V I;p X y j a CONTENTS Page DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL AssocIATIoNs 3 _3 _5 _7 Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Soils of the Appalachian Uplands Plateau Soils of the Piedmont Plateau Soils of the PrairiesSoils of the Coastal Plains - 8 9 .14 .14 Soils of the Major Flood Plains and Terraces---------- Soils of the Coastal M arshes ------------------------ A P P E N D IX ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 ------ 7 1 ------ 7 - ----- 17 Soil Associations and Interpretations for Selected Uses- Selected Properties of Soil Series ------------------------------ C lassification of Soils -------------------- ------ 17 COVER PHOTO. View of the Limestone Valley and Upland Province. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The information about Alabama soils in this report and on the map is the result of work done by many soil scientists. It was compiled from recorded soils information acquired through soil survey activities that started about 75 years ago. Essentially all credit for this publication goes to soil scientists, past and present, of the Soil Conservation Service, Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. Special recognition is given to the late L. G. Brackeen, who compiled the first soil map of Alabama. FlusT PRINTING 5M, NOVEMBER 1975 Auburn University is an equal opportunity employer. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OF ALABAMA B. F. HAJEK, F. L. GILBERT, and C. A. STEERS' THIS REPORT and the included soil map have been prepared for individuals who want a general description and visual display of soil resources of Alabama communities. More detailed descriptions and maps are available for many counties. These give soil information about specific, much smaller, areas of land. The soil bodies outlined on the map are generally large areas, representing a group of soils common to whole communities. Consequently, each enclosed delineation on the map represents an area containing more than one different kind of soil. Different kinds of soils are closely associated and characteristically found together within a landscape, which is why the delineations are called soil associations. Soil associations used as units on the map have been grouped into seven soil provinces, designated on the map by different colors. The soil provinces of Alabama are closely related to the geologic nature of the materials in which soils formed. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL ASSOCIATIONS The soil associations described in this section represent the current level of information about the soils of Alabama. The location of each association in the State is shown on the "General Soil Map - State of Alabama" which accompanies this report. Each association or map unit is identified because of some unique characteristic of the soils in that association. More detailed maps require a larger scale, such as those in an individual county soil survey. The important soil series in each soil association are described in terms of depth, drainage class, landscape position, and slope range. This is followed by a brief generalized description of a soil profile that best represents the series. The bedrock that underlies the representative soil profile is given if its depth is 40 inches or less from the surface. More de = tailed information about the individual soil series is located in Appendix Table 2. Each series description represents the current concept of that series. Series concepts will be refined as detailed soil surveys progress, and this will result in some new series being introduced. More detailed information about the soils of individual counties is available for counties where a soil survey is in progress or has been completed. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands This soil province is the most intensively cultivated area in the State. Most of these soils were formed in material weathered from limestone. Topography is gently rolling to steep. The more gentle slopes are generally used for cultivation, whereas steeper slopes are generally wooded. The soil series and land types in these associations were named to represent the most extensive soils in each association. soils in the association. Rockland, limestone, is a land type that represents the exposed limestone boulders, bedrock, and bluffs in this association. Barfield soils are shallow, well drained, upland soils on slopes ranging from 0 to 30 percent. Typically, the surface layers have dark brownish colors and loamy textures. The subsoils are clayey and have dark brownish colors in the upper part and olive brown colors in the lower part. Barfield soils are over limestone bedrock. 1-Barfield-Rockland, limestone A typical landscape within this association is one of rolling to steep mountainous uplands that are mostly wooded. The trees are mostly eastern red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) and mixed hardwoods. The Barfie s represents the major 1Respectively, Associate Professor of Soils, Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station; Assistant State Soil Scientist, USDA-Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, Alabama; and formerly Assistant State Soil Scientist, USDA-Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, Alabama, presently USDA-Soil Conservation Service, Ft. Worth, Texas. 2-Cheaha-Leesburg A typical landscape within this association is one of steep mountainous uplands that are wooded. The trees are mostly mixed hardwoods with some pines. The Cheaha and Leesburg series represent the major series in this association. Cheaha soils are moderately deep, well drained, upland soils on slopes ranging from 15 to 60 percent. They typically have brownish, stony, loamy surface layers and subsoils. Cheaha soils are over hard sandstone bedrock. Leesburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. %i: 1 ,, .1 - . -- ~-.-- - -j - ~ 15 r ~-- Deatr-ewy sscitin f heLiesoe Vale adUpan roine Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent. They typically browntish, gravelly, loamy surface layers and subsoils. have 3-Colbert-Conasauga-Firestone A typical landscape ithin this association is one with nearly level pastureland intermitngled with wooded areas in broad valleys betveen mounitains. The Colbwrt, Coiasauga, and Firestone series represent major soils in this association. Colbert soils are deep, modetrately well to somewhat poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy, surface layers over brownish, clayey subsoils. Colbert soils are underlain by limestone. Conasauga soils are moderately deep, moderately well drainsed, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over Iowis subsoils tsat are loamy in the upper part and clayey in the lower part. Conasauga soils are over fractured shale it horizontal beds. Firestone soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplanls. Slopes ransge from 2 to 25 percent. They typically save brownish, gravelly, loamy surface layers over reddish, clavey subsoils. Firestone soils are usderlain by ssale in horizontal beds. Icallv have hirownish graeIly, loamv sxurface laecr s overe dish, clavey subsoils. irestone soiis are Illnderlan bly shale in horizonital beds. Talbott soils ate moderately deeps, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. Thev' typically have irownish, loamy, sulface layers over clavey sll)soils that ate reddish in the uppet patrt and irownisl in tie lover part. 5-Decatur-Dewey A typical landscape within this association is one of genstly rolling cultivated fields. The Decatur and )evey series represent the major soils in this association. Decatur soils are deep, vell drained, and ate on iplanids. Slopes range ftrom 1 to 25 percent. They typically have dark lrownish, loamy surfa~ce lay ers and dlark 1)rowlish, loamy upper subsoils over dark reddish, clav ey lower subsoils. Dewey soils are deep, well drained uplandi soils. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent. They typically have dark rIownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils. 6-Decatur-Dewey-Allen A typical landscape withini this association is oet with nearly level to gently slopinig cultivated fields antd pastuires, joined by steep slopes that ate wooded. The Decatur . Dewey, and Allen setries trepr esetnt the uajor soils ini thIis associ atinl. Decatur soils are deep, well (drained, and ate on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have datrk browvnish, loamy sutrface lavers and dark brownish, loamy upper subsils over dark reddish, clayvy lower slsoils. Dewey soils are deep, vell drained, and are on uplanids. Slopes range from 2 to :30 percent. They typically have (lark brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clavev suibsoils. Alletn soils ate deep, wvell drainsed, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percenit. They typically have brovnish, loamy surface layer s over reddish, loamy susoils. 