.;, . .- r d .C 4 w.a 4 PP r AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN - ALABAMA 36830 SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM July 1, 1978 Office of Dean and Director kY To the Citizens of Alabama: This report of 1977 work of your Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station is made for a year that in general was not a good year in Alabama for crop and livestock production and marketing but was a year that saw the passage of a new farm bill, PL 95-113, which for the first time included in the law a title dealing with research and education-Title XIV, National Agricultural Research, Extension and Teaching Policy Act of 1977. The year's end saw farmers protesting over low farm prices and expressing their frustration as the price of everything they purchase continues to rise while the price they receive for agricultural products remains below the cost of production. Yet 1977 was a year of exciting research accomplishments as illustrated on the following pages. Once again we are able to report significant advances in knowledge from the research of our Agricultural Experiment Station scientists, advances that will help farmers assure the people of this nation of a continued supply of food and fiber to meet their needs and in addition provide products for export which in 1977 amounted to $24 billion. The mission of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station is to conduct effective research bearing on the establishment and maintenance of permanent and effective agricultural and forest industries in Alabama, including appropriate mission oriented basic research and problems of agriculture in their broadest aspects; on the development and improvement of the rural home and rural life; on increasing the contribution of agriculture to the welfare of the people of Alabama and the nation, and the environment in which they live; and on the promotion of world peace and human welfare. By any comparison the state and federal funds assigned to the Agricultural Experiment Stations have given the taxpayers a high return on their investment. Continuous funding of agricultural research at the State Agricultural Experiment Stations is essential for the achievement of this mission. Were it not for a system of continued funding-both state and federal-we would not be able to attract to and retain in agricultural research the quality of scientists who hold appointments in the Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University-scientists who demonstrate in many ways each year how valuable it is to have an organized group of scientists in Alabama dedicated to identifying and solving the problems facing the agricultural producers and the consumers of farm products; scientists who have the capacity to make advances in basic research but who are ever diligent in recognizing every day problems of the producers and consumers and who give priority to finding practical solutions to these problems. Those who almost 100 years ago saw the need for a public-supported agricultural research organization in association with our Land Grant Universities were indeed wise. Certainly the continuation of this research program properly supported is equally as important today and in the future as it was then. Sincerely, R. Dennis Rouse Dean and Director A LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITY ANNUAL REPORT 197 7 Resedrch CapdLbty Improved I he .\lihina~ Ag~riltua Lii x pei Ileit Stattion (AF ) xat Anuurn I ii lkcr hix ai sinular~ 'ii iiiti irIeaih m iuiillnn etti cieilc inl dex eli Ing uLiihe nex i ntirmt~in for Altl aaima larimers x* .ig i tleS1. anti the tforiext induixt- . Imiproivement in ettii eilcI is prtimail i rni hatl I l ith mosli lt innoaiv .ile aiid deca ted Scilent itic min ancLi lhturg andi Lut UxonLt inu~e to h le hii i Lght i nito agiIL tw aLi and tfii ext resear chI iln Alahama. l o IL SuCxxtfillx Li lmpete tir the xC~ er ex sc ientitic mnids requj~ires a Li lipetitix e siiirx strutcturie, hut stupporti inl tort tof itIchcail heIlip, tail ii e, and hiidx als mi us t be ix at liii Itn 19-- conistruction ot r exearc Liiacilities iln the Ai S hix Lol- tinuLed. 1he 1 LxIMI- in tal I FL ii ii gV BuiliiLng wasi comiLpieted. thuix illoi ll( ur VLi ba11hiic stuidiex into the ettects ofi temperturte and iuIM LiiuiixLpi n phiol igicali meL hll lim tha it ntro prioducLi ti iU anditc grIt of ill i xet iLk. Tis ficiility has tile L ipihiit ot raitnil tiroim 50-110? F aind 25-95 plerceint irespectil ely Only ax crx tell agicL iiriial expeimenLit xtat i Ill haVC evir i nmnli Liontriol A nelX ill text ticilitN xxis Limletecid in 1 9. LULcited inlShu JordLan~ Piarkwxax, iil tile xioiutheril edge it tile Min lstatiioIl tile mlew Agicl tLiiail xpeiimet stitlin aitaLi iluLiLdex a ieed ing hatrii attaL hedi biliiIng tuii teed stiiiage iand hanlin g, dirti eL xc i lixs andL ai corral si s tem. T ile hitm ha1 ieLighlt feedinig ipenx eachl eqippled Nx iii 1 2 ildi ixida Liifeedi ng stii ix r ai total cipic ill ot 9(1 hul lx Thie Liqu Le teatuLre Lit tile ilel text Stationi is its illvi foiri tl iniiel f~~i eedinig xxvithut tile ilecexxitx Ut llsi ileinlg Lointed xepiaratelv Fich itfeedinlg xtaii (ilnlk) ha ianl electially iiioLnitriiiedi doiior tihit proxidlex access toi tile teed fill tile axxigned aimalll ilnli Eail huii li as1a electronili" kex" onl a neck chini, iald tis key opens tile xpec itiL Ldour aigned tio im.l Amio~ut tf eed L Lnlxuledi ill eiath ildillidiii aili Lian he deteirmilled ill reLcordinig the amnlit xsippliedl til is teed ihuink. iluix teLei efticieilL (plouitdx ot teed requLired ti r eaL h pun i i f ii gii) ILall he L aiLiulated to L illmplemlent iiitier text daia i il petrtormanic Le and lix e aili ileaixLireileilts ti gix e ati ii0e comillliet e ex iiLuat 1io it illx tior LiomtmUercLiai ibeet iherdx. ilxt ut tis ilexx Axilxll tacilitN totaledi $150.000. Tile Alaama Sintia Get t I is Asxxition,(1 Beet (Cittie Imnpriovemiieti xxioc iaion.il aild xe erai coLunt Lcatietleen'x axxiociationsl aild ildil idel~i pt LduL- erx haixe cointribu~tedi tfitdx ti heilp wlitih tile cinitlxti n i f~ utis Tile nlelv dairx at tile E. V. Smitih Ceinter lix nleinig LLompiletiion it xiii gireatik111 ixroe tile Liiliilit\ iot tile AgriLcilturi Expeimlenlt Station itl xerx e the Ldiiri ilLIixi Lot Adahiama and tile Sil~tileixi Mianagement anld nu~trition Irexearc dlIithl etllii in ilstudiles ot vairiou silaxlge-grainl ratiin Will he IIi ondu L il~c tLdi One of the nation's most modern bull test facilities is now in use by the Agricultural Experiment Station. The 96-animal capacity test facility is also used in other nutrition research. The new Environmnental Physiology Building provides precise con- trol of temperature and humidity, allowing basic studies on how environment affects livestock production. Ill Liooileratlio ilxitih tile ALlilri I L ip erxity Schoil (It Veterlinary Miedicinle tiltee leNN IrLxearih cit ti s iite ie Li nlltrLuctedi to improv ixe tile aima~ll healtih rexeairchl program Thc% aiL rie tat in lg atnd gexti- tion illiuiiex fit xxx ille and~ a clf harnl. Tilexe ncLx flLilities xx iii greaty enhancl Le tile Alil H11.iIeiithl rexeart LplJriograml inl tile AgriLtl E'xpeimenlt Staio1n1 and ait tile xame tulle phrovIiLe p1aicli laiii ra- tioriex tiir studentsx Ill N etet ilat Medcinle. V, iTe ireiiarch proga ) ofin the .\ic i ltuI rdl I pti ment Stat ion is composed o fl more thain 500lt I nt d di expel i tntS cnuilLtted under appi xi matelx 250 ofiiaOl pro jets. Brit ef reporit of research in thi x nnuai~l repo it tin 19 ar~ie pr esentetd hx depat Iments: hi m tx Ir, t his doe tO nox t meanf Ithit tltparitmet iy tor x k indtependtentx I\'o the Contrix . mosit pirojets txe t per t ixe eftt t t dlil ie expet tise ot xLcienits in flin sci entitic tdistciplines. For inappxi miLitelx 100 xedts pLIhlic L nd haittl Le Sutpp )rtedtl nict l~tdrl t exedtrth in the I sitetd Stt. Durting these x ears, Aniei- t .n agrtit Lltutrte ha d et itme the nil lt eftit ient pro dtuter of fiii iadi t tihet in the xx iorlt. There is exerx reasoin to heltexe that this liitndd- lii n itt Lionsxistent fttndting ott dagritctltuttral r eseari t dL extensioin I id been a primn fac lto ini the tiexeli pnient ot i-ni r at~ i grituIILre in the uitetdle t.At this tinie. xx hen the xx otIld tdepends soi heai\ oxtn I nited Stdlex agiculturLild pi ilctiitn ,t itiI imputaInt Inn the peo ple iol this x uty axnd the Sidle oftthaldhito ILrIealitze thadlit h real hLtlil i i lle of agit ultrtil reseaitre arte tilt illitt ago, F A~- - -~y- ~ . - . .- Bulig nd oh rf ciii sw r Me^ - A' ~- A.. * ~..dxx~ I- completed at the E. V. Smith Re- search Center during the year, al- lowing the beginning of full opera- tion at the modern Main Station. Among the buildings completed and put into use were the service structures for Department of Ag- ronomy and Soils (above), houses for supervisory staff (top right), De- partment of Horticulture facilities (center right), and Dairy Unit (bot- tom right). In addition to the units shown, modern facilities also are provided for the Animal Nutrition and Animal Breeding units. i n d t AGRICU LTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY Economic Impact of State Parks lLh imipact ofparik Llcicliipflic~i]1 1))Ciu~ .u CI itcl ii. anid Ft L i s LiXXIXiLd icd ini 190-_ to) dictermine thec effec ts ofI i loding om Ofi the iini cLIa I.iniLd surroudin ii . 1rclXS Ini tieca.pitil dcx L I ipiiicit stigeiL fctLL if it in exliLpendLiturii v, Xire ilkcuiir d LiiiiXIL ci ill i i~ti from the sitec IncreasedcL Ln~iLI coi~i)ts havi hlpedi raise ttal Liosts of operaing pariks imaking it mouire difiuttu foi I riic to Co cr hi cpnicX. Variations in Farm Real Estate Values Farmii rIl estte vIlucs vx eie StuiLd~i ini the V\ ii cgi .I AreaI the~ seconiiL ofi threi maijori farii g iuiill unde LI sLatii iII It XXIXfun thia i~t 8-i pcici n f Liii ~ cton Vrii negoti iiiiXX c iated hiiiee Jicci liii c ii di ~L Xcse iiler i . i I0i1 onl Li peccn Lii X consummaLteidiiIiLi thiri uigh a iel estat hiroi keri FM in iii .i't reasoni ii for prchs iil c Lunilted~ for i pcrLciii Of ith iLL h~e andi~ iiXX a~triniiig toigethici wil a iiiiiicitc acLonti foirii~ aii addIiitiona iii 21 peircnt fi purces Priit toiili a ciity ofgreaier ithii 25,000 po puilationi. diisiiiLce tol ai iiiroadi lainig pint iii ii pri A cLmiiii ii cl per ace and Si u~ iz Of the liir IIct er founi Ld io hli a s igiict iL pc oit I i ii ii iLic. I igii-tihiec pecn Oi f the li vaition i iii rura rLal cstatc XIas ex~plined~ hiI liatiin, phyicaiili andl wniX ip chiii acterIitic oiL uth pairieil." Financial Management and Farm Grow~th A iiiLil iipeiii liinear progiriaimmii ing iiie ~ht iclu ILdedl f rii ciiteirpiises, iiii criciiS citiiii. lil LiieniiX Laitail IL ciimuil- ioni lunl Lcasi flow fort a i9- a erio ci usedXX i~~ ti itd the~i iiic ct" Ot finiiiinLil i i ~ man g iin Lii irmii giiv11 iXX ii ~Liii i l il IXin li n iitiiic est List \\i eX re pibi~ ili iiii plai thi llowed ix i paiiici i )nt finterest oni the unLiipaidi hlIiLce ratr thanll hiorriomx ii atI the iicgtinLiii of 4u tice l luar and lit In L bak t itic cunl Of ith ili ici \V iiti piIce stXii e LiiAiLt iic time ii f iii S ii tu X .LiI i uihuiatuio iif ieitciiriprises i lii Ljg bccf covX sii~ and iy h.iii Ludiii n ioit proepoititali: iiiN iXcier. tii comiibuia tion ofi ai Sitiockcu pui ogrami lanl io\ crops Lioili highii piiita lic. Changing Role of Agricultural Credit Agencies