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-

PERFORMANCE OF ORCHARDGRASS VAREETIES IN ALABAMA SC.S. Hoveland, R. L. Haaland, W. B. Webster,

.V.H. Calvert.I,

J. T. Eason, M. E. Ruf,

R. A. Moore, L. L. Walker, and H. C.. Hoyle

l

Orchardgrass is a perennial forage grass adapted to northern Alabama. It is a bunch-type grass with a dull green color. Orchardgrass produceer quality and more palatable forage than tall fescue. problems, encountered with tall fescue, Animal toxicity igh-

are not a problem with orchardgrass.

It is less competitive than tall fescue, thus making it easier to grow legumes in association with it. Orchardgrass is more specific in its growth

requirements than tal.1 fescue, requiring higher fertility, higher soil pH, better drainage, and better grazing management. It often does not persist well in Alabama., especially when planted south of Birmingham. Orchardgrass is highly susceptible to nematodes so it does not persist in sandy soils of central and southern Alabama. Four orchardgrass variety trials were conducted in Alabama during the years 1977-80. Orchardgrass entries were planted in rows 6 inches apart using

plots 4 x 20 feet with four replications. The tests were planted in late September or early October and harvested with a flail-type harvester two to four times each year. A sample of green forage was collected from each plot at each harvest

and oven dried for dry matter determination. -/Respectively,. Professor (resigned) and Associate Professor (resigned), Department of Agronomy and Soils; .Superintendent and Assistant Superintendent, Tennessee Valley Substation; Superintendent and Associate Superintendent, Sand Mountain Substation; Superintendent, Upper Coastal Plain Substation; and Superintendent and Technician, Plant Breeding Unit.

Orchardgrass entries in the trials were as follows: Able Selected by Farmers Forage Research Cooperative, West Lafayette, Indiana, for late maturity, good persistence, seed yield, and resistance to leaf diseases. Aries Selected in France for low winter dormancy and more winter production.. Imported by North American Plant Breeders. Boone Selected by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station for yield and persistence. Some resistance to rust. Calder Crown Selected by Northrup King and Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Selected by North American Plant Breeders, Ames, Iowa, out of

Potomac variety for rust resistance and cold hardiness. Dart Selected for winter hardiness by Land O'Lakes Seed Co., Webster City,

Iowa.
Dayton Selected by North American Plant Breeders, Ames, Iowa, for rust and leaf blight resistance, winter hardiness, and yield. Frode Selected by Swedish Seed Association, Svalof, Sweden, for winter hardiness, yield, leafiness, and late maturity. Hallmark Selected by Farmers Forage Research Cooperative, West Lafayette, Indiana, for high yield, good recovery after mowing, good seedling vigor, and resistance.to leaf diseases. Hawk Selected by North American Plant Bteeders, Ames, Iowa, for hybrid vigor, winter hardiness, and-rust and leaf disease resistance. NK-mK-I91 Selected by Northrup King Co., experimental from rtaly.

NK-KS-107 Selected by Northrup King Co., experimental. NAPS OX I Selected by North American Plant Breeders, experimental. Napier Selected by North American Plant Breeders, Ames, Iowa, for high yield, winter hardiness, and rust and leaf blight resistance. OG-65 J
Selected by South Carolina Agr, Exp. Sta,, Cl emson, South Carol ina. "4-

OG7l5

Selected by South Carolina Agr, Exp, Sta., Clemsons South Carolina,

Pi edmnt Selected by South Carolina Agr, Exp, Sta,, Cleson, South Carolina, Potomac Selected by USDA Statton, Be~ltsvtlle, Maryland, for persistence, leafiness, vigor, and rust resistance, Saborto Sylvan Imported* from England by-Northrup King Co*", M-Inneapolis, Minnesota. A European variety selected for soft leaves, King Co., Mfnneapolis, Mjnnesota.I Imported by Northrup

-5_.