4-Conasauga-Firestone-Talbott A typical landscape withins tsis association is one of gently rolling to silly wooded areas witl scattered open areas used for pasture. Tise Conasauga, Firestose, atnd Talbott series represent the major soils it this association. vell Conasauga soils are moderately deep, tnoderatelv drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. They typically have brownsish, loamy surface layetrs over brownish subsoils that are loamy it the upper part and clayey in tse lower part. Conasauga soils are over fractured shale in horizontal beds. Firestone soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes ransge from 2 to 25 percent. They typi- 7-Dickson-Fullerton A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level cultivated fields and pastureland. Scattered areas of woodland are common. Areas along the steeper drainages are wooded also. The Dickson and Fullerton series represent the major soils in this association. Dickson soils are deep but have fragipans that are typically at about 25 inches. These moderately well drained upland soils have slopes ranging from 1 to 10 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers and brownish, loamy subsoils over brittle and compact, loamy fragipans. The fragipans have mottled colors in shades of brown, gray, and red and typically are underlain by a reddish, clayey subsoil layer. Fullerton soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over reddish, cherty, and clayey subsoils. Lobelville soils are deep, moderately well drained, and occupy bottomland positions. Slopes are less than 3 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over cherty and loamy subsoils that are brownish in the upper part and grayish in the lower part. Lee soils are deep, poorly drained, and occupy bottomland positions. Slopes are less than 2 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over grayish, cherty, and loamy subsoils. 10-Minvale-Bodine-Fullerton A typical landscape within this association is one with rolling pastureland alongside steep woodland. The Minvale, Bodine, and Fullerton series represent the major soils in this association. Minvale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over reddish, cherty, and loamy subsoils. Bodine soils are deep, somewhat excessively drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 60 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface and subsoil layers. Fullerton soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over reddish, cherty, and clayey subsoils. 8-Holston-McQueen-Chewacla A typical landscape within this association is one of large, nearly level, cultivated fields. The Holston, McQueen, and Chewacla series represent the major series within this association. Holston soils are deep, well drained, and occupy stream terrace positions. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface and subsoil layers. McQueen soils are deep, well drained, and occupy stream terrace positions. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish clayey subsoils. Chewacla soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and occupy flood plain positions. Slopes are less than 2 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface and upper subsoil layers over grayish, loamy lower subsoils. 11-Minvale-Fullerton A typical landscape within this association is one of hilly woodlands and sloping pasturelands. The Minvale and Fullerton series represent the major soils in this association. Minvale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over reddish, cherty, and loamy subsoils. Fullerton soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, cherty, and loamy surface layers over reddish, cherty, and clayey subsoils. 9-Lobelville-Lee A and land ville typical landscape within this association is one of level nearly level cultivated fields and pastures with bottomhardwood timber areas along the drainages. The Lobeland Lee series represent the major soils in the association. Soils of the Appalachian Plateau This soil province is the most mountainous in Alabama. It is folded valleys and ridges, with both conifers and hardwoods on the slopes and narrow ridges. The soil series named in each association were selected to represent the major' kinds of soil in that association. Albertville soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over yellowish and brownish, clayey subsoils. 13-Hartselles-Rockland, limestone-Hector A typical landscape within this association is one of steep wooded mountain slopes with numerous rock ledges, bluffs, and boulders. The Hartsells and Hector series represent the major soil series in this association. Rockland, limestone, is a land type that represents a large component of limestone exposed at the surface. Hartsells soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over brown, loamy subsoils and are underlain by sandstone. Hector soils are shallow, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent. They typically have brownish, gravelly, loamy surface layers over brownish, loamy subsoils. Hector soils are underlain by sandstone. 12-Hartsells-Linker-Albertville A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level and gently rolling cultivated fields with hardwood timber along the major drainages. The Hartsells, Linker, and Albertville series represent the major soils in the association. Hartsells soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are Dn uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over brownish, loamy subsoils. Hartsells soils are underlain by sandstone. Linker soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils and are underlain by sandstone. [5] « M Hartsells-Linker-Albertville Association of the Appalachian Plateau Province. 1 4-Hartsells-Vyn nville-Albertv-ille .A typical lal discape xwithIin this as sociat ion is one wxithI nearly level and~ geintly rolliiig cultixvatedl fields. The Hariitsells, NVvnnx ille, and Albeirtville seies repireseiit the imajoi soils in t Iis association. H artsells soils ar e modeirately deep.,x ell dr ained, and are on up)lands1. Slopes range fi om 2 to 25 percent. They typicall av xe brownish, loamy suriface lax ers over biowxn ish, loam v subilsoil s. 1Ilart sells soils aie underl ain by sandstone. ) No x I soils are deep bunt tyvpically vii xhI ave fra gipaniis at ablout 2:3 inches. Thlese moderately well driaiiied upland soils hav e slopes ranging from 0) to 10) percenit. Thex t pically hiave briownitsh, loainx surfac e layers aiid upper subsoils oxver compact, 1)rittle fr agipaiis. The fr agipains, mottled ini shades of gray , brow ii, aiid red, oxverlie brow rnish, loamy lower subsoils. Albertxille soils ai e deep, wxelI driained, aiid are on uplaiids. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. Thex tvypicall'y have b~roxxniish, loamy surface la eirs oxver xyelloxxishi aiid browiiish, claxvcy subsoils. Albei tville soils are undeirlain by shale. II ect oi soils are sh al loxx xwel1ldriined, aind( are oi iupl11anid (s. Slopes iraiige from 2 to 60t percenit. T hey tx pica.llx hiaxe 1broxxniishI, lx, loam v suirface grax el lax crs ovei 1brownishi, l om subsoils, uiiderlain bx saiidstoiie. Al Iein soils are deep. wxell cI ainiedc, ani ex up upl a d d positionis. Slopes iraiige from 2 to 40) peirceiit. They ty pically have hiroxwniish, loamy surface livers over retddishi, loamx subsoils. 16-2Monterallo-Totcnley-Enders I5-Hector-Rockland, limestone-Allen A tvpical landscape xwithii this association is one of steep wvooded slopes and foot-slope areas that are opeii pastuie land. T[le steep slopes have inmerous rock ledges, bluffs, aiid lar ge boultders. The Iflector seies represents the major soils on the steeper slopes. I3ockland, limestone, is at land type that represents the large component of exposed irock. The Allen series represents the major soils on the foot slopes. A tx pical Llanscape xwithlin tis assoc iat ion is one oif steep mouintaiiious xxoodedl slopes wxithi Virgiiiia piiie (P. X'irgiana) beiiig dominaiint. '[le Moiitexvallo, Toxilexy, aiit Eiideis seieits irepreseni t thne major soils iii the as s ci ion. at Moiitexvallo soils aie shiallows, wxelltdraiiied, aiid are on uplaiids. Slopes raiige from 2 to 45 pei cenit They txypicallx hai~ve grax islhi shiahI, loamy surfaice Ilavers oxver hiroxxish, sh alv', an litIIoaimy subsu rface lax ers aind subsosil s. Thesce soils tx pically aire unitlini bx level hedded shale. Town lex soils art' inoderate'lx deep, well dI Irained, and are c on uplaiids. Slopes rainge from 2 to 45 peircent. They tx pi-l 1 ca ll' haxve b~roxwnish, loamyx snirface livers ox er red( dish, clayexy subsoils. Toxxnl1ey soils ty pically arde und cerla in lix lexvel bedded, coiisolidated shale. Eindeirs soils aie deep, xxelI drained, andl are oni upllandcs. Slopes iraiige firom 2 to 45 pe'rceit. Thley typically haix broxxniish, graxvelly, loamy surfaice laxvers over reddcish, claxvex subsouils that haixe grayxish aiid hioxx iiisl miitthes in thlowenx [6] Soils of the Piedmont Plateau This soil prin ice makes up an area of Alahama that wvsas cxtensivels cultisvated hut is nosy mostly wsoodformeil land. The topography is generally rolling to hilly hecoming imouiitaiiioius towaird the inortlh. The soils (if this pi-osviince formed in the oldest rock expsdat the s urface in Alab am a. The soil seiies niam ed iii each associatin swerc selec-terd to repiresent the most extensive aind( tie imajor kindis (if soilIs iin eac-Ih associa tion.callx haive birowijsh, loams suirface laver s ov er reddish, c-las ey subso0i1s. Madlisoni soils are over mica schist. 