V

V
A

'I-

I

_

J

TJKt

E,E

vm s

±8~t~

DIRECTORS COMMENTS

MAY WL I\TRODlL (-Y-

lilt ial pr1 dtc tion Ilitis at t 11)1h hCiii IMIi IN , ,landt anti isotlated IrotnC e' cvrtitlhin cc. Wih toaL~N lohal co~ncetrn, Ihotit c12oniclit. a itainaIhilil of1 aL11iicnlttu. aiitd the enx iiinllii. pio(lrthiln ar-1iculture lace,. ditticuit hlohlem,. ~cnuc ditionalix not iMtx cild in ma-i-icntimi'i flO\\ liax Cimnlnelc itlipact On a''t icnitnic. \eLencieN lot tihat tatiiiliai xwith '. aicuittn nla\ rea~ulate the t\ Ipc, and amonntxot heil estock piroductiOnl. usedi in Ci op anti lix (iOmple\ prObleiti" I etuire dii Icrett eXpIiNC hic oc to x LOWELL T. FROBISH them. 1Ateami approach IN required to tIee 1 )eo Nte111 that .x addi cv' al ol the iNNsie,. Teaim iiiemberx should not he liimited to the ciniici cdlmmtnit\ hut shouild include m teChndot-,x tiali~tel coilpoiient. I ediial ptiiCLIW titi1-duei, -CnC icsC and. imost Iiliportailt of all. Recently a pr'ogr'am \x dev eloped that iincoirpotrated all axpcct (, o a teail/ appiroacht a, to attack at poniti pi ohiem. Pouitri, :\lahanta N tollam oiiiiiotlitx. total iiie f ii i0.000tI 5I . I Ihillion i nciome iln 195 and prooxidiii the iic cli Iiihood fo

T ',

)I .il/lhia'c l/r tilte

ahri~t no man hciti

an island-

f'
NliIatc

Pt CNN ill
tuieN. xx

Ofii ho

f

~ihIriCN

anti Allied

\ynuat

A'

ti-a-

the

\Al \Iilainc I
ini

\A

( 't'iter

\Iohilc

tI Auur cain a 13 dle ll /1)1/Il io toil tl)liio \ elex aii ci~itx at a \I S or iii

iOl P'itOi Rico.

\\ title

Carii L
et
\~ii.late.

ti/c Ph I). iii a, a RC,1cau

I'i NIic,
\N~i~tant

ZN\ iuhn, h/. t iler
ti

Rc~calc dl

igoal \Alahanta i, the second lait/e~t hri ilei pii ninL ,l xatc. and onr IN to hecottie the nunlhei One state. The rapid aroxx th ofthil/I indu~tr\ haN lot heen \\ ithotit pi ohlentiN. x hick pill\ \\ ilature and dead hin rt(li~po~a I a e lif pimte iniipiiitautc . .\Iaiit i pirodu~edl has enonc1h niti'OIien to let tiliie mote than 27(1.00N) acres of crtoplaitd at atrate ofi 2(1( Ih. pci ac'e In addition. the pho~phoi ti aind plitx~it cottnit iii pouiltry italtre xxotilti NatiNlx tile reylniiementN foi miaigy A':Ath\ial ',/i cropN. llilNcd oil a normilal miortality rate. it iN estiima~ted that 750 til, ot dead hiiiei caxxex ilinxt he disposed ol each xxeek. tacrceptahlc piacticeN ol xxaste and dead hind 0/,110>al can ca~e i'\tetlnlil
NeiOLIN
Ntotll

~\lahamiatix.

Ini,/Necult ii'ilo

plisitionl.

\allacC IN xxliiki/lar'

Nex dat ailel ialixr [iilutill C

IIC, Itax

iOi (\ix t,
c~tu.Ii x

ai/d IlaN heei l/N ntiuillnt n( diltex cliupiii a
Nx

achiI Ot

pletlittille the iiipaict of einx iiuitiieitaii fac-

Sonic lesult, Ot ihi xxoik ale reported in

Noixx1(11the 'estof1the

plihlei//N foi ti/C potiltry iltutrN Rcpie~cntatix eN Itite ponltr iildutl\ . ('opelrtix Setix ice. Soil] (lnseix atioi/ Seix ice. ceulatoixv a.'ci/CN. aiditi\rit tiltitial
Station caine toLt/eti andt tackled the puohleni l Oi OUtIA vv a~te cn/t alotUltrx \\atel \Il ritiletlt xxau tihC dex cli/plileit olm

1' 'pe'il/Cut
dlisposal.

Ihcn li

of tile x a~te pillltr\ produltc'tion/ niitN, n/almleeleit ot tile xxaxte produltcedi. lie mtecrial a, ei tili/c- r i attle feetl. cOnttiulliii1 the Npireat d odixtaeNs llrOUi''l dead
liiit. hirds. andi most iimportaiit of all. protectioli of the cnii plohicul. dcx elilpinrl c 11 IThe team IN tol he cinetratniateti toit, CItN in Imiacii tile ircoil/melldatlons til correct tile piolclel at/d policit",the inltrt\ to eiNtii e that

1p1-0)(21 xxaltC dispO1;Al liitllid,

.lC uNed.

Regular application of ON THE COVER. fungicides provided effective control of rose diseases in AAES research. (See story on page 13.)

I
x lha i.

Sp~ring; 1991 A ul. 38, AN.I
\Jii

Iii~tl

I

\I)CI
1

lln \.

Sti a

.1I Il

I ll

xuhuiii t liii

cII 1 k. ii:

I)

i/

P II

INIIII/ I [//

I/

dl ii/I

kkw

n1otind 'icate

ctiiiiiIII:

h\ thel~ i/IiiI

I

Siix I lit~

I If

I

u/uc luIf

(luf

f

,

rnil( /nk

Proi \ t
i: 4 /'ulmc

trII.

itit haNl x .1 ICU .iIir tx i~i~ .1111111r 1111112 1 -

(' xxI: I! tt

. Bk(

I

kl :(

nl t IC 'liiC1.1. iii' (I ( (~shii l)( iill R II If lii

i/t

ii/uri l ril

iuuutun

~ni\ranlhucrt

I~. xI.I.S\ .NxI/R ( I, klituli
PMi Ri IiRSI\ i....
K: xI I I l <1, xI ii~ l ..... / I il:I (:
I
1.1.1ai I. lo

" i)Ct l~it

tt il///Ic

\(

I IN

t..). \\

SIt'.

P/

/I 1

1

-1

~P.A.

BACKMAN, J.C. JACOBI. and D.P. DAVIS

PEANUT LEAFSPOT CONTROL SYSTEM CUTS FUNGICIDE USE, MAINTAINS DISEASE CONTROL

AU-PNUTs RULES
,p[ai Staiiiin a\N ed in ppli
,\
ai

tI i\a

',c.

l -

c\clopctI
'ii. t on rn Nit

NIcni

callcd At,
l

Ki' ti,

Iac () ir
( ,c of

icirand
Al -Phut, tunci_4'

a
'4'

TESTED FOR PEANUT LEAFSPOT CONTROL
I"or
the
used of

tikc foi thiN aipproach. NuictcN~ttii tui ap liIcin l

the se

* rules ti h ter

"ai

cliiiinatcti Llne i!

illttii

In ith NCN thduitiiil
i~el in tiitti thliN.utth

I

licp

Contrilt

L*r

Plaint Ililtloii'It,

hiNc iiii-c kiio \Ni that

d~ent" nmeans anN (laN withi more than 1/10 in. of'raiii. or' more thani 1/10 in. of irrigation sater. or with a t'og that begins before 8:00) j).m1. If' you hlix planis to irrigate soon, the forecast for a raiin c' ellt is 10(1%

the lit yit ith,

h111t'N iic nitu
ito

aNle

penuc te lalkt iii

c-t
-SPRAT

A. TIMIING FO(R 'THE FIRST OF THE1 SE'ASON:

t ic N pcd h tlI
mcd ut
Iitte,,c

-

iittic aplctiNLinl
arenotli

(In pctid bc
otiii Ni\ cd
addiion
Ie'.oft

titi alc\hN In

~'i~l

l

i

'.\,

1. Atfter plIanlt emergence. b~eginl counijng ler of ratin ecents. For n011rotated the numb1 cts peaInuts, spray %hen 0 rain cen hai e been recorded, wshile I'or rotatedI peanutts spraiN lls. I o q ualif' as rotated,. ,after 8 rain cen (here should he no Voluinteer peanuts in thew
pr~eN ious rotation crop. Or, in thle lower 2. if' lcafspot is obserl l ea'.es of the plant (2 or more leaf'spots per plIant), sprat inimediatcly e~en il'the numb11Ier of rain c~ ents in rulec I has not b~eenl

~'

ale

th

ic tlc ticpp idt Alc

ittiollc

ahcm Il

i~tnN

thc

iiiec

in

aii pciit

'**

,.

1Hl

41id

pc~ui\ plcitedt hin titi Ntiimt'~N ititictidu u
''nitc It! ii r L~lt i cNluit tth

inlc I P i) itittuliiii t
N i
-U 'litiII

faIN cn ii r

Iporec I lihel Itict

reachled. pc di lp on.11,-a io

ciiptcknt

a'~~ ,\t'\

tht

adN iic, I

morii

appiopt. tiNilit''loN
iIcItN

R. 'TIMING FOR SECOND) AND) ALL LATEIR SP~RAY .\PPLI(ATIONS:
I. D iscontinue Iuingicide applications if' Nou are within 14 dax s of' Iar~ est. Or. 2. if' yon are more than 1.4 cay s from Irest. Nwait 11) (lass after the preu ions fungicide application, then b~egin counting rain e~ents and( checking the 5-day wecather forecast. et. at. l'.xei if' no rainfall has occurred % if' t le a~ erage ratinfall p~robabl~ity for the Ilext (lays is 60't' or higher, spray iI1mediatch~. ( )I", h. spraiy after 1 rain e~ ent if' the av erage rainfall probab~ility is 40"t or greater for the next
5 (lass.

