit moire xhell on their eggx. 'I hix ix a lolloxxup to 1980) findingx xhoxxing that xudden changex in egg size were accompanied by changed xhell depoxition. Being able to trigger thix in- ceaxe cotilit proxvide poult rxmen a xxax to attack the problem of inadequate xhells that cauxe loxx of xaleable eggx. Experimentx wxere conducted to determine I ) if it ix phvxiologically poxxible for the hen to depoxit extra xhell on the eggx, and (2) if xii, xxhat the hen's maximum ability ix to change shell depoxition ax egg xize ix draxti- callx increaxed or dceaxed under natural comnditiomnx. IThe f irst 10) eggs laid by each of 560) pullets and eggs laid during an 18-dax Opporuriiities fur ,impruving performance of broilers were increased by research that iden- tified factors correlated with valuable repro- ductive traits. period by henx 14 monthx in lay wxere xtud- ted. Egg wxeight, xhell wxeight, and xpecific grax ity wxere determined on all eggx. Eggx from hens laying an occaxional ahnot mally large ( usually double \ olked) or ahnormally xmall egg wxere compared wxith normal xize eggx laid hx the same henx onf the adjoining day. When there wax a draxtic decreaxe in egg xize from both youing and old henx, xhell xxeight decreaxed in ahout the xame propor- tion. I bus, there xxax no xignificant change in xhell quality. In the caxe of a drastic in- creaxe in egg xiz, howxexer, xhell depoxition increaxed alxo. But the increaxe xxax not enough to prexent a decline in shell quality. Timing of Vaccination Important I lie dax' of placement xxax the bext time for x accinlatintg broiler chickx xxith inifectioux 4 huixal disease \ accinc (1131)A'). I los resulted in best ax erage hiroiler wxeight and lowxext percent condemnation, plus gix ing a sax ings of near ly a hail cent (0.42?) pci pound of cllick o\cr t hose not x acci nated. Disease protection ftrom a comnmeircially prepared, attenuated IB HI)accine xxas de- trmined under field cond itilons in the Au- hutrn xtudx. Pt ogeny from flocks oxvei 44 xxeekx of age that had lowx lex cls of maternal antihodies to the disease and trorn xounget flocks wxith high levels of maternal antihod- es were used. One wxeek's placement firom a large hroilet piroducer in Alabama xxax di idfed into four accinaition test groups: Group I IB13) ac- cute at I day; G toup 2 x accine at Ill dax s, Group 3 x accine at I and 10 dax x, and (itroup 4 no vaccine. Immunitx to I13B) and Nsexxcaxtle dixease xxas meaxured at 2 and 5 \vx eekx of age. Ax crage chick wxeight, feed ef- ficiencx , percent li a bilitx, pounds con- demned, and growxer tanking wee recorded to arrixve at a cost per pound figure f or each vaccination group. Since the day of chick placement is most conxenient for xaccinating, and this timing gax e best results, t his wotild appear to he the hest time lot x accinating pi occux wxithi loxi Ic xlI of IIl) ,il in I'l ii E hml Wh F'orced Molting W orks I orced molt ing of henx hiax heen genci dlx accepted ax a method of oxvercomning the prohlem of xhell I cxx egg produet ion. But the phx xiological haxix lioi thix elleet wxas not knowxn until 19801 Auhurn texts wxhich extah- lixhed that the piroduction of xhell-lexx eggx xxax accompanied by the accumulation of i- pid in the calcium xecireting uter inc tuhulat epitheliem. Forced molting wxax found to remov e the lipid and coirrect the egg xhell quality problem. A xignificant increaxe in mtetinc pH alxo wxax found, indicating a metabolic defect axxociated xxith poor xhell qua lit. Broiler Reproductive Traits Interrelated Reproductixve traitx of pulletx and force- molted broiler breedei femnalex xxerc found to he correlated, specif ically ax noted belo: Body xxeight xxax negatixely cortelated wxith all traitx except egg wxeight- Egg xhell qualitx exhihited a conxixtentlx xignificant poxitixe cortelation wxith fertility. E ggx wxith xpecific graxvity of lexx than I1080 had lowxer fertilitx and hatch and higher earlx and late embrx'onic mortalitx than eggx wxith xpecific graxvitiex greater than f180. D)uration of fertilitx wxax longer in henx producing eggs wxith higher specific graxi ties. E-ertility xxax poxitixvely correlated xxith hatch and hen-day production in ptilletx hut not wxith force-molted hensx Research is continuing in efforts to overcome problems caused by abnormalities of egg shells that cause important egg losses by Alabamna poultrymnen. C occidiosis W~astes F eed Young chickens infected wxit h coccidilost. do at pool joh of digesting feed. wXhich tesults in pooi feed elfficiency. Ihis wxas showxn ini Aubuirn tests wXith 4- to 6-we ek-old hi oilets infected wxith one of twxo species of I ioo'ria coccidia. Ibe infected chicks passed much more undigested Iced than did uninfected chicks. Calculations are that I peicentage point in feed efficiency xxas wsorth $ 16 million to the nation's hi oilei industix in 1980. Since lowX grade coccidiosis, wxithout mortalit\ , can cause I to 5ff points poorer feed eons ersion, this diseaise can make a big difference to the poiiftrin dustry. Fuill feeding of uninfectedf burds also w~as f ouind to cause mote undigestecf feed in feces than ftrom chiicks getting restricted feeding. [tiff feetding can result in 9 to 18 points less in feed elf icieticv. 7001.0GY -EN TOMOL01OGCY tar Tlags C ontrol Horn F lies A niex approach to hutrn flx control on cat- tlc use of ear tags containing insecticide gax e encouriaging results in trials at the Black Beft Substation. I wxo sy nt hetic psi et hroid insecticides. Ec- trin' and Atroban ", we rc ce alutated. Each w~as formulated into PV\C car tags to allowX slowX release of the pesticide ox Cr a long pe- riodc. W\hen all cowss in ar herf Xere tagged, both proidutcts ptroxided excelfent control f or 5 to 6 months. f agging haff or one-thirdf of the incfixidual animals redticed fiy populations in r efat ixclx isofated bet ds. \\hen animaifs wXetc neair utntreatecf her ds, hoxx cxer, horn ffx cont rof wXas possi bfe only by tatgging each animal. C ontrolling Cotton Insects I arl se~ason application of pesticides for control of tarnished plant bugs in cotton htas often been Ifollowedcc by poptilat ion explosions of bollxxorms (IH'Iltiis spp.)_ Such irruptions probtably occur red because the pesticides killed predators and parasites that attack bollworitms. Ambush tor Pouncela (permethrin), Or- thetie ( acephate). B~olstar (sutipiof is). I anriateu f mthoms if, IDslox' ftrichlor- luti), and I orshati? fchforopx t fox) killed plant btug nx mphs for 2 wXeeks. Only Am- bush or Potince wXas effectix c for as lung as 3 wXeeks. Among the beneficial insects, lady beetles XXetc highls susceptible to all chemicals tited. Big-cx ed bugs and Nabids x aried in their reactions to the chemicals. but all pop- nlations suffered damage. Gireent laexxitg lars ac were tolerant to Cs gon? (dirnetho- ate), but all other chemicals reduneed their poipulat ions for 2 xxeeks or longer. Popula- tiori recosers of most bend icils seemed to come It tm in field increase rather than from immigration from stirrottnding atreais. Problems w~ith C itrus W hitefIy P~arasite Releas~e of a hi oflogical control agent for citruts XXhitef is on gardenia gasve promising results at Auburn. btit failed in Huruss tle and Birmingham. I he exotic wXasp. wh itch ptit tsiti/es thle XXhiteflys had d isa ppearred Ifroim the HItintsvilie and Birmitnghamn areas bs mid-summer of the second vetar after ie lease. Wintet damage to gardenia plants ap- parentls caused a reducition in thle Xwhite'is 5 9 r, de ir1a ,j siiroll i hoii flies fir 510o61 months when all animals in a herd were tagged. Two brands of tags were effective. population. thus causing a collapse in the parasite populfat ion. Ihe wXasp successfutlly established poputifrions in Au burn, result- ing in signilicantls reduced xxhitcfly po pulatiionii W~oodborers Abundant in Alabama Sex cuteenX ,oodbinhttg beetles ( C ciam b} eidtie) xv cec added to the Alabhama list by 1980f collect ionis, hirigiig tre total toSS spe- cies recorded. I he r ed-hetided ash bioret has three generations per sear in Alabama, wXith peak adult actix its in April, Juls. and Sep- tembher. Mating occutrred on the host trees, and eggs xxetc laid in cracks in bark. Incnba- tion ofi the eggs took 6 dax s, and lairae then bored tnt o the sapwo od. D~exelopment Ifrom egg to adtilt took 61)-142 day s. Microbes or Insecticides for Tomato Insects Al thbough microbial matetiaix xxei c ef fcc- tix e against tomato insects. t hex XXerc less ef- fectix cihan insecticides. IThree formulations of But il/l)~ t/iori,gi',uis I ipelu . lar' and I horicide' XXetc usedf sepa raidsy and in combination Xiitll IPotinee and I annatC'? insecticides on staked tomatoes. L annate at (1.45 pound per actre and Pounce at 0f. 1 pound per acre gasve the most protec- tion against the Ituitxxorm. FHear xxas the feast eflectis e. bitt all materials reduced the r 1' number of I/c/oahis iisects attacking toma- toes. None of the materials was effective against the tomato pinworm. Fire Ant Control I)ifficult Since the fire ant hail. Mire, was re- moved from the market, no elfective mate- rials have been available for control over a large area. While there is still a critical need for a good lire ant control agent, one new bait named Amdrol^ gave tair results in 1980 Aibutn tests. Its control was rated ax acceptable, although only 50-80 percent of coloties were controlled. Iwo other baits. SN-72129 and Fl, 468. were included in the tests that evaluated various rates on Black Belt. Piedmont. and C oastal Plains soils pitfall trapping of fixe non-target arthro- pods in the treated ateax indicated that the haitx did not affect thexe arthropods. I)ove Habits Learned Mourning doxe fledglingx fitted with ra- dios were tracked alter the}' left the next. Ihese young birds were fed by a parent for 10-12 days after leaving the next. Ihey staved xwithin / mile of the next site for 15-21 days. and then joined juvenile flocks and roamed oxer the countrxside. Nesting lates in central Alabama are ftom the last week of February through September. Dove fledglings fitted with radios were tracked to learn about how the young brrds lived during their first few weeks out of the nest '4 i ~ 4 FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQIACULTUR ES Economical Pond Fertilization I he standard program for pond fertiliza- lion. 8-12 applications per xear of 40 poundx 20-2(-5 per acre. max not be the best choice. Four other fertilization programs, each using the same number if applications per year, xxere equalls effectixe in increasing sunfish prodoction, and at lower costs. Ihe four programx used these amounts per acre for each of 8-12 applications: I8 pounds of triple superphosphate (1-46-0) 9 pounds of triple superphosphate (0-46-0) 9 pounds of diarnmonium phosphate (18-46-0) 7 pounds of liquid fertiliser (13-25-0) I ctilizer Costs for the four fertiliiation programs were one-fifth to one-half o that for the standard program. Vitamin C Protects Catfish kgainst Pathogens l)ietary vitamin C deficiency is knon to Increase the susceptibility of channel catfish to bacterial diseases. Iast xear Aubuirn re- searchers Iound that increasing the dietarx lexel of this xitamnin to four times the re- iu ireents for normal growth and health piox ide increased resistance to infection for fish injected xith a virulent strain of the I..(/0ardtel/u laN/u bacteria. Ihus. increas- ig the lev el of vitami in C in catfish feeds d ur- ing periods xhen thex are most sensitixe to h~icterial infection, such as in early spring or when fish are being handled, may reduce disease losses. :, Mass selection proved to he a valuable tool for increasing growth rate of cattish. One genera- tiron of selection boosted growth rate 17 percent. Selecting for P~erformance I he ui oxx i rate of channel catfish can be improx ed through mass selection. One generation of- selection in a wild strain rexult ed in a 17 petcent increase in gro th, a diiect result of mar ked improx ement in irngeirling growth rate. Survixal of the select progen\ wax higher than that of random progeny. Finge ling gio l of ltw o domestic strains also idicated a positixve response to xelec lion Brood stock of the wild xtrain and one domes ri xi ain selected for growth rate also had onceaxed fecundity. The teproductive adxvanitage that 3-xear- old ciroxxbred channel catfixh exhibited ox er pure-linme ehannril cat fish xxax not exhlibited bx 4-x car-olds. Appat ently lie croxsbred brood iatrex earlicr than pure line brood. Although intraxpecini mating abilities did not anr , only crosxbred indi iduals hbrid- ized xw it h blue catf is h. Rearing Large Catfish Fingerlings Stoeking denxities can be used to regulate sizc t hat ciannel catfish fingerlingx xill reach in their fit lgroxing seaxoi. Catfish frx stocked at at rate (if 60,000 per acre in pri- may rearing ponds reached a sie of 3+ in- ches in about 45 daxs. When rextocked into xecondary rearing pondx at four densitis (10000 to 50,00( per acre), a 100-d ax feed- ing period enabled fingerling xizex of 6. 7. and 8 inchees to be produced A stocking density of 10.000 3rich finger- lingx per acre xielded 8-inch fingerlings after 100 das. whereas tle highest density 4X (511000 per acre ireduced to 25,000 cafter 45 class) pirodtrced 6.5-inich fitigerlings. WithI mi n eceiate stockinig, (5111)1crd 25,0)11pet acire, figerlings recached 7 iches. Stuockinig rates andc dacily gains were: 51000 pet acre. reduced tt 25,001) cifter 45 dcays 2(1.7 ptttnids gcinu: 25,11(0 18.7 pituitds: 15,0011 1 1.5 pttunds, crnd I(10(10 pet cicre 10. 