19-Davidson-Hiwassee-Gwinnett A typical landscape withino this association is onie oifun dulating to hilly woodland. The Dasvidsoin, 11 iwassee, anid Gw iinett series represent the major soils in this association. Dav idson soils are deep, wseli dirained, and are oiinj hpan ds. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. They ty pically have dark b~rownish, loamy surface layecrs ovei thick, dark reddish, clavev subsoils. Hissassee soils are deep, well drained, aiid are on uplland~s. Slopes range from 2 to 25 per cent. They typically hav e dar k ov5er dark ireddishi, clayey hi ownisli, loamy surface lavs SuilS01ilS. Gwinnett soils ar e moderately (deep, wsell driained, and are on uplands. Slopes irange from 2 to 45 percent They tv picallihiiave dlark redd(i sh, loamy susrface l avers ov er d ark reddrish, clax ey sublsoils. Gswiinnett and l lissassee soils anre typically underlain 1yws eatheried basic irock. 1 7-A ppling-Cecil A typical l aiidscape switini thIis assor-iat ion is on e of hilly w~oodland~s (if mixed pines and hardwoods. The Appliig anrd Cecii series repriesemnt tihe major soils ssithii tis associatioii. Appl in g soils ame e ep, swell rdrai ned, ai n ae oiin uplainirs. Slopes range firom 0 to 15 pec ent. They typicaliy have 1browniiishi, Iiam v surfare layers (iser hronsmishi and ye1 lowishi, rIlavey sIubsoilIs. Cer-il soils arc dieep, well rdrainerd, and are oii umplanrds. Slopes raiige firom 0) to 25 percent. They ts'picalls- hiase -lae suCs-is.i5 i Vsurf ace las ers ov er reddish, broi- sh l, Iloaimy 18-Cecil-Grover-Madison A tyxpical laiirdsrcape swi thiin thlis associat ion is one (if illy wVood~lai ds of mixed piiies amnd iiarrlsoors. TIhi Cecil, Gm-over, anid MIadi soii series repr eseint thle inajor soils in tius asso(ciat ilhi i. 20-Iredell-Mecklenburg A ty pical Iandrscape swi thin th is associat ion is ani ndulatin g salley swith loss quality wsoodlands iinteirmingled wvith pasture or cuiltisvated lands. The Ir edell and MIeckleinbuirg series represent thle m ajor soils iin thiis associ atioin. I redlil soils aire moderately deep1, imoderately well to someiiained, anid are on uplands. Slopes irainge from sshat poorl dr I to 12 percent. They tvpically' hasve broswnish, loamy siurface Ilavers nver 1browniish, c-lasvesv suibsoils. The suib soils ilownser part. IriedellI soils scoloris in the hias e gira ishi and oliv desviloped ns er i-II Sapi ol ite Melenbuiriig soils aire imo((ecrate Ix dee p.,s eli diraini ed, and hasve in ossilisim loamy stirpili 1)i aiie on liplaics. Thies Cecil soils are decep, swell (drained, aiid are on uplanrds. have Slopes irange firom 0I to 25 percent. Thev typ~ic-all ironosiish , loamy suirfarce l asers (ivci irrddish, c-Iasvey suo (1 s. Groserm soils aire (deep, well dlrainiedr, andl are on uipl anld~s. Slopes ramnge fr oim :3 tol 2.5 percent. Thmey tx pically' hase ironiishu, loamy sunrfac layeirs over lbroswniish andl reddishi, Madiiisoni soils are modleratels deep, sweli clriiind, andal are Slopes i *iige froim 0 to :35 perceiit. They ts pi- oil mplaids. 1' 1~~ E I-), ~ I - '~~' ' ,. .! s7 - t -H iwa s eA s e s sllo-Gio s ciat e o in e wnt n of t h e Pie d mo nt Provin ce. lo-Mu face layers over subsoils that are reddish and clayey in the upper part and brownish and loamy in the lower part. These soils are over weathered, basic rock. 21-Gwinnett-Cecil-Appling A typical landscape within this association is one of rolling to hilly woodland. Some of the broad ridges are open and in cultivated crops or pasture. The Gwinnett, Cecil, and Appling series represent the major soils in the association. Gwinnett soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. They typically have dark reddish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, clayey subsoils. Gwinnett soils are typically underlain by weathered rock. Cecil soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils. Appling soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over brownish and yellowish, clayey subsoils. Madison soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils. These soils are over mica schist. Tallapoosa soils are shallow, well drained, and on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 60 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Tallapoosa soils are over mica schist. 24 -Muse lla-Gwinnett-Hiwassee A typical landscape within this association is one of hilly woodland. The Musella, Gwinnett, and Hiwassee series represent the major soils in the association. Musella soils are shallow, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 6 to 60 percent. They typically have dark brownish, gravelly, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, gravelly, loamy subsoils and are underlain by gneiss and diorite. Gwinnett soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. They typically have dark reddish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, clayey subsoils. Gwinnett soils are typically underlain by weathered basic rock. Hiwassee soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, clayey subsoils. 22-Madison-Louisa A typical landscape within this association is one of hilly woodland. The Madison and Louisa series represent the major soils in the association. Madison soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils. Madison soils are over mica schist. Louisa soils are shallow, well to somewhat excessively drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, gravelly, and loamy surface layers over brownish, gravelly, and loamy subsoils. These soils are over tilted layers of mica schist. 25-Tallapoosa-Tatum A typical landscape within this association is one of steep, mixed hardwood and pine woodland. The Tallapoosa and Tatum series represent the major soils in the association. Tallapoosa soils are shallow, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 60 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Tallapoosa soils are over mica schist. Tatum soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clay subsoils. 23-Madison-Tallapoosa A typical landscape within this association is one of steep, mixed pine and hardwood woodland. The Madison and Tallapoosa series represent the major soils in the association. Soils of the Prairies This soil province makes up an area of Alabama which is widely known as the "Black Belt." This name comes from the "blackish" surface colors of many of the soils. The topography is generally rolling with some steep slopes and nearly level areas. Vegetation is mostly grass with scattered osage-orange (Macldra pomifera) on the non-acid soils and pine (Pinus sp.) on the acid soils. Large areas of these soils have neutral and calcareous subsoils and some are calcareous in their surface layers. Clayey soils with high shrink-swell properties are common. The soil series named in the association were selected to represent the most extensive soils in the association. Sumter soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percent. They typically have dark grayish, clayey surface layers over clayey subsoils dominated by shades of olive. The subsoil typically is underlain by platy chalk. Oktibbeha soils are deep, moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent. They typically have dark brownish, clayey surface layers over clayey subsoils that are reddish in the upper part and mottled in shades of brown, yellow, red, and gray in the lower part. Oktibbeha subsoils are typically over clayey layers which grade to marly material with depth. 26-Demopolis-Sumter-Oktibbeha A typical landscape within this association is one of gently rolling to hilly pastureland and scattered woodland. The Demopolis, Sumter, and Oktibbeha series represent the major soils in this association. Demopolis soils are shallow, well drained, and occupy upland positions. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over grayish, weathered chalk. [8] 27-Sumter-Oktibbeha-Leeper A typical landscape within this association is one of gently rolling pastureland with scattered woodland. The Sumter, Oktibbeha, and Leeper soils represent the major soils in this association. Sumter soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percent. They typically have dark grayish, clayey surface layers over clayey JR vs _ ~ ~ A; 4- J4 * y~y X4r ye ,^ p.. -y - - .. ": k!. i-- y -4k +, ". ar l fy ' - Q - C pt. " . Su trOkibhaLee Asoito of- th Prii rvne ' lot -r " -. 44 v 4' - 4 . subisoils domnated biy shades of olive. Their sobsoils, tvpicall v, are un dern b1ys platy chalk. Oktibbhla soils are deep, moderately well dritnjed, and aeonl uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 12 petrcent. TLhey typically hasve (lark 1)1owntish, clayey surface layers over clavey sulbsoils that are reddish in tihe upper patrt and mottled in shades of briown, yellow, red, and gray in the lowecr part. Their sub~soils typically overlay clayey layers which gradle to miarly material wviths deptht. Leeper soils are dleep, somewhat poorly dIrained, and are on flood plainis. Slopes range from 0I to .3 percent. They typically hasve brownitsh clas ey surface laye rs and grax ish and brownish clavey sub~soils. Nlayhewv soils are deep. poorly dlrainsed, and atre (n40p lands. Slopes r ange from I to 12 percent. They typically hiav e brown isht and gtrasislh, loamy sutrface layers ovet grayisht, clavey subssoils. Eutaws soils are deep, poorly drained, and1 ate on uplanids. Slopes range ftrm t0 to 2 percent. They typically havec giav isli, clax ev surtface lavsi5over gr ayish, clax cv suibsoils. 29-B~oswell-Susquehanna A typical latndscapc switint this association is one of gentlx rollintg pastuorclatnd( atd w( 5oodlIatd .(mae(as. iBoswelli TIe atnd( Susquehanuna series represent the major soils itn this associatiotn. Boswseli soils ate deep, moderately wxeli drained, atnd ate on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percent. Tvpically, tihes hav e hrownish, loatr ur ttface layers over redldishu, clax ey subsoils that are mottled wyith gras itn the loswec part. Susquehanna soils ate deep, somuesshat poor~ l dained, and arc on utplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percenut. They typically have gray ish, loamy surface lasvers, lbtoswnish, loamy subsutrface layers, atnd c-las ev sublsoils. Subssoils ate reddish in the upper part, mottled in shades ofi gray, ired, atnd hirown in the nuiddle patrt, and grayish in the loswer paurt. 28-Wilcox-Ma yhew-Eutaw A typical landscape wxithitn this association is one of rollitng to hilly, pine woodlatnd intet-mingled wvith scattered pastureland. The Wilcox, Mavyhew, and Eutawv series represent th e mtajor soils in thiiis association. Wilcox soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and are on upland~s. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent They typically have hirowntish, loanmy surface layers over clavey Subsoils that are mottled in shades of brown, red, and gray. Soils of the Coastal Plains This soil province is the largest one in the State. It is part of the Coastal Plain b~elt that extends uinbroken from V'irginiia to Tlexas. The Coastal Plainus ini Alahama are generally gently rolling to hilly svoodlands that are dominiated by pine. There atrc, howver, large areas of open land used for cultivated crops and pasture. Deep soils svithu sandy surface layers are coimmn. Soils wvith c-lasycv subisoils ate common on side slopes in highly dissected areas. The soil series named in the associations wserc selected to repr esenst the most extensive and major kinds of soils itn each association. e~ , ~ ... ,.. wr. 4 -u «T alr Orangeburg-e kca oy-iDothan-1 roue~ ASSo~,ation of the .oasioI Plains Province. 30-Dot han-Fuquay-Wagram A typical landscape wxithiin this association is one of near ly lev el to slopiing pie woodlIandrs. Th ere aire mainy large op)en areas used for pasturie. Some cuiltiv ated fields ar e on the neal ev el slopes. The Dothian, Fuq uay, and WVagram ser ies 1 represent the major ity of the soils ini this association. Dothan soils ar e deep, wvell di aiined, and are on uplanids. Slopes irange froim 0 to 10( percent. They ty pically have Inrownish, loamy suirface lax ers and subsoils wxith reddishi plinthite nodules in their lowver par ts. F'uquay soils are deep, wvell drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range Iircm 1 to 5 percent. They typ~icallv have thick, browvnish, sandy suirface layers ov er subsoils that are loamy with hbrownish colors in the upper pairt, reticulately mottled xvithi shades of yellow, red, and gray in the middle, and vellowxish in the lowser part. WVagram soils are deep, well drined, and aire on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent. They typically have thick, hrowvnish, sandy suirlace layer s oxver b~rownish, loamy sub~soils. hands. Slopes range fr oim 0 to 15 percent. They tx pically hasve briowinish, saindy suirface layers over hrowvnishi and reddish, loamy subsoils. Esto soils aire dleep, wvell draiiend, and are on uplland(s. Slopes range from 2 to 17 peirceiit. Typically, Esto soils have briowvni sh, loam y suirface layers and yellowxish, loamy iipper~ sublsoils over clayey lowerc suhsoils that aire mottled vellowy, red, b~rowxn, and gray. 32-Flomaton-Sm ithdale-Rockland, limestone A typical landscape wxitii this association is one of sloping to steep side slop~es wvith oak-hickoiry or oak-pine vegetatioii. Narrow ridlgetops aire openi annd used for pasture iin many places. This association is at the b~ounidary of the Coastal Plains and the Limestone Valley and Upland region. Consequently, the Coastal Plains sediinits andch ertx' soils are mnixed on many landscapes in this association. The I'lomatoin and Sinithdale series represent most of the soils in this association. The Rocklaind, limestone, repiresents a irather large component of shallowv soils and areas whueire b~edriock is at the siurface. Flomatn soils are cheep, excessiv ely drained, and are oin uplands. Slopes irange from 2 to 4t0 peircent. Typically, they hasve browniish, giravelly, and sandy surface layers over ye1 lowxishi, graxvelly, and sandy suhsui faces and subsoils. Sinithdale soils are deep. svell dirained, and are on uplands. Slopes range fromn 5 to 40 peicent. They typically have broxvnish, loamy suirface layeirs over ireddish, loamy suhsoils. 31 -Dothan-Orangeburg-Esto A typical laindscape xwithin this association is one with neairlv level to gently iolling cultixvated fields wvith some pastuire and xwoodland. Most of the ar ea has soils xvith loamy or sandy suirface layecrs. The Dothan, Oranigeburg, and Esto series represent the majority of the soils in the association. Dothan soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 10 peircent. They typically have hroxwnish, loamy suirlace layeirs and subsoils xwith reddish plinthite nodules in their lowver pairts. Orangeburg soils are deep, well dirained, and are on up- 3.3-Luverne-Sm ithdale-Boswell A typical landscape wxithiin this association is rolling to hilly pine wvoodland. Scattered open areas are usedi for [I10]~ pasture. The Luverne, Smithdale, and Boswell series represent the majority of the soils in this association. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Boswell soils are deep, moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers over clayey subsoils that are reddish in the upper part and mottled with gray in the lower part. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Red Bay soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 15 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, loamy subsoils. 37-Orangeburg-Red Bay-Dothan-Troup A typical landscape within this association is one with broad, nearly level, cultivated fields. Pasture and woodland areas are common in this association in western Alabama. The Orangeburg, Red Bay, Dothan, and Troup soils represent the majority of the soils in the association. Orangeburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, sandy surface layers over brownish and reddish, loamy subsoils. Red Bay soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 15 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, loamy subsoils. Dothan soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers and subsoils with reddish plinthite nodules in their lower parts. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from I to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. 