Icti'cntolictcciiiict

'uIct di ctop~ aiit o thte piatc,
i N'lOLV i iN i

o

ru eilt'itti t oc il ittn
10

Lrl'

i h

i'c tu
crnc I
tpcntct th

,itci\c
ht
t

o ,itie i, i

~n
e ,

thiNr NNN

i

c I

cr ii

to Iuof

~ cNpoNNci c
i

i'
iNNt

c

NNci lu .i i Ni ii'm it holc-m aNaN

i ri'ittl

iICii

tht ta c i ice
N
N

allot6-

8ilt' it

till I/p itin

tiin. ti N~h int
iii I'Ia iii'' ii Ul i i L iii

Or." c. spray affer 2 rain c~ ents if' the ai erage

rainlall p~robability f'or fthe next 5 dIays is 211':( or- higher. Or. Ieen r'edi. spray %%heni 3 rainl evenits hiae b co rdied.

Alaubitmai Agicu iiiliitura

Expcimo Jl i/

StationU/

A.H. CHAPPELKA, B.G. LOCKABY, R.S. MELDAHL, and J.S. KUSH

RESPONSE OF FIELD-GROWN LOBLOLLY PINE TO OZONE AND ACIDIC PRECIPITATION
( I1) RA~ nIit o/lote aie the nietxt IN prevxailint atmottsph~eric poillutants
Cauiiniit aiaLe toi ttrest, in Ccit-al FUtope arid high dCx atiotix in

utidixtui bd xoil in Jiinary 1988. Thle seed-

xpecies.
xtrexxex.

North Am\ic ta. There i, ,oimc Ccrn ii b 'eieili't, tha~t these polluttani, arc CaliiLO a ',l0oxxtlxn in 2i oxxth in Soten i pines. A, partofa5- catr ional ii tjeetiuippoited by the Southern Ciommrntcial Forcxt Reseaich Copeatix e of the U SDA\ Foe,(

Servxice. research at the Alabama \i ricultut al I-xperiment Station found o/one to
hae mote directl ellect on sonmc pine

lmx wetc exposxed to acid raiti and oionte , ticatineni he zinning in the xutttitet ol 1988. Aftet eaitr,, hih and diaimetet 'tox th anti aboxe -oond (irv hiomaxx liii xeedliltxs taoxxnin i cliatihet, Cottaithtt' ti/itte it 2._ tim~es that ol, amitetnt aiii xete 8 ,(. 18 % and 2(,i. i expeett\clx. lcx, thani the xeedlilly troxxn iiiU (1amnbient) air, for the oonie-,et~tix e amilx .,xeetable. Uione did not "illtificaitix at lect t oxxth oii biotaix
proidnctioni in the toletrant faii. \t ntt

ort prellixlit tires tit thet sttch as di iiiht. brewx tended to tiuxx bettet at Ioxxei pHtiretets (pH 3.3. 4.)) comtpared wxith thtose ticated wxith PH 5.3 traitn solutionittx i toted in the tahle. Thle ,oil in xx ichI the trces wxetc t t ixtns!x Nax det icitent ini N antd P. anid N itiptx 1irim the rain appeat tot act ax a ettlizetr. B-ecuse ptitenitial acid rain Ci-

et tectx nux not occuri in juxt twx 0

rto\\iii

emxa but may tamke decades to appeat. nnx. A]ict Growxth alter ?yxeats. T hese data indicate that it
eeilttationx Citntinue to ti/one Coil In tipI Rc11di
i-%tali

geiioty pex. thou11li both ptillutatt are potential threats to Sotutherni lotext,. I- lccts of acidic precipitatio~n and oioine tin lohiollx pinie wee in estig-ated uxine?lari e open-top chltiei, on~t neted xx ith rain eXeluxion CO\ ci . 1Thirc e id Irinc levl wxrc applied: pH 3.3. 4.3. and 5.3. Font oone t atmtents xx rc nsed: Chanmhet w ith x air t iltered thiouth Charcoal to remto\ e ambient o,'one (CF): chambers xx itli atitent aiNIF). and ehatiibr, wxhere amhiient aitt xxas xuipplentented xxith two itConcentrationx of oi/zonc abi ixe amhbie nt. see table. Sixm\ onthi-old. Containecri lltxHxedhuit fotn two hmtli xihlijiL tfamtiliex. dli tletile
int/ oitte ,eiyit t. wxetc plantted ini

I

I.

kili

itictmie in tii

at ca.

ieduC-

ttutnx in tinibet =r oxxtit ate

poxxihlc. Iu-n
ther rceaiCh

Htaanr \-,i) Dl,\\irreit Gp(m m ,\,,t) Atiocl_ ewocyu Biu lvss m FWIL), OZONE, yND NI Twi A Awi row Lorsl.o.t.i PI M S:AI'I.IGS EXPOSI'L1) Two Y1 WS IN ON \- I (W 1:0k
CH 011M RS, AL M RN

iteeded. hoxx cx r. toi
is determnte if curt ii xll ofioioite ate

Trettnent

tOzotne-toileirti pines H-eght Diamter Biomass'x

(lit ne-senstie pines
H-eigt

C ......... F
NF .... t ....

175i
1.7 1.i5 1.5

ine g'ent it>it oriotther tiee

N X 1. ... F Qt t -i2-i ....

142 35i 34

itH 3 . ... _..
Ht 4.3 .... ..

3t
4t
1y)

itH ...... 5.
Bi tl I m

1.,I() I(5
=t,

ttxix

i tttttt

(wooutd aund tolitiee) drv na-I

it

VI

I q
Open-top plastic cylinders used to test the impact of ozone and acid rain on pine seedlings.

Alabamtna iA ricult urn! Avperimcwi

S/o ion

R K. WALLACE, W.M. HOSKING, and C. L. ROBINSON

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS EXPLAIN SHRIMP HARVEST FLUCTUATION
(IN IF RCIAL browsn shrimlp
illm NMobile B3aN has oN e the past 30iyears.
I'loo

onle.

Ni) proution eaeh Neal i, 101 p of sNimp1111.

Liepelclelt

andledllectionl) f)rI1975-87 v~ ete examlinled
tor thleir potential
tl

landnw-,

onl at new' el

Ireiationsip,~

tuo eu

thle

tiactuLatedl
froim a

Result, indieate thlere Isno elationslipl lr

11.0 ltI

l.

to a
\'i

betvween thle I eatch
thle pres
iIILI

inl one Nca ean het's'seei

d thle catech

Niled a111,1 mn

aI

hale

aotl

\Ne

bio

1 , I.2 m ill u

Ilh. ing,cl\ Ub

IIionleltal

year . Not floleN thlere appear to tile numiiier ot'

leNsiltjnL'' ill Nslme

711 iahle's. Nm
Nprinl Cle Ielated with111 m lox's cr
I INer LllIelated Ceorre

daita t rom1 a 12-vcar peiodI.

\lUbaiii

hle a relationipNl

Hi111 ii\eI eldilarseN ill carkN
N'sr

cultural Lypcllimceft Stat ion c~eareb NN aN able tof abiut 90I tlll

IIpajat

chrLb ii
Iithl e ert

igh' caltces. Ilui'
discellal

Fluctuation, shrcim e

in tile"

eIll

IM1Ll\ INhad pt punalt >ill con
eurlc hroI I i\l
tillrn 1

t 11) sIAI lcatchi imp eliseilarse inl

tilehii'hlet (1.70)N itlt
W\hen

hn thmerca ~.and
:t
tCipittite

lanlualyva Nohndwihp

recre atiodale tnis.. k t presso iers an fiesher, qaic toi
Noc eai

la111

t

a'so

lam in

'Ltna
<.

<.'c
,hi 1 111 IL Th i
'ithl

n t.I>ae sshe i th

'

eoLuld be f it wssell

pet ne and a qickntoti' acceptN htiio'r catchep dp1nC a)I N's n nd.~il he
p

in~ l"

thle knlown'i habitat rc lii's'
Nulinit\ w'sater

CLuse li Nhei on to has
I ealI~ticepeetat

nor m e
ion,~l

.'

andlo~ (INsatel telillelatill to ju LI le& hrown1 Ni1111 ut Ni\ al. Hi'sib riN er Llisell,II 5 lead', er Ill t e I ILielN

and allo'

mnanatee

to1

hetci focus oil eCondit ionl~ s hich m~as iindeedlf~
eilntrl

bute to dtie

il][
ot the

Ily Nill oN's

i

eIlo h

l ocINaIl

watir NeN palc

L

,ilIN
ill ott shoie wNatel
N

l

feullpleei

IAN -ut's

_

.