6 pttuinids. F'oodl Deternmines Bass Recruitment Wter iixouitg lciigemouth haiss stirs ixe ani ri iow itt the catchable si/c range in the SothIeastetn iiJnitecd States is fat gels deter- ieidc by foiod ascilfabilits ini botth smicrl andI far ge impundutments. Sampling yotutng- tif-theliea laci igcmutth t hrctughut the grctw- tig seciston in ciirgc resers cirs indicated thcat their grotw th crnd subsequent recruitment in- tot thie ccatchahble si/c grotup cire significcantly less thanr whfat is nriimcii fitirc fertrlized bcass- hiluegill fatrim pondic Redcluced prex acixlarcibili- is in rtme ittm oitf oting-ill-thme-yeari bluregill mcix be the liimitirig factcir caffecting hcaxs re- criutm ienlt (i e. sloiw bass grtth result inrg Iromt li mited foodtc increases the expectatin iii dea~th duie to rictural causes). In this re- spect, a cotmpcrison tof hIlucgill recruitmnt in r eserosx w ith arid withotia shad pr esent strongly implies thcrt cotmpetititon for footd bx shcic affects bitiegill phy siccil cticitionr arid xcibseq ucit ly the nucirmbher ctf situng hIlue- gill prioduicecd. C ontamination in Small Streams Pr climitiat restilts show that small sirecams in cast-centrcal Alcibcimcontain rel- citi clx smaill cmirntis of' heax s metcrl con- lciinalctiii ( merctiry , lead. and cuipper) crud chloinated hy drtccarboins (M)) I. PCB, andI I tixapherue). Opintlotccr Cree~k reccis acgricultural drcairncge fromtni ar ciac histcoriccally knw tois i c Ptrotuc re cottoun in Mactn County. Sauga- hcatchce ('reek recers es mtunicipcal crud indus- trical dischacrges friom Opelika cand Aubtirn. Small streams flush out contamina than larger streams, which may er low level of residues found in ecos small streams in east-central Alaha the third creek being stutdied, Sari in Chambers C ounts , receix cx ftrom mai nlx forested w atersheds pastutre latnd. R esidute samples were taken fro sedimnirt, x arious insertebrates, an expected, some bioamc'immrlatiori is exhibited in the food chtain. Sma are more fikels to flush material xxystein because (II ft equeti llfood in max ex plain the low lx el of resid ecoss stems of small streams. Ov erfeeding Catfish L~owers W ater Quality I w cuts fix c ponds in west-ccii bama that were used for commerci of channel catfish had maximumi ting irates ranging from 17 tt 1201 pt acre. Plankton algae were inotre and concentrtatitoils of nit rate. and chemical oxx gen demand wec in ponds with rmaximucm feeding ra 51) pitautds pci acre per day thanw feeding rates. Of II1 ponds fed moi pounds per daix maximum,. 4 haid resulting f roum nitrate toxicits . concentrations reached pottentia salues in ponrds with high feeding nit fish montalfits was attributed tto toiit. A\lthoucgh sotme fish pomnds that lower rates (less thcan 5(0 poiunds n hcad discernible off-flcivocr, the deg flacror in the fish wecut higher as let increased. Algcae of t the genera I r Sii'oi'di'uM1Ntu were often present where fish were ctppreciablx off-fl These findings suggest that d creases in feeding rates duringt sears max be fargely respoinsible f flcts or proiblems encouintered du time. j ANIMAL. AND D)AIRY SCIENCES L ameness Diisease of D~airy C attle A sig~nificanlt pece ntaige of the cow, placed in confinement at the F. V. Sitith Research (Center datir tit experienced la meness S (sotrc feet. swollen hocks, infected feet) w ih in 1-4 w eeks. Sex crit of lameness f ollowting confinement dictated that the cows be al- S lowed ielief fr om total confinement on con- Crete. A nat omical cotmnpaisons of feet and legs (tl normal and lame coxws indicate that anatomical. stiuctural differenees among fet and legs of coxxs influence theti stixcep- tii hlii ito liameness fiseases when thex are totaffs confied otn conrete. t nts faster iihnCateo Psur xplain the Fnsig(atco atr ystems of Results ftrom a 14-y eat project show that ma. slaughter heel can he profitablx produced (on pastuare. Wit h cattle slaughtered diiect ly dy Creek frotm pasture, 41 percent graded U SDA dirainage Chotice, 52 percent G~ood, and the remaindet and sonic graded Standard. Net economtic returns to land, labor, and (tperatotr's management ni stream axeraged $62.47 per steer. Ihe difference he- nd lfih. Ax uw ecu purchase price and sale price w ax $I o resid i perhunidiedweight, so the iet retuni was II streams I rom the cntrocisex andf not from incireases in itut of the market price. gs. which ues in the Genetic Selection for Rapid Growth Pa cre cA \ngux and C harolais cows repio- senting two growtih ctirxcs hax e been estab- fished at the E. V. Smith Rexearch (Center. Fast and slow mat urinrg cattle are repre- tral Ala- scntcd in ecach breed, but there w as little atl culture difference in wecining weight between the dailx feed- genetic t\ pex withbin breed. H eight of hip ounds per exhibited significance at w caning, and thix abundant meaxtre cont inuned to show signifiearnt fif- .mmonia. fercnces up to l8 mont hx. At l8 mornthx re greater there were major differences in weight rtex abos e between the fast- anid slow-maturing cattle with low ci in both hirccdl. After the genetic lines re than 50 are extablished ax needed. dfetailed repro- fixh kills ductixc pbhysiologs and bod\ com posititoin Ammonia stuidiex will be conducted with thfis herd. ifs lethal rates. but Safety of Ensiled Animal Waste ammonia Animal w asic is a nutient resource that has potential as an animal feed. P~otentitaills cerc fed at pathogenic microorganisms in the w astc can maximum) be eliminated bs' ensiling waste formulated ree of off- rat ions. Autburni test results show that acid eding rate dex eloped duirig the ensiling process is crii rgbiaand teal in eliinat ing potent il bacterial pat ho- in ponds gens, such as fecal coliforms, salmonellac, and ax or. my cobacteria. When acid deveclopment rastic in- reaches pH 4.3 or lower, bacterial pathogens he past 5 are eliminated from boxvinc w asic and corn or the off- silages. Duce to the higher buffer capacity of ring that ehicken litter, a pH of 4.3 is more difficult to attain. Genetic Improvement of Swiine I fficiency fer opportuitisc fot imipring li efticinc\ of swxine pi odiict ion. Such differ encex shovedN tip in '\iihr n tests, compar ingc r ossbred gilts r epreseriting % l)uoa and I idrace. Y4 Hamripshire arnd I/ Landrace, and %, Spot and I Landrace, all hred to Yor kshire hoarsx. C onception rates, and litter sizes at birthI did not differ significantlx among the breed grioups. At 21 arid 42 daxs of age. hoxxex er. the H1amiipshire crossbred xivys had the Lai- ext litters andit the Spot crossbr ed sow's the xrmallest. ligs firom Hamupshire cruosshred sowsx xere the lighitest at brrth arnd at 42 daxs xxhile those fromv 1)ir Ocros thiif females wxere the heaviest. Bull T est Records Improv e A\ total of 94 bulls ciimipleted thiC 198ii perfrrr rrance test wxith ax erage daily gain of 3.31 pounrdsx thle buills reyuitCd 7.7 poiinds of feed per pioird of gain, Coniriiterahbhet- ter t harn the 8.2-poiund axverage reported for the pr exioui x ear. Werght per dax of age at the erid of thre test xwax 2.94 pimunds, wxhieh wxax higher than rn anx' of the prex ioux tests. I hi', is the iuldest extablixfied buff text in the (;riitedl Statex. wxitfi the 1980- 81 text being tfie 31sxt ciirixeuitix e text xear. Beef Production Systems C ompared Beel profdret ion difference', x e fomind be- txx eer paxtur e sx xtemx, f inixshing proigrami. and hr eed cominhrnatitonx in 1i980) rexearch.i Angus .v Herefoird cuixx xwxer e maintained onn pastue ii ixerxeeded xwith eiit her efloxer or rxye. Thle ax erage adjuxtedl we aning xweight xwax 415 poundx arid 427 pounidx for the leg- timne artnf ruin egome oxverixeedtig, rexpec- tix elx. Hondx weight loxs during xwinter axet- aged 12 per cent ofl fall xxeight for the group otn fegiiti merxeeded paxture and 17 per- cent for thfiiie on the non-legume paxture. P m oxt-xxeariing performance of xteerx and heiferx wxax riiaxured uxirng a drx lot and pax- ture finrisixn rg program. Ciarcaxxex of cutleI finixhedf in drvliot gradfed lowx Choice andI tfiose from the pastu re program axveraged high Gomod. Anrgusixired eatt le ax eraged almrrost txxo- thirdsx of a gradfe higher than Charmilaix-xired cattle dfute to greater depoxition of marbling. Adjiixtcd hacklat xxax higer liii the Angti- xiie Cif l (Cii tIC 0. 9x 3 intc Ii, TOP Recordfs of the latest buil test shox average weight per day of age of 2.94 pounds, the highest during the test's 31-year history. BOTTOM. Performance differences among sow breeds showed up in Auburn tests, offer- ing opportunities for improving efficiency of production by swine producers. tm . - , ,-' Ir'n ~ ~ ' m - ~ .~. . t -. ~ I 4 t I 'ii' .~ . 2 4.' 1 - ~- 1, 'i' ~ '-~~ i". .',- 40 i 110RT'UICUL1T11U RE Feat T olerant Tomato Priogiess is heing made toward dexelop- meit of a tomato x arictx that can produce tomaties despite hot Alahama xeather. A promising heat tolerant line was selected frnm a summer heat stress text at the F. V. Smith Research Center in 1980. ie plants were field set on Iuly I I and set a good crop of firm, crack resistant fruit that had good shoulder color dexelopment. Fruit size was classified as medium plus. I he new line is derived from heat tolerait selectiois made at the Wiregrass Su htation in 1978 and 1979. It is indeterminate in growth hahit and has the jointless fruit stem. Ihis line is fixed lior resistance to rootknot neinatode ard Fusarium wilt (race I), and prohahly to Verticillium wilt., and is segre- gating for tohacco mosaic xiris resistance. Shaping Alabama Apples Hot wcathfc in spiing and summer causes poioi shape and color of Red Ielicious ap- ples pioduced in tle Southeast. HTigh tem- petrature following hloom results in the ap- ples heing ffatter and lacking calyx points that are txpical of fruit gron in the North- west. Hot nights in August. xhen fruit is ri- pening, inhihit red color dexelopmeit. I oliar spraying xith txo growth regulating chemicals, Promalin(- (a mixture of gibhrel- lie acid 4, 7 and heiyl adenine) and Fthrel or ('ephal, (ethephon) xas found to improve hoth shape and color of apples in Auhurn re- sea rch. Iromalin was Iound to promote develop- ment of the calyx points and increase fruit length, length-diameter ratio, and xeight. I)elicious apples grown in Alahama nor- mallx hase a length-diameter (1 1)) ratio of .88. whereas .93 is necessarx for an apple to conform to the desired shape. Proma- fin treated fruit had an I I ratio of 98 in the tests. Fthephon had afreaf been found to en- hance red colot development, so a combina- tion of P'ronalin and Fthrel or (epha xas tried. Ihe result xas fruit xith an [ F) ratio of 98 and satisfactorx red color. This fruit was equal to that gron in the Northwest in hoth shape and color and could easily com- pete in the market. Improved Steam Peeling A steam peeling system deseloped at Au- burn should help avoid excessive peeling and trimming losses, high labor costs, and oxidatixe discoloration in processing fruits and vegetables. Ideallx. peeling should re- move only a thin outer layer and lease no peeling or defect to he trimmed by hand. I he Auhurn method uses rapid heating by high pressure steam diffused uniformly throughout the peeling chamhcr. folloed hx instantaneous release of pressure and cooling with cold water. Ihe result is higher product recovery, better product quality, and reduced hand trimming, and it requires no expcnsive caustic solutions. This method results in a 20 percent yield improvement xith sweet potatoes, 15 percent yield im- proxement with apples, and a 10 percent yield adxantage xith beets over peeling metiods now in commercial use. Built-in Insect Resistance Hreeding horticultural crops for disease and insect resistance is receixing a great deal of attention hecause of the potential for re- ducing dependence on costix chemical based pexticides. Research with cucumbers is pro- viding hasic information that may lead to in- sect resistant xarieties and development of other non-chemical methods of preventing insect damage. I he iesearch has confirmed the presence of the compounds xhich act as feeding xtimu- lants for the major insect pest of cucumhers. the cucumher heetle. Since these chemicals impart hitter taste to human taste huds, t hex lix e heen called "hittei pi nciplex." Ciucum- her xeedlings not having these hitter princi- ple are not attacked by the cucumher heetle. Although the bitte taxte is seldom Iourd in the cucumher fruit. all commercially desir- able cucumber types have hitter xeedlings which are subject to insect attack. Ihe techniques of chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identifx the specific hitter principles found in two cucumber varieties with hitter seedling and one whoxe xeedlings were not hitter. Strangely enough, a compound isolated from the non-hitter xariety was almost chemicallx identical to the hitter principle of the two "bitter" xarietie. Ihis compound did not impart a hitter taxte to the xeedlings and did not xtimulate the beetle to feed on the seedlings. Restlts of thix research max now be uxed as the foundation for ipplied iesearch projects such as (I) selectis e hreeding to eliminate hitter piinciples from the seedlings of com- mercially desirahle cucumher typex, (2) ex- traction of hitter principles from eucuritx to be used in insect traps, and (3) the synthe- six of hitter principles to he used in mass trapping of cucumher beetles to reduce in- sect populations. -N Spraying apple foliage with Promalin was found to overcome the problem of poor shape of apples produced under Alahama's hot conditions The sprays resulted in development of desired calyx points and increased fruit length, length-diameter ratio, and fruit weight (apple at right) 2c" kccept able Southernpea Flour A n it hot iidcx loped pr ocess thit ellec- tix clx rcnuoxcx the objectioniahle lax ot and odot ot souitheit npca flout makes it possible toi use this high Ix xtnc pt odtct to enrici xxhcat Itouit P'rci ouis cffots to itse loxw cost Ixxinc fr om lcgumcx, pritmartix from soix wxhcat floit i bx hu man t)xxxcrc untlcccxsfult bccausc ot thc pctrxistent hcan flax or. Si ncc sotitheirnpcas atc rclatix cly