AgicuILLliuirl lini~g NN t, Stuidc~ foir 3 -IL iiiiiiiciail hilnks Luingii~ 19,, inciniig aciXIiiX lunl effctsX iif hiiniig compii esic as iic% rilatced iti Lii- loans .i Baniks cxpeiciicedlx fui irhl iiii iiiXuppii iiig LiinouLghi funi ti LI mieiet the agriltiiLiral lai Ldemiani. Banuikers ini- cteidci~ AL iii wenid if iii~ue It iiiciit aid Li mimLicLialindIii ria ilai. i c iir m or Liii ccipil~iX in theL ftu~re. Hioldinig Li iiiiec coniiiroile 29 peccnit oftheli ,eicctcei agiILulirall oine icii anuks lunl IL i ii itC~I fiir iii ci50 peirLen Oiif thii ciiiital agri i icutralI liin Xi iluiiiih Construction of the golf course at Lakepoint Resort State Park, Eufaula, and other recreational facility development were found to have economic impact on surrounding areas. Hill Pond Aquaculture in Piedmont Offers Some Opportunities ig 25+ a-iIL L in I thirce-a t Li e ofii i Iii thii Picedmionii Rcgio iif Alaibaii. hiii iLi52 peceLnit oftheli firiiici X XLILX ci cr L ililci ctei ii Lioiiiiicia iif~i~i~~~ih prdcini Bu~dgts XX crc LICliipci tior tiiieL mai jori prodcio Siiii tciiis. Tiic tiiliit L\ Lif u iii animalu XXte IinI Pultnic usies an eczror nmc DeelopmenstuyOpdtnf ciiien IihiIleaders. I110 huLine' iiier aX i i iL iL nd prieiLiirs, andl 100 iiiusieihold reXiLdents. iinfirmalion iii iii ~iliii if it citL izcn piiitiipI- tiiii i tliii i ora i ing Lfor clpm n upu cii L li iiLIii iti gfO~ti Siiai i li aILti ini XcnX ILe cXILi~iiiii-iikiiig, lund Liiiiivi dc c pliicii L iiilciS XXIX XLL LreL. Pirefereces fior i Lrl Lici Ltm~tiiriiiL~ii cX uLL Liii~iiL oni iiic need fiii more larce industriLie am househioi~tiiii~iiild reslieitX, LhtiiiiicX lr busine i an i goverimeit i~piiidciiiX XXic icXX liklkc toi eii dois ii a ,Cau Il LIcIinduLtia hcxpaiion.i Tiic littei grou tended icito iicn icliikagesX hciXX cci iidui il dl pmiiiiiitii piicl Xcii ILL dedcrL iaid itix iniLreascX nicsar LXXI inanc caIliLL pitil Iim- pi oii ciiciii AX fiii ring oifXi iuiLiiL cX -ices, fire pirotcioiin, rcrea tiioiiil faciliiX roads, ii Xan X sewag sXsm XtiiX iededi io rcefCX cthie iiiXX Lsi rainigs. Outdoor Recreation Planning Studies, Continued DuLintg 1 9, iOvcr 950 iiiicn~ieX X XXe ta ikeni XXviii State Park uLirc ithiiriiLIghu l \Ililui ALiion iii Ii ii xs wXIX Xith parik man-Ii agemiicit persXoiiiic XXr crcLinidui~cd. tPrclimiiai Xfiniinilgi ui cthati Alahaiuri Statc Part aX re iiicreasingf] heing iwe d aX Ltcsirali XiuirceX Ot taiiii reciLL io lxlicpcrieces. Theii geiicial pril iofi park LiscrX Xiiis them X o iiii midd iiiin omie.ii ix cii- catedic pirofes- sil and s l~ kile I worX iikers Xail Or iiiXiilil griupX who lii c sieeXLkinig Lestiniiionil ip ofX exiierieciis. DIX LIe fctlitiesXr in iihiigh LIL Liinid iii xxLckciid LiScis XMuinimum staiidrdsX tior LiL lliX LiuiliX anid IX lilIhiit are Lxece L hihL paIli rk Lisers. F 4 _ruirf c~ 7 i- a How Thirsty is a Thirty-Foot Pecan Tree?-'1 ~ ~ 2t ~ I ~. r~r~F .'- ~i- '4 AGRICULTURML ENGINEERING Equipment for Handling Peanut Crop Residues Spetcial equtipment lhax been dev eliopetd hx the Alihiami Agritctl- tiral Expeiriment Sxtation to axsist in hirx exting peanitt rexitiue. Tim Ctquipment ix it iroxx titti Cxi thit fitx intii the peanut tomhinC and tiepuiitx tim peant lxx in wxintirix s. Peanut hix tin he pitked tip trom these wxinthroxx xwxith either i conxventional or large r ound haltr A lift hix aixo been diexelopeti that wxill fit onti a f riont enti iioadter oti tractor to lift the lurge haiex oto xxagin fox lii.otitg the hies tit storaige. By tixing thix lit tie harge hile itt residtue tin 1e xtacketd thirCe hilex high in stiorige. Thix lit ix xenx uxeftil fit dtimping tie Uarge hilex infix the ttuh grindersx An eirx drought rextilted in rinftill defitits tiuting the titrst 94 tiis xoif the growxxing seasiin xxitht kite seixiin rainx generilx iadequaite. Peanuts xxi i hi hbeen iriigateti oinh Iat puant in g pri- tdutttd 3,4i4? piotntix per itre. The 60-tentihir and 40-tentihitr irri gitiiin treatmentx priotuted noit ncrease in x ieiti ex en thittgh 5.8 antl 8.5 inthex tt xtipplemientil xxater xxere applieti Onix the 20- tentihir tr eatmnt intreiseti xMld i sti igniticatilx. The higher x icid xxix 3,836 pitunti ier itre xxith 11.6 inthex ipplietd intl 31.4 total itches intctiting raintill. 'Ihbix x ieltd xxax xignifintlx heltx the x ieltd itt 4,83 pottntdx per itre otaiineti tie pio xiitxrear. Ntit muit t xaieti ftruom 148 iii 16' tiix s. xx ith the in oirrigatetd peaut retqtiring the lo ngest time fior matturiry. The kite xeaxion riunftill iii ix eti the inonirr igated ntt tot peg, maure, and proudute modterate x Melds. Is one dr ip i rrigat io n emfit[ter, prot iding i galIo n of ite i pei iriur, enough tora y ,xearicold, 30-tioot high peetn tree? Appii entx .i(ttt ac ding to researcth being' iodce t th (Gl Coasxt s- lion. Whein a soil xensori xxi to ued toi tntii iigititin on antl off onlx 10 111 hour xxere t eti illed to re xx et the potcket of moisturi C upplinlg hec tree in a period odriught. TJo ito I hree times- asx much timw Paddlewbeel Aeration Device Provides Uniform Oxygen Levels in a Fish Pond PaiddlewxIeeis and other t etttii li dex itces pritdte xx itet ntixe- nt it wxhich tcin he imnpo rtant foir otitti 1g xx itet q t}. ox\\iih xx iter mox cmemn the ox- gen i h top xx ittrx piroduted hx ailgae _ (tirtng xunn daix x re ditrihbuted to oxxN get poot lowe Ici els. This in icase the to tal ox get i .t ihhle in the pton d atnd ax ioidx the I titititp of ioxx titialitN xx tet in the tieepexi poirtionx itf tie pond. Ex\perimewnts it thw Atihorn L nix Crxit \lgrit tut ii Fxperimenct Sti tion showxetd that 3 hiottrs if moitipie pitd-iti eel opelrition xxix eni iugh to eliminite oxx ge2n Ix ei tiitfei entex in a i 1/2-itre piont II the xxix to its 10-fooit deep hiottiom. x Irrigation Policies for Peanuts are Being Developed In i rrigain experiments it the W\ii egi ix Stihxtii n, pit oft Florunner peanutx xxsCre groxxn tuntier tott irrigition polities. Ten- s4ioimeters xxere pliced it 6- 12- antd 18-inth tdepths tio tietet nmine irr igatioin n eetd. V- r - . , All Ap. , Digital Electronics Improve Tractor Steering Accuracy I cchniqncx of1 digital c-letiranics ;irc siiican til im npri xng tract tiol stecer-it WCn~ itxndl xtaiit to asure repeated ti ixc~l yer ar iiii i xxi dc-inecd pith. Tracking acc uracies ot -i- 1 inch aire being I ealizcd thiritgh girauind speeds rainging tram o ne tio 12 mph. \Iai Ifli\ ti he dig~ital gutidanxe xx xte is 15 nipitihic xx ib niadcrri mini11 comnpters.x LIIet iithe IlCoLncpt ofatom~aic xStccingi can Icc~ Ithe iii ii i- operato ofH ContL inuousi d1.cemndin t iik so tILa he tin hotter ctol otiilher complexI c trato an d imip I cment tfunc- tioni. Ye t autoaic steerin 111t0e tptwadatmaino othr racortunt ins D iit ictrol ti ax ircl iiadti ILI 1)1 ci inpuLteriziInI couIlId cx entnul ly r cnmoie thc humnl o perto f r llmi the ttill and it-s associiteid health hajzaircs N h il c btaini ng highei crop1 x ieldsx %x i laxx l.ihoi costs. Controlled Traffic Offers Potential for Reducing Production Costs Researt resu xtlts .showx that thc ,x Stem ti-cd hx the AgictuiIli I rigiticci ing Dcpirtmcnt to contr1 trafic in co ttion pirodutctio n hi-, a uLii)hci Af dlitint LIadxintages over Cio nxcnthinal t c free ixxi tafic ssxtcims: liose so~ il in t hc iroo thed is no t I cclnpiL tcdi t herc is grcite- x luLtte iAfx soil re Acondu~c ive fotil root1 LeIlo pment: y 5iecis ar e intl cixcc the minitenaince o)1 1oo11 scoil in the roo( thedL eimi- nti ts the ne ed~ tiot ici-t l tillaige opc ratioins: the dcperi rothecd allxxoclic inte titint conserxation the goild tiratfic.ihility of the U EELIL ;__I; t I 4 a. ii in the soil monitored moisture at those depths to indicate when irrigation treatments should begin. Bottom-Three-bale and 4-bale transport systems for large round bales appeared to be well suited for handling of 250 tons of hay per year. Page 7: A mini computer now being used in the Soil Testing Laboratory will collect informa- tion from instruments as the sample is being analyzed and merge it with the crop information for the final report. traltic lianes litrmits timly ~~cnd.uct if ll ulpci tlatin iirc-spIic fl xx either conmditions in-~d trattic etti clenc i iIm proe ax r c-ltiall opera- Round Bale Hay Transport Systems Ri undlc hiaIli u-n Spl I mahiLinc c-svalaio n stuLiis xxer c s tartedl in 1 96 intl finishecd in 1 9, Thc-re we rc 10 nmichines in thc stuidl Iinicling fiouri 1-hile miaclines, threce 2-hale mac hines, on1W 3-halc maciLhint-, itid txO ii hue michinex. ()nc-halc sxstenms appear to he i cii m bilii fr the ipera toir h.in cdlingi 100) tol 150 tonsi or less per xear. 11o1 e-xample the lowss coscat sysxtem. thc 2-xxheel, selt h iiding trailcr aiid pickuip ruick, hid a Liolt ut $.8 pert tan tat 25 tons per xcai intl $2.52 tilt 100 tolns pcr xecit (loiire-ponding cost l o tilhex most cxpcnsv cxxstcm, the tront-end iitrat llitder wxe $ 1-.1 an $ c 5.99, I epetix lx The 2-hle imic hi nes appeai to he reiasonaihle fiii o perator, hin- tdling fromn 501 to iho iot 300 tions pt-I xea Ti he selt loaidi ng pitckuip truitk xxxtcm hid i tiost t of x.3 per lull xxhen h incling 50 tonsxe c-i ea d 17 -txxhen handlling 251) tons. Foit the highest cast mx stem. the ducmp hed an a pitckuip tmuck, the- cts wxerc $106 a0ndl $3.51 per tan. respectivelx. Shc- 3- .intl f-hilc sx stcms ippeato he si tecd tar 250) to nsx pci c-it intl ihie The hc-oslt per ton tar thesc mitchinex is ahiitt $2.00 fori ani anntiil piri dlcctiiin at 1,000 tions. AGRONOMY AND SOILS Soybeans May be Starved for Nitrogen Fieild expe-rimcntx xxr Ci o tndlcctedl iii I19-6 indl 19- it the E. V Smith Rcexeirch Centc-r xx ith inure thin 45 noll nildu~le bucteri prid its~i purhixecd it xecd tore liii c lithimi Souilx xxetc exxentiallx trc-c ot xlixhemn Rhzabium xii that nioiculatiiin xxSx dependc-nt uipln the pi oduLc t ipplied. Eitch iatotilint xas axpplid c-lat Platinrg itccoird- ing toi minutitc tuttrr ini tri Lt ions Pxlints xwxcie ducg it ciirlx blooi m xtagce each Iiear ti dettelrmiinc roolit niulatioii n. The peait-hise pridiclts f t iigin aii c RUtCx-Pitrick hix e prol \Icdc adeqteit nodumla Ltion in d N tixatioin in soyxbeian x Di rmiI dried hitci %vxxith clix liixc) andc Triple Noattin (i1drieti bicteia !loit d sxoil conditiouii after piiintiiig iin 19,, mniin of the t'nicto, \tic, aiid Leguime AIid treaitmntsl~ xx ci little if iti beitric thin cii- I cited coiitriilx. Resultx ho xiax i ide iringe iin eftcctix eness of sxlix a li i 11inclit.,x ittere fcotir xile iii Alil ii ii. Soil Testing to be Computerized Us xcli the souil testing x-n icc- toi irrixe a t liiie iiid fertilizer rcomimniidatioinx his iiitreaxc-d tremnidiiclatx ini recent xei s. Fur xevrx c- ea crs tiiiiputerx hix e bheii tixed tol handle lihluitlirs in- fo rmtiin ani iLto tIIprint ouitt the tiiiil repo rts. A nieed tior additioa l Llimiilter tipihiltx hiix heii indlicitedl anid a miiii ciomptiter his hieei iaddecd iii the Sl 111c-ting ILiboriatiiirs. Tis ixi lciiipuiter xxwill coI llect libi rituirx iniomatuioun cdirectlx fromn the inixtruimenit xxhen the xiaipl- is b-itig inlx zed, and merge it xxith the croip infitmit ionil for t-e fiiinali ii-ot7 Neuw Vetch Varieties Released Iiicreased nitrolgen pricex iiixe ciaisecd a reiinexed initerest in I tgtimi cs fori gie c-clinuire toi xsLilxi t gi l l nitoe to cime Liolx croipx n itit i grintg. Fi iti ncxx xchl x it iles xx c-it releaxecd in 19-, N ilitige , Niv 1x 1 ,I (Chh Wiii hilte, -id 