(Gill dui lil late

's'sinter. :A inIlce tinale ma\ fl oduec 500t.000) to I .000lttt00

Brown shrimp pirediction model (river discharge in January, precip itation the last
nd half of March, ai water temperature the first half of May). Inset: Researchers samI~ple juvenile shrimp nursery in the Mobile Bay estuary.
IlieloCeic~i loN dllLi

til

los' Nlinil condI~itiio~n. IThe inform~lation~ also eanl

e''" te
shrimip

llatchling'. the
''ii

IlostiliNra ,ilN
eiI 5 ItilvNsatel,

im 111

ibCIN oI

d enteinIlg thle
catch.

lai Nae

thloL''h a Ne a,

aNdil tile

NiihsedtiCelt

Ii's Cl uilselal 'e. te~l~elntLcr ( tile Iait

NMareh

0111. andeNi

N'satel

\ elipnllental ,tai''e 's'said shorlle

tile'

ale CarrIied toAS they

IHoNwe~e.

thlere i, CN IiCneC that cnioN-111
tundIsin IIIIlrlel NareaN

l C NN~r eiemeibild w'sithl cal N'sithl
Comlete

laiidiiia

b's tide, anld

LIII Ient

Iientcnil Codiiltionl,

ill llIN OLIN calrN to projlect 1988 laliis Iifrmlation).

apprlloach ecoastal ar eaN. tile's aellie

tile il,N e a major0 el eel oil tile numhclbe of sNimp Nailable till har1,11Nt. 1111 posilar 'al ta''ec and Neck the proltectliol anid tooid tound in ',Iallos' has, and tahai',l Tile \AAIS rc~ealeil, bellis' eConduled~e at
Ill LII 'selN al eaN . Here tile\ beenine lee og

I he Ill natliiitl Ilidel pr edieted a hcmo lovv aN era''e eCitel N'sile tile actulal eatelh
'saN NolleN's at hillel. ULe ot tmole pleelde leealell 'sholdl li IlpIIIN field data front1

tile ALubII l UirieNIN an1d. Re~ealc dl eltr
Ldeterinle mlental

NMarIiCe i':tcnsiio
Cnin-1(1 pIst

il~l/ae aN cs lIe Nhrimp .Upoin leaeliIl' I to 2 ill. ill lI L''tl thle ,hin tp~ be'ill to lea\ e tile shlloli's , anld 'stuNs INeturn oil' lilt ealht ill eatei I to thle (Gill to ,pas' I anld einuplete thili tle y le. [31ONs 1nh ip
''ellealls dolno liltI\e to siN'sI moie thanl

ill NoioIle, IN Nekill" to
he hILIN's uIsed ii to e'splainl t

if hlitoiclalIN aNailable thle

prledctioni eapaililtleN.

data call

Nalriaitionl, ill

~ca111 tcll.
N'wind

No1st lIl In shi I, 'sISio kC1 n lsItied~ Aytiru Iliii .

bile Ri'sr eicehaiLc, Nioile BaN
ictelpelattle. lieal lalinfall. aiid

NN :tei

rr

N ssosiIi

Sst I

t~is

I 'sleee

Alci 1i;;iaAg~ricul/toval I's.pi-imnt Stattioni

T.L. BARGE, J.R. HURST, and H.B. STRAWN

LONGEVITY AND STABLE WORK FORCE HELP

SOUTHERN AG

BUSINESSES SURVIVE
holdings of more than $100,000 and employed an average of 10 persons. Most surviving firms enjoyed larger volumes of business throughout the 1980's. In addition, many of the businesses that began operation during the decade increased sales to more than $1 million by 1988 by responding to customer needs in a particular area. Changes in credit policies and extent of services offered were viewed by all types of agribusinesses as the most important areas in the survival of the firm. Most businesses also felt that their use of market information helped them make improvements such as recognizing changing farm enterprise combinations, demand for new producers and services, and non-agricultural opportunities. Changes inthenumber of employees, changes in product mix, and changes in advertising programs received only minimal credit for agribusiness survival. To understand the actual changes that different types of agribusinesses experienced during the 1980's, six firms were selected for case study. The managers of the firms were personally interviewed to profile management strategies which allowed them to remain economically viable throughout the decade. Several factors were common to the survival and success of each of the agribusinesses studied. Each manager had a strong understanding of the elements in the agricultural industry, and they were constantly evaluating the structure, direction, and economics of the sector in which they were involved. They recognized that agriculture is dynamic in nature and that examination of the driving forces that cause it to change both nationally and locally is necessary to formulate effective competitive strategies. The importance of cash flow throughout the year was emphasized by all of the agribusiness managers. Industry-wide trends indicated more restrictive credit policies for customers stemming from the repayment problems that existed in the early 1980's. Most firms adopted a 30-day cash policy, and the continual monitoring of accounts receivable kept bad debt problems to a minimum. The managers felt that they had built a strong reputation for providing excellent quality products and services at competitive prices with customers in their market areas, and they saw no need to mount direct attacks against their competitors. Rather, they retained existing customers and attracted new clientele by responding quickly and reliably to the changing markets in their area. For example, demand for lawn and garden products and services outpaced the demand for large scale agricultural inputs, and many firms aligned their product mix to the needs of the homeowner and small, part-time farmer. Adding value to products by offering ready-to-use products or backing sales with quality service also was beneficial to increasing volume of business. Reducing the cost of providing goods and services also aided in keeping those firms profitable. Procurement costs of products were minimized by taking advantage of manufacturer incentives and by finding lower cost sources from which to purchase the items. Retaining profitability during the contraction in the agricultural industry was crucial to the survival of agribusinesses. Increasing sales yields allowed for higher net revenues per unit sold. By maintaining detailed records of the cost of operating the business, information on per unit profit margins was obtained by allocating the costs among products and services. In turn, the managers solicited those segments of the market from which they could obtain higher per unit profit margins from sales. The findings of this study indicate that the most critical element to the survival of agribusiness firms is a comprehensive understanding by management of the economic forces impacting the industry and the implications for their industry sector and a willingness and ability to make adjustments.

RECENT three-state survey of agricultural businesses by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station indicates firms with many years in operation and a stable work force were more likely to survive the financial stress of the 1980's. Changes in credit policies and services offered also played key roles in survival. The U.S. agribusiness sector expanded rapidly during the 1970's, evidenced by planted acreage of principal crops increasing an average of 1.6% per year from 1975 to 1981. Most sectors of the agricultural industry increased employment and production capacity to meet demand both at home and abroad. However, from 1981 to 1987, these trends reversed. In the South, acres planted in principal crops have declined 45, 41, and 24% for Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi, respectively. As a result, demand for both agricultural inputs and commodity marketing services declined, and the agribusiness sector had to make adjustments to deal with the reduction in agricultural production. In the AAES study, six counties with different types of farming systems were selected from Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. A directory of agribusinesses was developed for each county, and a brief questionnaire was sent to the firms, such as farm supply stores, machinery and equipment dealerships, and cotton and grain buyers, to collect general information concerning the type and scope of agribusinesses in that county. Analysis of the agribusinesses in the study showed that most firms which survived the financial stress in agriculture during the 1980's had been established for some time and maintained the existing management throughout the downturn. The firms averaged more than 22 years in operation and almost 13 years under present management, indicating the importance of the professional reputation of the firm to its survival. Sixty-eight percent of the agribusinesses preferred the advantages of limited liability, such as those a corporation can provide. These firms had substantial business 6

Barge is Associate Extension Economist; Hurst is Extension Economist; Strawn is Professor of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology.

Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station

M.D. CANNON, J.L. ADRIAN, and N.R. MARTIN

PROPOSED CAPITAL GAINS TAX REDUCTIONS WOULD INCREASE FARM FINANCIAL STRENGTH

of discussion among U.S. lawmakers, and theis issue is topic gains a major critically important to the Nation's agricultural industry. Prior to the 1990 Congressional Budget negotiations, Ron Durst and Clifford Rossi, of the USDA Economic Research Service, analyzed the effects of alternative capital gains taxation proposals on tax liability and bid prices associated with Iowa farmland. Their methods and major assumptions have been applied in Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station research to determine how the current tax law and proposals would affect bid prices for Alabama farmland. Primary issues concerning capital gains include effectively addressing treatment of such diverse assets as timber and corporate stocks, and handling variable holding periods, rates of inflation, and differential income levels of investors. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 discontinued the preferential effect of the 60% exclusion on capital gains income. This change has had an adverse effect on sellers of farm assets and timber who have relied on the capital gains exclusion for tax relief when assets are tied up for long time periods and inflation impacts value. Bid prices for farmland (prices that would yield a given after-tax return to the investor) have also been affected. A proposal including a 45% exclusion for long-term capital gains was part of President Bush's 1990 Budget Proposal. Failure to pass this proposal led to consideration of variable percentage exclusions for capital gains in the President's 1991 Budget deliberations; that is, a 10, 20, or 30% exclusion for property held 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Another capital gains proposal involves indexing for inflation. The current law, enacted in 1986, imposes taxes on the nominal change in value, not the real change. Thus, higher taxes result on the real gains when inflation is high. The primary objective of this AAES analysis was to see how farmland bid prices in Alabama would be affected by these alternative proposals for capital gains tax treatment.