34-Malbis-Orangeburg-Pansey A typical landscape within this association is one of large, nearly level to gently sloping, cultivated fields. The Malbis, Orangeburg, and Pansey series represent the majority of the soils in this association. Malbis soils are deep, moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have brownish colors and loamy textures in the surface and subsoil layers. They have plinthite nodules and some ironstone fragments in the lower part of the subsoil. Orangeburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, sandy surface layers over brownish and reddish, loamy subsoils. Pansey soils are deep, poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Typically, they have grayish, loamy surface layers and subsoils with reddish, yellowish, and brownish mottles. Plinthite nodules are in the lower part of the subsoil. 38-Poarch-Benndale-Escambia A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level cultivated fields with scattered areas of pastureland and pine woodland. The Poarch, Benndale, and Escambia series represent the major soils in this association. Poarch soils are deep, moderately well and well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. They typically have grayish, loamy surface layers, brownish, loamy subsurface layers, and yellowish, loamy subsoils with plinthite nodules in the lower part. Benndale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers over loamy subsoils that are dominated by various shades of brown. Escambia soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have grayish, loamy surface layers over yellowish, loamy subsoils with gray mottles which become dominant with depth. 35- McLaurin-Troup-Ruston A typical landscape within this association is one with gently rolling cultivated fields and pasture intermingled with pine woodland. The McLaurin, Troup, and Ruston series represent the major soils in this association. McLaurin soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. Typically, they have brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Ruston soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. 36-Orangeburg-Dothan-Luverne-Red Bay A typical landscape within this association is one with nearly level cultivated fields and sloping pasture and wooded areas. The Orangeburg, Dothan, Luverne, and Red Bay series represent the majority of the soils in the association. Orangeburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, sandy surface layers over brownish and reddish, loamy subsoils. Dothan soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers and subsoils with reddish plinthite nodules in the lower part. 39-Lucedale-Bama A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level cultivated fields and pastureland with some areas of pine woodland. The Lucedale and Bama series represent the major soils and comprise a large portion of this association. Lucedale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over thick, dark reddish, loamy subsoils. Bama soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. E11] Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over thick, reddish, loamy subsoils. 40-Ruston-Dickson A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level cultivated fields and sloping pastureland. The Ruston series represents the major soils formed in Coastal Plains sediments in this association. The Dickson series represents the major soils formed in the cherty limestone part of the association. Ruston soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have thick, brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Dickson soils are deep but have fragipans that are typically at about 25 inches. These moderately well drained upland soils have slopes ranging from 1 to 10 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers and brownish, loamy subsoils over brittle and compact, loamy fragipans. The fragipans have mottled colors in shades of brown, gray, and red and typically are underlain by reddish, clayey subsoil layers. vated fields are on the broader ridges. Open areas used for pasture are common. The Smithdale, Luverne, and Troup series represent the major soils in this association. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. 44-Smithdale-Troup-Lucedale-Luverne A typical landscape within this association is rolling to hilly woodlands that are dominated by pine. The Smithdale, Troup, Lucedale, and Luverne series are representative of the major soils in the association. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Lucedale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, loamy subsoils. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. 41 -Savannah-Ruston-Stough A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level cultivated fields. The Savannah, Ruston, and Stough series represent the major soils in this association. Savannah soils are deep but have fragipans at about 28 inches. These soils occupy stream terrace and nearly level upland positions. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers and brownish, loamy subsoils over brittle, compact loamy fragipans that are mottled in shades of brown, gray, and red. Ruston soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers over thick reddish, loamy subsoils. Stough soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and are on stream terraces and uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers and loamy subsoils that are mottled in shades of brown and gray. About 40 to 55 percent of the lower subsoils of Stough soils are brittle and compact. 45-Smithton-Escambia-Troup A typical landscape within this association is one dominated by nearly level to gently rolling, pine woodlands intermingled with open areas. The Smithton, Escambia, and Troup series represent the major soils in this association. Smithton soils are deep, poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers and grayish, loamy subsoils. Escambia soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have grayish, loamy surface layers over yellowish, loamy subsoils that have gray mottles which become dominant with depth. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from I to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. 42-Smithdale-Luverne-Flomaton A typical landscape within this association is hilly woodland, with the broader ridges cleared and used for pasture. The Smithdale, Luverne, and Flomaton series represent the major soils of this association. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Flomaton soils are deep, excessively drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. Typically, they have brownish, gravelly, and sandy surface layers over yellowish, gravelly, and sandy subsurface layers and subsoils. 46-Troup-Alaga-Lucy A typical landscape within this association is dominated by broad flats and gently undulating areas. Areas along some drainage ways are sloping to steep. Nearly level areas are cultivated, whereas the more sloping areas are commonly in low quality hardwoods and pine. The Troup, Alaga, and Lucy series represent the major soils in the association. [12] 1 43-Smithdale-Luverne-Troup A typical landscape within this association is dominated by rolling to hilly, pine and hardwood woodland. Some culti- Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from I to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Alaga soils are deep, well to somewhat excessively drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. They typically have brownish and yellowish, sandy surface layers and subsoils. Lucy soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Esto soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 17 percent. Typically, Esto soils have brownish, loamy surface layers and yellowish, loamy upper subsoils over mottled yellowish, reddish, brownish, and grayish clayey lower subsoils. 50-Troup-Smithdale-Malbis-Escambia A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level to sloping cultivated fields intermingled with areas of pine woodland. The Troup, Smithdale, Malbis, and Escambia series represent the major soils in the association. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Malbis soils are deep, moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have brownish colors and loamy textures in the surface and subsoil layers. They have plinthite nodules in the lower parts of the subsoil. 47-Troup-Luverne-Dothan-Orangeburg A typical landscape within this association is one of narrow ridgetops and moderately steep side slopes, with pine trees being the dominant vegetation. Open areas are scattered throughout the area. Some of the more nearly level areas are cultivated. The Troup, Luverne, Dothan, and Orangeburg series represent the major soils in the association. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Dothan soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over subsoils that have reddish plinthite nodules in their lower parts. Orangeburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, sandy surface layers over brownish and reddish, loamy subsoils. 