abundant in Il- xtic.,t hic ncxx proccxx max cead toi itx usc. tIc Aubhotn proccxs coniits ofi rapidix heating a fliotr in wxatcr xlutrrx to ncar bil- ng., ticn tlashing thc slurry into a rcduccd at motxphctc chambct xxhcrc x olattic flax ors at c t cmix d. Ycaxt hbrcads t ormulatcd f roml xxheat flourx tattiIicd xxitli tlaxor-strippcd soiithieirnpca Itouii had flax ir as acceptablc as htrcads Itrotm non-fttorticid xxhcat floor. Pinie Bark 'Nursery Growing 'Media l'inc hatrk axt replace thc tre cxpcnxixvc and scarcc sphagtumt pcat moxs as tmedia flit containci gtroxxn nnrxci x plants. ti hi bak is Icadilx ax ailablc in thc South wxhcrc con- tainct plants arc wi dely gtownii it is ecoiom- ca ix 1111 .m i an h mitlled to i ix fif ppo x. In 1977-80 tcxts at Auburn, frcxsi pinc batrk roil lcd to paxs a'/,-tiich scrccn and a mended xwith dolomitic tow., phiiiphittoxu. and minor clcmciits madc aii cexccllcnt mediuim tlie pro- ducing J1apancxc hiiltx and azalcas. I tic iiix is xx cit dtaiiicd and dixcaxc icxistaiit. For azalcix, thc mcdiutm "xax adjustcd to about pH1 5.0 bx adding 4 poutnds of dolomi- tic titmc pct cobic xatrd. Fight poiids at thc liiiii xxctrc nccdcd ior thc tiotll mediuim, tot adjust it tio pit 5.5 to 6.5. lxi xsorces of li- quid nitrotgcn at 2001 to 30)0 p p.mn xxcrc adc- qutatc. Potassium xxas incliidcd xwithitro- gcrn applicaitionis xxcckly at 2011 p.pi.., uiixig potaxxioum chiloridc. Ammonia m nitraic x icldcd bcttcr azalca giroxxth thtan catci itm niitrate ini the all pitie bat k iiiediuiii att cqual nitirigcn icxcts. I hc sourcc of niroogctn did iiot sccm ax imppitant on hiiltx grotiht. V'arious dciduoiux shru bs, bt adtcafec ct grccn shrubx. and ttartoxx cat cctgtccnx at- xii xxAcrc sucicxxtfollx groxxni in tic pinc bark mcduiro axing sliox irclcaxc fcttrticzrs and bith complctc liquid and dix xoutrccx. I ight xxeight of thew pinc bark mcdita is an- at hci paint in itx fax or. Ihw ax ctagc xcmi- trailcr toad itt 6-tinch ciontai ncr growxn plants 0'( r)i l Io h.50 i( t , ) xx o lit xi crL .' liii0 n 25 (000( pounids. xxcttbcox fep)tc 4i10i)i-pouind toad limit. Fcii xxhct pitnc batk is xt\d 25 pececrt bx x olu ticxit Ithutdct'x xanid, a fuiti tirock xxould xx cigi ioiik 37,000 to 38.000)1 poiundx . xsing fe~ica ci ndia wxtould makc it nccxxarx to xthip fcxx ci plantx pci toad, re- xiutttng in highci tratnxporttationt coxtx pci plant. Subsoil Acidity Reduces Sw~eet P~otato) ields Siibxil aciditx' hatd a matrket cftcct on yicld ot miarkctablc xxx et poitatocx itt joint tcxcarch bx thc Decpartmnt of Hlorticuturec U.SI)A\St '\ and Decpatment ofi Agt on- onix arid Silst at thc E. V. Smith Rcxcarch (Cettc. A pH1 r angc of 4.3 to 6. 1)xxax cxiah- lished ini thc xiibxil (6- to 12-inch dcptht), anid ttic xurfacc soil (0t to 6-itnch dcpth) xxax uninfornix timecd to pH1 6.0. Miaximumin markctablc x ictdx occurtcd at thec highecxt xubsxil pH (5.8 tot 6.(0) in 1979. lIn 1980, ptrodiuction r ange~d fromn 332 bUxhctx markctablc at p H 4.3 to 444 buxhctx att pH1 5.2 anid abaxc. Ih ic ild at cull rotis in- crcaxcd axs ttic xii hxot bccamec tutue acid (Ioxxet pH xalucx). t t hoat reorves theci objecinale flavor aind Io ofxsoc t hernpca f l u r makes psihf ii of tis oigh IV f it' I tc ci' 'd o tImn h , lv .is flour fu,- Ik-, ,(m ii, good fiw,)e, ) hn ii e to (1 }r r Wit t f \ tx.' . , I.v i'[ xv a BOTANY, P~LANT IPATHOLO(JY, AND) MICROBIOLOGY Bay letun Labelled for Itt ~ P I SI)A I oiet Seix ree'xi Southern andc VA Sortfeaxtei n stations,. and the Weci rhaicur~ xcr ('cmprn led to labelling of Ia}'x don x' wxork derritixti died Bdx etonxs ef feti c nex s'\ " , V and resuilted in *oifficientf data to support irgsrto.Drn 90 4c tt ae i wxere ohtinedi in Artkanitsx Alahamia, u-y tornfi A ' i siiiia, M ississippi, GJeorgia. I liiiida, North Caolmt and Sot Caoia prit use of this effeefixe tidier l in Southern tor- t ~: t j"k ext nrcnixi e. \ [mini applications of Ilaxleton dni ing thc xpire flight period (A/pr il-June) ai rates3 ranging front (.25 to 0.50 pound aetixe in-~ 4 gi edient peracre per application pr ox d xuf ieient to conrili th(is dixeaxec in for est nti- serrex. I it heri texi iiirdei xaare ex dtliitiit A, a f "' , its effeetrxenexx againxt fUxjfOIInI iuxt oiin .~' x unng seedlings in plant ations. Lnustial Plant Pathogens Studied. A rckettsia -like organism (RI O) axxoci-' atcd xx ith phony' disease of peach xxax I ound f > to he piresent ini higher coneriat ionsxnr : stuirdes rex ealed thdt ledfxeald wxax piromi nient on plunm tiees }ielding high RIO ( eounts anid lorxxto nonexitent on ti eex xxith loxx conetratioins of RI () Since little "as ix knox ii ahoit xiii ietdl reactions to Iclafxald . 26 plnim ciilt ixdrx or hxhri ds nolx ing the xex eratl xpec iex xeire ex alndtef for RIO ()ci i denee. Soic eiiftxai eonxixtettlx ielcfdd rc loxx RI () corints, indicat ing some rexistani t ' to the hacteria.py ;e Othiei pathirgenie haeteria xtudied xxereth tIY xpiroipldxrrrdx. wxall-lcxs and often heliecil' xfiaped mnicroiirgaixmri that aedndieaxe il siome plantx. I he nuhni n rexearceh xhoxx cd hat t he anirno aied agini, he s lix gr iixxth pi oiiofing effect on the eon ii tunt xpii- ii plaixmaiisx etlI is sonme oilier plant infexting xpiioplaxnnds Inixext igationis aie continun3 rn the rnatuire of thix effect anic poxxihlc"a ole of ariincir in thc pathfriririx% ofsio v pt> TIhe Auburn Herbarium thle referencee collection ot pfiiii fpciii ini the A'\uhiirn i i reiitxc Ilehaiiii has Fuiformt rust gall onr diseaseid seedinys at right in compison ir t r iiti onus it i ft gin ixiixihxtaniitalle in the pdxt xex eral x eani illostrate tfhe value of using Bayleton for controlling this disease in forest tree nurseries. Auburn and xxax iceetfx acknoxxledged ax at Nation- research in cooperation with other research agencies and industry resulted in labelling of al Rexiur ee Collfection. Its prexerit total of Bayfeton for use in the nurseries. 11 40.000 specimens primarily represents the flora ol the Alabama Piedmont and Coastal Plains regions, but statewide ranges of poi- sonoUs plants and endangered plant species also are documented. Service functions ot this herbarium include plant identification for the public and loans of specimens for bo- tanical research by scientists and students at other institutions. Anhydrous Ammonia Extends Nematicide Ilanting time applications of both anhy- drous ammonia and the fumigant nemati- cide, ethylene dibromide (Soilbrotn 90), gave bettei control of the soybean cyst ne- matode than did fumigation alone. Other studies hase demonstrated that anhsdrous am monia is an efficient killer of mans para- sitic nematode species. I he relatisely low cost of ammonia, when compared to cost of standard nematicides, makes these findings potentially important to Alabama farmers. It may be possible to reduce the amount (f nematicide needed per acre bs using the material along with anhy- drous ammonia. Added ammonia also mas serve to stimulate populations of microor- ganisms antagonistic to certain nematodes. Nematode-destroying Fungi An insvestigation of nematode-destroy ing fungi in Alabama agricultural soils found both predator and parasitic fungi. Preda- ceous forms produce extensive growth, and they capture nematodes bs such methods as constricting and non-constricting rings and adhesise branches, nets, and knobs. Rings are formed in iesponse to one or more com- pounds produced by the nematodes. Certain amino acids and specific peptides are the active ingredients in such ring-inducing sub- stances. One group of endoparasites forms adhesive spores shich become attached to the nema- tode or, if ingested. they germinate in the gut. Another group possesses highly special- ized hypodermi( needle-like cells which ef- fectively penetrate the nematode body. F ORESTRY Price Increases for Forestry Equipment Vary lprices for forest management equipment hase been increasing fister than prices for timber harsesting equipment. In fact, forest management equipment prices have risen fastei than the rate of inflation since 1974. shile prices for timber harsesting equip- ment hase not kept pace with inflation. Ihe producer price index for machiner and equipment did not increase as fast as the pro- ducer price index for industrial commodi- ties, but it increased fastei than prices for timber haresting equipment. 1Tbe Southwide average price paid fot pulp- sood delisered to a iill also increased more than timber harvesting equipment piices. However. this larger increase sas due main- Is to the 1973-74 paper shortage that pushed pulpwood prices up considerabls more than their normal increase. Irom 1974 to 1978. prices for timber barsesting equipment in- creased at a slightly faster rate than the prices for pulpwood, but the total increase from 1968 to 1978 was still below the total increase in prices paid for pulpwood. Ihese findings came from a studs in which prices as of lanuarv I for each sear from 1968 through 1978 were collected for 10 pieces each of forest management equip- ment and timber barsesting equipment. I he prices ere consverted to indices using 1968 as the base sear, from bhich an aserage in- dex sas calculated for both types if equip- ment. Ihese indices were compared with the producer price index for industrial com- modities, the prodtcei piice index or ma- chineix and equipment. and the index repiesenting the price of pulpsood de- livered to the mill during 1968-78. Such teasures gase a realistic look at forestry equipment prices in telation to inflation. e.- .t ?r Use of anhydrous ammonia, in addition to the fumigant nematicide Soilbrom 90, planting soybeans resulted in better control uf the soybean cyst nematode than from f alone Because the ammonia is considerably cheaper than the fumigant, use of both could lower the amount of fumigant needed and provide a cost savings Forestry ,Leads Alabama's Industries I he best single measute of an industrss economic contiibution to a region is "value added." which is the value that an industry adds. through its osn operations. to the sal- ue of its purchased raw materials. It also represents an industry's contibution to the gross national product I his measure confirms thit the forest industries collec- tisels have been one of Alabama's grosstb leadets since 1960. With iecent and planned expansions in the pulp and paper industry, forestrv and forest products are sure to maintain economic leadership in the sears ahead. Researcb recently completed at Auburn re- atmtime of seals that, in 1977. the combined salue add- umigation materials cd of the lotest industries sas 51.38 billion. exceeding both heavy metals ($1.)4 billion) '1 ViP + di Aw. mAg nitl-,tn ac e i n*/ado e agiulua proucio , ceti yetfm c ieyhv nrae npiem c oeta 4t, others. For example, an Auburn study found that forest management equipment has gone up faster than the inflation rate, whereas timber harvesting equipment prices have not kept pace with inflation ~;-~"~"S ~.t;%n and textiles ($0.67 billion). two of the State's tiaditional leaders. I sen shen com- pared with all of agriculture. forestry ap- pcais to be the leadet. Since value added of agriculture is not routinely estimated h the I.S. govertment, it can onls be approxi- mated from existing data published by U SIDA. If the cost of ras materials (feed. livestock, seed, Iertiliicr and lime. and mis- eellaneous) is so ht iacted fro in gross reeei pts ftrom lai rm trarketings. the result. which is an approximation of valoe added by primary agriicultuial production, is Sf.72 billion. Adding tle saloe added bs the food process- igi industis (51).55 billion) gises a total esti- mated salue added of S1.28 billion, about I0) million less than lorestry. Since woorind is ote of the most important raw mater iils of the foiest tidustries, the in- dustri is lepetdet ot the thousands of loiest larldowners ini Alabama. C'ontrary to piipulai beliel. the torest industry owns only about 2) percent of the State's 21.3 million acres if commercial forest land (and com- mercial forcst land tepresents about two- thirds of the State's total land area of 32.2 million acres). I bus esen if industry lands aie ma naged i ntensisely, private la nd owners will still sippls the majoiity' of the irdustr?'s rasw materal. With impro ed forest manage- merit techniques and greater economic in- centises, Alabama's land ard timber base is capable of supplsing even more timber than it does todas. Virtually all public and private forecasts agree that there is great potential for ex- panding domestic and international forest products markets. Ard it is almost a cer- taints that the South sill become the "wood bisket" of the nation in the sears ahead. Alabama's industry aid landowners are welI situated to take adsantage of these developments. F' eller-buncher )ependability Determined F eller-hunihers aie becoming iore and more common on timber barsesting opera- tions. primarils because they allos sialI trees to be hatsested economicalls. Ihis machine cuts smaller trees and puts them in- to bunches, thus red ucing t he single stem ef- leet of t le smaller trees. I eller-butichers are highls productise shen operating, but seem to exprerience a high number of failures. A studs of 32 feller-bunchers documented failure frey ucncv rate ani pattern, asailabil- ity for use, aserage repair time, and iost common causes of failure. It ssas found that average time betseri failures ranged from a los of 6.7 hours to a high of 56.8 hours, de- pending on the type of feller-buncher and age of the machine. I he failure rate pattern did nor follow the classic "hath-tub" shaped curve, but rather exhibited ar increasing failure rate during the first year. Ihe re- mainder of the curse did follow the tspical pattern, a period with a relatisels constant failure rate preceding the increasing failure tate as the machine sears out. Mechanical asailability of the 32 feller- bunchers ranged from a los of 47 percent to a high of 97 percent, agaii depending oi tsype ard age iof machine. Aserage repair times also showed considerable sariation, ranging from 1.1 to 7.4 hours. Ihe hydraulic systein as by far the most common cause of equipment failure, ac- counting for over 41 petcent of all failures. Hoses, pipes, and fittings were responsible for 23.5 percent. I he next most common failure sas the shear assembly. Although feller-hunchers do fail ftequentls , most of the failures are relatiels minor aid onls require replacing a hdraulic hose or fitting ir welding. Ielse percent if all repairs insolsed welding. Sersice time prosvided an interesting con- trast in that service time tends to dampen the effect of failures. I he more a machine iper- ates. the more it must be shut down for sers ice. and this sersice tite reduces asail- abilits. When a machine fails. however. it is serviced durirg dosn-time, thereby elimi- nating a separate shut-down for sersice. 