CAPITAL

10-20-30% exclusion, the bid prices would The analysis is based on several assumptions: inflation rates of either 4 or 8%; a increase about 1%, while with the indexing required after-tax rate of return of 6%; alternative it would increase about 5%. annual net income from land of $50 per The analyses show that all three proacre; an investor tax bracket of 28%; and no posals would be more favorable to sellers real appreciation in land values. A 5-year of farm assets and timber than the current holding period was used to determine law, especially under shorter holding peshort-term effects, while a 30-year hold- riods and higher rates of inflation. The ining period was used for testing the long- dexing alternative would encourage the term effects of capital gains alternatives highest per acre bid price. Higher bid on the bid price, as illustrated by the table. prices would result in a stronger financial Using a 5-year holding period and 4% base for Alabama farmland owners. The inflation, the bid price would be $524 per proposed capital gains tax reductions could acre under the current law (no capital gains increase the financial strength of the farm exclusions). Enactment of a 45% exclusion sector and increase the attractiveness of would increase the bid price by $32, or investment in Alabama farmland. about 6%. The variable exclusion (10-2030%) provision would increase the bid price Cannon is Graduate Assistant and Adrian and byabout4% over the current law, to $545 Martin are Professors of Agricultural Economics and per acre. However, the indexing proposal Rural Sociology. would increase the bid price of Alabama farmland to $600 FARMLAND FBID PRICEs UNDER DIFFERENT CAPITAL GAINS TAXATION METHODS, 5 -YEAR AND 30-YEAR HOLDING PERIODS AND 4% AND 8% per acre, a 14% increase over INFLATION the current law. At the 8% level of inflaBid price by inflation rate and holding period tion and a 5-year holding period, the indicated bid price is $475 per acre under current
Capital g ains alternati, ves
4% inflation 5-year 30-year 8% inflation 5-year 30-year

law. The bid price would be holding holding period period understandably lower under 8% inflation because of the Current law.. ............... $524 $577 545 584 10-20-30% e xclusion resulting higher real capital 556 587 Indexing ..... on .......... gains tax liability. Under 8% ............... 600 600 inflation, a 45% exclusion would increase the bid price about 10%, while the variable exclusion would increase it just over 6%, to $506 per acre. If inflation adjustments were imposed through indexing, the result would be a 26% increase in the bid price, to $600 per acre. Analysis of the long-term effects of capital gains, usNO ing a 30-year holding period, indicated that bid prices exceed those under the current law for both 4 and 8% levels of inflation. Under a 45% exclusion, the bidprices would increase about 2%. With a

holding period $475 506 524 600

holding period $571 586 584 600

Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station

G.E. AIKEN, S.E. SLADDEN, and D.I. BRANSBY

USING HIGHER MOWING HEIGHTS IMPROVES QUALITY OF BERMUDAGRASS HAY
andt4-iii. tnttxin'' hei'hts:

atftCtCt> hoth x icit and yutal itx o hay 11CtLiet hat vetiii', resutlt,~ in loxx xilds aind g'ood CILIAit xx O, hil to elliettut hat xetiii' hoots, viCit hut i ctIiiCC hd\ yutalt. H -igher
iituida~t~

decltine, hetxxccni the 4l atitt7-in. toixinc he iohtx xxcec onlx 8 4 Ci uite Pi oteitn antId wcrec otppostite intheir re-

L~yf~

vide >ome Cot pCn~~tion lot the Ioxx cjalitv, hut thi, i, of little henefit if the c~oal is to Prtoduie high-yuialitx haNy. MoNlox in

itton"

eiht n tx to ceti

hei''ht i, aitother tactor knowxn to affect Stelti arid yltality arid ny to' a hig hci mowiiig hitetcht Could Po'~ihlx offset the ati c re et tc t that dehi etd har\ estin", ha', oin hei nttdacia',' yjtality . T his po'sihtlitx xx itix etithited inifthe ,ttiiCi ax of 190oii an exitting, 'taind of Cioastal hei viudat~ at An\thurt i Plotwjc mtowd itiohdil let coient hitiatnon ol threc moxxin'' heig'ht, (1.4. and 7 ini.) and lixe itoxxin'' iitcrx itx( I.'_ 3. 4. and 6 xx cek) ox ci i I ?-vx 'kperiod. Piori tiio\ iii!.th iloits wc eirIctilieti xitli rate, o 0, 44. and 160 Ih. pcr act c. ecpcci) Nitio''ct and poiitaiunt xxCie tcach appl ted again at the midiitnnt of the ,turdx \x ith rate, of 150it per acre. rrig'ation wxas Ih. applietd wxeklx to mtaintain aetc t i\\ iio~i. ,fotal xieltd andI contt ot prottein anti
lix clx.

the I- att 7-in. miowxing' hieight,. Ciruite Pr oteiti dcLi eatctl 9', an atit licstl hlc ot 'an it miatter inctea~ed 11 (% F toac tytalitN xxax aftectetd tlt tetntix hx miowxinc, hci''ht aivitic mi i n iiiteirvals. Atl hoti~ Cirtite P ote ini '' tlcieartl ax mtowxin" li 'ht inicirasetd, dcclincs, tor the 4- anl 6xwcck titcxats wxctc

tiatter ilinccat't wxithi lti'hct mttim, ti''ht",. in' holt the incrca',c, wxec lc,,, iitxxiii' iiitci xal a, netcaxett. Effect of clipping height on yield and quality of Coastal n 4 xx cek mcoxx ini, bermudagrass hay, average of all mowing intervals. iittcixat ltt het mntta ga~x is ''Ced allx a~uutl ioPitotttht ''ood tfui the 6 xx cek ioxx ic intervxal and 4 -in. ,\\ ea''et tixci. mtowxiii, ti ,t'tt. all tt tytal itt ha} wxith acccptahtc v iciix. Y~ieltk cuttlit'' hct'lt than Ito1a 4-xcek intervxal andt for this inteixal xxcrc 1t(" loxe than tot a I-itn. ntttix hi''ei''ht. i-Itxcxei. tttcctihte dcrieased a', moxx ill intetrxal w\x tcndax the 60-wcck iiitcirval. htit Crutite pittin antI oi"atie iia ttei %ya apprimiiatel x the ate cdi. Ytieid lot the 60xxcck moxx inc inteir al tlt'extihlt to ''ante maltet cotlcnl, \ ri 33 , for the txxo hcights. Forage yu~alitx xx a, \\a, 85m' hiigher tlhan that ot' the I-wxcck ail 7(/ highe- . iespectix clx. ximilat bcetxci the 4- and 7Tin. tiiti iii" itntet \al. I x n thoui'h licax apptlicat mcn, I i t ci ncex hetxx tcn the 4- and 60-weck tii h', at the 6-wxeck i ntcr al. but the 7ini. ot, wxater anti ittoctn teitiliiei laeiti noxxin'' inlet a,x coolfirmi that. a, moxwiiig hei''ht xxas 21/ lowxer in \ ieltd. tated hich ci uite pr~otein CxC fl al or~ inltx alx ar c extcintlctt xicldi, "xill iilcricaxe Ini ttuis studttx hecitiuta't ax', hay hatnoitt ii intet xal,x. cutl protcintdccreasedt at the Cxpcn~c itttttalit\ . I oxx cxc, Ci tite xe,tetl at 6-wc ck ittetxat, wxax ttoxx c in 41' ( hetwxccni the I- and 6-wxcck mowx in protein lor the 6-w\cck mi ni~ itcirxat x a, tduality ttani it harx e,tett at 4-wx ck inciliii' intcirxat,. Dlct'e,tihle ortc matter dic- apptttinmatet\ the xamc liii the three moxxi1',. Mowxxin" 6-wx ek-oild hcriiiutagt a', ca~ed 14' hetxxccii thte antd 6-xxcck Iin'' hci''ht',: tti''etihlc oi''anic tiattcreotto a 4-in. inisteadl ot a t-in. hciht iniccietl itiov ini', intetrxal,. 'I'lic',c tlccicaxe, in lori tent incicuisethctxxcciithc I -anti 4 in. iiioxx ytltitN. althitu''h yicltd xx retducetd. -i ax hcC a''c yucality xxcrc likely tdue to the higher iii'' het''ht', I hi', i'''Cxt, that het muta'iaxx apCat to he no aiixanta''e to mvvxin'' wh icth ha', oxx n hcc ont a 4 xxcck mtatu- highcr than 4 ini. hecatixe x dx will he piropotion oll stein to Icax cx a, the tnoxi in'',i ittcivn a x xaxxtcndctl. rity conltd be mitxetd at a tler tieicht tot rcciitct xxiithtitt ft theien haice t i t ItO' Dri m talt xtei lccicasetd ?8'' hed prittoiduct~ii l hig~her yltility hay thaii a''e tyuality. Clxl t\x the Itanl 7-in. mornoxx itoxt ceii tic (ax xx itltd he pi tilticti tingt' a I-iln. iixx icg \kni Potdi~ta fetl,\1tt Sl x xi i I tcrac cta'',c ol all itoxxin''. inietrval',) The ''teatest heig'ht. diectiie, (21 lin xicltl hetwxccn the Ixxcie Ytieltd atit Crutle pi otein wx hi ih lowerc ec Alabano iac Agnc ultura1 Exprimoen / Stt

M.K. CAUSEY

NUTRITION ENHANCES GROWTH AND ANTLER DEVELOPMENT OF ALABAMA WHITE-TAILED DEER
\ lIL I ALAAMAVS whitc1w lcd dcer poplat ion has c\pcicedcc phiciotiinal
ci o\\ tl ini numhvbrs durnn' thic past Nc\ cral cdecades. miani\ spoirtsmnii arc vioticilld a rcduction ini at\ cta'c bod\ sizc I3ccansc of thiN. thc atid antilci cqualit. miost icommonii iccqucst tot intormatioin clitcd to Auiii v dcci rcscairchbrs is "Ho\\ cec caii \\ ptoducc biucciM dcci'. iti \se nc. n ial phaiic. avidcc ict ic po tc ii tial all aic lactorsN inthc bock avid antlei sizc ot v liitc tai led deei. Of thesc. eciitic N is thic most cilicult to inartacc ini a oild populatioil and is thic
ceast Ni''iliiaiit tactioi in

pcllctcd xpcimnintal dict containinc 12
itutricits ricriicd piotin avid all itic kiiown y whitc-tailcd dcci tor muaximiumi ''io\\ i auld atlcr dcecloptticitt. Thic Ntuidl pctns coiitaiiicd littlc in no tiatuial loocIN. lit deei cclnuliiiid acceNN to thc vanci allowd icr pcllcted fccl. AII Ntuddl\ dilttit w i~bccl aiid metasurccd at 18S.3(0. aiic 42 mioniths of acce. Aintlc'i miiasurimeitsit Mrci cvi 'l. maiti bcasti inIclil ldd toa : ta n andi iic1_th, insidlc \' ilthi. atic poitit tiubcr.