RESULTS

Orchardgrass is well adapted to clay soils of the Tennessee Valley area. At the Tennessee Valley Substation on Decatur clay soil, performed well each of the 3 years, table 1-3. all varieties

Crown and Hallmark appeared to

produce more early spring forage than other varieties. Forage yields were high at Sand Mountain Substation on a Hartsells fine sandy loam soil, tables 4-7. Hallmark and Boone generally were the highest yielding varieties..Even during the fourth year, forage yields of Hallmark were 7,500 pounds per acre, table 7. Piedmont and Boone also were highly productive the fourth year. Total forage yields at the Upper Coastal Plain Substation were generally low, tables 8 and 9. During the second year, yields of some varieties were only about one-half that of the more productive entries, such as Piedmont, Hallmark, and Boone. Orchardgrass is not adapted to the Plant Breeding Unit on Cahaba fine sandy loam where nematodes are a serious problem. The low yields both years indicate the lack of adaptation at this central Alabama location, tables 10 and 11. Even

so, Hallmark and Boone were at the top of the list on total yield the second year. When average forage yields for northern Alabamal locations are considered, Hallmark and Boone were most productive, table 12. A number of other entries,

such as Piedmont, Potomac, and Napier, also gave .acceptable yields.

-6-

SUMMARY

1. Orchardgrass variety trials were conducted at four locations in northern and central Alabama for 2 to 4 years. 2. Substation, Forage yields of orchardgrass were highest at the Sand Mountain intermediate at the Tennessee Valley Substation, and lowest at

the Upper Coastal Plain Substation and Plant Breeding Unit. 3. In northern Alabama, most orchardgrass varieties gave similar

forage yields. At the Sand Mountain Substation, persistence of orchardgrass

was good the fourth year with Hallmark, Piedmont,

and Boone yielding over

7,000 pounds per acre dry forage. Yields were low in central Alabama. 4. Acceptable orchardgrass varieties are Hallmark, Boone, Piedmont, Potomac, Napier, and Crown.

-7-

Ta51la 1. First Year Yiel d of Orchardgrass Varieties at Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Ni~n&, Alabama, 1978 Variety
Crown ...... Hallmark ..... Piedmont

Pounds of dry forage oer acre Apr. 7 May 31
2,144 a 2,117 a 1,845.a 1,840 a 1,729 a 1,931 a 1,795 a 1,850 a 1,807 a 19449 a 1,364 a

Aug.23
1,549 ab 1,522 ab 1,679 a 1,578 a 1,516 ab 1,352 ab 1,525 ab 1,238 b 1,334 ab 1,44S ab 19455 ab

Total 4,578 4,456 4,159 4,169 3,911 a a a a a

885 a* 718 ab 645 abc 4.... OG~715 ..... . 551 abc Sylvan *..... 656 abc H624 abc Napier-.... 562 abc Boone 541 abc Prode 353 bc Calder 454 abc Saborto 145 c.
.... .... ... ...

3,907 a 3,883 'a 3,629 a 3,494'a* -3,352 a 2,964 a

C. V. pct....

s50o

37

16
same

23

*Means within a column followed bythe different at. the 5 perCert level.
Planted September,
1977.

letter

are not significantly

Table 2.

Second-year Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Tennessee Valley

Vrey Saborto.... Piedmont... OG-w7159.... Crown...
.

Apr. 3

Substation, Belle Mina, Alabama, 1979 ,,.Pounds of dry forage'' per acre Apr. 27 May 30 Oct. 5 2,382 222 2,337 2,318 2,525 2,459 2,312 2,250 2,214 2,382 1,985 16 a a a a a a. a
a

Total 6,176 a 5,837a5*,591 a 5,534 a 5,583 a 5,537 a 5,481 a 5,385.a 5,236 a 6,175 a 5,181 a

1,033 ab* 1,155 a 1:,000 ab 1,205 a SBone e. 893' a5 Hallmark 1,198 a Napier..... 1,030 ab. Frede 62 b 5Z6 Sylvan 635 b Hawk 861 ab* Calder 869 ab :cV.pct. * 33
... .. *.. ..

1,209 984 1,001 853 898 691 1,050

a abc ab cd bcd d abc

1,174 ab

a a. a

1,061 abc 14,209 a 1,044 abc 17

1.2547 a 1,475 ab 1,353 ab 1,258 ab 1,267 ab 1,189*ab 1,089 b 1,335 ab 1,326 ab 1,547 a 1,1282 ab 19

*Means. within a. column -followed by the same letter are not significantly dif"feren alav* the 5 percent level. Planted Septeamber 1977. .8g_

Table 3. Thirdyear Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina, Alabama, 1980 * Apr. 16. Hallmark..... 1,198 Crown ....... 1,183 0G415 901 Hawk ..... 839
....