1( *":' r~' .~'" tg 5, r i i Equations providing information on volume, green weight, and dry weight of the entire tree have been developed at Auburn. These equations should prove helpful in new, weight-basis systems of buying timber. T otal ITree WAeight E~quations D~eveloped A r ecentt l completed tttdy, itt coopetation wxithI the U.S. Foirest Serx ice, dcx eloped equtitons for estimating gireen wxeight. drx wxeight, antd cutbic loot olume lot aboxve giroundt coinpoitents of longleal pine and to- pelo in Alabama. Sutch equations are needed bcauxe of th rteicent shift to timber buying on the basis ofwxeiglit rat hei than xvolume, a shilt made because of1 case, object ixityx and accutracy of obtaining xxeights. Ihere also is corisidei able intel est ini determining the bioitass av ailable in the tratditionally Ln merchatntible tipper poirtion Of the stem aind in litmbs or potetial utse in wxood products and lor enritgx. Dreex of each xpecies xitidied wxeire selected trom thieii natural range, primaily the C oastial la ins , to o t ain a rep rexe otatc xea m- ple of Drees frorn I to 201 irichies in diametert F ach samiiple tree selected wxax felled and di xsided into met chantable bole, uppei bole. and limibs. (tccii xxeight of each portion of lie bole atid limbx xwax oibserxved in t he field and samples of each xxeie tetuitied to the lab lioi div xxeight arid xoltirie detet minationsx Inonimatron ftrtin thexe samples xxax used to extinmate drf ixxweight anid x olume of each compoiient xxeighed ini the field. Regrixoni equartionx xxetc extimated for greii xxeight. drx xxeight. cuibic loot x olunie for bole xxood and btole bark to x arioux pointx tip the bole, limb xxood and bark. Io- liage. aiid for combinatins. Prjedictor x ar- aihlex included diameter breast high, total height, merchianta hlc height. ct oxxn length, dia metei at liv e ct oxxn baxe, and transforma- tionix of thc aboxve. I liree other Soortherui utixerxrties that eo- operiated ini thle studx dcxveloped ximilar eqtiations fon loblollyx s laxh, and xhortleaf piries, xxaierxxilloxx oak, xxxeet guni, and a giroup of ted oakx. Ptrimatx uxet of1 the equa- tionii xxill be the U.S. Forest Serx ice in the Recnexxable R exource Evxaluation (fotrext xur- xc) ePIIhix cx aluation prox idex periodic in- lfoirmation oti groxxth, ctt and xirpplx of for- ext resoutrces bx coo tt xxithlini each xtate, and ix used by manx foresxtiy organizationx for xhotrt- aind long-term planning. I he equoationx dfexveloped prox ide informa- tion on xvolume, green wxeight, aind dry' xxeight of itle entire tree, not j uxt merchant- a ble x oltime ax hax been reported in the paxi. F~ orextrt or garizratronx can uxe the equa- tionix to cx altiate growxth arid xyreld, timber ixvenioryx, harxvexting, and product xcailing lot- thle total tree and its componentx in termx of x olume and xxeight. AGRONOMY AND SOILS Starter Ferilizer for Early Sorghum D)ata f rotm 1980) rexearch art the Wit egraxx Sutixation x uggest that xtarter lertIi/er can rnmprtoxe prod uction of grain xorghu m plant- ed in late xxintet or earlx xpring. Starter fer- tiier (I10-34-(0) applied to no-till grin xor- ghum planted April 26 increased axerage gtamn xyreid 16 buxhelx pei acre (from 76 to 92 buxshelx). WVith ctonxvent ional tilage, start- et fertilrzer increaxed ax erage yireld 7 bushels per acre (from 81 io 88 buxhelx). In tother xtudiex, uxe of 18-46- sI tarter fer- tilizer adxvanced mattiritx by ax much ax 2 xxeekx. Such eatlher maturitx' max be critical for ratoon cropping xsyxtemx (groxxing first cirop Iirom platited xeed and a xecond crop from tillers off the f irxt crop'x xtubble). Chemical Enhances Cotton Yield? iGifec ron? originallx xxax mantifact tred ax a cotton bollxxorm ox icide. Noxx it ix being irixextigated ax an agent to enhance xyield oif cot toni. In 1980,. beginning at pinhead xquare, mul- tiple applicationx of Galecron xxere applied to meaxure itx effect on x reld. Plotx receixving (Galecron at varioux ratex and number 01 ap- plicationx had xield increaxex ranging from 5 percent at loxxer ratex arid fexxer applictionx to 18 percent at higher ratex and more appli- catio(10s. 14 Po bea Roo Growt U.nder WAater Stress Obxerx at ionx of xox bean root girowt h throtigh glaxx xxindoxxs of the Atiburn R hi- /iltion rex ealed hoxw the crop'x rots react tol different mioixtiire conditronx. Non-irrigated plantx produtced xex cial timex more rooit hi omaxx than plats tinder irrigation. Irrigation at 4-hour i ntcrx alx re- xtilted in an cx en smaller root xxyxtem than on planitx gix en the xame quantity of xxter ini larger applicatini at 24-hiou r inrterxalsx Hoxxexer, the higher irrigation f requency re- xulted in mote xegetatixe groxxth and more sox bean xeed at the end of the xeaxon. Seed x reld and xhoot biomaxx of all inri gated plaritx xxere near ly double that inca- xured on non-in igarted controlx, althbough root biomaixx xxax mutch higher xxithiout Cocklebur Tough on Cotton Prex ioux cocklebur rexearche exta blixhed thait cotton xyield lossex ('tn run is high ix 91) percent from thix tough wxeed. In more re- cent xtudiex dexigned to extablrxh the threxh- oild of damtige, rield ltosxex iol I17 percent re- xulted from two comnion cocklebur plantx per 5(1 feet (if row. I hix increaxed to ta 7(1 per- cent loxx at denxitiex of 32 cocklebur plats per 5(1 feet. ILinc equatinsx rex ealed yield loxxcx of tibout 70 poundx of xeed cotton per acre for etach common cocklebur per 5(0 feet of roxx tat ix left to conipete xxith cotton for the entire groxxing xeaxon. it. 5., '.5 Effectiveness of new post-emergenice grass herbicides under test is illustrated by the kill of seedling johnsongrass in soybeansl(left). Infestation ofjohnsongrass in the beans is illustrated by rthe untreated stand at right. One of the materials, trade name Poast, will be available under an experimental use permit in 1981. Granular vs. Seed-applied Inoculant A niew technique of inoculatinig legume xeedx, xiichI ax .itX bearis arid peaiints ix in- turroxx application of granular iniociriant itt R/i..i/ttii bacter iat Ui ng 5 to ill poiinds itt Ihe granular iniocilanit is xuppoised to pro- x ide mtore ritiobia than thretraitiiinal xeed- appliedcilsltute. Burt higher mtateritat arid equipmniit costx max Iit use iii the gziani iii c. Resultx at the Wiregraxx Siibxtationt ii cane that tyspe ii i nurlarit to usxe depenici on xx trher firnrgic ide-ti eated xeed ate ptanrtei. 'A luc I ungicide- tretic Seeit ate iuxec, gran- irlar inuocilanut is prefetreit beettnxe it cart be sepa rated liromi thle xeed toi pi cxcit the hac- icr ia ini the inocnlant being killed bX the fun- gicide 'W'ithout Iun gicides. hioxxcxer, seed- tipplicif rinlanit is preferrcit It rexiultx in better inoiunlationi 25 iii 33 percent miore nioidules ott root, tnt equal rates itt itoen- lartx tatnd has tie addedci adintaitages of iowixxcoti andi eair application Itian gratn- ittesx I le toxicitX iot the tunigicride (. tpitir to the iniiulantiit xwax cx ifeit in field tand labo- rtrr tests. Notiule rntiiberx per plant xwere reduneed iiiore thart 91) perccint bx uitx rg xeed- appieid inicultant wxith fungictide-tretited seed, ini comtpar ison wxith grtanular iniocu- tint. Separating the rltroitba fromi the Cap- tan-treated xeed b's ax little tis 3 8 inch pie- xerx ci the titociritt elfeci iXenexx. I lie r exetircli xas clone ini xoilx conitaintinig praticatl's rio siixbetin ritobia, sio nioduia- turn etfectx cant be attributed to rthe treat- mientx. Iniocultioin ix unntecesxaty osn sioils xxhter e xo betni httixe been groxwn iii recent 'setirx. C ombinations for Peanut treed Control Air ioueli el letix e herbicidex are ta'sailable lioi xxeeid control ini peanuts. ti cortbintitin itt tier bicides arid enit iX ti ori prioxed bexi ini WAiregraixx Snubsttionr tests. IThis coi bia- tion gax c the htighest proit per acre of pea- nutix anrd alsot piroxideid the miiiit ret urn per doillar spet on xeeid cotroil. I xciii xx cut- tix ationix xxiri xsige tier bicide appicatrions of Btiian, (beniefin), \ eritati (xeritilatc), Lasxoii (alaclor), or I'tetiirge 3' (dmiioscb) rexiriteid in pirofiit per acre ranin r oi Sut282 to 5334 arid dollarx ret iiined per diolltarxpenit iit xxeit citri ra itnging fromt S12 to S I5. WAithout hterbicidex, ax tians ax lixe rite chaical cultixations per setason did riot con- sistenith prox ide taccepttable conritili in rthe text area, xxhich xas t h eax ixy infexteid xxithI large era bgt tixx I exax panticum inni onrninrg- glotc.Iirics, oia puxie, Floriida beggar xx ed. 4 tied as a siipplcinuntaIX pii iteduie, buit it did riot gix c a taX orahie retun. Newi Grass Herbicides TIested Sexcr i l exper iimental her bicides (KK-80). BAS-x9015211. RO 13-8895, CGA-~x82725) gax e good post-etner gence g rass control ini xiiX heans. cotton, aind peainuts in 1979-8(0 eX aluations. A single application pi oxided good control of Snch tough pests as seedlinrg ohnsongrass, ci oXXfootgrrxx. and hr oadleaf ,icralgi ax .Rhiiome johnsorngr ass r equired a, additional applicationr lot acceptahie control. Conmnir bet nindalgi ax in cotton vasi conitrolled xxitli higher raex aiid txxo ap- piic atioins Onre of thexe herbhicides, I) \S 905201, kxill he availarble inr liiiited siupplX during 1981 rider tin experimental uxe per mit. I hc trade Iamc xxill be P~oast T oo M'uch F ertilizer Can he Bad I oo tmuch lerrtiier carn be asx cotlti ai tioo tile. In 1980) xiX bean fireld e'xperitmets. tot example, Xcin high Xol-phoxphrus nxlclx ii prorpcr l limed Soilx caiuiedl seecrc x icid rd et ionx. I he ireld pltsxx wetc extabl ished earlir bX addaing fertiller phirxphorunx and lime at xex iral rates to prioX ide at vside range of Soil- phoxphorns leXclx arnd xoil pHt. SoXybearnx Vxete xnbxequtertlX grown i for 3 Xearx xxithout additional icr tiliet or tite. Zitnc dei icienucX SX ipi tis appeared ear IX in the giitl xtarge un the high-phiixphorunx soils xxherr soil pH xxax aboX e 6.0. P~igweeds Not Tolerant to Hlerbicides In cetrtarn atreas of thle United States arid Catnada, wxeeds taX e deX eloped r esistantce to '\Atte\ (alt aii) arid related tria/tiec her- hicides in fils x hte A Atix wxas applied atntallx liii 6 to If) Xeazrs Bit ithix hax riot oteeurted in Alabamtia, accot ding to at recent Auburn ittudy XX it redi oot pigxxced, one ioi the Nxeeds r epsirted to deX chip Suchl r cxix- taice. C outmmtn ptgxx cd xpeciesx wetc collected at 19 xitex in Alabama, including areas riot treated v~t nheir bicide arid areas that had receiX ed X arioux icrrbrcide treatmirents ixo- tpcexcrc selected and seed coilleered tot tud). FivXe xelections xhowXting thle highext roler ance toi the her bicidexsx wetc funither cx al- uated. Rexultx xhoxx that Alabamia's pig- XXeeds ate Still xusceptible iti A \ttex C oto- ran^ if iomettiun), and It ci an" (itt ur a liii) Hiiwcecet the continued usxe of te xati hcr bicide each ItX ar incrteases thte pisxxihiiitx ofi eskistnce deX eloping. Alcohol F uels from Sugar Crops Sugsar-pioducinig cirops. sxaxet sorighuim arid xugar beets, shoxw cd gooid piotential as feed Stockx for f urel grade alcohuil pi odnettiut p * -e s. PI -9 - ,fi in 1980 tests at nine locations. Yields at the Gulf C oast Substation were 35 tons per acre (35 percent dry matter) of sweet sorghum and 17 tons of sugar beets. Sweet sorghum was em phasized because it appears to hase the greatest potential for al- cobol production from the standpoint of yield and idaptability. Research witi it in- eluded xaricr5 trials at tine locations, five lertility tests, three date-of-planning tests. one herbicide test, and one esaluation of growthi regulators to enhance stgar content. Sugar beet resting included trials with 25 arieties at three locations. Overcoming Fescue Toxicity (urrent efforts to overcome the toxicirs problems of cattle grazing tall fescue con- tanning a fungus (possibly a nex species of Ai('Otruoiiu/tt} cotld hase Iar-reaching ef- fects. In ifact. groers cotld expect cattle gain on non-infested lescte to be equal to that on winter annual pastures and at low- er cost. D~uring the 1979-801 grazing season at the Hlack Belt Substation, steers grazing fun- gus-inlested tall fescue gained at the rate of only 0.8 pound per day and per acre gain was only 190 pounds for the season. In contrast. steers on non-infested fescue had aserage daily gains of I8 pounds and made 379 pounds per acre. Animals on the "clean" pasttres looked good and behaved nor mal- Is, xx bile those oin fu ngus-infested fescue had rough hair coats, nersousness, intolerance to heat, and elevated body temperatures. Since the fungus is seed-transmitted, fcfec- tive seed treatments are being sought. Other approaches are to breed fungus-resistant plants and to develop a sale, svstem ic fu ngi- cide for use on established pastures. Better Sericea on the Way Sericea varieties esen better than the new Al I