l Th ic ohtN oh thec I-iioiithi-old stalc deei raii''cc front I I I to 1Ihl. anid a\ ci-

Ain Alhaat A i icultnial Expcimlcit Station stucd\ bc'UIi iN ini 19,06 was lciLiicc to c\ aluaic t hc iumpct thic othci Nha c oni hock' aid t\ofactois

aLCcl 129) lb. Antlers av ci accc 4.2 ix pictll points. rnaucino from 2 to H points. At 0( ml nulntiN of aLC. vv11Cclnale deer a\cr0 alzcd 170 lb. hod\ \\ci lit fraiwin from1 135io ' 10 aild had anlri a\ciaiv_ 7 i poinits. At 4 mothN ot agc. dcc \Cicld bct\\ ci I S aiid 2401) .[a\ ciac 214)ani poits ch~ c~r\x antlcers\cia tg8 i rttP'Ii'' Fromt 5 to 13. btc-tailed dcci CotNidei iii' that mtale Mu do not I cachI thlir prI ic until 6-8 ycarN of to 3a~c. thesc rcsults iiidicatc that theic v car-old reseaichi aialsi clhibitcd I'llduaal Lro 'I~\\ th. S tccn of 21 s tudyl 'utinmaIN of, 2(110 \\ ci" icc in ecessc' lb. at 42 mnonths ot aL'c will bd 4f of thusc \\ ciicc \ ci -35 lb. cachi Antlci lc\ clopnmcnt \\ s c~\ go'od inigill antimtaN anl \\aN-

Ntnd\' cc itioiial inii i\C 3 \'ai-

liitctai lcd deer. ht
in. 211? oi miorc. shioes that Nid\ st Ti quialit\ of feel and au'c oft

ml icat

w, lc

as~ ccipturcid

bi il c-tfed aiid thcin w anccd ont a utmhedd

Ihc animal dii cctl\ iii) Icc thc hock s ic andl

dci-

IThcsc data

Nu"" cst of

andc icstrictiii'' hasts~t

_V

voni

dcci w~ould inucircas

hiabitats. Supplcmntial tccclin s1''iiaInclIdcl plaitqucalit\° Col anid iii' ii hi
it w\atm
Nasni

loiia'cN or

providng pcI lctcd iratioins to thc w~ild dccir. Rcscarclh is undirw\a\ to dctcrineiiu thc hcst cccli n" Nt atc'' icN

ani d elp d\clop pcIllctccd fccds f or this [Isc.

Good nutrition helps white-tailed deer produce impressive antlers and increases their body size.

CalLSeA

i, Pmlc'um of L(u)l

o_\ and wildlife Seienee.

Alabamna A;ivcu Itorcil Expert menit Stationt

C.W. WOOD and D.W. REEVES

FIELD CHLOROPHYLL MEASUREMENTS MAY PREDICT

N

NEEDS OF CROPS
The meter was tested on corn at the E.V. Smith Research Center, Shorter. Field chlorophyll measurements and leaf tissue N concentration at the 10-leaf stage of growth (V 10) were compared as to their ability to predict corn grain yield and the need for supplemental N fertilization. The relationship between yield and N concentration or chlorophyll level at that growth stage was chosen because the V10 stage of growth is

Higher N rates caused yields to decline. Tissue N concentration at the V10 stage of growth was a good predictor of grain yield. Grain yields increased linearly with increasing N concentrations at the V10 stage of growth, graph B. In the N rate range that produced peak grain yields (150 to 200 lb.), V10 tissue N concentrations were between 3.7 and 4.0%. Field chlorophyll measurements were highly correlated ri il/ce u Gri il/ce u Grai yildace bu with tissue N conGrain yield/acre, bu. Grain yield/acre, bu. V10 percent N Grain yield/acre, bu. centrations at the 140 A 140 B 140 D V10 stage of growth, graph C. 120 120 120 / The relationship 100 100 was linear and 100 suggested that 80 80 80 field chlorophyll measurements 60/ 60 60 could equal the grain yield and N 4040 requirement pre40 dictive capabili1 1.51 I 20 20 20 ties of tissue N 40 45 50 55 60 0 100 200 300 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 40 45 50 55 60 concentrations. In N rate/acre, lb. V10 Chlorophyll (SPAD) V10 Chlorophyll (SPAD) V10 percent N fact, grain yields Relationship among (A) N rate and grain yield, (B) V10 tissue N concentration and grain yield, (C) V10 tissue were more closely chlorophyll level and V10 tissue N concentration, and (D) V10 tissue chlorophyll level and grain yield. related to V10 early crop growth stages, but time for late enough to predict the need for supple- chlorophyll, graph D, than to V10 N percent, sampling and analyses prevents their mental N but early enough for corn to fully graph B. The 150- to 200-lb. N rate corresponded to chlorophyll SPAD readings of utilize applied N. timely use. Corn (Dekalb 689) was planted April 55.5 to 56.7, the range equivalent to V10 Measurement of leaf tissue chlorophyll, which is directly related to leaf tissue N, 18 and nitrogen was broadcast on the soil tissue N concentrations between 3.7 and has been proposed as a useful tool for surface at rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 3.8%. This agrees closely with the relapredicting N needs. If successfully corre- and 300 lb. per acre 12 days after planting tionship between grain yield and N conlated with crop yields, field chlorophyll to establish a range of chlorophyll levels, centration at the 10-leaf stage. These results tests have the potential to replace leaf N tissue N concentrations, and grain yields. suggest that a SPAD reading of 55.5 at the tissue tests to provide a simple and quick All plots were fertilized with phosphorus, V10 stage of growth might be the threshpotassium, sulfur, and micronutrients to old level when N should be applied. method of predicting N needs. In summary, it appears that field chloroHand-held meters are currently available ensure that elements other than N were not for making chlorophyll measurements, limiting. Irrigation water was applied as phyll measurements may serve as a good predictor of need for supplemental N and one of these showed promise for pre- needed. Corn plants were sampled at the V10 fertilization for corn. Field chlorodicting corn N needs in 1990 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station tests. The stage June 1 for N analysis. Chlorophyll phyll measurements may be superior to meter used weighs less than 1/2 lb., is was measured the same day with the hand- chemical tests because of reduced time and powered by two AA alkaline batteries, has a held chlorophyll meter. Grain was har- increased convenience when compared to 2-second interval between measurements, vested August 28 and is reported at 15.5% tissue chemical analysis. and can store and average up to 30 measure- moisture. A typical response to N fertilization was ments. The meters read out in SPAD units, Wood is Assistant Professor of Agronomy and Soils; which are directly proportional to tissue observed, with peak grain yields of about Reeves is Research Agronomist, USDA-ARS, National 115 bu. per acre for 150 to 200 lb., graph A. Soil Dynamics Laboratory. chlorophyll content. (N) requirements for crops would allow precise applications for efABLE to predict nitrogen ficient N use and protection against surface water contamination with nitrate. Unfortunately, such prediction is difficult. Soil tests have been used successfully in the West, but climatic conditions disallow their use in the humid Southeast. Tissue N tests have shown promise during 10 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

BEING

J. MIZE, S. F. DUNCAN, and W. H. NEWELL

GOOD PARENT/CHILD COMMUNICATION HELPS
LATCHKEY CHILDREN COPE

spend time alone or with a young children-those who sibling before or after schoolare often thought of as being frightened or unhappy. But this was not the situation with a group of rural Alabama latchkey children who were interviewed in an Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station survey. These youngsters used the terms confident, safe, grown up, and happy more than any others in describing their feelings. The AAES study was done because rural area dwellers face the same problem as urban dwellers in caring for children. Just as their urban counterparts, many farm and other rural families are characterized by both parents working away from home so that children come home from school to an unsupervised house. Conservative estimates indicate there are from 2 to 6 million latchkey children in the United States-and maybe considerably more. These children are between 6 and 13 years old, but some even younger spend time at home without adult supervision, from a few minutes to several hours each school day. Lack of affordable child care in many rural areas and the separation of extended families by urban migration make it difficult for many families to locate afterschool care inrural areas. Thus, the problem is of significant proportions. Forty parents and children living in a rural area (6 farm families and 32 rural dwellers who were not involved in agriculture) were surveyed. Information sought related to safety of the neighborhood in which they lived, parents' childbearing patterns, after-school child care arrangements, and the parents' and children's satisfaction and comfort with the arrangements. Parents and children completed questionnaires separately. In 70% of the families, both husband and wife worked, and the yearly income of half of the families was over $30,000 a year. The average age of the children was 10 years, and the range was from 8 to 14. Most families reported that the child was alone at home without adult supervision at least occasionally - 63% said at least