Pounds offdry forage per acre May S May 21 1,148 a
1,126 a

Total 3,158 a 3,131 a 2,987a. 2,880 a 2,815 a 2,805 a 2,722 a 2,704 a
2,696 a

a*

Napier

s....

Boope ..... Calder...... Piedmont
..

a ab ab 722 ab 841 ab.

1,121 a 1,030 a
1,118 a 1,068 a 927 a

807 ab 846 ab 598 b 501 b

1,014 a 933 a 845 a 851 a 24
the same

Sylvan

...

720 ab
..

822 822 965 1,011 975 896 901 925

c

c abc abc. abc bc bc bc

1,049 ab

Frode........ Saborta

1,181 a 1,088 ab .14

2,624 a 2,440' a 16

C. V.,q pct......*39

different

*Means

at

within a column followed by
the 5 percent level.

letter

are not Significantly

Planted September, 1977.

Table 4. First-year Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Sand Substation, Crossville, Alabama, 1977. Vaiet Pounds of- d forageper acre VreyApr. 256~v~ Piedmont, OG-m65 'J1,708 Boone.. Hall mark. ...5 0: Potomac.. Na i e 1,816 ef* f 2,721 a
2,550 ab

Mountain
Total 7,437 a 7,315 a 7,191 a
7,167 a

3288 b 3,680 a 2,623 c
2,446 c

2,333 a 1,927 abcd 1,847 abcd
2, 1 61 ab

2,300 2,192 2,003 Dayton2,199 NAPS OX I' 1,834 Able 1,592 Aries... 2,153

bc cd de Cd ef fgcd

2,870 2,672 2,681 2,551 2,709 2,646

c c c c c c

1,847 1,89S 2,017 1,904 1,505 1,547

abcd abcd abc abcd de cde

7,017 6,763 6,701 6,654 6,048 5,885

a ab ab abc bcd bcd

1,857 d

1,736 bcde

5,746 cd

*Means within a column followed by-the same Ietter are not significantly- =0 different at the 5 percent 1leve'1. Planted September, 1976.

Table 5 Vari ety

Secondayear Forage Yield o-f Orchardgrass Varieties at *Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, Alabama, 1978 may 2 Pounds of -dry forage per acre Junel* 1Oct. 19 a* bc b b ab cd bc de ef ef 1,594 abcd 1,634-abc 1,569 abc 1,653 abc 1,547' bcde 1,604 abc 1,527 cde 1,490 cde 1,923 a 1,893 ab 15 1,514 1,907 1,681 1,535 1,374 1,530. 1,506 1,585 15489 1,328 28 bcd abc bc C c bc d bc c C.

Total1 5,408 5,2Z6 5,193 4,977 4,842 4,545 4,507 4,249 4,245 4,230 13 a a a ab abc abc abc bc bc bc

Boe...2,200 Oat..1,585 1,843 Hallmark..... Napier........... 1,789 Potomac.......... 1,921 1,411 Piedmont,..*.*.....*. Oayton........... 1.572 NAPS OX 1....... 1,174 833 OG-55 JO*496..... Al****1,009 C.* V. pct....... *Means within
icantly

20
a the 5

different-at

column followed

percent level.

by the same

letter are not sign if_.

Planted September, 1975.

Tab.'~5,Third-myear Forage Yield of rchardgrass Varieties at Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, Ala5ama, 1979. Variety Hal lmark......
Boone. .......
Pounds

of

dry

forage_ per

acre

May 17
. _ 4'%M -f
. "

..

.

Total

Napi er.

.......
... .S
...

Dayton. .

Dart ,.......
Potomac...90099...
A bi

4,709 4,970 4,382 4,414
4,202

a*
a a ab ab ab b b b
C

2,274 a 1, 835 a b 1 ,902 ab 1,731 b

Piedmont.,... NASes
.
. . .

e.
.

...

.

..

..

9.

..
. .

"

NAPB5

JoX.........
!.

.