'nigtiiid. IT-esce aie proidtictx ut the lonig-time legtimi bree-cing proigraml, and resultecd from liiiiiterspecific iixylridization. [hese xaicies piroducie high seed yields intl hisve lirge seed intl gtooxd seedlinig xvigor. Seed hive bird / The reseeding Nova II vetch covering grain sorghum stubble in this April 19 photo is a reseeding stand of the new Auburn vari- ety that emerged after grain sorghum was combined. scLIL Iat> andl r2>s212d %% li12i1 maturl See22dl ar turnt ahea d)d of croIps suIh AS gra11 ii) >orghu AI)IO sII beansx . Res>oeding, stads in tXX O1 suLc>s pin") sxII s Im Th2>s2 X arIieties 112 resistant1 to) three1 spec ie' lOf roohtknot~ ho1. lid Or XXCCXI il.1 Thelttlfl de112>11 aIX arg LCpecen~tage ofI >ed of >0LceptilC SpecLies. The' aboveX re11 th'> have adqut col'~lll'01 l a11 012> tfol the L' IutUIrn MO-t)thirds oIt Aidham d Durn 11 st \e1101 rCIL these2 prouc h1JU ag2 ear10112Clie tha1nid hairX Kec an.I)dd thus l> he N tOrnCd ealie 1 for l gl-C12l manuref alhead Ot LIII)> suILh d> C00n Combinations of Herbicides Prove Superior (0sgrs is onLed> >111 of th Imo11)e1 dttifiut Xv CeIs to cIotrol in1 bCI f)LILdgla t1 LII. C(rn L researLc>Ch showXs p1 ItemerenI 1)211 ppiL d- Management Affects Centipedegrass Suviv al (CentipedeIgrass is usedL CstCIVXCIX thtroLghoutLI the II IX> L halt of1 sodL prodLICrs expeiec 1)22XX iIterkiII lot CstIhl>ished'stads. R12>LIII lOt d toLr-rl X td L'I com1>L )ple2tedI in 19~ in)~dcte thadt L hanIges in managemenl)C~t 1)11dre LLILIcouI LldI Xel reduc I LILor elliinate the proh-1 lemt Inceae CIcLIolLd 1111 lerLCe dnd XX inteCr XLnII' Il XerC assoc~iated 8 XXIIh l(AXe mCl n heIX>1)1)ighL)tI, mo1LIdIat ftlizto ra1d~l11 tes, adlL XLIII Balloonv'ine, An In creasing Problem for Soybean Seed Producers loomI II)L is found)L more1 1211 the heavier we1 Xtter soils that arI charac- ter1istiL oIt the' BlacIk Belt1 drea: ho CXcI it is spreaLingI). tol th)L sanierI sil Of1l) south11 dlaI o h >hX 1 1)IL'I)LII1IIII1 htl I rIl imiar inetgain %N\ 11)1 ,I"oC) II LII i l a i cain of I LIILCL n)2 )L> 2,- Dl or 2,-i1)B3 +P Loro ?-\ r XX 112ctttiXC dIMSO Iude ILI1)2'in) C>1ig1tio11 LIII)p)t itiln dL 12.CCLI hiOlOgX StuiLLsC. Directed Sprays A iml)) yI pos-irce ap IILLICIpica I tio of11 het i)CL i lI1t I) Lust h12 in- ILILdCL iIn at XXee CCL ntr)l X 12)tcll Lfor 1 conro ofI sic1kcpId in It) v-I yiClds LcaI he redLuLcLI hX sickIepILI Lcopetitionl, CXCI) at loW dXenLICi- tiCs. \> Crdige N iCILI losses XXtth ds feXX as 1. 2, Or' 3 sickIepI Id plnts 1)121 flolt (It ro"X XXere I1, 23, dL -16 pecenIt, ICspctiXCIX. A has> pIIIXLdeL 85 tol 95 perI cn Lttcontl P 12 p (Iod Of 2 to 3 wX 21ks. Liffere21n11til' a pos~t-LIII 'LI2L a~plicdtion of I)linur1), IliurIIn + 2,t Il-CIB e-hvo t metrihuzin~t +) 2IX IL-L18) to t fCis LIt LIIIt IITh(It cinly LIom)petitiv IX"- ill late germ1inlting SicklepodIL to1) pcX elit X ield ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES Individual Animal Feed Efficiency Measured Forl the f12tl time. in the h~istorI L of heef LcttI'lu efomac te1s1)L ting2111 feeLd CttlL ICL d> .1 fture Of'l the 1I9~-,8 112> An XI.I1)L' - 3 pouLndsI IIf teCLd XXCIC rirelIILd to prLouce 1 pound)L lot gainI hX theL 8-4 X1ILInt tfeLd pLer pouLnd)Lf ait 1).II Xi the111 > leas L eficnt L1onsLumedL morel thaIn Restructured Fresh Meat Items A( paen Lislosr entitLed L "LI11I A P1OCS fIL'otl RelCture LI IIICL IL' H11atl 11120)> has> heen fileL XXIII) the)L.S '. Pa112tettL ficeL ad a regi)"tiX LeizCI I/ chuLnLIks Of Iteef or porIk anIdL tinl >lLcLd m))at 11nt1 rt'LL- tLILCL hL'fL'te1ak> IlL pork LchopsI. Varfiationl 12an hLe aL)cX'CLd in) >uch Chemical Treatment of Lignocellulose Products 12L111)iLIIIlXv attraiveI cattle feedI. A' " Shelled Corn Effective as Creep Feed \A llIe "I htlld corn fl axi As etciui aI\ At ApIoteinI enrliched imuen- 11at feIl i xiitur foi creI iep i~eiling to n)11 sid lieiefca ixi>and (Iffers n 111,001 i-elemet iof s1im)plki\it)) p~ard ti the)L feeding 1) f 'A firnmu- lii ed groun11d ai)d ixe~id ii Bjilttilt) Cree fee~~)~d. Recycling Program Safe \\ AsilIAgCi prii duktd anid iAoil>Liild IX Catt in) At LA its il> n- Cling pr (141aml. Ini additioint thei dx imatterl digesiihilitx iif thuC xxsiel- Aigi xxt not reiiV~ducd in a 1a-la, feeiutding trial Anld thei nsilid xxts~lg A viiI4L f\A reeu if thei cocc~idia stagis off"'. hoi af ithr 5 dix x sitrg .4iat 35) C. T he safty and Litfi ix iof the animal xx Aiti reningIil progrAm have Li Pen Lstahlsheid. Overseeding wvith Small Grains Increased Beef Gains )x Li \Liedutit of Al t)m seLasont pLrenniiltt pA~turit Li>xIthl Smll 41 All> and/oiicloxr Linclreiased beeuf tall gain lpet acrei fromi 29,3 punds hit the C(tl Be i Armuda Conro mto 51 1 ponds xx hen Coias- tl xxa i> x Lr"Cieded xxith rx eC Iix Lr. Cholesterol Level Measured B3lood i plasmai chlt eroifil aild total lipid> xxer LitLi ter~ti iii hull feid A ratmin Ctiing sereix pirei processex~d Cotnsee~d meial tha~n tho,"C Ifid a1 rati i tio ot~t in ix oibetn 1e)1 bu ChotlesItertl tleIxl in theL omtllA fit and int) e linex~r xX>not .ititicted hix the~ plitii supplemullt. Wide differences in feed efficiency among animals is being found in the bull performance test and other feeding trials being conducted in the new bull test station facility. Electronic gates to feeding bunks permit measurement of individual animal feed efficiency without confining animals separately. Inadequate Hormones May Affect Estrus covxx ftrim the~ time iii (Alix tnt iiillx xxiii Li dt1ianoid pregniati T he Ax ti A4L nuillIei oi daxs toi the irt iov~ulaiin afhi tlix)( 1 2Zxi clds xx hilei ile ix ag nuALitmbert ot dixs iii the firt oihsenCt Lis LriuVi xxvi> -i6 di, ntdicating th)at colxx IV~ inlx tC xxithlilut shoiixng Litrii Ai higheri perceLitagpe if lirst cill heiferst sholli Lin-ii (aAt thei ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH Diseases and Defects Studied .\ht iii)> xx Lak And uni hiilix Caixes and tld v txx of~ illeLprii tit- tiu) .1reL protlemsn) xx ic) itre reciuing 11) h 1 pri)oit i in _inimii Hl tih RiiCari.ixi ReisAeu'C i ixxe tha i ae Cii AixLi it i1111111ii~l ain1it Ctini diseasei ptroduing agn ts Ihtilre e in horu)4Pttn. TheseL proeue ho~tii ixiild proiseL fior iproi~tit)(ix Li>V duing f14irt crxee~ks of life. A pe~rtid xx Pen tilei arei m))ist StiSCptihli iii tiseL.>L>. urnrtx piutciduri Li>Lixh)iiUxd iii- Counitrolling hitiruiixxixI in t il~~i A>> (it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cat tat c axLis ft ilm in)feit ted diiam" dlit no11P t ii) i Lr the ieaLe. flse.L Morxie ithan 100) feimale (Aixe f> toilm inteli~~d cvxx are Ling~it a semL)Ped tit de~terinettL if theseL aima))l> ate Liarrieirs itf ibtmCCiu1it1S \an 11>x po i ii itrc hi >in~>fetin to t) a hetrd)s.i p i>Vi).f t ~ itt n, Vrrtix 1 ))ii inhbingpeis>s xx lhetrL hituliin ifictec attle ate Liteing pastureLd, are Lin eti) m ine~tid foti hruLluosis. This is b)Lini) thle irntt'~ m.L -4 BOTANY AND MICROBIOLOGY The Relationships Between Variety, Environment, and Fungicide to Foliar Disease Losses in Soybeans Evlxtution at 33 retplit atetl xioixbean textx co ntdtuttetd throi ghi mt Alahatma inditctd thatt xielt inctreasxex in rexpiinxc tii heni l ipplitcatn, xxe tdepentdent an xxet xxeather ottctitring hetxx lin the h loiim indl piodt-fill groiwxth xtagex. Eariy- anti late-mattirig t tt- tix ii xix lragetiteltd inctretaiex aft 153 intl 1 1.0 per cent i t'pettix clx. it hcniimx I xxs at pplietd atntd intettiin tontditionx iotttrret. it xx t- theli xxs drx tit' elti relipionsex tio heniitnx Ixere i pertent iii lexx. Sxttitiex t cx t'llit that t tlt ix ttati cotl niot he atdetqtite lx t iompircd folisei s t sutsic ettptihilitx xxhcn plantetd xinitneotxl' hcitixt the cr'iticxml hloi Iiip(,c 1 11iI-itfetioni~ period xx ItAL' duhe in d iii' ltenl t6xuoean yield response to benomyl applications went as hign as 15 percent when wet weather occurred to promote foliar disease de- velopment. The increase was no more than 1 percent when weather was dry between bloom and pod-fill stages of growth. Arginine Maturity Index (AMI) Method for Peanut Harvest The AxMI nmethiod at detcrnmining rnattiritx and toatsiting harn ext datex tilt peaints hix prioxen ettlitixe tilt peants grioxxn an cx perimentail piotx it the W~it egraxx Stihstation, Heatdlandl, and hx xelected Alabima penu farmerx. It xhiould hc emphaxized, hoxx cxver, thati the AI method may xary in itsx etfectixvenexx tram xacitoi xeat and at difterent loat ions xxithin a xingle year, dependhng an enxvironmental tatotrx and ttiitixaioun prattcex used. Wx\hen peantsx xwetc harvexted atciiirding tol the AMI methad, the rexult xxax higher xyield, girade, atnti price-retutrn tin a lang-term hatxix compared in tieldsx harvestetd aictiiiding til the xV aixu xutitvxe Methotdx ttir- rentlx tixetd. Hoiwevexci the commonly tixed Shelititt Technitiue at determining peanut harvext datex, wxhen used bx an expert. xxas fatundto ine as acturate is the ANMI method in 19'' comparixanx. Rate and Effects of a Pesticide in the Salt Marsh Experiments in the fieid and in micriiecaxx xtemx conxtructetoi ximtiiate field tonditions shaxxed thai 10,000 p.p.nm. at atraine, xupplied ax AAtiex, decreased the numher of Uca pugnax~ (fiddler 10 I cu IlIclt Yamloeeloil liii\ .111). ii ijtft in raties al 1000 p p iii and 100U pp m hid no effett. The inittixe inigiredietnts in AAtrc\ x were no~t toic a ntd did ntE afitect the toi i t of atrazine. \dd ng marsh silI to) itri/ine si ,Itiin deticietie their toxitto Iii p/igflx. Poisonous Plants (Ferns) A stucix n the d istibu ht ion of Alihinii fen (i nx tertidi phx te) was co mp let ed diutring 1 9 1''. Hclient ti tatmtililf pisnu x ii txI it ntln fern ialiliex in .Aiahama wa gaix in ied frt nthe tit otmpirehenivxe t(hns ox ilMtriloiphvtex wertie m~ade, the majoi ty txi them irepr1esentetd Mycological Research \ Materia If 0 It spetiex of ftutngi no t pri Ii foux i tntd was dtepi- sitetd in t he Atuhturn it nix ci itx \ Ilta ii gic ii I iei Lnitim. This hi ngs tihe ttl hi nsed in fo ltiers tn almosat 2.000 xpeci mens. As in prioiiu yeari , a numiher of the ftingi tolletted orisla tei from liseaseid higher plants we re fondto I he undextrihed. Nt'x ilimexxwerie Pt/i'//fl/itt)x/ria/ The nexw species ire: Cadnipniuii lepii's//ii, jx(lpor illcoaan UU/)Ulto/idesi, Pac S/i'ti. DIn/i//Iint and illuttins ofn these tixi antl af 10 others wxhitch attest nexx retcatds xxere pr epareti Phony Disease of Peach and Plum A most significant discoxver in 19' wasx howx phonx tiiseaxe xx nlptamx ate expirexxset in diomestit piumx. Peith phnnm tisxcas is mianitlest as darik green, fiat ileavex, shorlitenedt i iteriindes, atd itotil- patt trees. Tiree, haxing xtith xx nptomx are reat itly reco gizuet. xx mptnmx ilf this nature hiave nnt heen assnciatetd x ih plum. ilid pltin has hliln ttnxidered xx mptcnlexxs tor this diseasxe. Slxetirl riws xof peatchex exhihiting phnx dtiexse xxmpimxs we lreti In ix iie-10%d at the Chiltion Ariea Horiticture ii Suhxtatioin in Julx. Riot anx d igs tirnm tie tdixeaxed tirees xxr crtonmpiared xxith rot i aind itlwxxigx Io na djatcent plumx intd heiithx peacth trees ini the lorchard. 