otan are in the deselopment stage at Auburn. Results xiti large numbers (f low- tannin lines indicate that forther progress can be made in increasing digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, percentage crude protein, and total soluble sugars. and in de- creasing tannin content. I bese traits are be- ing incorporated xith disease and rootknot nematode resistance, and xith higher forage and seed yields. Seseral superior lines are be- ing incrcased for additional testing and pos- sible release. A ( RI CU LT U R AL ENGINEERING Grain Inspection System Devised An extensise re cxw of grain qualits indica- tors and measurement methods indicated that use of remote sensing technology to de- velop a continuous monitoring ssstem for use during grain transfer operations iuight he impractical xith today's tcchnolog\ Many indicatirs of grain quality were iden- tified, with mans having meaning or being of valoe to only a small segment of users. Most detection methods were found to be too sloxx or toi expensise to be incorporated into the normal inspection procedure if a grain esevator on a cintinuous basis. How- ever, two indicators xere identified which shoed potential for automation miisttre content and broken corn and foreign mate- rial. Both are of economic saloe and will Good condition of this steer illustrates the potential performance of cattle grazing fes cue grass that is not infested with the fungus that causes 'fescue toxicity." Steers grazing fungus-infested fescue make slow growth and show poor condition and health caused by the fungus make an automated system valuable to a grain handler. A microprocessor bused system shich uti- lizes a commercially available electronic moisture meter xas deseloped ard tested. Ihe system will control sampling and mea- suring of moisture Content at time intersvals determined by the user. I-he system also can calculate running aserages. send messages xhen upper ard lower limits are exceeded, and perform other eontrol functions. It per- formed all functions expected ol it in the tests. A nethod for automating neasure- ments of broken eorn and foreign matter also was described, which can he readils incorporated into the iicroprocessor based system. Pecan Roots Respond to Irrigation When Hurricane Freder ic dcxastated the pecan irrigation experirent at the (ulf Coast Sobstation. this appeared to xipe out the saloe of the piroject. But valuable inlor- mation xas obtained from these trees bx dig- ging op the roots to studs effects of irriga- tiotn on root growth patterns. I he sistal re- sults were: I. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in the greatest roit density and the most uniform root distribution. 2. Ieast root deselopment iccuried where there xas no irrigation. 3. An abundarce o small roots occurred beneath the drip irrigation emitter. even into the subsoil. 4. U!pward root growth (negatie geotro- pism) xxas encountered and its des lopmen nppeared, in some cases, to he enhanced when tnder an emitter. 5. In general, it appeared that overall root desvelopment xx as increased wxith in- creasing amounts f xxater delisered through the irrigation ssstem. Reliability of Farm M1achinery Investigated Pieliinais results fron farm macbincrx reliability studs indicate that farm tractors in \lahama aserage being broken down 4 percent of total working rime. As might he expected, tractors I sear old or ncwer ac- count or onls 2 percent of total tractor breakdon hours. Surprisingls, howcxr., these same tractors accounted for 14 pecent of the total number if tractor htcakdoxns. I bus, ne tractors have fairly frequent breakdons of short duration. In addition approximately 15 percent of brooding energy requirements. In efforts to reduce need for traditional fuels, whose prices are continually escalating, research is being expanded to include use of wood burning stoves to provide supple- mental hcat required for both a liquid stor- age and rock storage solar heated brooding system. Modifying Soils for Better Production Problems in water use. tillage and traction in Coastal Plains and Black Belt soils are be- ing studied in cooperative research with the U SD)A's Soil and Water Research U.nit and National Iillage Machinery Laborators. S'~ One phase of the study involves the use of narrow row beds for soybeans. A r ' ,.,r , 1.lVQ Water collected at various points under irrigation provide data used by the collluter to tesign application patterns to give more uniform application of water by hose-towed traveler and towable pivot irrigators to determining frequene' and duration of arm machiiters breikdowns, the study also will seek to leirn xhat causes the break- downs. I le data xill be correlated accord- ing to total bouts of use or acies cosered. soil type. farn si/c, crops grown, and machine age. Computers Improve Irrigation Efficiency Comtipute s ite being successfully used in elforts to incLese efficient use of sater and enietg, both sltiable resources used in irri- gation. Hose-towed travelers and towable pisots ate being studied. One improvemett has been the incorpora- tion tf an ititial dela with a hose-towed travelet to rore adequitely iririgite field boundatries Ile delav allows the irrigator to remain stationars for a set period so that ad- ditional xater xill be applied at the start-up position. NormallI, insufficient amounts are applied near the boundary. I he result sas more adequate irrigation of the ends of the field, but there also sas oser-irrigation of certain locatious. Energy Savings Possible Research at Auhurn's solar heated poultry unit has identified some areas xhere energy saxings ma', be achieved with cost-benelit ratios competitise with fuel prices. Since ventilation air requirements constitute a ma- for source of heat loss from poultr build- ings, it seemied logical to look at preheating ecntilating air as a primars meins of con- seiring heat. A los cost preheater sas desigied that is capable of replacing Pre-formed beds allowed earlier planting in sticky soils and reduced emergence problems over conventional planting in Black Belt Substation research. A special bed-forming implement was used to miki the Ibeds tw its design is being chiaiged to improve bed uniformity r '+. a 4- )g r. -, - 4, A. .5 .. ~, ,~: ;:; *I :~oir 'a 3 I : ,i: -I i ".1F i .. 1. 11* Narrow beds were formed on a stick', clay soil at the Black Belt Substation, using a specially designed bed-foiming implement. I he beds had a diainage slope of approxi- mately 0.9 to 1.0 percent. Two ross of soy- beans sere planted on each bed and com- pared with conventional cultural practices. The beds made possible early planting (3 to 4 weeks earlier), and there were fewer cemer- gence problems than with conventional planting. Some design changes were made on the bed-forming implement to improve bed cross-section uniformity, and the planter is being changed to improse its performance on the beds. New beds were formed in De- cember 1980 on a slope of 0.5 to 0.6 percent to reduce the scouring and sediment trans- port observed sith the slope of 0.9 to .0 per- cent. Total U'tilization of Swine Waste Information is alircads being gained Iiom a multi-phased project dealing with integra- tion of xaste treatment components into a utili/ation svstem that either recvcles or re- uses all on-site generated waste. Ihe com- ponents include a flushing system for waste transport, a liqaid-solids separator unit, a continuously expanding anaerobic digestor. refeeding of the sepaiated solids and diges- tor residue, single-cell protein production using the liquid Iraction from the separator. and supeinatant recycling for flushing pur- poses. I he project also includes a study of anaer- obic digestion using the continuousl ex- panding solume (('EV) concept, which will insestigate the effects of cycle time, tempera- ture, and loading rates on the performance of CEV digestors. Results thus far using a heasy loading rate and extremely short cycle time suggest that continuously expanding digestors have limits of operation. In laborators studies concerning enhince- ment of gas production and quality using a hxdr olxxix piciicaiiincni. it xxas shioxn that Ific soii ble ciirhopi. Lii hohx diric. and total ox \ 'cn dcinand cani he xigniticdiiifx in- ccixcd. Since thiese coniponcints comrupise abhout 41 percent of the potentiai metihane p iiduiitilin, digcxtion ofi prciicitcd swxinc xaxt sii hould he imipioxed ioixidi dbaly A(,HI(1 IATRAI. LCONOMIC(S ANI) RU RAL. SOCIOL.OGY E conomics of T urf Production Dat friionm 26 tuiii rs o2 xiperationsi showixxd total niairkctings of 4.4 million xquaic xads of 11u11 from appi oxiiiatclx? 1,100( acres. ( iioss safc's . tic wh folexalc lcxci xxet 5ic4.2 million, exciluding dclix crx and insxtallion charges.x Bci miiddgi dxx accoiunted for 70f pecentii of t he acri cg iioxwn and 61) pecent of thec gross incomc. Axxci age iinxcxtmtitilft land. equiipmecnt, and bildings~ wasx 5,67ff pci acrc, kitoh smalliI opciatioiis hdx ing thc highcxt capital nxcxitmint pci atc I ixed, xai ahie, and to- itil costs pci aci c dci ,iL'd '.260. 5665, add 5925, i cxpcctix cix Ne ci iturln to ox cihcad aind isik firom the xdlc of turftgrasx ax ciagcd 5391I pci aicc fo alfl farms. Miist tuilfgiixx giroxxcrx xwcre locatcd in ioutiesi xxithin oi boidein1g major popula- lion centcrsx A~labamt a M~outhi Study~ F'ollo"Up Stiidicx concci ning the asxpirations, goails. aiid aitiaincd xtatux o iii aniplc oif Alabama iiuthI hcguin in 1966 xx i ccontinucd to Icii i ihouti i xhcctx'atiit xtatux. I icoi ginal saiiipfc co~nsisted of 28i0 pcixonx in thc 10ith 12iadif in xelectecd north Alahinia hiiih xichoolsx II cxr yiexarx aftci conipletion of high xchiool, 61) pcrccnt of thic xoing adultx icxid- cid ini thc xamc colintix Oiilx 12 pecent livcd oiitxidc Alihinui ()ixl tour mailes gixc ari nn ax tficir pi incipal occupation, xxilc onc-fo uth had occuipatiiois axxociated xxith ia xdi cix of pirofcxxiiiisx Although pflicc of tcxidcncc of thec gioup xxax priniani imii han. one-cthiird lixcd in opcn country iiid 12 pci- cciii oii fatrnix Implications of Game and Fish Laws \lih~ii fii tancix' uniquc poiion icgiii- ing oultdloor icictioin land and thc xtate's xxildilc icxourccs, in light of incrcaxing dlc imiaiiis lil outidooi i cieational cxsour cex, xxai tic caxson fot- an Auburn i tuidy of ganmc aiiid fixh lixx iiiplicaitioiii. Alahiiiii laxx icc- oiiiesc that fai mci landiixneirx haxc thc cxtfuiixic rig'ht to citchi aiini kill thc fixh anid .- LEFT. Turfgrass production offers opportunities for good returns on a per acre basis, but large investment is necessary for this specialized farming venture. RIGHT. Getting the greatest return from Alabama's large acreage of soybeans calls for extra attention to marketing. One marketing alternative getting major attention is use of the futures market as a hedge against price changes. xxild ainimalx (oind on thii lad. Hoxxcxcr, thcx nisaxbdidc hx thc iulcx aiiii irgulations of thei Statc De)partmcini iof Conxcrxatioin and Naturia.l Rcxouriccx. Fannci-landox'.ncrx alxo haxc ccitairestcponxibiliticx foi thc xafc- ix of huntcix aiid fixheiriiin othe thilani tresx paxxcrx. An aidditional igphi is to piropagate xx id aiiinialx foi iextockiii thicii lad. Basis Patterns Important In Soybean Marketing W\ith iiicicixcd production olf xiix'bciis and iathci xxidc tiuctuaions in miarkct priccx, t hict ckx iicced for liii mncrx to conxidct miairkcting ailtcirnaitixex. Onc xiicfi altcrntix c is thc uxc (It tic futurcx mai kct as a hedgec againxt pricc chiiiiisc ( ai i ig out xoiitd hedging t ranxact ionx rcq u ires iniformtiton on "baxix," xxhich ix thc ifl cicc in focal mat kct priccx aud thc futuii c pirice. lDailx caxli priccx at 21 mar kctinig locationx in \lahimia xx rc comnpatcd to futuircs pricc quoitationis for 7 xox hcaii conitract miontthx during ithc 4-xcair Aubuin istiidx. I hc Gualt ara hiad it xigznificant piricc diffecic fironm lithci mairkct arcax. Althbough haxis f luctua- tcd among coircxsponding inthx of differ- cnt x carx, tis axariahilitx xxax less than that axslociatcd xxiith price lex c. Anialx xix of xai- ancc tcxtx i cxcilcd at significant d iffcrcnce in haii pattcitix in onc or imoiri iiirkct aicax fohr each cottract month. Objectiv e Credit Scoring A quaiititaitixc and objcctixc xxstcrn of crcdtt xcoriiig xxax dcx elopcd iii dixcriniinatc bctxxecn acccpta hle agicult urat loanx and thoxe that are xxeak and necd cloxc xupcrxi- xioln. Data usxed in thc xtuldx xx rc obhtaincd 18 firoim loain aipplicaitionx of horroxxcix aii 1i1ht V iiahlcx flounid to hc xigniificanti ini dixtii- glilihing bcixxecci acccptahlc and piroblcei loanx xxcrc (I1) total liahilitiex dix idcd hx il- tal axxetx. aud (2) aiiiiial loan icpaixmcini atticipatcd dix idcd hy totadl axxcts x Ihe xcoinig xx xteii itcx lopcid xxix folinid to clii- rctix claxxiftx fx8 pcrcciit olf thc loan .1p p11ca tillns (,rain F low Patterns Established Rcxcarch on floxx pattcrnsx of gini pilo- diiccd aiid hiaitdlcd in Alahaia, as xx ll as girain importcd inif cxpoirtcd, icxcalcd that xtora .gc cpaicitx ofi gini mrtiikcting fitrili in- cieasdxi froim I 9 7 ft1 i 977. About 63 pcicciii Ill thfi grain rccixa bi h Ala hi ii nid i kctinig 111itix5xwax fioni hut Ill xtate xsourccx. Chirn accoulnted for moreii thiani 5(1 pececnt lit thtc of imporltcd grain and Indiana wax sxecolnd. Rail tranxportationt brouight in aboutl 41 pcr- ccini lit thc girai, iiuckx morc tha 3ii 4 pcr- ceiit,m iid t hc Icmaiinig 25 pcrccnt camiii bx xxatcr. Net grain imipoiitx into Alabamla xxcrc ailiioxt 80f iion bulsxli in 1 977. Black-operated Agriculture D~ifferent Bliack-olpcmatef fai mx tciidcd to hec cen- tiatcd in thc ccntrial part lift hc Statc, gcncr- AIi in thc Black Bclt rcgion. A i clatixvclx high ratc of tcnancx cxixtcd amiionig t hcxe farmcrx. accorditig ill Auburn finidingx, hut ticrc ailxo xxax xxidc x ariabhilitx ac rosxx couni- t ics. * ~ 0$ Sue xof hlack-oper ated fiirms w~ax aboui harlf the State averiage, and wxith dixpropor- tonalk lessx harx estedf acreage. [cewer black operatois reported off-farm xxork than xas truei as ant ax crage for all far mers. Ihis xxas part ly becauxe of adx anced age of black op- erators, txxo-thirds of wxhom xxere 45 and rlder. On Iy 21 per cent of black-operated far ms had xalex of S2,500( or more. Black farmer x incur red lesx debt than other Ala- hama farmeix. F'arm Loans Profitable to Banks C ommeicial bankx, although traditional suippliersx of agricultural credit, muxt juxtrfx farmi loanx in light of other inxextnient op- port clitrex Suchf juxtification is exident ini rexnftx of an Attburn caxe xtudy of fixve Ala- baira banikx. F armi loansx xeie found to coiii paire faxoirablx wxit h ot her tx pex. Inxtallmrent loanx xxere found to be the miost coxtlx, xx ile mortgage loans xxere lcaxt costlx . L oanx for agr icultural puirpoxex xxere found to coxi one-third ax nuch ax thoxe in the iritaflment categorxy. It wasr found that a farmii loan made at 8.1) percent inter ext xxouldf compare fax orablx in ternmx of pirofirtabilitx wxith a 7.67 percent mortgage loan, an 8. 