C. V., pct.

4,284 3,492 3,579 3,530 3,547 2,1667 i5

1,846 ab 1:,744- b
I,911 ab 1, 535 bc 3, 550 bc 17,21 4 c 2,025 ab 19

5,983 a 5,804 a 5,284 ab 5,145 abc 5,048 abc 5,028 abc "5,403 bcd 5,21.5 bcd 5,080 ce 4,751 d 4,702 d 15
letter

*Means within a nifi cantl y di fferent at

column followed by the the 5 percent level.
1975

same

are not sig-

Planted

September,

-1lo

TabI e 7. Variety

Fcurth-year Rorage-.Yield of

Substation,

rchardgrass Va

CrO.ssvillatAlabamra,

1980

eti es at sand Mountain

Aor. 17 Hallmark......... 1,535 abc 4 Piedmont...... 981 ef Boone............ 1,832 a *....,a 1,683 a Potomac... ...... 1apfer. 1,421 cd 1,349 d OGr-65 JOV*40*94 Ais...... 1,459 bcd Dto...... 1,279 d 929 f ar....... 1,195' de 1,008 ef, NAPB OX 1 .... C. Vo, pct....... 15 i.

Pounds of"dry forace oeracre Oct. 2 July 1 May 15 3,13 3,145 2,880 2,875 3,334 3,024 2,341 3,333 3,259 3,1181 3,314 10
level

Total 7,519 a

ab ab b b a

1,516 2,410 1,442 1,410 1,331

bc

1,105 b

a
cde cde

752 def
1,030 bc 1,133 b

7,288 ab
7,184 ab 7,102 abc

ab
c a cb ab a

cde 744 def 888 bcd 1,471 bcde 1,220 da 1,559 a
1,275 1,755 1,354 1,150 15 cde b cde e 579 530 590 403 21 a fg def g

5,830 bc 6,732 bc
6,579 5,567 6,,483 5,430 5,885 1.3 bc bc bc bc c

within column . at the 5a percent followed different

*Means

by the same letter as not

significantly

Planted September, 1975.

Table 8. First-year Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield, Alabama, 1979

Pounds
VreyAor.,10 T,049 a* Boone.. Crown..1,016.a Piedmont. 924 ab 906'ab Hallmark. 573 cd Hawk4000* 451 cd Napier.. 513 cd Fr de.. 71 OG7 154pa 5 bc e* Saborto....... 342 d 291 d Calder... 295 d Sylvan*. 0 . C*.V., pct..... 33
.

of" dry

forace oer acre
June 21

May .7

Total 3,386 3,219 3,153 3,071 a ab ab abc abc abc bcd cd de c e

1,533 a 1,554 ab 1,446 abc. 1,502 ab 1,416 abc 1,464 abc 1,179 abcd 1,040 bcde 954 cde 578 ef e 425 f 28

599 -ab 549 abc 793 a 553 -abc 549 abc 5.14 abc 659 abc 573 abc .358.bc 415 bc 333 c 35

2,538
2,529 2,351 2,284 1,5154 1,284 1,058 23

*Means within a column followed by the same .letter are not significantly different'at the 5 percent level.0

Planted

Septmber, 1978

Table 9. Second-year Forage Yield of'Orchardgrss Varieties at Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield, Alabama, 1980. Vari ety Piedmonit.... Hall1mark.... Boone............ Crown,...*.....0.*0.0. Napier........... Frode,..9...& . OG-P71 5..0.* .. * Hawk........ Ca9r..... Saborto..... C. Vo, pct.......0 Apr. 8 924 993 975 945 477 312 452Z 407 41 497 48 ab* a ab ab cc c be c Pounds of dryv forage oer acrs Apr. 29* May 27 jun e 25 1,184 ab 1,189 ab 1,241 a 1,076 ab 1,10a 946 abc 89 abed 710 bce .442 de 573 ede 38 1,700 1,465 1,337 1,178 1,056 1,435 1,149 963 894 81Z6 34 a ab abeab bc ab abc be be C 475S a 509 a 502 a 409 abc 383 abe 332 abc 435 ab 407. abc 240 be 224 c 33
not

Total 4,282 a 4,156 ab 4,056 ab 3,508 abe 3,136 abcd 3,025 bde 2,934 bce 2,488 edef 2,117 def 2,110. def 27

different at the 5 percent level .

*Means within a Column followed by the same

letter- are

significantly

Pl anted September , 1978.0

Table 10.