LATCHKEY

weekly and about 30% said it was every day or almost every day. Some children had started staying completely alone (without even a sibling) as early as 5 or 6, but most did not stay home completely alone until they were at least 10. Of the limits parents said they placed on children at home alone, about two-thirds were required to stay inside when parents weren't home. Almost 90% were not allowed to have any friends inside while parents were away. Most children (63%) said they "always" fol-

is, children who were older and who spent relatively less time without adult supervision felt more comfortable when they were home alone. Children who were allowed some input into decisions such as how to spend an allowance, at what restaurant the family would eat, or what cereal to buy at the store were more comfortable staying home alone. Parents of children who felt more comfortable did not allow children complete freedom in these matters, but rather described themselves as discussing the issues with the child before making a decision lowed rules estab- or allowing the child to make the decision. sed.t h, The results of this study have implicalishedby parents when tions for helping the thousands of Alabama home alone. Many descriptions families who are faced with leaving chilof urban latchkey dren home without adult supervision. " children depict them Since both age and amount of time alone as being afraid to predicted how comfortable children felt come home alone. But with the latchkey situation, parents should [i are rural latchkey consider how much time alone is "too " children equally un- much." It may be possible for parents to "heircomfortable? Children find other child care options for part of were asked to indicate some days, especially when children are " whether they always, younger. More surprisingly, it appears that sometimes, or never parents may not be as aware of children's felt scared, lonely, feelings about the latchkey situation as they confident, and safe thought. This suggests that there would be when home alone. Parents responded to a value in open discussions between parent similar set of questions. In general, both and child regarding staying home alone. children and parents described children as This idea is reinforced by the fact that being quite comfortable when home alone. children felt more comfortable staying For instance, 94% of the children said they alone when parents engaged them in dissometimes or always felt they could take cussions about decisions that affected the care of themselves when home alone, al- child. Children allowed some input in the though 70% said they sometimes felt scared. decision-making process may come to feel Unfortunately, there was little agreement more confident of their own abilities in a between individual parents and children wide range of situations, including staying as to how comfortable the child felt when home alone. Although most programs designed to home alone. Parents' perceptions that their help latchkey children focus primarily on children felt comfortable were influenced by how safe the parent believed the neigh- teaching children safety skills for staying borhood to be and how much warmth and alone, data from this study suggest the value affection they said they showed to the child. of discussion between parents and children Children's feelings, however, were not influ- about the latchkey situation and the involveenced bythe same factors. Instead, children's ment of the child in decisions concerning feelings of comfort were predicted by their the situation. age, the amount of time they spent alone, and Mize is Associate Professor, Duncan is Assistant the degree of involvement they had in the Professor, and Newell is a graduate student in Family parent-child decision-making process. That and Child Development.

cn. t

AM

.

Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station

11

L.L. HYCHE

RESEARCH PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO HABITS OF YELLOW-POPLAR LEAF-MINING WEEVIL
II LtL)\-PO IT AR, aINo kntown
A,

titlijiltee.

i

l

L (rit Ornalital

Siiad~e tree In IIIaI\ uII knul AISiLhtI ll

rt\ Cart n

hC'itC a

t LIIl'Cit t~y

h

A

,mlti

,nowit helCt.

the ycIII)\ poplwu Cleaf
N

)anlaCC h\ tile~e \\CC\ I adl~lt, trCCt l Li

OiCcu,

N

\\h

Im-ii CiIAm

inllCIovv-

A

NtAuldiN OCCIIOnli\ (iCCaNioIIdlI\. ale limlitedi ill NLIIJC aild LuiLAtonl. MidI ullII IllIcat tol the hI(1C

little

\Cei I )\-popl~t

IN L tillhel treCC.

I III\\CC.

iII IIrnIam!Cntal NctIILCN the \ CC\ il

IiiltL'C IedCLII,' the aCtheilL

ylitC OII tIICC

II t,Il)Iill

t,.

at

the

\AlahImtL

\''t

ICIiLlM

I\M
Iin~lIc

~illCnll
ill

*

4"

Sltation t II)Ca! Il

tnlC AiIoul

the lile N~lie -IN\ arI Pi -h

andL IlahitN ot thIN he~t.

I
a.

Icc,

the NtIIdi
,Ctdinl tilL

NNCIC

Nttv' a

ciiI

\nhIn

ResNLarch ICN~iIN NhrinN thAt tile NN CCXiII, actlyc ini the spimint~ IA\Ilahliln. \\eCN I

adults Oul\ inlte!
I LIII

!tn

the OiCaIic dchi,
11 thle L1'iII un hic-l huldhreak in host and~ teed ICloIN iLt

I

LI an li

Itter 101,l1~11 lON\Ii'' CHIC! _,e It

Ileati the lIC treN. titeN

on the
Nmll e~At

uniel NraIIC

Can eN.

M tlI ohll)t'
NurtrIce.
titiNlA tINit\

paitche, i''tlle heiI

ot the loN\el
AlId-L

I

hIn the
ll

\Llhntn \CNIIlitN.

N IN

t and AIIrtelcle tite IAN! hAil ol

heCit

ltch. \\ee to lIX eCyL,
Mioot CLIL,

dLitilIL

IaIch.

ConttinlueN till

1h1 \IAX

4~
yaI!

5
.

FIGA. Typical feeding damage on new leaf. FIG. 2. Female puncturing midrib prior to egg-laying. FIG. 3. Eggs in the punctured leaf. FIG. 4. Fullgrown larvae. FIG. 5. Pupal cells and pupa in completed larval mine. FIG. 6. New weevil feeding.
nllilinl.' ''N,
mI

Lgy are Aleaid ini tihe mlidilh o1 thte en on the itndridLe. 'I he tIllale 11-1lttl-CeN thle
nidIih NIih~e
Nituitit.

\pilL ii\

ItC%% NL'CXiiteCdilli

he-

iCalt

CLCN ill theL aicL~l Ipo!tilln of

I'ti~u O)eCL"

2. and~ depl~ltN i i il ne

(OmulllInull

4

to

Olte tul titiee u ali UNIAI
tute. Ither Iie

1. C'(olllonN .

there

ate liii!utO ll' nL ite

IILLtAC 4.~

CMII tlotI' 1/4
tile

lhe the CLII hiide. I 'itt C (0. idL lmlA pt'tCN~ unitil IIIC CntilteC IN i,dCtiliyed. i in.AonI PuationC IliC Lillilunl Of IlnN NNCCv11ciit atIlli~l NAC Lan
Ntoi

I

CIL pullctlureN at CAshe'' CLI leaf \itih CLIIc

he alhOUit
CaI. ullNtAI

34 XXck rcCLC

aCnN lthie in . by Ilii .tune.

and~ oIAIX ulC NItc Ce the ,itC
diIC,

tiNsite at

takeN pleinCI

lartvl
IIrt''

mlilteN

it

Npic o

l

A\uhui

I

Lil( theC la

INIa11N htcakN, at to appe!ai
ICaIXCN AMCLt. Iia

thi, Npoint.
Larva AN earlI t N AC ine
AN
ICC(I

ALit lCll,. cN

Ii

ltl hunl n\,IX

I)iiett

adl'XN A)LiIN t ICL'

inl

i

i!tlL

o'N.
ICCdLI!

WC il,~ titeX

elt!''

thlii

1T lC' itter n

C\Jd ,prCLIIim,

rImiLn InCtIC MICA!te

u~ti ll theC f~I\in
ne," oh(,n c\cC

:\pil

I

in

the :\tlhun

lI

l! urALL AN didJ thlell

iI!entN.

hut

NidIC h\
Il Il mine.1

NidIe ill _rpi~in //om 1

IN IloiC C\IcIN~iN Ln A a"C IN

clLAIIa,,C to tile 1i)11 ;AtLIckN aIc Clargei\ ont

Ia 'I AL

calc!.

S~inii

Ih cu

,-

ICay\

Cnlot

aiILaldi

LIAIl,'Cdi

bN

tilL' At N al

Aluhcun(r A, ricullurcrl Expoiimc tit IWiMI

K.L. BOWEN, A.K. HAGAN, C.H. GILLIAM, and D.C. FARE

REGULAR TREATMENT STILL BEST CONTROL FOR ROSE DISEASES
li/I)L lAl
Ii/loxx

I
vneis

Funl/d

spl/leN

iced

/1/nly

ii

1

al

mu/li

/1

onv
b.ut

the Uli most\ L'i oxx I ii1 Beedauxe theic is Lii icitlx ino knownx i i/dinU// disxi ax of1 lii\enii/"Nh/lie fIraio L'ased Icdxc contro//i/l of hlackspoti depends on1 pro/teLcting hicalthilacdxs. I Il//iides aic

It hiaN lairlx loxx toieitx . hut iNLIil/ ChilI/r/thl/il (B rax /1< o1/ Dae/hIlli oflten used Ifli licide N/ IN,a i/lnxn~tei ulL
CdxeN.
Ni~e.

pose somne IlCanl healthFixse C'ontirol ol, thiorl n ia/ad/i nent piolems.i disNeaseN. such ashkickspot. is lni/iIularl Ho \\ cxci. ncew Iresearc sLli nett lesomne. ili /lf r/ix'e B'esiN that rcgular leiiclit /A/'lcideN caii ciIecti eIy r estict NN 'tenlic Im the Nsprea~d ofI diseasc. I3Iackspoi. Caiused bx the fungux

mid IL9hl'N. that

aprlteLtant liuil"icide, mnarketed Nice the \x atlicriiu xxitNidild

and has IllIodrate t/~ilcitx.

in'

ii spiles iiitected hx kill ing lfii~ciI dniii

llo IThe lU/icdeN xx Le appilied at 1-. a 4-xx eck intcl INx i/lh ha/Ad-p/Al/p. C/I/l

nu i r I Nqil icduatlliliall/ilcji/lN ticll aIsN exposaure tiii s/n idllihios iregla a p i

pri ssedl aii Nspra'ci. RI/xe pldants tlLdied xxtili to the Iunti/ides xxere rated dLL//il/ A of hlackspolt that //LLui ed. iitII I ating of

di/aaging dis'ease o1 hack Ndd roses. Tis
fung~us produc1/es miicroscopic spores that arc casilIxCali cd on in di cased plaints or Ieaxe 0l d Currnt friiom to1( healthix onles.