'a mptnmx cnsxidetrld dtue to dry wx ather in "groxxth haiiit" at i piarticulir ptin xxere xhowxn to hc tite lixpresxiion iot phinx tisxasx. Syxmptms ioi phny dixeaxe ot pltim conxixted tot mirginal leit irall, siltrth, and xsxvere leat cniioration, dlipending on ctixai intlicted. Nematology Research The prescntce of roolit-knot nemato des, expel iiix 1loidaop'ne urcnaria and.i] hap/a, axs well ax other plant pirixitit nematitesx in Alahama peantit tildx is a majior fatitir in mlaximum titt eltd pri dtit tn. The xnutthern pcantit rioot-knot nematode, .11 arenari, in partictuiir, pirxitizex xsoyheinx in adtditiion tn peantt intl reprn- tdtiex xxell in tiltn anti thtletr crelx. Since tnrn is the nnormal iitatiomnai crop xxith peanuts, the prexence at thix nemnatiite in peant tieltix ix a teal threit hecauxe it ix generalx prexent tinrotgh- nut the peainut helt Thtix, rnemititide appictinx tin mean the ditterence hetwxelen protit or liixx ill the groxert at thix tmijor plant isease.l The retent xvittil elimination oif the ttimigant D)BCP ax the coii nomia mcanx tar cointriol tit thix nemntode in Alihama peant fieldx leto i a xttidy of alternate tttmiganitx. Fotrmulatinx containing ethx icne dihromide (EDB-) we rc textet and foutntd to he ax ettectixve ax DBCP m in contiril at the xiotthern pealnut rool-knot nematiode. The tfotmutiins Soilhrtom 90 EC (90%o ED7B) and Terr-0-Cide -2-27 (7~2%l EDB plusx 2% tchloropicrtin), xxhen applied at the rate of 1 gallin per icre in a tield heavilx intexted xxith thix nematode, xhnxxed 126 percent and 9- petrtent increaxex, texplittixvcix, in the yieid iot Flitrtinner peanuts. DBCP applied at the xame rate reflected I .. Treatment rates of 100 and 1,000 ppm. of atrazine did not affect fiddler crab or box crab in a salt marsh. A )3 pcenit \ wld Iitct.l-. Lftc -t 2, 3. ad -+ ga.llon'ti pet Acr it S, , ilbi ot 90 r exulted in 152, lAS. ud 13 t p. cont % icid it ti e'a in the field, respeti ex. The samme raites o)1 Ierr-OC)(itle -2- s hodx ed jMeld intireases of 14i, 14-8, mnd 139 petrcent, respectixelx. Groxer acteptainte o)f these maiterials has been high betcause of their effetxeneSS and relativelx inexpensix e cos)t and betmuxe of the ineffectiv eness aini coto grmntulri non-tfimigmnt nemiti ities in the contrnol 0of p lant paraisit ic nematondes. Mor)teoxvei, in c ont rast to 1 )ICP the FOB nencitit ideS haix: not Stimtilated the intidente of peanut southet n blight taused by the plant pithogen.Sc lerotitrm ro/xz, the mijy )r funtgil S(uil-b( r1ne tli teaxe of pein ut x in Alaibmi. FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQUACULTURES Research on the Quality of Alabama's Aquatic Resources Dtiring the paist 5 x ears, \uhutn sttentits lhixe Studlied plankton coinmunities ft om l C) loct io4ns on eight ri ets in Alabmba. Quantiti- tixe etimnates of phy toplinkton wxere hosed on actuil organtim t))untS made wxith the id of mittr4)xt4pes aind the meaixtrcnment o)1 chlorophyl cot)ntent in ai knowxn qluantity ot wa ter. Quantitatixve L404plinkt))n estnmites xxetre hsetd entitel 01) organism totintx. Estimnates o f to)tal otrganic content and totafl orgainit c arbo n content (of wa .ters haixe ailso been nmtde. On ottaions, estitmates of the rate oft protdtition of o)rginit matter by phx toplmnkton xxerc o)btainedl em- ployxing ai racdioaittixe tarbon triter technique. Role of Stress in Fish Disease Susceptibility I nx ironmentil Stress plays a verx importAnt pirn in the phx siolog- ica ) tsponse 4)f fish aintd their xtixteptibilitx to infettioius agents. The noatN impotant xxatet qulitx ptaametetrs that affect disease Sutixep- tibilt tof fish aire loxxv oxx -gen, high ammonia, and high tarbon diox)ide toncentr ations. All o)f these strexs factors signifintlx in- trease hacterial infectioris in fish under contro)lled tonditions. One lf the stress fattors alone had less dletrimental effets thin ai comhi- tnitioni of txxo or nore factors. Symptoms of phony disease are easily recognized in peaches- shortened internodes and compact shape of affected tree at right as compared with normal tree at left-but plum symptoms were not known. New research findings identified marginal leaf roll, scorch, and severe leaf coloration as symptoms on plums. Hybrid Sunfish (Green x Redear) in Farm Ponds IThe hxyhrid cross (greein xinfish x redeair sunfish) usualix pro-i dure, a sex ratio of -0:30 males to) females. AS a iresult, hx brids Stociiked Iinto e stab ished fairm ponmdsL contai ning. ima 5sii h ugill/ redeai po pu lutixn 01 n iradil rxieprx duce. Stiocked alo ne and xx oh large mxuth baiss thex gi i iat a irate LI mp~iiaahI to bluegills in fertiized ipinds. Stociking 500 hx hirids xxith 100 bass fingxerlings per acr gave the highiest pierxentage of bars estaihle size fish after 18 molxnth's. The original stock of hyhbrids in ponds is highlx xrix~eptibie to anlinig andt arie re~adi at exted leax ing onix indix iduals ot the F, (it first generiatio n pri duL ed in tihe pond. 'Noi infoirmait in is 5 et aa ilabie on the gr(wt cvirharaciteristic s oft the F, gene rat io n in po ncls or x n prx h Ic encn nteredc in keeping po nd pi puiLu ion Contain tng the F2 and FI gen eratixons in haiance. Closed System for the Culture of Fish A simipliticri solar collector for ox erx intcring Tilapiia iin xiutdiuir pools' xxas designed, constiructed, andi cx aliated. Temper atures ,it -0?F and aiboxe wexre maintaincd from Octo~her 19-6 through Feb- naysA 19 T he i exults 'xr cif xSignifixant maignitude to ronSidrl iesting this principle in ai larger gi cnhouxc dcsigned pi imartil tor .rayuailtiii .i piroduitixn xxith poxsibic sconidai ho01tixI~lu ap- Twxo irerirrulating xx stems xw r designed, co~nstructed, aind testcd in a Shoirt teirm x icid tr iai \ei gains in excess ofi 300 pxiunds of fish ( 60000 poundx pei ace wxxerc xobtaiined in 9 x 24 x 2.5-foout tanks in a 56-day pcioixd. One xxystem wxax maintained xwioh unircellular algae in the proid urtin unit and the o thcr wxith higher plants. There wxas no significant difference in produrtion in the txxx sx tcmx. Ccrtain xxa.tcr rlualitx parameters varied consirderablx bcixxeen tihc twou sxsiems, but all paramctcrs xremaincd at xat isiar txW lexvels hir fish pi rdurtixn in bxoth xx xteinx Fish Parasite Control Basx tapexxorm ci an cause Serioux problenmx in hatchciriex pro- ducing largemouth basx and biucgili fingerlingx fxor stocking in fairm ponds. The anthelminthir Nlebendozole xwax highlyx effective against 12 -;w Efforts are continuing to develop ~I-Mods of spawning the edible Louisiana crayfish in captiv- ity for pond production. Laboratory spawning in plastic boxes and glass jars was successful. iie ic xxxi c lIari al fo rmi xf the bass taipexx rml t x len appi ted as an initrapeitioneal injection. A foiixix-up xif tircated fish shovs cr no apparecut ill eitets x f the drug. Tihe tish spawxned normaly and blool saimpies appcaired inorimal. Sex Reversal of Fish as a Potential Tool in Fish Farming Sxiim~e pronmixing Spcics if tishl fiir farintg, Sunh ai.s ttlapia, teiid to xi oecro%%ixx uliituiiie pind iiixxithl "uilxxaiteil SmllI fisxi. ( xiit ix l xof rinxaiterl repiroducitioni cail lie aichieed lx xtxockiing unix ine sx\, uxitalix malex. In ireient s earx reseatc hlIas ieeconrxidutedi oil converLitiing feimalex ito imalex by feedinig tile fisillaial amounix uf ina~le Sex horiiixnex whenC tiles ate xcix xxoiuig. Sex rexvcisal xxax aiccomiipiilihd txii Tilapia nilonici unixtg audiriogeins ( the male hoxri ill) and.iL estrio geins (tile femilale hoirimoneic). M atIc ti lap ia xxerc fuiiiin iiiisIcxL sre l xx \ill Lxiiigeilx. ,ini gras .ix arip havi5e lieni airo genl treaied. E'ffectis ixn ithe liiiti xSpeciec aire iieiing exvailiatedi Sportfish Research on West Point Reservoir 1Tle iniitiail (19,5) ye 5 cl~ axs ofi I.iigeilli tti blass ini W\ext oint Reservoir (tile firs t fishl hatrcied iii tile like aftet it xxax filled) firt reacihele hiarxestalile si/c ini tile xpinig o f 19-6. Tis gix up x f fish xiiuppirterd tile spioi fishers illn righ iul 19i ixI x et) thle illajx iits i f tile 19,6 5 car lassx reacheid barsvestalile xize. Fishling iii cxiiie iln thlat iiiitiail xyeai IJS wisxas xiiiitailtiial estiimated 30 perLcent xxvie removix d bx anginitg inl 19~). Ftixhiing moxrtaitx x iii naitiiral iltl-ti its has recited thleir iniumllers toi tile extenlt tihat thiex nowx ixinstitiute xiiil a xsmall percenitage o~f tile fixilci n~ c111 atch Il,1ie irexult xxas noit ox crfishilg, in tile claicixal sense, hiiwis cxc, fixshiing pirexxire hlax altered the xize compoiixsition soi that the majxirits of the fish liarvs ted aire relatively smll. Spauning Crayfish tUnder Controlled Conditions lie L'dili L Iiianiia rexd cish usxuaxiiii xliixs in hiolilex ori hurrii iin is iixxamiii atreas. Ini recent xciis r esealrc I as llix eeii con-i rduitedl at Aiiliri to Lies cilip tL'LhitriiS tio spaix i thleml in riptis itx xxi tile 5iiuing Mouild lhe as ailall fxir stiicking il l ture pondrs- Hybrid sunfish (crosses of green and redear) stocked into established ponds containing bass, bluegill, and redear populations can reproduce readily, according to new Auburn findings. Recently crayfish were spawned in plastic boxes and in glass jars in the laboratory. The earliest spawn was on September 12, and the latest was on December 19. Most of the spawning was during the middle 2 weeks of October. Numbers of young per clutch of eggs varied from 0 to 314. Probably some females spawned infertile eggs. Cannibalism was a problem, especially among young crayfish. Catfish Breeding Accomplishments Three species of catfish, blue, channel, and white, and several inter- and intraspecific crosses were evaluated in yield trials. Chan- nel x blue hybrids exhibited heterosis in growth over both parents. White x blue hybrids grew more slowly than either parent. Average gains (pounds per acre) for the three catfish species were: channel, 2,536; blue, 2,256; white, 1,739. The Marion strain of channel catfish was significantly more un- iform in size than three other strains and two strain crosses. This character will be of importance to the processing industry. Sex-weight relationships of blue, channel, and white catfishes at 6 and 18 months indicated that male catfish were longer than females at both ages, and probably at an earlier age. Selection of larger fingerlings at early age for future broodstock would, therefore, likely result in insufficient numbers of females. Yield trials with various genetic groups of branded channel cat- fish grown in separate ponds and communal ponds showed similar rankings for the groups, indicating communal ponds may be used to evaluate different genetic stocks. Feeds for Ornamental Fishes On a dollar basis, the ornamental fish industry in the United States is much larger than the food fish industry. Aquarium fish feeds cost $5.00 or more per pound, and those presently on the market are not formulated on a scientific, least-cost basis. A diet for aquarium feeding should be nutritionally balanced, palatable, crumble resis- tant, water stable, buoyant, and enhance pigmentation in the fish. A series of experimental diets was prepared using various process- ing techniques and ingredient formulations. These diets were tested for physical properties and fed to three species of aquarium fishes to see if they met the criteria for aquarium feeds. The diet that most closely met the necessary prerequisites was processed as flakes on a drum-dryer and contained shrimp meal, fish meal, and wheat bran as major ingredients, marigold petal meal as a pigment enhancer, and a fish vitamin mixture. The cost is approximately one-tenth that of commercial aquarium feeds. Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacteria Isolated from Diseased Fish Bacterial infections are involved in approximately 30 percent of fish disease cases. Most bacterial infections of fish involve the or- ganism Aeromonas hydrophila which is treated with the antibiotic Terramycin incorporated into the feed and fed to diseased fish. However, Aeromonas may develop a resistance to Terramycin if exposed to it for long periods of time. In previous years the percent- age of Aeromonas isolates from fish that are resistant to Terramycin has ranged from very low (5 to 10 percent) up to 39 percent. During 1977 this percentage was 17 percent. The trend appears to be an increasing number of Terramycin-resistant bacterial isolates which reflects a wider and more indiscriminant use of the antibiotic. Management of Water Quality and Productivity in Ponds Two practical techniques were developed for predicting the overnight decline in dissolved oxygen concentration in catfish ponds. One procedure requires data on water temperature, pounds of fish per acre, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen concen- tration at dusk. These data are used to determine from tables (avail- able from the Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures) whether dissolved oxygen depletion will occur during a particular night. The other procedure involves plotting dissolved oxygen con- centrations at dusk and 2 or 3 hours later on a graph and projecting a line through the two points to predict dissolved oxygen concentra- tions later in the night. Both techniques gave highly reliable esti- mates of dissolved oxygen concentrations at dawn. Studies of plankton and fish production in ponds on wooded watersheds indicate that high levels of sunfish and largemouth bass production may be achieved in ponds without nitrogen fertilizers if phosphorus fertilizers are applied periodically. Application of alum proved to be an effective technique for clearing "muddy" ponds. Concentrations of 15-25 parts per million of alum removed 90-95 percent of the turbidity from most ponds. Increasing the Production of Striped Bass Fingerlings The striped bass that attains a large size in the ocean also grows to a large size in Alabama rivers and reservoirs when stocked as small fish from hatcheries. Young stripes are more vulnerable to loss in hatcheries during the first 3 weeks of life than at any other stage of development. Pond weeds interfere with natural food production, hinder sampling efforts, and interfere with harvesting. Competitive and predatory invertebrates eat the desirable natural food or- ganisms and prey upon the fry. Simazine (2-chloro-4-6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine) applied as a preflooding bottom treatment at a rate of 9.99 pounds per acre controlled submerged rooted weeds and filamentous algae for a period of 60 days or more in rearing ponds stocked with striped bass fry, Morone saxatilis. An exception was dwarf spikerush, Eleocharis sp. Masoten,? dimethyl (2, 2, 2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethyl) phospho- rate, shows promise as an agent to control predaceous and competi- tive invertebrates without adversely affecting rotifers, a first food organism of the striped bass, or the fry themselves. The best rate and schedule of application of this chemical is still under study. FORESTRY Breeding Commercial Species The cooperative tree breeding program, started 14 years ago by the Alabama Forestry Commission and the Auburn University Ag- ricultural Experiment Station, has begun to yield limited quantities of slash and loblolly pine seedlings. These seedlings have been bred by selection for improved growth, straightness, crown form, and wood specific gravity. Two southern Alabama loblolly pine seed orchards and one Alabama slash pine seed orchard have begun to yield limited quan- tities of seed. In the spring of 1976, the Alabama Crop Improvement Association approved these three orchards for the production of "Certified Non-tested Seed Orchard Seed." The first crop of these seeds was collected last fall and they are being used in the Forestry Commission's nurseries to produce the first crop of "Certified Non- tested Seed Orchard Seedlings." Christmas Tree Improvement Trials of Virginia pine and Arizona cypress in Alabama have shown that these species will produce good Christmas trees. Vir- ginia pines are best for general production in the entire State. 13 a.~i. V .' t -1 bama. Artzona cypress, because of cold problems, is suited oniy tor production in the southern two-thirds of the State. Sittce Aizona tO xprL e arcx itdelgraded li x ctremtc Iireczes, thtex gri~ tx xtixftc tot i ntlx itt thte soutthcrni it ttirdx ofA thte Statc. lsxo, xsalcx ofiztnait cx rexx xhlid hliitettd tot ilcal arta L'txcautsx tlix speL cxi ?ii iot min ttini its Lquiltxnit Lndcr the hlt-Shl ciundttitins xOf Disease Resistance Sintce sititternt tttxtortt r uxt dixeaxe Lioxex largc, impttatnt lossxx c year ci itt thc slaixh antd litbtlixl pintc forestxs of thc Sothli tre ccbrceederx ire xx orking xeix htard tt dcx elop rt restacnxmt jinei trexs Onic of thtc eotiidx xsed lix thic Auhurni Iive rxitx Agricut- inuril Fxperittetit Stittio toh dcxelop iirestittnt treesc itnix cx thte uxe otf initerxpcific lhx ridx. Ih ltieaxt rexixtrtot xiotheri pittex, xlash indl ilhlitlix, ire hiicng Lcrtxsed xxitht lotnglcaf aod xhotrtleaf, the mtix rcxitanot pinetcx Silty-fix cotf thicsc intterspifici lixhridx haxvc biecit mtdc. Ihe wtxxili hic textcd itt itrxcrv mnd field plantings. Forest Photogram metry IThe Decpatmet of Foreisctrx ix dcxvelopinig a xcricx oif photot intcrpretation keys fo thtle foriext coixer itt Alahamt. ThexLe kceyx tmake uxe tol pilotograpii tonie, totpotgraphtiL posxition tif the xtantd, aspcti itt the xlotpe, dlegrce oif xlope, ,titd geiloic strudtur e iatd mteLrial tot aive ixLat thte speiiex cioplex likelx tot lie found itt tltc xtiatd hintg cxauited. A sepairate kcx hix hieet, tir wiii hie. dexvcloped for ech of thei forcxt habitat rcgioxs mtikinig op the State. Duintg 19-', a kex for thte Ridge andi Vallex Foresxt Habiitat Rcgiont xxax puliihed in the Forcxtrx Depirtmictal Setie cx itihec Agricultural Experimciit Sti- tittit The -, tirk ix cotining and the xcriex tif kexs x iintlil xxiii lie Lompttced xxithtit the net j xycirx. Firterx, lanid uxc laitnet x, ex nionmnental imipict asxexxsorx, mod ecological rexearch xxotrketrx htaxe xcd oir htixc expresxed interext in the uxe tif the keysx Reclamation of Surface Mined Lands in Alabama Manytt of the mincsils dcxveloiped ftromt xSurface toil mtining itt Althinmi are too iacid for adlequate lant groxxth. A 1976 stutdy wai initiated to de ttitte the amiount iof lintextotie needed tot estahlixh aind maitntaint xegetittion oni in extremelx acid mnei xsoil tn Tusx calooxi Cttnntx, Aiiiiitti. Linmetone xxax applied tot expetrimttct plots it ratex itt 10, 20, antd 30 tons pier acre. Ratcx of tnitromgen, 14i phostphorus o, artd potaitm letrtiliztjr, xxr aic lso applieid as reco- mentded hx the Soii Te tinr I ,horto a r t Auitlurnt lnx rxitx. fttitii itt :mi annual grassx. a periactiil grass, and a reseecding legumett xyas platnted tin each plot. The annuatl grass ptroduced in oxcirill ix ei age of 1,406 pounds per icre of oxcn drx forage the firt eir. I loxx tix c, the legnme and petrnntial grassx pit dutcd V ix little the firt yar Inth third gritng season the legume ippears to hatxe filed ciimpiletcly, it th plirit nntttl gi ixx is toxciring tihe soil xSurface it in in.tcaing ratc While the annual graixx did ix xxell using 30 ton it imstioi nc ax it did xx ith 10 ort 20 ti ns the perenn ial gtriss failcd itompletel ax t 30 ton to iItmesto nc pei acre. Forest Tree Physiology OInc ohjctixc of tis reseirch is carly identification tof nutrieni dfclienicties in pinc and hitrdwxoods. Grt cnhiOxe antd field studics c leing c iiLonducd tt de citop relaitio ',ltip' lhiemeetn ntition Sti cxx antd lcat reflctance Wh n thecsc relitonships tic dexclo pcd, ftrt mna~~gers wxill he ahlc to diigntosc and precrtihc trcitment. In additin, ftrest phlixtoliigx reseacherst ar ticcxaluating the ctlctixues cix of sclctcd hcrhic idcx in xi itoitiig unxxwantcd x egta- tit in oriies t cuieS c nd in sitc preparait iton ,tnd stand Lreleasec Opcratii ons. TOloIfill this )bjctixe c. nw ocxxoo peratix ceintit lcd "TIhe Authuin it iixrxitx Ftrcstrx C hernicals Cotoperativc lixxaslc dulped dotrinig 197 In itadditiont to Auhn, it Lt)hci xlip itncludes fot i x indushtxiriesx antthe ltcIS. Fo rlxi xcrx ice. A matjoit goali x registratiton of hecrbiides fot fttrcxt niirxciiex, xitu tprepartatin and~ stand~ rclcixe. Datti o htincd itt 19~ prtiouced totnt regiotnatl antd 1 2 statc ritra- tiontx foti htcricide usc in ftorext nulrseries. Evaluation of Particleboard Constructed from Loblolly Pine Logging Residue Durintg 19, cxperimtcitl xxotrk Cicceting exiluattitn tif parti- Llchttird mttide fto ti ouiithcritn eiltlxx pine rottittx t ani id xtnitpx od xxax ctomplctedl Rexults indtite thit alli ittptatt xtreitgtht prtopertics ,tntd dimntctional sitbilitx of partiLclboarid madei friot rotm ox td mect or exceded Ltoimtitcial standards. Tis xxiork htas Ldcmttnittratcd thtat i otxottd aod xtuitpx ttd i f xothttc ine mterial, epirexettiitg tttrie than 20 pcenct oif total vmod xvolumec itt a tr can het uicsxd tot ptroduce at Limtmtc iai pirtoduct for usxe itt consttruontt t f httutxc ax floor itidilrlix ittnt andtin toutniture tmtn-i ufacture HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH Patterns of Food In take and Nutritional Health of Girls A 3-year xtudx tof the grttxxti, dcx ciipiintt ind nttritittntal hciltht ofl 9-1 yea cr old girlx xhowxxed thit dietary intakcx of xitamtitttt B1 Br, mod C xxerc lcxx thatt adcquitc for a largc nutmicr itf the girlx. Ilttlcintc ironi intikes andi aneiai xxr croeii aiiittxi 9x earx of agc, liut nit xxhlen thc girlx xxecie 10 antd l 1. Black girlx hid xtgiiantly htighicr lexvels of serum choitlextero itthan xxhlte girls it agcx 9 aitd 10, lint ittot it age 11. Hioxexer, tic iiumtiec of girlx haintg sertiouslx elcxitcd chltextrol lcxl (iovetx r 180 ttiu/100 ml) ioncxcd xxwith age: 16.8 pierdceit it agc 9, 187' pcrcent it age 10, and~ 39.0 piciettt it agc 11. During ill 3 x earx, girlx fromn lowexc inicoic familicx xxceighcd lexs thin tliosc fromt htightcr iticotne tiamiliex, piiblt inmitcitting Lcoxsixtentlx lowxxer tiutrittiotil intikc. Body measurements of youngsters (left) identified nutritional prob- lems that are common among many in the pre-teen years. AU- Producer plum (right), a new variety from the Agricultural Experi- ment Station, combines good quality fruit production with resis- tance to diseases that interfere with the fruit in Alabama. Iniluence of Socioeconomic Factors on Food Habits and N utritional Status of Noninstitutionalized Older Persons Di )Lciir soiochi nnimiL Lcitlnical lx iuhrpi lixc ith Iight, eig'ht' . i titcep, skinlnllc dat Ji lei bc e Icoi tllected on 250 x nlunteci sthjetX echox patipatc in Alxinii 1 Title \~ Mi Nution Prop'i m tn the Ic I l A h igh inc idence ot h Nx hc nolo.i bin intl h cLn t rn i ticx xx AS fouindt in bi itk iii ntc 1'I nxcmen hemo loI bin Ier toti i th is "riiLLp xx~t 1xI2. -i ,1 00 ml, As copae t iLLIlXXitl i t AcptaLb ILee ofi Iii 1-4.0 or ibiX e. 'ile hecmogloin meaii fo hit Ixc xles xxix 15.