First-year Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Alabama, 1977 VaieyMa.23Pounds of drZ forage ~er acre Sept, 21
1,525 a* 741 bcdefg

Total1
21,256 a

NK KG-I 91

............

1,111 bces1,9049 abc 1,162 bcde 985 abede 1,265 abc833 abcdefg 1,013 cdefgh 1,108 0'abc 1,041 bcdefg 1,012 abed WwSwIV oO wve0*0*00 1,312 ab 574 cdefg Cle....000000 1,001-.cdefgh 865 abedef OG,45 J....... 730 h 1,115 a. 1,161 bce 600 defg 1,060 bcdefg 701 bcdefg 1,V209 bed 454 fgh 1,123 bcdef 454 fgh 1,064 bcdefg 457 fgh Sa.t.....,.841 fgh 539 defg 839 fgh 640 defg Poonc........946 defgh 498 fg 812 gh 425 g
C. V0, pet.........,.

Pldot........ Halnak........

2,150 2,148 2,00"8 2,093 2,053 1986 1,865 1 845 1,761 1,761 1,553 1,577 1,521 1,480 1,479 1,444 1,237

ab ab abcabe abed abed abcde abede abcd e abede abcde bce bce cd e cde de e

21
-12-

45
same letter

'wIieans winin a coium n fo Ii owed by th~e different at the 5 percent Ilevel ,

2 are not s ign tca nt ly

Planted September, 1975,

Ta bl

e.11.

Second -yea r Forage Yield of

rchardgrass Vareties at Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Alabama, 1978 Pounds of dry forage pe-r acre May 12
1,789 a I*1,7ab 1,580.ab 1,594 abc 1,534 abcd 1,437 bcde

Variety
Hallmark o Boone. .. ,9756 0G-065 1 00*0 Pidot'*732 Crw.....,, NK09

Apr. 6
931 ab*

Total
2,720 2,553 2,383 2,325 2,271 2,218 a

a
703 cd bcd 737 bcd 781 a bc

ab
abc abcd abcde bcde

NK-K5..l17..9 .

w.q

0 0,

Ha-wkSw07 oo t Are.....,, Dat..**,*, Napier..........

721 bcd
511 def 974 a
550 de

1,484 abcd
1,5608 abc 9Sal f

2,205 bcde
2,119 cde 1,965, cdef
1,964 cdef

.1,414 bcde

469 efg 376 efg

1,431 bcde 1,41 abcde

1,900 def 1,867 defg

Pooac..391 Napier.*to Cadr...,,* Sa borto
Able
*,*,**

efg 312 fg.1,.492
517 def 394 efg
303 fq

1.427 fcde aBcd
1,282 cdef 1,384 bcde
1,229 def

1,818 efg 1,804 efg
1,79a efg 1,778 efg
1,532 fg

280 g. Sylvan... ., C.V., pct............30 *Means within a column followed by the same different at the 5 percent level . Planted September, 1976

1,134 e~f 17.

1,414 g 18
are not significantly

letter

-13-.

Table 12.

Average Forage Yield of Orchardgrass Varieties at Three Locations
in Nnrftharn Alabama

Pounds of dry fora e Poer acre, averace Tennessee VreyValley Sub. 3 years Sand Mountain Substation. 4 years 6,715 6,547 62007
'6,213

Upper Coastal Plain Sub, 2 years 3,5613 3,721 39723 2,831
4

Ae~ of Ilocatio ns 42905 4I7 91 4,539 4236a
gb

Hal mark4,387
Bon...4,006 Piedmont............ 42188 a ie.... 41,060 P~toac...6,247
Dart
Dayton
. . .. **-5,993 -6,101

0G65J.5,887
Aries.......NAPS OX *I
Able
. .lift550 -

5390 5236 3,412
20609 2,363 2,593 1,700
*13331

-

Crown........ OG-"7l5........
Hawk.........

4,448 4,2824,00563.834

3,930 3.O445
3,284 3,263

Prode.a.0.......0.0.0 Saoro.........
Calder Sylvan........
.....

3,850 -1,882
32752 3,948

2,871
2,725 2,540

-14-

fnformaion contained herein is avaijable to all versons regardless of race. ca~ior, sex, or rational origin.