51 -Luverne-Boswell-Quitman-Smithdale A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level to rolling areas of intermingled pine woodland and open pastureland. The Luverne, Boswell, Quitman, and Smithdale series represent the major soils in this association. Luverne soils are moderately deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils which are underlain by stratified loamy materials. Boswell soils are deep, moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 17 percent. Typically, they have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, clayey subsoils that are mottled with gray in their lower parts. Quitman soils are deep, somewhat poorly to moderately well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. They typically have grayish, loamy surface layers over brownish, loamy subsoils that have grayish mottles. Smithdale soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent. They typically have brownish, loamy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. 48-Troup-Plummer-Escambia A typical landscape within this association is one of nearly level to moderately steep soils. Most of this association is pine woodland. There are a few open areas in cultivation or pasture. The Troup, Plummer, and Escambia series represent the major soils in this association. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from J to 25 percent. They typically have thick, brownish, sandy surface layers over reddish, loamy subsoils. Plummer soils are deep, poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. They typically have thick, grayish, sandy surface layers over grayish, loamy subsoils. Escambia soils are deep, somewhat poorly drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Typically, they have grayish, loamy surface layers over yellowish, loamy subsoils. The subsoils have gray mottles that become dominant with depth. 52-Red Bay-Orangeburg A typical landscape within this association is one dominated by nearly level and gently undulating cultivated fields. Exposed surface soil is dark red in the cultivated fields. A few areas are in pasture. Small patches of woodland occur but are not common. The Red Bay and Orangeburg series represent the major soils in this association. Red Bay soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 15 percent. They typically have dark brownish, loamy surface layers over dark reddish, loamy subsoils. Orangeburg soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. They typically have brownish, sandy surface layers over brownish and reddish, loamy subsoils. 49-Troup-Smithdale-Esto A typical landscape within this association is one with rolling and hilly slopes with pine woodland. The Troup, Smithdale, and Esto series represent the major soils within this association. Troup soils are deep, well drained, and are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They typically have thick, [13] Soils of the Major Flood Plains and Terraces lTiis .soil province, as show\n on the "General Soil Map,"' represents only the Flood Plain and Str earn Terrace ar eas that arc wide eioiughi to be showxxn at the scale of the map. The soil series niamed in the association %%cire chosen to repI csent the major kinds of soils ini the association. I 53-Caaba-C heiwacla-M yatt A tx pical landscape xxithiii this association is one with lec c at d neart levelc ciucltivated fields and~ liottomlaiid hardwood wo odlan d along the stireamns. The Cahiaba, Chewsacla, I ~ 'S ,,~..- anid Nix att series represent the major soils in this association. Cahiaba soils are (dcep, wcll dr aiined, and are on terraces alonig the lar ger stircams. Slopes irange fro 01 ( to 5 peceni t. They typically haxve hirownish, loamy sullface livers oxvcr r eddish, loamy subso5ils. ( ewiclsaa soils are d eep), somcevhat poorly dlraiincd, and occupy ineairly level flood plains. Slopes are less thiaii 2 per- ~ I' ~ cetnt. They tx picallx haxve brown'iish, loarns surface lax ers Ois r loamy suis that are browsnish ini the uipper part and grax ishi in the losser pairt. Nix att soils arc deep, pooirlv drained, and are oii lows stream teiiaces. Slopes iange from 0 to 2 percent. They ty pica'~lly hasve grayish, loamy surface lavers and subsoils. Cahaba-Chewacla-Myatt race Province. Association of the Flood Plains and Ter- Soils of the Coastal Marshes This soil bouttomlands and Gulf of selctedl to sociaitioin. pirovince and flats NIcxico. repircsciit is the airea of nearlx lcevel and lev el along the Mobile Riv er, Mobile Bay, The soils and land ts pes named wei e the most exteiisive soils in echd as- Plummer soil~s are deep, poorly drined, and occupy 1positioins along di aiiiagesx axs. Slopes range from 0 to 2 perceint. Thcx tvpicallxy haveC (lark giravish, sandy surface livers over girayishi, sandy subsurface lav ers and subsoils. 55- Osier-Johnston A typical landscape wsithiin this associatioin is one of lev el, (dense, loswland hiardlxvoods along meanderiing streams and~ iistoi sloui ghs. The Os ier and John n seies repr esent thle inajor soils ini this ass c iat ion. Osier soils aie d eep, 1p0(1rly draiined, aind occupy flood plain poisitiiois. They tvp~icallv havec dairk grayish, sandy surface laxers oiver grax ishi, sandy layeris. Johi n ston soils are deep, poiorly draiined, aind~ occupy flood plaini positions. They typically have thick, blackish, mucky and loamy suiface layers over grayish, sandy and loamy layecis. 54-Dorovan-Plumnmer-Tidal Marsh A txypica1 landscape wxithini tis aissociatioii is one of hexvel lossliand( alonig ieniidernig streams5 and slouigh s. Large areas ofi miarish gras ses are ciommini in the sotheIirn part of the t a ssioicia tion. TIhi Do roxvan and Pliummem scries andl the Tidal MIarish lIaind tyxpc represeint thle mnajor soils iii thIiis associjat ioni. Doiroxan soils ate deep, very pooi ly draiiied, and oiccupy~ mI p ercent. Theiy floo p1(1la posit ion s. Slopes arc less t han in 1 tvlpically hasve dar k broxwniish, peat siurface lavers wxhiich iish iiverlie thick, blackishi muck which, in turn, is over brown sandt. [ 14]1 .5 \ I " #1 .. zk 4 #4 ~ .t , it -t $ I? 2 Sa e *4 Association D rovan-P um rcr-Tidal M arsh At r. "' ostal M arsh Prov nc L, Q [15] APPENDIX Soil Associations and Interpretations for Selected Uses The interpretations for some selected uses of soils are given in Appendix Table 1. The rating and kinds of limitations given are for the dominant soil in the association. Areas within each delineation on the map have ratings and kinds of limitations that differ significantly from those given for the dominant soils. The ratings and limitations given in the table, however, are applicable to "communities" and are useful for general planning purposes. Selected Properties of Soil Series Selected properties of each of the soil series listed on the general soil map legend are summarized in Appendix Table 2. The properties listed and discussed below were selected because they relate to the most common interpretations made of soil maps. These properties are for the entire range of each series as it is currently defined. The profile characteristics given in the table are brief. The statements about color and texture represent the dominant condition of the layer being described. The drainage class and the permeability class are from the latest official series descriptions. Depth to bedrock is given for both hard bedrock and rippable bedrock. In this report, hard bedrock means that the bedrock is too hard to cut with a spade. Rippable bedrock, conversely, can be cut with a spade. The seasonal high water table is a zone of saturation at the highest average depth during the wettest season. It is at least 6 inches thick and persists in the soil for more than a few days. (Terms used for the kind of water table and its duration are defined in the Glossary.) Flooding is temporary covering of the soil surface by water from any source. Shallow water standing during or shortly after a rain is excluded from the definition of flooding. (Flooding frequency and duration terms are defined in the Glossary.) The shrink-swell potential is for the subsoil layer and represents that part of the soil with the highest shrink-swell potential. The slope range is from the most current official series descriptions. Classification of Soils Soil classification is useful in several ways. The classification system used makes it easier to remember significant characteristics and to assemble knowledge about soils; to see their relationship to one another and to the whole environment; and to develop principles that help in an understanding of soil behavior and response to manipulation. First through classification, and then through use of soil maps, knowledge of soils can be applied to specific fields and other tracts of