-i Blood i hilltI rl leveLCL iiir IxIXX icHigh (oxvei 250 mgl l00 ml) in 34f pc tnt ofth Lbc x (ni andl 10.4 pce nt ofthLe men. Flex ntld t holes- LcLOI VaLueiC XX ere nC L im Xnifiithxt crlatctd xx ith the Lnidec L ofLt l pro blecm fori 35- pc enL t ofdie x hit milcs antl I t pcrtcnt of thec black mlus. I iglxtx pect of u thec XX bitt LLc m les havigd iic tle cholstrlcx c levls xxcrc beLL;g treaitd fori Oxpertenxioin. In black feimales, a bighi ictnce oif tdiabetXiccompaiixictl cx iced tholes- Effect of Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metal Ions on Flame Retardancy of Selected Fabrics Preclimnxiiri r isuts inixtedt that thec mnneriii aci u u1tititn Xi tdeposiitioini igbi bc a fatitori in tbc cffect iif Liltiu tii rbnitc on the FR (dimc risitintce of mit totn Labri uThIebrefor cciuitm t irbi natic xxixs tdepoiixtd on tdimc irctiirtnt finishetd fibrits by twoLx meibtlod: (a tdipping in i si ltin if ithei salts indtl hen rtinning tbiroungh a xx ringer (pitltling). antl (b) launtdcring 501 times in hari gter uitiiing a cat xbonitc but dteirgcnt Adtltio n of ctbi nit silts bxy uiih imebi thod icxstd the tlinxnxibilitx ot FR tibicit. I inxx cx cr. litin- tdcring tdcpxitinxn ttctse a gircatci iedttinn in bixic rista~intc than tlitd pxtlting. Wh len the salts in the fabrits X ere exacined~t h\ xtinning clctrion mitcrioxtipx thcte %N xx cicbx itnX tdittcrcntcxs Ixc txxr c ti e lau Inxterct andt pxitdtdedx bit simeiinsi. The launtdeied sampxles sloi (xx stuXtrfatce iraioni anxd had it a icovne reCt xxitn Ximall ix stils. MutLch largcr andt imit ireguilarx xtilX xxcre fiiirmct xxMicticr er i tdittcrect lxtixx thix lL xiio tepCixXtion nmetod ili thxe xx ltx X penXItiirate to thxt ixteri oft fi bexr haixe noti xc hotcn succ" c HORTICULTURE Pickling Cucumber Hybrid Performs Well in Trials Ain Cexci imnitAi x x t t\h it ixlc cuum r AtH - thec ircstlt ut piclIing tuume n brxx edlintlig i cx~cil, Cot iietIci iccixct hxighx rtinxgs in Lounxci tciil l ix tri] cx iltimii toti ithe pxist 3 x I t hxiX ritxkct otstnding ix tharaitistixitxcsxLl % c ixlx impo tntii for biixing pxick- leCX Dartk gie co ilor. appealing ilxlx~riixce gio m pl 1 ickle shapex, firmness, intl giioit initirnil strenigthxx Ixhit resitiL iix p ititUllx1 in absxct if itlioating aint lxrcukhxx ix tutinig txc lxiiig lxi es atLX re ixts lxarciistics hi xitx x LX crCi crntul lxx li t ix the lxiiotutt tf ti lxin iig jx i igi iifor i thxc imprxoiixcix ixm mt x tO iixg tu tiLeti ixxin-i tltinig insxct axtd tdtxcixe rsistitce As xxell is inxixtiix cxxcit i i x ield itit genxctal itliaxiililitx t o du ittix ni txe Suthil mnix tomeciil xtcilc. New Plum for Home, Roadside, and Commercial Market A ixcxx xtcllcixt tytilixy pxltum xait Atx '-lPtriotncr lxx bxcci tcx vcli ptt ant leI.(ctl liii hiomei Ioit i.u xl commc .iail nii ikci tuxm. At--Ptroitticir lxix tiiixitciil tl ti dcLI gouxtl iltdx of hxighx ttul itx 1 art i in ciiiti l XI lxiixx i ii is adtxit xx hxcri c till inig ot ,50 lxir itixlxcowx r5? I iittris. AL'-Prucer Liinxlxiis tixiiih wl xiitx xi iii rict xi rrnl% gi imxx ixunic ie rmitixitc iixt toxmctial Ixkiix ixgX intl ix moi rc resistiixt toi Ixut ci il trit xlxpot, bxtri i ea I sotxx i ant bxt tia cit ix Lc Correcting High Subsoil Acidity Increases Tomato Yields (ioxpciitixe resicx t e~re lxxchx dxc tclxitncxix if it g iixiiix and Soilx mxt Hotiultir a ntl the L-. S-. IDclxirtxct t gictu tirc lhax xhi xxi that tomnati cx son i xli i alLi ti i ito thxe Liorrct tio ofii IOixx suibxxil lxii. 'I lxc x icltl of Tricu tomatoesic xxix oiilx 25,-11) xiuit ixci tarc xx hcrc txc xtilxxiil lxi XX ixs 4.4. Whe Ixci Ll ubxilxiil pxH "-as iin icxcti tio 5.-i-5.9, thc x eltd ixti cmdcto 4566 poind perli titl C icirc. A xecintd xaiity \X atcr, pxrodtucedles tchadxn Triiix, bxtt iix xVICKtI xsxiixx the d ame x fxftct ifssil xtixxiititt .1"ieltd ofTrpic lin xicastd frunm 19,190 xiiunxts ixcr it rc xx Ici thxc xubsxiiIlxi XI ixa 10xx, to 31.130 pxutinds xx I- ict c txcx soxiil pxH xxi x ix thxc 5.-5.9 i iixg. For bo tlx iiittiLX inceiL subso(il I f I ih s x xi) ii n / i4. a. tIgs'inI) tac tc her XXIX a XliIIII redLIIutiI n Xn I12Id XX 121 thei 1)1 I XXN .[sI orIigher.12 Tlhe reseX1arLcr als ti) mUd thLt the tAX I)th Ic higIh cr LII)X II pH resXulted in Itr g12 ttuit and pLIntindl grtertc depth it ri It penetrIa- tin. Rot ai ttled to pene)trate the Strong[1)9) acid LhIil Ianrd sto 4pp2d at Alhust the 0-inLh dlfpth. Vdl~I C the2 limetd XLIItAXC s2X)IlI met the1 subsoM)il \ erc th 112 Lil p )II XXa ft aX orale. Ic )AlX roo ts grcXX OhlXt thtc 0-inhIl deptlt. ard t~tpIrirtX XX cr1 AX decp AX 2- Ito 130 incXhes. ()hscX ei~aiI) AIX))o in~diXat1d that dise2as1 p1olm vt)cIt XXrc go irse o n soilsX [)iX g) igOI)X AX idl XLIIIi lX Insect Resistance in Southernpea Resech itllI I reX Istan~tXAlLII ,HW it of LiuthIc I)p12a h)at X)XXIt- Ata po ds coi less cu Af L cmic Al SLIh~utCri L ch t iXtImuLIlateX int, to I fccd i the podsLXI thtan the )ii c XetXXpth2 Xalrieties h)aveI. A me)thodL tfor extraXct ing1 the fetudingL st imuLIlts frX pIt Of) P v i ak it ltl 11X u 1tt- hlc to insct attack XX. AX deX eliped. Arid thc AimoiLttt inset)ct tedting XXa AconiIt roilced hXt\ A)I id l r .nutSf rt hcsc etcts tX ddcd Iiti food m)1aterials. B3 tis IXI)iaXXaX metho d A qIutatntitytI n2 cAL esr of ifeetdin~g rIpos 12p)ca heI tcined. ThedexracXlAts aIe ing 11)9~ e IIJXc Xi-I cA LIXA aX el aX bX hi) a mAXAIthIIo ds. Iso)latLiill andX idencatAliion of thec AX I i CompionenltX XX iIl hc n i A hl tccLdig l)iXrocd X AricticX ill soI ILIIIct I)~ XrIIt reXXsistace Io insct Attack. POULTRY SCIENCE The Incidence of Microbial Flora Contamination in the Oviduct of Broiler Breeders \ SL ii i)ial flora oA )cr~Xin wILIeXX re m~adl1 XXithi sI)XLction of) uthe Iv IX LuL t It I) ILIL VAin ntrl[) mted.cL arid ariic IXins mi)n11) )atcd hens.X T here XX re1 10 Im)ajo r I))icroransm foA)LI) und 1in all tlt rcc g1ruLps. These data ind)XiLct co1 V t IpiopuLI l AXtn )ptIin. that arItifiial insem211in)atiltn dioes ntII1 IintLrLdLce more1 hAct121 ill IX tIpes tf LI 1 tra intth e I vc i dr t tha n)aI) r m)IL a ing.I Protein for Laying Hens Recet XttudiX XLuggest that proei con LI)1tent fI Lcommc ial-laXvcr diet LAn) he Ir1dLucd It) aX IL)X aX 11.5 percent tfor atles IX toIL 2 months11 Xro 11IIto heL d isoa tI XI))se iAXII)ILILXLiXL afttin eI1)gg pr Vi- Lduction l) ii rect~uio)In ~tin ar protein pluI A LdecLrease in) feedL LitnsumptI)iitn colId result 11) XXIbstantIial XaXi in)9 Ieed cost( Lto the) IouitLIIV iI)LLI Xin)2e it iX XXNelI hieliN th 15 percInt prot1in rc- quiremen2t)II aX statedL bX the2 NaItional ResXearch I) ILI(il and 15-1' 1)11rcIInt~ prteinlevel c t} l)iXallX fcd ti) agedL LAXCrs Potential for Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy in Poultry Production A Xolar heIatedL p11(1 tt XreseX~arcLI fltAX tI s beeX testX 0111 Iall, 121)12 gXl) X12 n e t till) rI car 12X12A1 Sp ciX reeac hasIL I)X) tI I1X2IL)I A sIcLall hcen21 Xcentered 11Allound)X (1) LiImpArIion itt heat XI12ItX erX XXte's X ()).t2 testing the effiienc o2III2IL rt1he2 colcionL~iI andX Xsitoag XXtm,. X1)X IL monIt)oing me9teoroL~ iloicat parameters an~d estIaIlishin 19xorIIkti) Lcriteia tfor futurIe1 resechX. EAIIX tial ave sIh1oL) Nrn t hat solar cnerl-, has furnVi Lh Ld LII Itl 2/3 Lit energy0 rirelL~mentsX durinug broinII) Anticoccidial Drugs Against Infections Caused by Recent Field Isolates Btitlcr Xchickens LIinulatedL XI~II) e121i pII1athogitcL Xpies2 ofX l ccL1idia an~d ted a Xsele2cd anicoci)2dial d~rug Xdemonst)Xraed im) prove d XXeight gai) an~d feXd effi~cncyX sigiictIlyL better th)an that ofit nfecIIteX1d uIIme)dtLAted XLontrols. A host inI peCrtoranc I)AIL2XAX apparentlX hc~aLIX iof enhan)cd utliztLAion Lot nt)Iriets dLring theL proplP ic IAILadmiitrtIatiLon Xf t Ie cX)I)pI)uIdsL The Toxicity of an Alternaria Metabolite to Chickens ResltsI ill three 1212 im nt 12I11I) 1 ini catXIl that a ILIILp.l I))12AIi 11 p rdu d ILL LI LI ) X2X12 t I llui7clr I pecXIe12 I i INLXIC Xo 11119 ng 11112) aAI)Xi \ )11 20)1 Xehr chickens.\ )1 Wh i yLIung Lickn kconsm LI theI)1X1I~ XLII)XAI)X 1 1121)La/niX AXid rX. dXuIXcLd XXegh g20 ain, to rd feXX 12 1X f11X i-t IciXLIniil, and~II XhImorrLhage, il 1a012u Irreulted itIhIX 111)0 AX ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY The Year of the Worm 11he fll rAVI) X rt) Ihas long h)Cen a p)1st 1) AgicuXlIIl rop Iin I AlahaIria AlthVILoghI LLLI 2 iIX Xcur cv l It)r tnfestatilt) Xo nli t usu1ILaIl[) Lause1 LdAmIAge Luntil LXII o~r XuguLsX IiiIXX~e hNX ciI)X MA 1 9- dIaImage the inseXI tic ie CC) I X th XIut1112 IA12II)I II V I Ir notII klI)lAin the pest FtnLX~ 12st I2ithXII 20 inticXides nLI1 t pI IreX iII~LXI I12XI1l agains I)isL insXeXcti12 rCAle n12Li 2XX I)lA's foL I r Iit lontroil. HoiIXXvXer, Xiome 1 it 1the KILahcLll forXu12 Insects Damage Hardu'ood Tree Seedlings in Nurseries 01roiXX In) t trcee)I nurri al AuburnI I, ALIgIAIAXILIc AI)X Selma)E AlA- 1)ua.lt A totIal 1f129 1l2inetpcs XI)12 I1XX XLientitiedL ttrom L- Itre scXiesL12 1)1211)0rm fal iIXX %vrm I).ca loop)2il 11 X)211X cr, baword anXdIXCX ther112 Better feed utilization and a resultant boost in performance were recorded when an anticoccidial drug was administered to broilers that had been inoculated with pathogenic coccidia. 1 IT I, - 1 44 1 1 1111f A t - b A. " A a. +t . y. A study of the food habits of the bobcat indicated that this animal is not a serious predator of bobwhite quail. In fact, it was founa to prey on small mammals which compete directly with quail for food. Impacts of the Cattle Egret on its Environment .Aerial reiton nisnc axnti d on-tlot surx ex indlicaite t hat the catt le egirct is increaiing in n umbers in Alabaimai genlt il it lthe expenseI it othier xx di ng hirids. N ext in ies Iin pine pI lntation 111,1v r exl t in the phx xica dtextiruttion if the tree by L the bir1ds And their nesting actix ity. Soml sarples iniatet .1 gircit icrease inl fertilitx ix ei the nesting site. Plhosphil rui mix Lie intreixcd fro 15i to11 1,0 o undsi~il pe AcrI xx ith corIresponiniig inc reaxs in pi tish, mnium xiind cliull At the sanmc timne ihe site ietinex nmore ii. The Vegetable Leafminer The %egetiabhle leafitiv ii ilirui i zar san ie BlIancIhardi, has be- coie a imajor) pesi of sex ciralx egcimhlcx and Appears io he spretiting inil) nex ireas o f the Stile. ToI mato pri duIio nn in north Al ihimr i xxas pi ri icxilirx' iftetetd. Paraisiit ism ii f this pest iringetd from 25 toi 88 pertentin th f ieldl EliiI sprays of sx insectictidesx me. tia pplieLd intl evailutied for efficicx in Lcontrlling3 this pest. ('ilm l I x xignifitinilx hctei in iredu~cing3 the nulmber lot miner thin the fix e o thei inseticLides. Mosquito Vectors of Dog Heartuorm I lxi LiitIe~ werex crcoillectedl trIn a light Itrip ii a LIog pen ai LIoacihapoka in Lecc Ci ~ntVx Alabami, from i April to Smepiemhcr i9I 9 Each mosqiutito xxis tdissected to deteirmine it it cointained tdog hcirtx I rivx Sixteen mosqtu~ito I pcies xx re tiilletted. Onlx lxxi lit ihese xx crc infectect xx ith tdog hcirtx inm, Aedes slictx antl Effects of Fungicides on Insect Diseases in Soybeans Piiputioiinx li f ci inse tl thc intidentc lit fungux tdiseixes xx ri xtuilet1 o n h iiii xinet icx ill xxhci p lantetd ai the 1B1aitk BelIi SuhLioL n a ntl the P1 mt Brecdi ng nit. U\th lv g pext pi ptilitii n x xxscie noti hcavx antl tdiffcrctd Lietxx ten the ixxo loctionx, fuingicitdcx, partiicularlyl BenlI tc antl Duter, influLinitcit i nsect piopuilitio ns xhLi retduting the intitdcntc of entiiniphun ftingiix in thc fielt. I his effct ixxas x crx shiort-lix edI olIiixxing app lict ioin lit the ftingicitdex. The Bobcat in Alabama Aln invcxtigain fI the ro le lit the hiohct t ax prcdtol r on LIuLii p1 inti ns1 in xs uth Al uhimi xx i hcgtin in i ri h 19-5. T he foold~ lihix 