19 per cent commercial loan, and a 9.0)1 per cent ixstuallmerit loan. H-OM'E ECONOMICS R ESEAR CH Getting All the Nutrition from F'ood I lie bodx ix tiot able to utrlri'e all the food value prexenit ini the foodx eaten. I hc degree of urtilri'ation miax be affected by the nuti- tional xtatux iif thle inidix iduloa, the amouirt of fiood eaten, arid the coriration of food and dirugx cornxumed at the xame time. A high prioritx niitr itronal pr oblem ix de- termrining the digextibility and a bsorption (termnedf hioax ailabilitx ) of foodx. Lear ning hiowx to accur atelx meaxur e hioaxvailabilitx ix lie xii bect of cur rcut rexearchi. One xxax to doi thix xxithi animalx ix to "label"' xpecific fioodx xxt irfiad roactixe traceix. One xueh A\u- horn xtuod uxed r atx to meaxure bioax-ail- abilitx of radioactixe ice (1 lit) itt piroteinix. Rexsultx indicaitecf that cooking chic ken meat arid egxs iniceasxecf the broax arlabilitx. Method of rid ioactixe 'labeling"' affecterd rexultx. Zinc incoirpoirated in th lecggx bx feeding henix the r adiroactix e ixsotope (called inti rinxic labeling) xxax more ax ailable to the ts than xxhlen thic /it xxax ximply mirxed xxith the eggx (extiinsic labeling). I hitx. xim- Plc mixinug of raidioactixe tracers xxith foodx mnax not gixe accur ate broax ailaibilitx data. W\herr inriinxicallx labeled piroteinx xwere fed wxx it Iin ic-conutainiing ceeal, there wxax a cde- creaxe in bioaxailabilitx of sine in the prii teinsx. Vx Gradut rst dent collects milk from rait fo n Aubr sh mtat is providing information afbout how typo of fat in the diet affects the formation of prostaglandinus in human milk. Prostaglandins are naturally occurring compounds that act like hormones in every system in the body, and their production requires certain fatty acids in the diet of nursing mothers. Finish Affects Cotton Fabric Pyroli sis Producets ('ittri fabi cs, to wxhich xarioox tx pex of finixshex had been applied. xxerc burned on- cder cont rolled eonuditironsx Analxxix nil gaxex gix en off cdurirug px rolxxix xubtbxantirated the theory that halogen containing flame retar- danit firnixhex act in the gasx phase to retard eombusxtioin of the fabrie. WXrinkle resixtant liishx ed I abriex gax e xome priiductx that eoained nitrogen, indicating that nitrogen present in the r esin firnixh xxax carried into the gax phaxe arid didf not r emarin in the rexid- ual fabric char. Vitamin C and Cigarette Smoking Ho Vxx\itamin C max oilfset effectx nit ciga- rette xrmokirug on blood prexxu re xxax xshowxn ini an Aubcurn u dx of acute phxxiological rexponxex to xmoking. Humnii xsubjectx gix- en 400( mirlligramsx of x itamin C (axcorbic aeid) pinot to xmoking shoxxed less rixe in blnood prexxcure than wxhen gixven a placebo. Hearrt ratex xx rc not xignificantlx dif ferecut, hoxex er. When doxage of xitamiin C xxax increaxed toi 1,200( milligramx, xsibjeets cxhibited greater rixes in bloond prexsuce ranrd higher heart r atex tan did the placebo grou p. Maternal Diet Affects Human Milk C ertairi fattx acidx ini the diet are exxenrtial for the buidx to produce Proxtiglanicnsx nat- urallx ((ccirrrng eorupounds that act like huir- mnex in cxverx organi xxyxtem in the bodf. Hyxdrogeniatinrg x egeta ble oilx to Produce margarine and xol id x egetable coo king f ats cauxex xome of the fatty acidx to be t ransx formed into nuns-xfattx acidx. I1-iexe tranrx fattx acidx cannon be uxedf bx the boxd in formirng Proxtaglandinx. lo determine the effect of txype oif fattx acid eaten ott proxtaglatndini content of humian milk of nutrxing mnot herx, a methbud for xepa- ratn g the Proxstiglanrirns into xcubclaxxex xxax dex loped. I hisx Au burn r exearch idlenti- fired txxo Proixtaglandinx in both human arid rat milk. Feeding dietx high in traa/t-fattx acidx toi iatx increaxed the nrant-fattx acid contenit oif miilk burt did trot appear to affect the milk'x prostaglandin content. Substations and Experiment Fields * ~; 'iaj - ~ V. ;> ~ -r w. rc-- 4 'rams_ _ * r # mow.. ., t No Alahamian is mnore thtan a shoit di xe axxax from the Alabama Agricultural x- periment St at ion. A netxxork of xiihstationx. experiment fields, and other units hlan ket- ng the State from the I ennessee line to the Guilf of MIexico allows research on ex ei ma~jor soil type arid in cx erx speciali/ed faiming region. Project leadeirs from the Main Station, at Auhui n. ale able to match their research to needs of particular areas of the State wxhere speeifie aigriculturali pr oh- lenix exist, proxiding tiul xindix iduialised *a~~ ~ Ps t .A s -olutions. T he 1980) list of coopei atix e projectx be- ' txxeen projlect leadersx and siubstations and experiment fields emphaxises the extenxix e ~.program of researceh at outh.\ ing uinitx. A to- qtali of 533 indixidual projeets is listed, eox er- inall phasex of roxw etrop, lix estock, fruit _ V andxegetable, and ornamental produet ion g pi iblemx. Many of the projeetx are repeated it sex eral suibstations and fields thiroughott the State, ptoxviding an oxerall pictuie of conditions xxith that enterprise. Others re- q late to speeif ie prohlems at a si ngle loeat ion. A major x alue of the outlx ing units ix their ucion in d isseminat ing r esearch rexults toi famers. N umero~us ields dax programs of- te ra farmers, agribuxinexxmen, and oither proftsonal agriecultutrists a firsxt-hand look atrsarch rexults. Visits on an indixidual basis also help fa rmetrs keep tip "xithI latest agricultuiral tecchnologx. * ocation if Subiatiuons and exmermiert fielii throughout Alabamna allows researcii with +1 raps and livestock on each major soil type in r' the State. Comparisons of sunflower varieties at the Black Belt Substation (top) provide nformation about a potential crop for area farmers, and forestry research at the Lower aCoastal Plain Substation (center) allows =L detailed study of this important agricultural enterprise. Systems for producing beef cattle are being studied at the Wiregrass Substation (bottom), as well as at several other State locations. Support Departments Research I)ata Analysis Nea rlI 30(0 data sets were created and ana- lyzed during 1980. many of which contri- hutcd to the improvement of publications by staff of the Agricultural Fxperiment Sta- tion. Many consultations with staff and graduate students about statistical design. analysis. and interpretations also were held. Close support was provided to all project leaders involved with variety testing, and the handling of these data received high prioritS Systemns for expediting summarv and ana- lysis of variety test data were developed by personnel of Research I)ata Analysis and are being improxed on a continuing basis. Notable examples of support to research perso nnel are in the areas of forage and weed science. In these instances, computeri/ed planting plans were provided to project leaders and time saxing data systems were deseloped for quick and accurate editing and processing of the data. Programming support to the Soil Iesting ILaboraitory helped speed the flow of results back ti userx. Monthlx and final summaries of data from the bull testing program were provided in a priority basis during the test period. Recoids from all outlying units were re- ceived and processed for permanent storage in the Agricultural Fxpcrirment Station per- manent record books. In addition to the permanent records, all data recesved for analysis by the departmeint are stored on a permanent magnetic file. I)epartment of Research Operations Although construction has been curtailed by restriction of fund. the highlight of 198) was the April 2 dedication of a major facil- itx, the Solori Dixon Foirestry Education (enter. ncar Andalusia. Some 300 Auburn friends were on hand to help dedicate thix center that proxidex much needed facilitie for firextrx teaching, rexearch, and exten- xi on. Serxice xxork to exixting rexearch ficilities and equipment required an increaxing por tion of tIc depart ment's effortx in 1980). Plans were developed and constructii done bx contract of 71 cattle isolation units. to be uixed by )epartment of Animal Health Research in xtudying how and xhen brucel- loxis organismx are tranxmitted from dam to offs pring. Modificationx at the dairv unit included construction of a new shed adjoining the dairy, moving of xorking facilities, and add- ing 24 indixidual calf stalls. All calf pens were enclosed to reduce draft and expoxure. heat lamps were installed, and perforated rubber matx added oxer the metal floors. Ihexe changes significantlx improxed call performance and reduced death losses. A new lagoon was built to handle waste at the swine breeding unit, and buildings were modified to proside xinter protection. Production and xtorage of feed and main- tenance of pasture for beef and dairy cattle xere major xervices prosided in 1980. The extended drought reduced yieldx of all feed cropx at the F. V. Smith Research Center and this necesxitated tranxporting xtored feed from other sites. An irrigation system capable of handling 100 acrex prexented to- tal failure of corn for silage at the Center. A herd of grade beef cattle was donated to the Agricultural F xperiment Station by Dr. and Mrs. Solon Dixon I his herd, located at the I)ixon [arms. Andalusia. will be han- dled to proside economic data for commer- cial cattle enterprixes. P'astures are being developed and fence and xorking facilities constructed. -- .-. -- ~~IbJ~ i~ -9P :1, -LI Data from crop variety tests, like the one being planted (below), get speedy handling and analysis from the Department of Research Data Analysis Such expediting is necessary for prompt reporting to farmers. Seventy cattle isolation units (above) were constructed for use in a study of how and when brocellosis organisms are transmitted from dam to offspring t K 7+ r f low * n,- p. ~r -~~~'rp~" ~ ~,:J ~" 1P" r- ,P da 9glr ~0, ' Y X ir It ~ ~ W. J V 4y , r f \ ~ I' S - - A 1 Researclr results are useless unless delivered to those woo can use themn at aor e-toits (,f te Agricuitural Exper iment Station go into dissei- nating findlings Field days and tours (above), which offer a first-hand look at researchi underway, continue to be popular among farmers, a pib i nir ireptresent rtives, and othir professional agricultrists Down -to -earth reports given at the field days proivirde good rippmrtuinities for it iwmi intu s owditt ~vlc Isa im portint veh ;ce 'isedin delivering roseairch results to< pontial usecrs TELLING OUR STORY Ith phlor iplt that t resar is tot Vomt plccl until tite results are repoted tii those wxho need thiemit is an rccepted prittciple of the A\labamat~ Agrrcultural I xperiroent Sta- turn. I hercfote. tmuch attetntiorn is gix en to tellintg Aurbttrni's research stopr to its mans publics. All facuilty arnd stall base a respon- si bilits in treportinrttesearch eb. t the e part mernt of Research Inrtorrmration has ma- (ti respontsibhilmt in titis critical task. Aptricultral E xperirment Station publirca- tiions contirnue toi be ursedf itn telling the com- plete stoty s f irtesear cit projects toi a select audience ofi farmers arid professional agri- cultural xxrtkers, xx ilei practical arid human iter ext aspects otf research are repirted in tire mtass mtedfia- Reseat ciers regularlIs use IL~ ~ ~~ke ICt II m nt epo hc cmis ts in- lot ittd of theiu xotrk. I ~hihits are ttsed to inter est orbarn dwxellers itt xxork of the Apri- cultural F x per itent Station. Ex.perimen~t Station Publications Station publicatiotts proiduced during 1981) totaled 30, xx oh 100,1000 copies printed. Ihesc Axcre distributed to farmers. gos ern meteo leaders, and selected groups ini ot her states and foieign countries. In addition. fotur brochures we rc printed tio inform the public abottt certain aspects of the A\uburn research priogram. F-aculty members pre- pared 279 technical articles for professional journals during the yeat. The H1ass Media A sutamar of wxotrk wxithf the mtass media shoxxs that 744 ricxxs trelcases anrd pietut esto- ries xxer e proxided newxspa pets, magaiines, radio and telexisort statins, and specialts pttblications dri ng 1981) 1 eatute articles and research columins rin farmi magai roes took practical research frorm laborarors to farm. E'.xhibits Edulicational exhibits piuttas rttg act ictil- tur al reseatc ebcrc displas ed at sex en st a- tegic locations throughout Alabama. I hese conisttmer-oriented exhibits we rc s iexxed by thousatnds at fairs, com modity coolferences, shorpping centers, atnd other special evecots. It W A~m ek4 f Faculty Honors and Recognitions Numerous honors came to faculty and staff during 1980 in recognition of outstanding accomplishments and