land. The narrow categories of classification, such as those used in detailed soil surveys, facilitates the organization of knowledge about soils for practical use in managing farms, fields, and woodlands; in developing rural areas; in engineering work; and in many other ways. Soils are placed in broad classes to facilitate study and comparison in large areas, such as countries and continents. The system of soil classification currently used was adopted by the National Cooperative Soil Survey in 1965. It is called the Soil Taxonomy. The Soil Taxonomy has six categories. Beginning with broadest, these categories are order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. The criteria used as a basis for classification are soil properties that are observable and measurable, but the properties are chosen so that the soils of similar genesis or mode of origin are grouped. In Appendix Table 3, the soil series of Alabama are classified according to the Soil Taxonomy. Classes of the Soil Taxonomy are briefly defined. Order. Ten soil orders are recognized. The properties used to differentiate among soil orders are those that tend to give broad climatic groupings of soils. The three exceptions are the Entisols, Inceptisols, and Histosols, which occur in many different climates. Each order is named with a word of three or four syllables ending in sol. Suborder. Each order is subdivided into suborders, based primarily on soil characteristics that seem to produce classes with the greatest genetic similarity. The suborders narrow the broad climatic range permitted in the orders. Soil properties used to separate suborders are mainly those that reflect either the presence or absence of water-logging, or soil [ 17] differences resulting from climate or vegetation. The names of suborders have two syllables, the last of which indicates the order. Great group. Soil suborders are separated into great groups on the basis of uniformity in the kinds and sequence of major soil horizons and features. The horizons used to make separations are those in which clay, iron, or humus have accumulated; those that have pans that interfere with growth of roots, movement of water, or both; and thick, dark-colored surface horizons. Such features as the self-mulching properties of clay, soil temperature, major differences in chemical composition (mainly calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), and dark red and dark brown colors associated with basic rocks are used in separating great groups. The names of great groups have three or four syllables and are made by adding a prefix to the name of the suborder. Subgroup. Great groups are subdivided into subgroups, one representing the central (typic) segment of the group and others called intergrades that have properties of the group and also one or more properties of another great group, suborder, or order. Subgroups also may be made in instances where soil properties intergrade outside the range of any other great group, suborder, or order. The names of subgroups are derived by placing one or more adjectives before the name of the great group. Family. Soil families are separated within a subgroup primarily on the basis of properties important to the growth of plants or on the behavior of soils when used for engineering. Among the properties considered are texture, mineralogy, reaction, soil temperature, permeability, thickness of horizons, and consistence. A family name consists of a series of adjectives preceding the subgroup name. The adjectives are the class names for texture, mineralogy, and other properties used as family differentiae, Appendix Table 3. Series. The series is the lowest category in this system. The differentiae used for series are mostly the same as those used for classes in other categories, but the range permitted in one or more properties is less than is permitted in a family or in some other higher category. Purpose of the series category, like that of the family, is mainly pragmatic. The series category is closely allied to interpretative uses of the system. APPENDIX TABLE 1. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS FOR SELECTED USES Map symbol and soil association 1. BarfieldRockland, limestone 2. CheahaLeesburg Dominant Soil suitability and major limitation for slope, percent Cropland Pastureland Woodland 6-35 poor: slope, depth to rock poor: slope, large stones fair: too clayey fair: slope, too clayey good poor: slope, depth to rock poor: slope poor: depth to rock good Septic tank absorption fields severe: depth to rock, slope, percs slowly severe: slope, depth to rock Local roads and streets severe: depth to rock, slope severe: slope Small commercial buildings severe: depth to rock, slope severe: slope Soil limitations Dwellings without basements severe: depth to rock, slope severe: slope for Camp areas areas areas severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope Playgrouns severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope, large stones severe: percs slowly moderate: wetness, percs slowly, slope slight thils moderate: slope, rock outcrops severe: slope, large stones moderate: wetness severe: slope 20-50 3. ColbertConasaugaFirestone 4. ConasaugaFirestoneTalbott 1-6 good fair: too clayey fair: too clayey severe: percs slowly severe: percs slowly 1-6 good severe: low strength, shrink-swell severe: low strength severe: low strength, shrink-swell moderate: low strength, shrink-swell moderate: low strength moderate: low strength moderate: wetness, slope severe: low strength, shrink-swell moderate: low strength, shrink-swell moderate: low strength moderate: low strength moderate: wetness severe: slope, large stones severe: percs slowly moderate: percs slowly, wetness slight moderate: wetness moderate: wetness slight 5. DecaturDewey 6. DecaturDeweyAllen 7. Dickson- 1-10 good good good good good good slight slight severe: percs slowly 1-10 good S 00 1-15 good Fullerton moderate: low strength moderate: low strength moderate: low strength slight slight slight slight slight slight slight slight 8. HolstonMcQueenChewacla 9. LobelvilleLee 10. MinvaleBodineFullerton 11. MinvaleFullerton 12. HartsellsLinkerAlbertville 13. HartsellsRockland, limestoneHector 0-6 good good good good good slight severe: wetness, floods severe: slope 0-3 fair: wetness, moderate: low strength severe: floods severe: slope moderate: low strength severe: floods severe: slope moderate: low strength severe: floods severe: slope slight severe : floods severe:: slope slight moderate: percs slowly, slope slight slight slight moderate: moderate: slight floods severe: slope floods 6-35 poor: slope, small stones, droughty fair: slope, droughty good floods, small stones severe: slope moderate: slope 2-20 fair: slope good good moderate: slope severe: depth to rock severe: depth to rock, slope 2-15 good good good moderate: low strength, slope moderate: depth to rock severe: slope severe: slope moderate: slope, depth to rock moderate: slope moderate: depth to rock severe: slope moder ate: slope slight moderate:. slope slight moderate: slope moderate: slope severe: slope slight slight 15-40 poor: slope, droughty poor: droughty, slope fair: depth to rock severe: slope severe:: slope severe: slope severe: slope Continued APPENDIX TABLE 1 (Continued). SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS FOR SELECTED USES Map symbol and soil association Dominant Soil suitability and major limitation for slope, Septic tank percent Cropland Pastureland Woodland absorption fields 0-15 good good good severe: depth to rock severe: depth to rock, slope severe: Soil limitations for Local roads and streets moderate: depth to rock severe: depth to rock, slope severe: slope Small commercial buildings moderate: slope, depth to rock severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope DwellingsPs without basements moderate: s Camp areass Picnic Playgrounds moderate: slope Pathsand slight 14. HartsellsWynnville Albertville 15. HectorRockland, limestoneAllen 16. MontevalloTownleyEnders 17. ApplingCecil 18. CecilGroverMadison 19. DavidsonHiwasseeGwinnett 20. Iredell- slight slight depth to rock severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope 25-40 poor: slope, depth to rock poor: slope, poor: slope, droughty poor: poor: depth to rock poor: 6-40 depth to rock 2-15 fair: slope poor: slope fair: slope fair: ,too clayey fair: slope poor: slope slope, droughty good depth to rock good depth to rock, slope moderate: severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope, depth to rock severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope percs slowly good moderate: moderate: low strength moderate: low strength moderate: low strength severe: low strength, shrink-swell severe: slope severe: slope, low strength severe: slope, low