'liia indictthat thc hiihct is not i a erioilux predtoir oin hi hxx hite quaiil, bit pi cxx on xnmall iviivivlx xxhitch compete i recilx xx ith LIuiil Ifo r to il Iiomie irange dta wxcie tllIcttetd tirom 20 hohc~tsi iitiumeniedl xWith raio itransiimxniterx. The hioie rangcs of thexe animalx are ippriniiiilx 1,000 ifcrex intl 500 itacxe liii malc intl fcimale hohctx rexpctix clx Thc ix ciigc xxeight of thec 213 lhoicts collctetd xxx ,ippi)\imitlcl 18 pluntdx fiii malex intl 15 potintdx fur tcmalesx and the sx ratio xxix approximaitckx 50:50. RESEARCH INFORMATION Scietits ot the AgriL ultutral Exper iment Station continued to use the sexrxiLces of the Departmenit ofi Researc h Info rnmatio n tioi the disseminatio n of r esearch rexSUltS. Metho ds of it ix mtinationt in- l uded printi ng andI di xtrihot ing Ex~per ient Statnin puLic tati in, prepalation antI release ot stoiries to the mass media I nexx papei x, miagazinies. r adio . and telexviioin), teL hnical art icL es puhlixhed in prt iex-ii a I jouralsaI and nu I iieri LI pro gramsi hld at the Agi tul- LI ratl IFXper i nent Stat i In antI its I )Lt li ng Linits. Ex~peimienit Stattion puli ILat iins p ri duLied LIutring die x ear to- taledl -18 inii iIal repots , ithl 155,200 Lcopies. Tliese "N ere wxidely Llist ilitedl to miemhlers it Alaliania agi iLlturtal and Iinitexx Loiiiiitnity, ax xxeli ax toi selected Lgroupisi in other xtatex anLd tnnier- iux fotreigni counitries. FIL nlt% mehetirs hadl 259 tetlinital artictles piulishxled iin pr otessiiial journxai. Som -0i 0 (U eaxes ainl ouLtlie stlie te r e Llixtt ihutedl tiL xe% liapit . miagazinies andt xiet ialtx piuiilitattionsi ax Wxell ax r adlio anid telexliioin. xxil I h ich hoiglit 1 the atitntionii ota xx iLIL \arietx oif read- eri, listeniers, andt \ iexxet thle etfots and~ accomp~illiimets ot ALI liLrt ii giclitural r exeat Lh. A total itt 31 tielLd Ldax progiratii, area mieetinigs, anLd iothier torn ntii)Litx griu coLniLifierenicex hld at outy iig Liti Ldrinig thle x ea- litroiughit tiii Li ati Li vitts ito rs toi the Agrit Llt LrIal Experimen ct Stattioin. Eac IL asxiI at ii tende lx ionte ori moi re xtaff niemhers fromi tix Ldepiat- mienit andI liuliit ii gix cii SLIL Iisesstiois alit xedi faxce-ito-ace LisxLuLi sionis lietxx ccii rexearchierx and~ Lixerx ot rexec dLata. Esliiitx potrtiaxinig agiclual rexearc L wex re shiown i at 10 strategic loci.atiLonis thirou Lght ut Alahania duirintg the x cat. TIhexe con-i xumier orienited exhiliux wxe xviewed~ lix thiouiatidi at fairx, xshop- Comipicted %X a a 15-minui~te sxide xhoxx on the SLchol ofi AgriL Lltuire, AgriL Lltuiral Expienit Stationi. anid Cotopetratixve Extenion Scr- vice. xx licL ixxax shoxxn hilefore lxxii interiiatioiial Lionfierenices oni ilnmpuix lus 12 Lir minte oither giroupx inciudinig Lix ic L clixS Field day programs at outlying units of the Agricultural Experiment Station were used successfully in informing farmers and ag- ribusinessmen about current research directed at solving agricul- tural problems. RESEARCH OPERATIONS Dr)oiu~ghit .d~ i inetii textion dtLIurting i9 r exlted iiini lar probilemiis in the liiioduLitIion itf feedl for thle Deliartimenit ott A nimal adiL IDairxv SL ciee. Rexsponsxiiiilitilex ftor operatin of a the teatclung fai iiitt rnerx D)epartmet itt Agro nitmi Fatrmi) anit fo r a Lit at Nothl Auhun I tii tierx Agritltultd Enginieering Fatm wi ex rc asxigned~ to tis Deliartimenit Stm itlc ciiixat io n ofi tt lit le at iiothi Liiiitx hx iieeni attomiplixsied. A dwxellig xxax retitixated at the ildi dairx unit Tii Lit ix to he Luxed tfti a lief tattle teaLching hierti Serxvice liuildtngx at Beet Cattie; Fruitx, Nuitx and \Vegetaiiiex: and Fieid Crtopx Ftitx at the . V. Smithi Rexearchi Center xxiii lie Lcomipiete lix mix 1, 19-8. liiir ccnexx dwxeiiingx xxerc compiiletedi diurinig the x cit Nexx fatcilitiex aire ax toiltixi x 1. The Bll Text F aclitx xx ax compiitedl to accommodii~ate 96 iiulls fioi the pierfiormiaiice text pritgramii The atiitx xxiii iie uxed ictx eeui pierftrancie textx for basic niultrititn wiox rk. 2.F tontixructiti is Lliiterx ax oin the niex xeed procexxinig biiild- ig anid iii aninex to the ittite biniiditig p exeti iitLupiedi lix the alaiia Crop 9 I tipn ixe ieiit Xssxi atin. Tis adition wi x ill pinoixide a miiiteirn tchiioiog Leniter to) xerxvice the xeed unduxurx itt the State. 3. A 12-uniit farrointx tg houixe xx ith ilititatinx hix bieti tin- xtr-itted at the Animtial i ealthi Rexearc LinIit. 4.A Fixsi Nuitrititin i ahot atirx at the Nothti ALubiLni Fixsieitex Unit xx?I axLnider tiinitruictiont. 5. Somie rexcanchi xxax iniitiated on petans at the Ikciilicnrx Ttrinnpxeei Untit. Petani xaiex amiiouintedi to $20,00)0 in 19',T. ''w ANNUAL REPORT 1977 Projects Underway AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY Crop, Livestock, and Poultry Management Changing Role of Selected Agricultural Credit Agencies Efficiency of Identification, Assembly, and Transportation of Cotton to Mills and Export Outlets Evaluation of Irrigation Potential for Alabama Freshwater Food Animals Supply, Pricing, and Marketing Alternatives for Cattle, Beef Systems in the South Marketing Alternative Structures for Increasing Efficiency in Inter and Intra Regional Grain Marketing Systems Marketing Performance of Selected Milk Pricing Systems for Southern Re- gion Price Discovery and Informational Flows for Major Agricultural Com- modities in the Southern Region Short-run and Long-run Demand for Broiler Meat The Status and Relation of the Coastal Zone to Alabama's Economy Resource Use and Planning An Econometric Analysis of Variations in Rural Land Value Effects of Investments in Recreational Resources on Income and Employ- ment in Barbour and Marshall Counties Efficient Vehicle Routing and Scheduling for Agribusiness Firms and Public Services Estate Planning for Farmers Financial Management and Farm Growth Law for the Alabama Farmer Leasing Arrangements in the Tennessee Valley Rural Development Defining and Achieving Life Goals Implementation of Continuance Planning in Outdoor Recreation, V Implementation of Continuance Planning in Outdoor Recreation, VI Public Services and Economic Development in Rural Communities Social Organization for Development of Low Income Rural Counties AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Cotton Production Cotton Plant Water Potential as Influenced by Various Tillage and Traffic Practices Engineering Systems for Cotton Production Farm Machinery Automatic Direct Digital Control for Steering Tractors Determining Farm Machinery Capacities Fish Production Freshwater Food Animals Grain Quality Grain Quality Inspection Systems Irrigation Evaluation of Irrigation Potential for Alabama Nut Culture Factors Influencing Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Young Pecan Trees Poultry Production Reproduction Performance of Artificially Inseminated Broiler Breeders Maintained in Cages Responses of Chickens to Variations in Air Temperature, Humidity, and Velocity Selected Environmental Factors on Feathering, Skin Lesions, and Growth of Broilers Utilization of Solar Energy in Poultry Production Soybean Production Herbicide-tillage Interactions on Soybeans and Soil in Monoculture System Waste Control Animal Waste Treatment and Recycling Systems Conserving and Feeding Crop Residues Evaluation of Wastewater Reuse Lagoon Systems Process for Making Animal Feed from Waste from Cattle in Production Units AGRONOMY AND SOILS Beef Production Beef Production on Selected Forage Systems Developing Pasture, Hay, and Silage Management Systems for Cattle Cotton Production Evaluation of Cotton Varieties and Strains Dairy Production Energy and Protein Levels in Silage Concentrate Blended Rations for Dairy Cows Evaluation of Phalaris and Phalaris-ladino Clover Pastures for Dairy Cattle Environment Classification of Coal Surface Mine Soil Material for Vegetative Management and Soil Water Quality Fertilizers and Organic Wastes Applied to Soils Forage Crops Chemical Profile and Nutritive Value of Forage Genotypes Plant Germplasm--Its Introduction, Maintenance, and Evaluation Productivity and Quality of Phalaris, Annual Cool Season Grasses, and Legumes Forage Legume Viruses Grain Crops Grains Crops Variety and Experimental Strains Testing Plant Breeding Breeding White Clover for Persistence and Yield Breeding Phalaris and Tall Fescue for Improved Winter Forage Production Genetics, Breeding, and Evaluation of Sericea and Vetch Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility Availability of Residual and Fertilizer Phosphorus Diagnosis and Correction of Manganese and Molybdenum Problems in Legumes Distribution and Significance of Mineral Components in Alabama Soils 19 Effects of Soil Acidity and Calcium on Soil Solutions and Yield of Crops Enhancing Biological Dinitrogen Fixation in Soybeans and Other Legumes Nitrate Movements in Soil Profiles Relationships Between Micronutrients in Soils, Uptake and Response by Plants Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Soil Physics Movement and Retention of Water and Solutes in Selected Southern Region Field Soils Water Movement in Selected Alabama Soils Water Transport Phenomena in Soil-Plant Systems Soybean Production Cropping Systems and Moisture and Fertility for Soybeans Herbicide-tillage Interactions on Soybeans and Soil in Monoculture System Soybeans Variety and Experimental Strain Evaluation Turfgrass Production and Management of Turfgrass Control and Maintenance of Highway Vegetation Vegetable Production Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Requirements for Vegetable Crops Weed Control Biology and Control of Weeds Competitiveness and Control of Weeds in Soybeans Cultural and Environmental Effects on Herbicide Persistence National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program Economic Thresholds of Weed Populations in Cotton ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES Animal Health Endocrine and Muscle Relationships in Swine and Cattle Significance of Microflora of Healthy Bovine Udders in Mastitis Control Breeding Breeding Methods for Beef Cattle in the Southern Region Effects of Breed and Breed Crosses on Milk Production and Other Factors in a Grade Beef Herd Evaluation of Crossbred Beef Cattle Genetic Improvement of Efficiency in the Production of Pork Performance Testing of Prospective Sires Selected Reproductive Phenomena in Cattle and Swine Dairy Production Comparison of Urea and Soybean Meal in a Silage-based Complete Feed for Dairy Cows Development of Prediction Tests for Microbiological Quality of Fluid Milk Products Effect of Level and Quality of Protein on Lactation in Cattle Evaluation of Phalaris and Phalaris-ladino Clover Pastures for Dairy Cattle Feeding Effect of Feeding Systems and Animal Size on Efficiency of Beef Production Evaluation of Pastures for Yearling Beef Steers in North Alabama Growing and Finishing Stocker Cattle in the Gulf Coast Area Growing and Finishing Systems for Beef Steers in North Alabama Growing and Finishing Systems for Steers in the Coastal Plains The Kinetics of Bacterial Thymidylate Synthetase and its Inhibition by Sub- strate Analogs Forage Production Beef Production on Selected Forage Systems Marketability and Acceptability of Beef Produced Under Forage and Forage- grain Management Systems Relationship Between Properties of Southern Forages and Animal Response Nutrition Chemical Profile and Nutritive Value of Forage Genotypes Effect of Dietary