''I"
a"

indicated that lila/i/N xxrC indicatcil that lackspi/l

Thle \Iahaiia C//opel dixc Exteionl/l Seci eicommeniiids re _uilai applijcatlions in 01' fiuigicides at I- to ?-xweck iintnl Illdci "irx discase-t ic to
roses. H/INNcxci Il/hue Iru/n

diINLase-1lic leionsI~

xxcic numl/ri/us and plantsN xxere del//hated. I-3lckspot iliteni/i seCx cici ratilN
Ns/l

xxeie takeni lt//lliN

tl1/1i-111 hrc

C N. le111

Disease rating June July Aug. Sept.

oInerui

Ii eqi/Antx

W\hile al fuI/icILide tr catmienlts limxc/I
ellectix coLmpilared I/I all un/treated LIoiitrl. /1 the hest discase contrtl xaNsIlinel tInA/c/deN ti ure L xxlieu xxcic put on/ at xxccklx iiiterx aIN. Disease Irat/in o/i planits treated

int/I pri lmi/s du/A to incleiiicit xxcathet . hick olf timAi. //i iclucldiic t/o ise piestiLc/dcs.

I uingi the

past

(Ie-

Lade. sx stelic I ing'icides to1 ax amlall . S\tN ic/lI hax e Iongid IluniiLILL eadlIkl
h/omAeownersi i/nte/rals o11cilfelix eneNN

wxith clorol/tialoill applied at I- or I xx ek intelrxal'. xxci l/lxxei thriIouggihtut thle NCaN /ll Limau planits treatedl xxi/till/ioiic at xxceklx on1 Intel xaIN. Iiuc 2. Fouri-xxeck i/i/l xaIN lie
txxc cci hII/ lorthalonhil aplicaditioins pro i/Nellpat hl c kspo/ disNcaIN c/litr/l t hat xxa rall
i/I iil//i

O

iedh

lll

at

I-or

xx-eck i/ltdxva/IN

~~
May June July Aug. SePt. Oct. FIGA. Effectiveness of two fungicides, appi lied at different intervals. Disease rating

li I ili h LcausL thCL' ale ahN//i led h lx Iant tissuc anid aic li/t gaIshed ofi f lhx iain
ad/liNst mlanx
Il

ThIese Iresults Nuegcset that h/oth tui-

e CilLdi lin ellectixe if applied at icgulau el/elI/ aie lieiiiterx al'. C /nltinuLai impli /-x
pet xxih hilaLcksp/ot oll rosIN. the ing mvade in Lc/mical Lontrtl ofIIIdiseases. Ii equentN (If appiiications IN the primxr deteresN die i//t oft that c/lit//Il. ax alxxI hcttei 0/

IL deradl oii

lix

thlL snl.

(n

t11ihe Nx N~cilliL N.

I UI~gicide
Ncxx rc Ls

liI/line. xwix comp/Iarctl

mli//alt of1 the ci lectix nl lIidde

3.0

[fillrials.
control ek 2 weeks 4 weeks 1 week 2 weeks Triforine Chlorothalonil FIG. 2. Average blackspot disease progress over three seasons.
c Al!atbama Ag 4 i-ll/l
E

ft

toI al li/nNs~s/lic. clor//

Ilus aplicatio~N

xhell numer-i afci tlt/Nc, lia/tiL/Aldi IN 1f thlese f ungicides ale

Stat i/I/

N//i/I

that cxralui

electix c co/it//l nieeed I//oc i/in

.itch applliLadii/nl Icqiico lie/i/N of the lxx mia/cBo//Il til//ic ainil/d

It shil/d lie i//led that I Li/AleldN all/ic I/o ci ectix ciN c/hi-ll il/t lie c/i/LI
Saitlat/iln priacticeN. discase lesionIi ronl1 NIuLh asN lcnix inx di'reaid c ti///i the ''r/I//id and/

laclkspo/t. Ircni/ lcaesuNx Nal xt/I

xxcdlrothal llidll//x i

ilc

I/c e 1 to1

t

the pilanits
nhereN lie

thii 1u0 i/I/t the

Ned/Ill. HINa'lNs

iscl~ase. i/ald ains d/

Itlullilic\

Nx tci// mnc.IN

l'O/C 1c . tilL I/Il Im/helccl

//L'oII It aplica i/Il t/o roe conltro/l I/I I iii l LisN

Bot/in iN Assistantl Pro/eNsor .ind tHtaCanl i AssocUiLte Pro/IeNs/r oII P1ln Pt'lholo L' GilIlam .I iN Pr/liesNNor alld Fa/I CiN Resach~l ANNsocit o Hrt i l /I/l .

xper1imet'I

Stat11)io

J. D. HOUGH, D. R. MULVANEY, and J. A. LITTLE

EPDs

PREDICT BIRTH WEIGHT DIFFERENCES AMONG

CALVES FROM DIFFERENT SIRES
II C 1.11o

tox taii

ahi

to

heed

iii otintc

f

tiiclu appoac

n

111 ll\1

I x Voo

A)n a

('a i

lm

ia

i"I-:\pcctcd Pio7gcnx DilictWitoh E-P[) noirmation on ,ire,, cntcc,." commh~oni\ reci Icti to as imamn.s can he madic to iniSPU1) \n I-:PD is.dll cstimlate of tlic 7'ciit mlu liiohlciii associatctd Wxith mer it of atn atnimal rpor tcti ax pitundti, eccx,ix c iith cix t i211.n
inchcx, 0r ot hci xtantid
dat (Hi condtitci

She

I!P i'l

c.ure7.

CI uldI hirnh
+c 72) ti.
IX 7.7 I'c

u inits 01Ica'u.oi xf .ixo-

Ncarlx, excrx majoi I_' S. hecci hircccl
at

a iitiotial I1CnctiC cx alipio1-'ian1 anti pliiicx ani annnai ,un

PDx lor mtanix ii ait,. lase of E-PDx in pilctiiig hirth eii iht diilferencc, of caixcx i, hcing ,ltiucl in \Iahaina \''It iulinial Fxpcimnt Station \ XI'S) icxCaitii Earx icutlt, indicatc the
miany of sir xnc

SounL'. ,imkil fluslc 0r to achuic c othci dCxii~ icxntx. 7211 A f act to t chcc is that E PD)' on(lx pidtc pirlotmianice comaisons i11n' inixnlx dixiduaix, tiicx do not LlixC prjii

it . . . . . .. . . . . . .

I'

13 . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
(7 . . . . . .. . . . . . .

it . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 17

peirformiuance. Iaui examuple, S ir Accut X in a hieid luax a \Ncalnin"_ I ',I1721 eIl xxi Itli II:1) of-13111. anti SIIc Yn the '.amn hcrd tiasi EPD) an of +I I Ihi. Xx ani axcia''c, tCaixt ol, Sire X xWouidt hc cxicctcdti pu x i'ii 14l Ih. Icx, at xxcanin, thian taix cx o1 Snr cY1. Sincc I PDx aice oiilx cxtiatcx. an actni atx xaitic k Aixxax'7 liN tn xxith ilic xalcx. T hc act niatv xaiucx ranei' 1101ii 0) to I. xx ith hI7'hci xaluint'diticalini' 7' calci rcliahilitx. Ih licX I-S iescxcch xx cii EPiI, W' bc P xax ctii in 19885at thc oxx ci Coaxtal Piatin .Snlixtation, Camitttin. to cx ainailic ah.ccniatx ofI hirthl i uit FPD) cximatcx. Thii ,turtl\ ix okict 1(07 pin hclct 13u an''nx tcaixe tx ired lix c t't h ull'. xxith knoxx i

IThc ciiror assoc iatid xWith thc S irc 13 anti Siic L comuparisoni x ax 5.0 ih. ( 14.4 miiinx, 6.4l Ih. ). E rroi , associatctd xx ii thc coimparisons o(I othcr 177 siic pai's xwcic aii thuc Ic~ than 8.0 Ih. aittda mciauct 3. I Ih. Thec coirrclation hctxx ci atla anti ircdticct x aincx proxitdc a ''ooti Icatlin'l iieh accniacx ofi bul xhirt 1-zh EP1). Ih lCor-i reciation b)ctxxcci actual anti p ctdictcti xaiucx ax ci ac 0.87 for thc ci~iit tcxl Anx 1.1) ~oiriciatioin x ~ hetlt pcricitc. xo ihc 0.87 xaluc indticatcx a xtroii' corrciatioin hctxxcci intii x cighit 1EPDx anti atual hirth xciudhtx. ii XX ici
compiainii tihc abxotc ,irc

til ix rancti froim -3.4 to + 31) iii Aln ax cia'c ol' 13.4 cakxc, xxax p oduncti lix 'atci ,iic. xxithi a utnnmnmof 7 antI a
macxnx

xx, iiti01

ci aS

oilpll,irc.

lic

t ii1 P1).., ar in tile. talic Aclnal Iirlh xxci''iilx tanc lrOn M).61to .U( Ili. T hc axciai'c cilll licixxccii iiii xxci'iitx priitctid fromi I-:D 7 nd atai Ii' hilli xxci 'hlx xxix 3. Ihi Ih l i ,t x rcior bt'lxx cci actuial anti
lxxccii xii cpiaii x xx lb tifl rcpot ict

13caui I . Sirc 13'' I:P1) xxa' it loxxt,t anti hc piotiucti thc li''Iucxi CAlxCx at hiiilu SireL HID1)xa te Iheti aind ite irotduttt d hIiCt'x CAlxC, at ii ih (t x IC pic-ii dithttt ti tM nct'i)MCIxx ccie Bnc anti e ",' Sn I x tcalxe xax (i 4Ii. (3. (m nanx3.-4ilint c' ilic attal dhlfter'nc' xxax 14.4 Ih. 05.0I

PD.)x anti actnal Cailf hint xights. nonitt ofit iii ,irenc xxaxiiic than txx piloxitionix outi of ordtici 'I tnt tht'i ctahixlctl a xtoli ii (iie'icatioti xiiip iictxccii 1LTD, anti actual ii-c xxci " htx. I3axcti on thct iiitliiig Ir ((ll ci''hi I3i n'x cants id W(7o(11 piin7'. ii iicht I PD)' Can hc cc i hcti a xtupiic ax t1 ooi ini preiclting'biti xxici'ht tiP lcicnccx. AXxct a'lc ci mx, axx0cialctl xx ilt hii rili xxctiit SP1)x xxax 3. I lb . ant ir ncankin,-, ia'.ci on I P1' xxai IIIniiai to lic ranking' iacti (i11actuaiiili iiih xxci'7 itx.