service to agriculture in general and to specific scientific disci- plines. Those listed are the more significant state, national, and international recogni- tions, including honors and awards, election to offices in scientific and professional or- ganizations, and invitations to present pa- pers before professional groups. Honors and Awards Carl S. Hoveland-named 1980 Man of the Year in Service to Alabama agriculture by the Progressive Farmer; was Goddard Lecturer at University of Tennessee; elected vice president, American Forage and Grass- land Council. Gale A. Buchanan-recipient of the 1980 Southern Weed Science Society's Distin- guished Service Award. Ben F. Hajek-coached Auburn Univer- sity soil judging team to its third consecutive national championship; named chairman- elect of Division 81, Soil Science Society of America. George Hawkins-received 1980 Honor Award from the American Dairy Science Association. Richard T. Lovell-received 1980 Distin- guished Service Award from Catfish Farm- ers of America; served as chairman of Re- search Committee, Catfish Farmers of America, and regional project on "Fresh- water Food Animals." Paul K. Turnquist-had biographical sketches in 1980 edition of Men of Achieve- ment and 1980 Who's Who in South and Southwest; elected vice chairman, Power and Machinery Section, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Harry G. Ponder-received special plaque and medal for dedicated service from Atlan- ta Nurserymen's Association. Lowell E. Wilson-honored by resolution from Associated Milk Producers, Inc., for work in assembling data on the proposed market for the Federal Order Hearing. Harold Walker-coached Auburn's first weed science judging team to regional championship. V.L. Brown-named Man of the Year by Alabama Crop Improvement Association. G. J. Cottier-elected a Fellow by the Poultry Science Association. E. S. Renoll-listed in Who's Who in Tech- nology Today. Elections, Invited Papers, Other David Topel-member of a three-man "trouble shooting" team sent to Japan to in- vestigate problems leading to banning of U.S. pork imports by Japan. Donald E. Davis-elected president-elect of the Weed Science Society of America. R. D. Schultz-served as Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada; was first president of the American Association of Veterinary Immunology. Clyde E. Evans-assisted University of Mexico, at its request, to develop a national program in soil testing. Gary Mullen-spent 10 days studying ecto- parasite problems of livestock and poultry in Ecuador and conferring about health prob- lems of the nation, at the invitation of Uni- versity of Guayaquil. W. D. Davies-elected Southeast Repre- sentative, Educators Section, American Fisheries Society; appointed associate edi- tor, American Fisheries Society. W. A. Rogers-appointed to Board of Professional Certification of Fish Health Section and Professional Certification Committee, American Fisheries Society; elected to nominating committee of Amer- ican Fisheries Society; recognized for contri- bution as editor, Proceedings of Southeast- ern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agen- cies. David A. Roland-presented invitational papers on egg shell quality to convention of the South Pacific Poultry Science Associa- tion, in Auckland, New Zealand, and in five Southeast Asian nations. Paul A. Lemke-served as national presi- dent of the Society for Industrial Microbi- ology; appointed to governing board of American Institute of Biological Sciences. Claude Moore-elected president of Poul- try Science Association. Dale L. Huffman-elected president-elect of American Meat Science Association. J. E. Dunkelberger-served as president of Alabama-Mississippi Sociological Society. C. D. Busch-elected chairman of regional project concerned with trickle irrigation. Ray Dickens-gave invited paper on road- side weed control research to Landscape and Environmental Division, U. S. Department of Transportation Research Board. Kenneth Ottis-served as vice president, Alabama Academy of Science. Bessie Fick-served as president of South- eastern Hospital Conference for Dietitians and Alabama Nutrition Council; on advi- 23 sory council, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Alabama (Birming- ham) Medical Center. Mike Lisano-served on Southern Asso- ciation Accrediting Board for University of Georgia. J. L. Adrian-elected chairman of South- ern Regional Research Committee on Fruit and Vegetable Production-marketing Subsector. B. Lewis Slaten-served as chairman of Fabric Test Methods Sub-committee of Committee D-13 (Textiles), American Soci- ety for Testing and Materials. Urban L. Diener and Norman D. Davis- received special recognition at Montgomery conference dealing with problems of afla- toxin in milled corn. C. E. Johnson-served as chairman of technical coordinating committee of Power and Machinery Division, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Julian Dusi-was president of Chattahoo- chee Valley Natural History Club. J. L. Stallings-appointed director of Washington, D. C., office of South-East Consortium for International Development as member of Southern Africa Program De- velopment Committee. Bryan Truelove-invited by USDA to serve as panelist on comprehensive review team for federally-sponsored research in plant physiology and weed science at Clem- son University. Mike Williams, Gary Mullen, and James Harper-visiting professors at University of Guayaquil, in Ecuador. Ralph Mirarchi-named chairman of En- dangered Species and Non-game Commit- tee, Alabama Chapter of the Wildlife Soci- ety. C. R. Rossi-named to editorial board, American Journal of Veterinary Research. Robert T. Gudauskas-appointed senior editor of Plant Disease, new international journal of applied plant pathology. Neil R. Martin-served as second vice president, Southern Agricultural Econom- ics Association. W. T. Dumas-elected chairman of Re- gional Research Project S-134, "Engineer- ing Systems and Energy Needs for Cotton Production." Kenneth C. Sanderson-named chairman of the Growth Regulation Section of the Southern Nurserymen's Association Re- search Workers Conference; appointed associate editor of Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science and HortScience. C. A. Flood-named to board of directors of Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, representing American Society of Agricultural Engineers; elected chairman of Monographs Committee of ASAE. S. D. Beckett-elected president of Animal Disease Research Workers in the Southern States. Ruth Galbraith-served as chairman of Research Section, American Home Eco- nomics Association; chairman of Policy Board for Home Economics Research Jour- nal; member of the Executive Board and Executive Committee of AHEA; awarded honorary membership in committee for D-13 (Textiles) of the American Society for Testing and Materials. John Pritchett-named executive secre- tary of Alabama Academy of Science. W. E. Hardy-served as vice president for membership of Southeast American Insti- tute of Decision Science. J. S. Ramsey-appointed representative for Southern Division to the Exotic Fishes Sec- tion, American Fisheries Society, and mem- ber of Technical Advisory Committee, Southeastern Fisheries Council. Donald Y. Perkins-chosen president- elect of Southeast Region, American Soci- ety for Horticultural Science. Jacob Dane-elected vice chairman of Southern Regional Project and Work Group on Soil Water Research. G. W. Benz-continuing as a member of editorial board of Veterinary Parasitology, of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J. J. Giambrone-elected first officer, Southeast Avian Research Workers Asso- ciation. Ian Hardin-served as chairman of textile research symposium at regional meeting of American Chemical Society. Mike Williams-elected chairman of teaching section, Entomological Society of America. E. W. Rochester-served as secretary for state section of American Society of Agri- cultural Engineers and American Society of Professional Engineers. Willard T. Blevins-served as regional president of American Society for Micro- biology and hosted Auburn meeting of the Society. Wallace Griffey-elected secretary-trea- surer of Experiment Station Superinten- dents Section, Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY Crops, Livestock, Poultry, and Farm Management Alternative Business Organizations Used by Ala- bama Farmers Development of Models for Evaluation of Credit Worthiness of Agricultural Borrowers Economic Aspects of Commercial Turfgrass-sod Production in Alabama Freshwater Food Animals Supply, Pricing, and Marketing Alternatives for Cattle, Beef Systems in the South Marketing and Prices Alternative Structures for Increasing Efficiency of Inter- and Intra-regional Grain Marketing Sys- tems An Economic Analysis of Alternative Marketing Strategies for Cotton Producers Culture Systems for Year-round Marketing of Fish from Freshwater Ponds Development, Production, and Marketing of Christmas Trees Marketing Performance of Selected Milk Pricing Systems for the Southern Region Organization and Efficiency of the Fruit and Veg- etable Production-marketing Subsector in the South Price Discovery and Informational Flows for Ma- jor Agricultural Commodities in the Southern Region Resource Use and Planning An Economical Analysis of Variations in Rural Land Value Changing Structure of Agriculture: Causes, Con- sequences, and Policy Implications Effects of Investments in Recreational Resources on Income and Employment in Barbour and Marshall Counties Efficient Vehicle Routing and Scheduling for Agribusiness Firms and Public Services Financial Management and Farm Growth Law for the Alabama Farmer Rural Development Defining and Achieving Life Goals: A Process of Human Resource Development Public Services and Economic Development in Rural Communities AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Crop Production - Farm Machinery Determining Farm Machinery Reliability for Southeast Field Conditions Engineering Systems and Energy Needs for Cot- ton Production Soil Surface and Profile Modification for Im- proving Soil-water Relationships Fish Production Freshwater Food Animals Irrigation Application Efficiency and Energy Usage of Irri- gators on Irregularly Shaped Fields Trickle Irrigation in Humid Regions Nut Culture Factors Influencing Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Young Pecan Trees 24 Poultry Production Optimize Efficiency of Energy Utilization in Agri- cultural Housing Systems Reproduction Performance of Artificially Insem- inated Broiler Breeders Maintained in Cages Utilization of Solar Energy in Poultry Production Environmental Influences on Poultry Waste Control Animal Waste Utilization and Treatment Systems Process for Making Animal Feed from Waste from Cattle in Production Units Development of An Integrated System for Total Utilization of Swine Waste AGRONOMY AND SOILS Beef Production Beef Production on Selected Forage Systems Developing Pasture, Hay, and Silage Manage- ment Systems for Cattle Cotton Production Controlling Weeds in No-till Cotton Evaluation of Cotton Varieties and Strains Fertility Requirements of Cotton Petiole Nitrates in Cotton Rotation of Cotton with Alfalfa and Corn Dairy Production Energy and Protein Levels in Silage Concentrate Blended Rations for Dairy Cows Evaluation of Phalaris and Phalaris-ladino Clo- ver Pastures for Dairy Cattle Forage Crops Chemical Profile and Nutritive Value of Forage Genotypes and New Forage Varieties Establishment, Management, and Utilization of Improved Forage Species and Cultivars Forage Legume Viruses Plant Germplasm-Its Introduction, Mainte- nance, and Evaluation Productivity and Quality of Phalaris, Annual Cool Season Grasses, and Legumes Toxicity of Tall Fescue Grain Crops Grain Crops Cultivars and Experimental Strains Testing Grain Sorghum Production No-till Corn Production Plant Breeding Breeding and Evaluation of Low-tannin Sericea and of Interspecific Vetch Germplasm Breeding Phalaris and Tall Fescue for Improved Winter Forage Production Breeding White Clover for Persistence and Yield Selecting Advanced Lines of Soybean Soil Chemistry, Microbiology, and Fertility Availability of Residual and Fertilizer Phospho- rus Diagnosis and Correction of Manganese and Molybdenum Problems in Legumes Distribution and Significance of Mineral Com- ponents in Alabama Soils Effects of Soil Acidity and Calcium on Soil Solu- tions and Yield of Crops Fertilizer Budgets in No-till Crop Production Fertilizer Requirements of Peanuts Nitrogen Requirements of Agronomic Crops Potassium Requirements of Sweet Sorghum Projects Underway in 1980 J R I i Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Requirements Soil Testing and Plant Analysis The Nature of Soil Acidity and Its Effect on Agronomic Crops in Alabama Soil Physics Movement and Retention of Water and Solutes in Selected Southern Region Field Soils Water Movement in Selected Alabama Soils Water Transport Phenomena in the Soil-plant System Soybean Production Cultural and Environmental Factors Influencing Soybean Yields in Alabama Enhancing Biological Dinitrogen Fixation in Soybeans and Other Legumes Herbicide Tillage Interactions on Soybean and on Soil in Monoculture System Soybean Variety and Experimental Strain Evalu- ation Program for Alabama Sweet Sorghum Determining Nutritional Needs of Sweet Sor- ghum Enhancing Sugar Production with Growth Regu- lators Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum Varieties for Sugar Production Turfgrass Production and Management of Turfgrass Selecting a Better Centipedegrass Weed Science Biology and Control of Weeds Competitiveness and Control of Weeds in Soy- beans Cultural and Environmental Effects on Herbicide Persistence National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assess- ment Program Turf Weed Control ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES Biochemistry Metabolic Role of Uric Acid Riboside and Nu- cleotides in Cattle Red Blood Cells Kinetics of Bacterial Thymidylate Synthetase and Its Inhibition by Substrate Analogs Oxidation and Conjugation of Carcinogenic Hy- drocarbons in Marine Animals Relationship of Diet to Cholesterol Concentra- tions, Pool Size, and Turnover in Tissues of Rats Breeding Evaluation of Crossbred Beef Cattle Under Dif- ferent Growing and Finishing Regimes Genetic Improvement of Efficiency in the Produc- tion of Quality Pork Parameters Associated with Growth Rate Curves in Beef Cattle Performance Testing of Prospective Sires as an Aid to Selection Selection at Two Weights and Its Effects on Effi- ciency of Swine Production Grade Beef Herd Dairy Production Buffered Diets for Dairy Cattle Confined on Con- crete Evaluation of Phalaris and Phalaris-ladino Clo- ver Pastures for Dairy Cattle Relation of Feet and Leg Conformation to Lame- ness Diseases of Dairy Cows Confined to Con- crete Floors Relationship Between Bacterial Quality of Raw Milk and Subsequent Pasteurized Milk Whole Gin-run Cottonseed in Lactating Rations Meat Science Marketability of Beef Produced Under Forage- grain Management Systems Physiology Effects of Environmental Stress and Endocrine Function on Growth and Reproduction in Swine Selected Reproductive Phenomena in Cattle and Swine Ruminant Nutrition Beef Production on Selected Forage Systems Effect of Feeding Systems and Animal Size on Ef- fiency of Beef Production Evaluation of Pastures for Yearling Beef Steers Gluconeogenesis and Amino Acid Metabolism in Ruminants Growing-finishing Systems for Beef Steers in North Alabama Growing-finishing Systems for Steers in the Coastal Plains Area Increasing Protein and Energy Utilization by Beef Cattle Systems for Growing-finishing Stocker Cattle in the Gulf Coast Area Swine Nutrition Nutrition and Physiology of Gestating and Neo- natal Swine Nutritional Systems for Swine to Increase Repro- ductive Efficiency Waste Management Animal Health and Food Safety Aspects of Feed- ing Animal Waste Development of an Integrated System for Total Utilization of Swine Waste Evaluation of a Lagoon Waste Management and Recycling System for Confined Dairy Cattle Liquid Fuel and Chemical Production from Cel- lulosic Biomass ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH Cattle Bovine Respiratory Viruses: Mechanisms Which Affect Virus Replication and Respiratory Tract Disease Effect of Chlamydial-induced Infectious Orchitis, Periorchitis, and Epididymitis on Sperm Matu- ration Immunopotentiation of Brucella Abortus Strain 19 Vaccine Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus, Latency and Respiratory Disease Neurology of the Reproductive System of the Bull Pathogenesis and Immune Mechanisms to Blue- tongue Virus Infections in Food Producing Animals Pathogenesis and Therapy of Intestinal Parasites in Calves Persistence of Natural Infection in Calves Born to and Nursing Brucellosis-infected Dams Prevalence, Transmission, and Immune Response Associated with Bovine Leukosis Virus Infection Relation of Feet and Leg Conformation to Lame- ness Diseases of Dairy Cows Confined on Con- Transmission of Brucellosis from Cattle to Non- ruminant Wildlife Mammals Poultry Interaction of Physical Conditioning with Repro- ductive and Cardiovascular Parameters in Tur- keys Swine A Study of Aflatoxin on Immune System of Tur- key, Chicken, and Swine Identification of Swine Dysentery Carrier Pigs and the Morphology of the Colonic Lesions Selected Factors Affecting the Immune Response of Newborn Pigs BOTANY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, AND MICROBIOLOGY Biological Control Biological Control of Selected Arthropod Pests Diseases Activities of Nematicides and Fungicides on Non- target Soil Nematodes and Fungi Biochemistry and Physiology of Cronartiumfusi- forme on Southern Pines Disease Control Systems for Peanuts and Soy- beans Ecology and Control of Soil-borne Fungal Patho- gens of Forest Tree Seedlings Ecology and Management of Fusiform Rust on Southern Pines Effects of Seed Treatment Fungicides on the Rhizobium Host Infection Process in LDC Le- gumes Epiphytology and Control of Apple and Peach Diseases Epidemiology and Control of Pecan Scab Forage Legume Viruses New or Unusual Plant Diseases in Alabama Plant Diseases in Relation to Forage Crop Breed- ing Rhizosphere Ecology as Related to Plant Health and Vigor Soil-borne Pathogens of Peanuts, Their Com- plexes and Control Viral Diseases of Selected Grass: Identity, Con- trol, and Role of Predisposition Viruses and Mycoplasm-like Organism (MPLO) Causing Diseases of Corn and Sorghum Fungi and Mycotoxins A Study of Toxicity of Aflatoxin BI on Immune System of Turkey, Chicken, and Swine Chemistry and Physiology of Mycotoxins Mycotoxicology of Foods and Feeds Mycotoxins of Corn and Other Feed Grain Herbicides Effect of Chloracetamide Herbicides on Plant Membrane Integrity and Disease Susceptibility Effects of Herbicides on Submerged Seed Plants Minimum Tillage and Double Cropping on Weed Populations and Persistence and Fate of Herbi- cides Miscellaneous Auburn University Arboretum Auburn University Herbarium Auburn University Mycological Herbarium and Culture Collection Morphology, Physiology, Taxonomy, and Ecology Changes in Lipid Metabolism and Competition of Water-stressed and Phytohormone Treated Plants Floc Formation and Bulking in Activated Sludge Process for Treatment of Textile Wastewaters Alabama Taxonomy of Poisonous Vascular Plants of Ala- bama Water Conservation in Cotton by Drought In- duced Leaf Surface Wax Synthesis Water Transport Phenomena in the Soil-plant System Peanuts and Soybeans Flower and Pod Abscission in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Fungal Spore Germination Inhibitors and Stimu- lators Associated with Surface Waxes of Pea- nuts 25 Implementation of AMI Method for Determining Peanut Harvest Dates in Alabama Systems for Disease Management in Peanuts and Soybeans HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH Housing Housing for Low and Moderate Income Families Nutrition Dietary Fat and Prostaglandin Content of Hu- man Milk Effect of Maternal Dietary Lipid on Prostagland- in Content of Human Milk Metabolic and Histological Changes in Obese Adult Female Rats Fed Liquid Reducing Diets Nutritional Health of Adolescent Females Protein Utilization and Metabolism in Nutrition The Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Chicken: A Model for the Study of Cystic Fibrosis Vitamin C and Acute Physiological Responses to Cigarette Smoking Textile Safety Selected Factors Affecting the Consumer Use Performance of Flame Retardant Fabrics Textile Utilization Chemistry of Photo-degradation of Cotton Ten- tage Fabrics Consumer Expectations, Consumer Satisfaction, and Performance of Upholstery Fabrics HORTICULTURE Breeding Breeding Improved Tomato and Pepper Varieties for the South Breeding Pickling Cucumbers for Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight and Cucumber Beetles Genetics and Breeding for Pest Resistance in Muskmelons and Watermelons Genetics and Breeding of Plums Southernpea Breeding and Nature of Resistance to Cowpea Curculio Management Chemical Modification of Plant Growth Habit for Potted Plant Production Development and Evaluation of Rootstocks for Peach Factors Influencing Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Young Pecan Trees Nutritional, Cultural, and Varietal Improvements in Apples Regulation of Pistillate Flower Developments in Pecan Trickle Irrigation in Humid Regions Ornamentals and Landscape Conservation Economics of Producing and Marketing Woody Ornamentals in the South Identification and Control of Diseases on Orna- mental Plants Improving Production Efficiency of Woody Or- namentals Nitrogen Requirements for Containerized Nur- sery Plants in Bark Growth Mixes Soil Test Calibration and Fertility Requirements for Selected Vegetable crops Utilization New Foods from the Southernpea Quality Attributes of Selected Cultivars of Fruits and Vegetables Varieties Vegetable Variety Trails for Alabama FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQUACULTURES A quaculture Aquaculture Culture Systems for Year-round Marketing of Fish From Watershed Ponds Freshwater Food Animals I Freshwater Food Animals II Freshwater Food Animals IV Integration of a Solar Greenhouse with a Recircu- lating Fish Culture System The Culture of Fish, Shellfish, and Aquatic Plants in a Closed System Aquatic Ecology Stream and Impoundment Ecology Fish Health Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Study Freshwater Food Animals III Freshwater Food Animals V Sportfish Management Management of Aquactic Plants for Sportfish Production in Ponds Pond Fertilization and Liming FORESTRY Forest Biology Breeding Strategies for Genetic Improvement of Commercial Forest Trees in the South Development, Production, and Marketing of Christmas Trees Effectiveness of Site Preparation for Loblolly Pine Regeneration in the Hilly Coastal Plain in Alabama Genetics and Breeding of Selected Southern Fo- rest Tree Species Growth and Nutrient Requirements of Selected Hardwoods Leaf Reflectance and Biological Processes of Trees as Affected by Environmental Conditions Natural Regeneration of Desirable Bottomland Hardwoods Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Soils Forest Management and Economics Production and Supply Relationships Involving Non-timber Forest Outputs The Forest Economy of Alabama: Its Structure and Development Forest Measurements Evaluation of Site Potential for Yellow-poplar in the Hilly Coastal Plain Total Tree Volume and Weight Equations for Se- lected Tree Species in Alabama Forest Engineering and Timber Harvesting Improved Methods for Thinning Southern Forests The Construction, Verification, and Validation of a Southern Forest Timber Harvesting Computer Simulation Model Forest Products Chemicals and Energy from Bark Resources based Composite Beams Evaluation of Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Systems in Housing for Maximum Energy Conservation Flakeboard and Composite Wood Panels from Small Dimension Southern Yellow Pine and Low Grade Hardwoods POULTRY SCIENCE Breeding Bi-directional Selection for Long and Short Fer- tility Duration in Broiler Breeder Females Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders Influenced by Management Disease Control Avian Coccidiosis: Immunological Resistance Against Clinical Infection A Study of Toxicity of Aflatoxin BI on Immune System of Turkey, Chicken, and Swine Coccidia and Coccidiosis of Poultry Coccidiosis Study Developments of Adjuvants for Immunopoten- tiation of Inactivated Microbial Antigens for Differentiation Between Skin Leukosis (Marek's) and Skin Abnormalities from Other Causes Genetic Bases for Resistance to Avian Diseases Immunization for the Control of Coccidiosis of Poultry Infection and Immunity in Poultry Interactions of Physical Conditioning with Re- productive and Cardiovascular Parameters in Turkeys Environment Eggshell Quality of Domestic Fowl Environmental Influences on Poultry Heating of Poultry Houses with Multiple Forms of Solar Energy Optimize Efficiency of Energy Utilization in Agri- cultural Housing Systems ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY Ecology Ecological Impacts of Wading Birds on Aquatic Environment Natural History of the Alabama Red-bellied Tur- tle Miscellaneous Auburn University Entomological Museum Endocrine and Muscle Relationships in Swine and Cattle Herpetology Museum Reproductive Physiology of Farm Animals Structure and Function of Chemical Messengers Pest Control Action of Anti-hormones on Reproductive Po- tential of Striped Ground Cricket An Integrated System for the Suppression of Boll Weevil Biological Control of Selected Arthropod Pests Biology and Control of Arthropod Pests Biology and Control of Arthropod Pests of Pe- cans Biology and Control of Arthropod Pests of Woody Ornamental Plants in Alabama Biology and Control of Insect Pests of Peanuts Biology, Ecology, and Control of Forest and Shade Tree Insects Bionomics and Control of Arthropod Pests of Corn, Sorghum, and Small Grains Bionomics and Control of the Face Fly and Other Diptera Bionomics and Control of the Pecan Weevil Biosystematics of Scale Insects of Alabama Control Tactics and Management Systems for Ar- thropod Pests of Soybeans Integrated Management of Key Arthropod Pests Southern Pine Beetle Vegetable Insects Research Wildlife Management Ecological Studies of Wild Turkeys Factors Affecting Natality and Mortality of Ala- bama Mourning Doves Furbearer and Mammalian Predator Studies 26 jixpenaib ure u Appropriated .,,. BEEF CATTLE ............................. COTTON ................................ DAIRY CATTLE ........................... FEED GRAINS ............................ FISH & WILDLIFE ......................... FORESTRY ............................... FRUITS, NUTS, & VEGETABLES.............. HUMAN & RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT .. ORNAMENTALS & TURF ................... PASTURE & FORAGE ...................... PEANUTS ................................ POULTRY ............................... RECREATION ............................ SOILS, LAND, & WATER ................... SOYBEANS ............................... SWINE .................................. OTHER .......................................... FEDERAL ............................... $3,025,839 STATE .................................. 6,812,134 GRANTS ............................... $ 3,030,173 SALES ................................... 3,329,529 14.7 ... . . . . 3.6 ....4.5 ....3.4 ....6.1 ....9.9 .... 10.5 ....3.9 ....2.5 ....6.4 ....2.2 ....9.9 ....0.1 ....4.6 ....6.0 ....8.6 .3.1 100.0 %, P04 TOTAL FUNDS $1 6,1 97,675 E4 0 P4 Nq '4 a- U r I ? V r j