Cholesterol on Longevity in Rats and Factors Affecting Milk Cholesterol in Cattle Energy and Protein Levels in Blended Dairy Rations Gluconeogenesis and Amino Acid Metabolism in Ruminants Legume Protein, Preparation, Evaluation, and Amino Acid Composition and Metabolism Livestock Waste as Animal Feed Relationship of Nucleic Acid and Polyribosome Contents to Growth of Mus- cle of Beef Cattle The Chemical Nature of Possible Toxicity of Products Formed During the Ozone Disinfection of Drinking Water Containing Organic Substances The Quantitative Relationship Between Heat Production and Metabolic End Products in Anaerobic Bivalves Vitamin E for Swine Research in Confinement Meat Factors Responsible for Tenderness Variation in Meat Livestock Waste as Animal Feed Processing and Marketing of Commercially Cultured Catfish Waste Management Animal Waste Treatment and Recycling Systems Conserving and Feeding Crop Residues Evaluation of Wastewater Reuse Lagoon Systems Lagoon Waste Management and Recylcing Systems for Confined Dairy Cattle Processes for Making Animal Feed from Waste from Cattle in Production Units ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH Cattle Neurology of the Reproductive System in the Bull Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Intestinal Parasites in Calves Persistence of Natural Infection in Calves Born to and Nursing Brucellosis- infected Dams Resistance to and Epidemiology of Infectious Agents Affecting Bovine Re- production Transmission of Brucellosis from Cattle to Non-ruminant Wildlife Mammals Virological Aspects of Bovine Respiratory Tract Disease Poultry Relationships of Blood Pressure and Aortic Tissue Lipids and Atherosclerosis in Turkeys Reproductive Performance of Artificially Inseminated Broiler Breeders Maintained in Cages Swine The Role of Endotoxin in the Swine Agalactia Syndrome BOTANY AND MICROBIOLOGY Biological Control Biological Control of Selected Arthropod Pests Diseases Ecology and Control of Soil-borne Fungal Pathogens of Forest Tree Seed- lings 20 Biochemistry and Physiology of Cronartium fusiforme on Southern Pines Ecology and Control of Fusiform Rust on Southern Pines Viruses and Mycoplasma-like Organisms (MPLO) Causing Diseases of Corn and Sorghum Viral Diseases of Selected Grasses: Identity, Control, and Role in Predisposi- tion Rhizosphere Ecology as Related to Plant Health and Vigor Soil-borne Pathogens of Peanuts, Their Complexes and Control Systems for Disease Management in Peanuts and Soybeans Plant Diseases in Relation to Forage Crop Breeding Forage Legume Viruses Epiphytology and Control of Apple and Peach Diseases Epiphytology and Control of Some Diseases of Peaches and Apples Epiphytology and Control of Scab and Brown Leafspot of Pecan Activities of Nematicides and Fungicides on Non-target Soil Nematodes and Fungi The Effects of Seed Treatment Fungicides on the Rhizobium Host Infection Process in LDC Legumes New or Unusual Plant Diseases in Alabama Fungi and Mycotoxins Ecology and Taxonomy of Some Alabama Fungi Physiology and Biochemistry of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi Chemistry and Physiology of Mycotoxins Mycotoxicology of Stored Feeds and Seeds Production of Mycotoxin (Other than Aflatoxin) by Fungi Isolated from Cottonseed Herbicides Minimum Tillage and Double Cropping on Weed Populations and Persis- tence and Fate of Herbicides Fate and Effects of Atrazine in Salt Marsh Ecosystems Morphology, Physiology, Taxonomy Distribution and Habitats of Alabama Poisonous Vascular Plants Flower and Pod Abscission in Soybean (Glycine Max. (L) Merr.) Effects of Environmental Stress Factors on Some Energy-related Processes of Plants Water Transport Phenomena in the Soil-plant System Isolation and Identification of Odorous Metabolites of Aquatic Actinomy- cetes Peanuts Implementation of AMI Method for Determining Peanut Harvest Dates in Alabama Fungal Spore Germination Inhibitors and Stimulators Associated with Sur- face Waxes of Peanuts FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQUACULTURES Aquatic Ecology Management of Aquatic Plants for Sportfish Production in Ponds Stream and Impoundment Ecology Fish Biology Ichthyology Fish Diseases Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Study Pond Management Aquaculture Freshwater Food Animals, I Freshwater Food Animals, II Freshwater Food Animals, III Freshwater Food Animals, IV Procedures for Crayfish Culture in Alabama Ponds Sportfish Management The Culture of Fish, Shellfish, and Aquatic Plants in a Closed System FORESTRY Disease Control Appraisal and Control of Endothia gyrosa on Pin Oak in Alabama Ecology and Control of Fusiform Rust on Southern Pines Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement Breeding and Culture of Christmas Trees Breeding Strategies for Genetic Improvement of Commercial Forest Trees in the South Genetics, Breeding, and Evaluation of Selected Forest Tree Species Forest Physiology and Nutrition Forest Nursery Weed Control Growth and Nutrient Requirements of Selected Hardwoods Leaf Reflectance and Biological Processes of Trees as Affected by Environ- mental Conditions Nitrogen Fertilization of Loblolly Pine (pinus taeda L.) Forest Products and Technology Cold Soaking of Fence Posts in Preservative Materials Evaluation of Particleboard Constructed from Loblolly Pine Logging Residue Evaluation of Southern Pine Plywood Properties Forest Measurements Effectiveness of Standardized Forest Condition Classes for Aerial Photo- graphic Forest Inventory Purposes Forest Site Quality Physiographic Classification of Southern Pine Forest Lands Forest Stand Improvement Effects of Selected Silvicultural Practices on Timber Production and Wildlife Habitats Precommercial Treatment of Semistagnated Natural Stands of Loblolly Pine Variations in Height over Age Curves of Young Loblolly Pine Plantations Harvesting An Indepth Evaluation of Five Forest Harvesting Simulation Models for Use in South Regeneration Classification of Coal Surface Mine Soil Material for Vegetation Management and Soil Water Quality Reclamation of Surface-mined Lands in Alabama Resource Economics Economic Alternatives for Managed Woodlots Forestry's Contribution to Alabama's Economy Resource Management Forest Practice Alternatives in Central Alabama HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH Housing Quality Housing Environment for Low-income Families Nutrition Influence of Dietary Pyridoxine or Tissue Depletion of B-6 in the Rat 21 Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Food Habits and Nutritional Status of Older Persons Metabolic Basis of Appetite Response to Amino Acid Imbalance and Protein Level Patterns of Food Intake and Nutritional Health of Girls Textile Safety Effect of Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metal Ions on Flame Retardancy of Selected Fabrics Selected Factors Affecting the Consumer Use Performance of Flame Retar- dant Fabrics Soiling, Soil Removal, and Durable Press Traits of Flame Retardant Cotton/ Polyester Fabrics Textile Utilization Consumer Perception of Changes in Fabric Properties Effect of Near Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation on Selected Non-linear Polyamides HORTICULTURE Breeding Breeding for Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight and Cucumber Beetles in Pickling Cucumbers Breeding Improved Tomato and Pepper Varieties for the South Genetics and Breeding of Muskmelon and Watermelons Genetics and Breeding of Plums Southernpea Breeding for Insect and Virus Resistance, and Nature of Insect Resistance Management Factors Influencing Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Young Pecan Trees Height Control in Floricultural Crops Nutritional, Cultural, and Varietal Investigation of Apples Peach Nutritional, Cultural, and Varietal Investigations Regulation of Pistillate Flower Development in Pecan Ornamentals & Landscape Conservation Economics of Producing and Marketing Woody Ornamentals in the South Nitrogen Requirements for Containerized Nursery Plants in Bark Growth Mixes Identification and Control of Diseases on Ornamental Plants Small Scale Computer Land Use Modeling in Coastal Alabama Soil Fertility Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Requirements of Vegetable Crops Utilization Quality Attributes of Selected Cultivars of Fruits and Vegetables New Foods from the Southernpea Varieties Performance Trials of Commercially Important Vegetable Crops POULTRY SCIENCE Breeding Artificial Insemination of Broiler Breeders Reproductive Performance of Artificially Inseminated Broiler Breeders Maintained in Cages Disease Control Coccidiosis Study Coccidia and Coccidiosis of Poultry Development of Avian and Fish Virus Antigen Systems 22 Diagnostic Services-Poultry Genetic Bases for Resistance to the Avian Leukosis Complex Relationship of Blood Pressure to Blood and Aortic Tissue Lipids and Atherosclerosis in Turkeys Susceptibility of Eimeria Species to Coccidiostats Environment Response of Chickens to Variations in Air Temperature, Humidity, and Velocity Selected Environmental Factors on Feathering, Skin Lesions, and Growth of Broilers Utilization of Solar Energy in Poultry Production Eggshell Quality of Domestic Fowl Feeding Livestock Waste as Animal Feed RESEARCH DATA ANALYSIS Statistics Development and Maintenance of Statistical Analysis System Evaluation of Irrigation Potential for Alabama ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY Ecology Ecological Impacts of Wading Birds on Aquatic Environment Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama Natural History of the Alabama Red-bellied Turtle Miscellaneous Auburn University Entomological Museum Endocrine and Muscle Relationships in Swine and Cattle Structure and Function of Chemical Messengers of Arthropods Pest Control An Integrated System for the Suppression of Boll Weevil Biological Control of Selected Arthropod Pests Biology and Control of Arthropod Pest of Pecans Biology and Control of Arthropod Pests of Woody Ornamental Plants in Alabama Biology and Control of Selected Peanut and Soybean Insects Biology, Ecology, and Control of Forest and Shade Tree Insects Bionomics and Control of Arthropod Pests of Corn, Sorghum, and Small Grains Bionomics and Control of the Face Fly and Other Diptera Bionomics and Control of the Pecan Weevil Biosystematics of Scale Insects of Alabama Control Tactics and Management Systems for Arthropod Pest of Soybeans Ecology and Management of Heliothis spp. on Cotton, Corn, Soybeans, and Other Host Plants Insect Enemies of Bark Beetles Infesting Southern Pines Southern Pine Beetle Vegetable Insects Research Wildlife Management Bobwhite Quail Studies Ecological Studies of Wild Turkeys Furbearer and Mammalian Predator Studies General Wildlife Studies Reproductive Physiology of the Wild Turkey Woodcock Studies Report of Income 1977 Source of Funds State (appropriated) $ 5,510,000 41.5% Federal (appropriated) 2,648,208 19.9% Sales & Auxiliary 3,076,473 23.2% Grants & Donations 2,041,120 15.4% Total $13,275,901 100% Research Expenditures Beef Cattle 12.50 Cotton 4.10/0 Dairy Cattle 6.50/0 Feed Grains 2.90/0 Fish & Wildlife 14.24%0 Forestry 6.80/0 Fruits, Nuts & Vegetables 7.70/0 Human & Resource Development 2.5% Ornamentals & Turf 3.2% Pasture & Forage 8.3/ Peanuts 3.1% Poultry 7.3% Recreation .6% Soils, Land & Water 7.1% Soybeans 5.2% Swine 5.8% Other 2.2%_ a lInformation contained herein is atvai/able to all uwithout regard to race co/or, or national on'gin. 71 4