I ankinx hiascti oin

hiithu x ci''hi

Ii

'I)

117(1

Niulca

c

a17.7 A17. i~iiii PlI72.'.77 x

1

hI 7111,ii 7 I (ilixa Pli l 7.1..

I a1.'

1 . 7' 1

1i2 7l.i

Alabama Agic lItal/ 1(

Experimenrit Sta tion

R.A. SHELBY and S.P. SCHMIDT

LIVESTOCK MAY INFECT FUNGUS-FREE FESCUE PASTURES

WHEN

A TINY endophyte fungus was identified as the cause of toxicity problems in livestock grazing tall fescue, many livestock producers began investing substantial amounts of time and money to establish fungus-free pastures. Recent Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station studies suggest that those costly efforts may be slowly sabotaged as animals graze these pastures. A study was begun after several pastures of fungus-free fescue at the Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction, and the Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill, began to show puzzling infection sites after years of being noninfected. Since the fungus does not make spores and is spread only by infected seed, it was suspected that the cattle might be spreading fescue seed and its associated endophyte in their feces. This theory was tested by confining a single steer in a small enclosure so feed intake could be strictly regulated and fecal samples could be easily collected. After 7 days of a seed-free diet, the steer was given a single meal containing live endophyteinfected fescue seed. Feces were collected at intervals, dried, and planted in the greenhouse so live seeds could germinate. When the plants emerged, they were examined for the presence of endophyte. Results indicated that about 12% of the live seed which were fed to the steer were still viable after passing through the animal's digestive system. These seed were able to germinate into live plants and, of these, about 12% were still infected. Thus, about 1.4% of the fungus-infected seeds consumed by the steer germinated and grew into fungus-infected plants. This compares to a 91.5% germination rate on nonfed control seeds, 97.5% of which were infected. Live seed were recovered beginning at 10 and lasting as long as 84 hours after feeding. The maximum was 8.25 live seed per gram of feces at 22 hours after feeding, as shown in the figure. The last infected seed was recovered at 38 hours after feeding and the last live noninfected seed was recovered at 84 hours after feeding.

Thus, the fungus apparently dies at a faster rate than the seed while in the animal's digestive tract. To test the passage of seed under more normal conditions, steers were allowed to graze an endophyte-infected field which had made seed. The steers were then moved to a noninfected seed-free field and fecal samples were collected for 6 days. In this case, the chronology of seed passage was similar to the first experiment, but the overall seed counts were somewhat lower. The average steer passed 1.13 live seeds per gram of feces, which declined to zero by the fourth day after removal from the infected seed diet. Horses allowed to graze infected seed also passed live infected seed, although at a somewhat lower rate. A single sample from each of five mares averaged 0.44 live seed and 0.37 infected seed per gram of feces. The percent germination of nonfed control seed in this study was 48.3%, of which 97.8% were infected. Seed per gram of feces

These data indicate that livestock are capable of spreading the endophyte, but only under certain conditions: (1) the animals must eat live infected seed either from standing plants in the field or from hay which was cut when seed were present, (2) animals are moved directly to endophyte-free pastures without a quarantine period, and (3) seed in the feces must be exposed to moisture and temperature conditions that favor germination and survival of the young plants. Livestock owners can prevent infecting clean pastures by not moving animals from infected to noninfected pastures, or by quarantining animals for at least 3 days on a seed-free diet to eliminate all infected seed from the animals before placing them on the new pasture.

Shelby is Research Associate of Plant Pathology; Schmidt is Associate Professor of Animal and Dairy Sciences.

10-

0
8

Noninfected seed

E Infected seed

6

4

20 16 24 38 42 50 68 108

Hours after feeding
Passage of fescue seed through steer.

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

15

G.R. WEHTJE, C. H. GILLIAM, and J. A. REEDER

LEAFFLOWER POSES A NEW WEED PROBLEM IN ORNAMENTALS
Leaff lower plants are a new pest
in ornamental plantings. toleranlt oft

deelined, idieatin'' that the seeds needed to he onl the suii aee of, nearly xwater-saturated soil lot- ''ermnation to oeeur.

dix conditions.
conducted
fa

I

\ei

imelts 5521

to deteirmine conditions

o irahle 1w ''eitnintiomn in am

attemp~t to Iindl somite means
oI, Contlt i. (Get tiilationi 55as ex altuited

ductedl hoth in liI'hi andi in

at a teinpetatnie ot77-95

I

.A

68TF. _Cerm1nation wxas reduced i1

LRI \( the past lessi sears a nexs
! wxeed has heen etmergtiilg iin or
i-

to only 30/r

'This we ed is not commiionIy

menital landscape set titlgs that is Caistinl Colcetrn attoiL' horticultutrists. This xxed.called ecat loss er . has fetri-like leases and tins Hlowset s thlat ate leat lN itlSisthle to the unaided es e. Its pireseince inlanitdsc ape settileus Can atfteet the aesthlitt xalue o1 ain atea and, it lelt utteontiolle(I. Can toim a mat-etteet and Comlpete ssith orniamtetl plants and sod. I eaflIlois Ci plaits ptodLICe three kitnds oil tixivss ts titis I lossers located undet the mail stmil oif the leaCs are uiseyual: Illale lloss ets. xxhiech atce 'enetallx closet to the matin steml oi the plant and produlne a haltlike seed capsule ahout 1/8- in. in diamleter: anid male hisswers located neat the tip oil thle teat. IE\amtinatuin texeals that seedlil' 's coittititls d e eit undtter the catopy itt mlore y mtatoite plaits. inidicatin'' thle imtpohrtanee itt seed reproiduction. Andt i ettlo al of mlaturit planlts tI'etlnitlyrtesuilts ini a tListh o1 seed ''et iitattitt ('oisettuetlr- it ~ssas as sumiled that li''t hnas he a siitiailt factot itn seed 'et ittiatioll. In addition. itlestattonts itt teat Ilosser ate iN piCalix tiund in at eas that ate unidet intense iriLi t'atiotl or in loss lingti areas whtete xwatet Collects. sui'' esti te that teat Iloss c max he inScientitir name NnlhlaiiNuu ininuriu.

noticed until the middle ot Max in the Anhutrn area, indicating' that oCt mination isdelax ed until considetrahle soil wxatrming has occurred.
Addititonal expci efts. condueted to

These initial studies indiecite that ecat Iloxxr ei t iinatio it is dependetnt on thiree factors hli,-hI moisture. a moderatels high't temlperatnre. and Io'ht \\ithiulditi'' ans oine oft these taIctot s mi'_ht pies ide a natutal mieans ot, repressing this pest. Sini light is ihe easies.t ect ilinatioti Ilae tot to cotttol. liii thei sts xas done to see t I tat Iloss er produiction eould he reulated hx using' soil eox eiin'' tnuolehill'' to tattipoilate 'ht. In a ''ieihouse. leattloxxet seedI xx soss non the soil suitee and the soil as xxans then co etred xwithi pile hairk mulelh to a depth of either I ot _ in. A eotrol plaitieg reeeis ed to mutlell \Vatet '' and tetpeiatuie xx ete slittahle o 1w Ct ruiton. W ithoutt ai\ mutolch. an itntestatioin ot teafttossc etuiickix des eloped, flosses et niulelino, tocditIcthihct ot I a depth in. eomtpletel\sprse Pt elituitlat trials indicate that triatiutain-

detet nn

the cet

s of mnoisture stiess Oin e~atIlosser seed ''et

'ci ntination. showsed that

had almtost no ahilits to
ants dle'teeC Ot nrituni

inate uindet
W\heni 55atet

eatsy inlthte '' oxs inL, seasoi lpiori to Max I ) ean pro ide et leetive ilotthemieal eottitol thriouglho ut the 'ri1055 iln'' season.
\5 chtjC i

sties

wsas eadlils ax atlahle to the seedIs. ''ert iilationt rate 55 s ahoit 85(k. (Getriminatioin

5

-mti

hl'r'c

'o o

\''r'
ift

Soik

Gilliam xi

\aoc~I~ic ht'iutsxo

ohii andt l'jReler is

rates qictkly decliined as wxater ax aulahilitx

RecTION ~1 chicn (1
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ST/ AUBURN UNIVERStTY AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849-5403

1C~nc

Lowell T. Frobish, Director
POSTMASTER-Address Correction Requested

\TIONNON-PROFIT ORG. POSTAGE & FEES PAID PERMIT NO. 9 ABRALA.