strength moderate: low strength severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: shrink-swell moderate: slope moderate: slope moderate: slope severe: shrink-swell moderate: slope moderate: slope slight 2-25 good percs good good moderate: slope moderate: slope moderate: percs slowly, too clayey severe: slope severe: slope slowly moderate: slope moderate: moderate: slope moderate: too clayey severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope moderate: percs slowly, slope severe: slope severe: slope slight 2-30 percs slowly good fair: too clayey good severe: percs slowly severe: slope severe: slope slight 2-10 Mecklenburg 21. GwinnettCecilAppling 22. MadisonLouisa 2-30 moderate: too clayey, slope moderate: slope severe: slope good severe: slope severe: slope, low strength severe: slope, low strength severe: slope severe: slope severe: low strength, 6-40 fair: slope good slope severe: low strength severe: slope moderate: slope moderate: slope severe: slope moderate: slope 23. MadisonTallapoosa 2-25 poor: slope fair: slope good moderate: slope, percs slowly good good moderate: slope, 24. MusellaGwinnettHiwassee 25. TallapoosaTatum 1-25 fair: slope, droughty poor: slope, droughty poor: droughty percs slowly poor: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope moderate: slope 6-50 good severe: slope, severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope depth to rock fair: severe: slope 26. DemopolisSumterOktibbeha 3-17 droughty fair: too clayey, depth to rock severe: percs slowly, depth to rock severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: shrink-swell, low strength moderate: slope, too clayey moderate: slope, too clayey severe: slope moderate: too clayey Continued Cotne APPENDIX TABLE 1 (Continued). SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS FOR SELECTED USES Map symbol and soil association I ~I 27. SumterOktibbehaLeeper Dominant Soil suitability and major limitation for slope, percent Cropland Pastureland Woodland I -r 0-12 fair: good fair: droughty too clayey 0-5 poor: too clayey fair: too clayey good good Septic tank Septic tank Local Local Small Smal Soil limitations for Dwellings Dwellings Camp Picnic absorption fields severe: peres slowly, depth to rock severe: percs slowly severe: peres slowly moderate: percs slowly moderate: percs slowly severe: slope roads and streetsI I severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: shrink-swell low strength severe: low strength, shrink-swell, slight slight commercial buildings r -^- I.I severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: low strength, shrink-swell moderate: slope slight without basements severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: shrink-swell, low strength severe: low strength, shrink-swell slight slight a areas moderate: slope, too clayey severe: percs slowly severe: percs slowly Playgrounds rs areastrals moderate: slope, too clayey moderate: too clayey, ;wetness moderate: slope, wetness slight slight moderate: slope, percs slowly severe: percs slowly severe: percs slowly, slope moderate: slope moderate: slope severe: slope Paths and moderate: too clayey 28. WilcoxMayhewEutaw 29. BoswellSusquehanna fair: too clayey good moderate: wetness, too clayey moderate: wetness 2-15 good good 30. DothanFuquayWagram 31. DothanOrangeburgEsto 32. FlomatonSmithdaleRockland, S limestone . 33. LuverneSmithdaleBoswell 34. MalbisOrangeburgPansey 35. McLaurinTroupRuston 36. OrangeburgDothanLuverneRed Bay 37. OrangeburgRed BayDothanTroup 38. PoarchBenndaleEscambia 39. LucedaleBama 40. RustonDickson 2-15 0-5 good good good good slight slight severe: slope slight slight 15-35 poor: slope, droughty poor: slope fair: droughty, slope fair: slope fair: droughty severe: slope severe: slope, low strength moderate: low strength slight severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope 6-30 good 0-5 good good good severe: percs slowly, slope moderate: percs slowly slight severe: slope, low strength slight severe: slope, low strength slight severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope moderate: slope slight slight moderate: slope moderate: slope moderate: slope slight 2-10 good good good moderate: slope slight slight slight slight 2-15 fair: slope good good slight slight moderate: slope moderate: slope moderate: low strength slight moderate: wetness, slope slight slight slight slight 2-10 fair: slope good good slight slight slight slight slight moderate: slope moderate: slope slight 0-5 good good good good slight good severe: wetness slight severe: slight slight 0-5 2-10 good good good good. moderate: low strength slight moderate: low strength moderate: low strength slight moderate: wetness slight slight slight slight slight moderate: percs slowly, slope slight slight percs slowly Continued Continue APPENDIX TABLE 1 (Continued). SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS FOR SELECTED USES Cr Map symbol and soil association 41. SavannahRustonStough 42. SmithdaleLuverneFlomaton 43. SmithdaleLuverneTroup 44. SmithdaleTroupLucedaleLuverne 45. SmithtonEscambiaTroup 46. TroupAlaga-Lucy 47. TroupLuverneS Dothan' Orangeburg Dominant Soil suitability and major limitation for slope," Cropland Pastureland Woodland percent 0-6 good good good Septic tank absorption fields severe: percs slowly severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope Local roads and streets moderate: low strength severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope Small commercial buildings moderate: wetness severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope Soil limitations for Dwellings Camp without areas basements moderate: wetness severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope slight slight severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope areas moderate: Playgrounds slope Paths and trails slight 10-35 poor: slope poor: slope poor: slope fair: slope fair: slope fair: slope good severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope moderate: slope moderate: slope moderate: slope 6-35 good 5-30 good 0-5 poor: wetness fair: droughty poor: slope fair: wetness fair: droughty poor: slope good severe: wetness slight severe: wetness slight severe: slope severe: wetness slight severe: wetness slight severe: wetness moderate: too sandy severe: slope moderate: too sandy severe: slope severe: wetness moderate: too sandy severe: slope severe: wetness severe: too sandy severe: slope severe: wetness moderate: too sandy moderate: too sandy, slope moderate: too sandy moderate: too sandy, slope moderate: too sandy moderate: slope 0-6 good 2-30 good severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope 48. TroupPlummerEscambia 49. TroupSmithdaleEsto 50. TroupSmithdaleMalbisEscambia 51. LuverneBoswellQuitmanSmithdale 52. Red BayOrangeburg 53. CahabaChewaclaMyatt 54. DorovanPlummerTidal Marsh 55. OsierJohnston rl r 0-5 fair: droughty poor: slope far: fair: droughty, slope fair: droughty poor: slope far fair: droughty fair: slope good slight slight slight slight 2-25 good severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope severe: slope moderate: too sandy severe: slope severe: too sandy severe: slope 0-30J 0-12 good slight slight moderate: slope slight moderate: too sandy severe: slope moderate: too sandy severe: slope 0-30 fair: slope good severe: slope, percs slowly slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods severe: wetness, floods 0-8 0-5 good good good good good good severe: low strength, slope slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods, low strength severe: wetness, floods severe: low strength, slope moderate: slope severe: floods severe: wetness, floods, low strength severe: wetness, floods severe: low strength, slope slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods, low strength severe: wetness, floods severe: too sandy, slope severe: slope slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods severe: wetness, floods slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods severe: wetness, floods slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods severe: wetness, floods slight severe: floods severe: wetness, floods severe: wetness, floods 0-1 poor: wetness, floods poor: wetness, floods~1 1 poor: wetness, floods poor: wetness, floods L 1 -I poor: wetness, floods fair: wetness, floods 0-2 APPENDIX TABLE 2. SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES characteristics Drainage class Permea class rapid Reaction' Depth to bedrock High water table Had, Rippable, Depth, Kraoa inches inches feet K(subonoil)repercentu 60 60 >6 _ __ Floo none-__ low 0-25 Alaga deep soil with brownish and well to yellowish sandy surface and somesubsoil what strongly acid excessive Albertville deep soil with brownish well loamy surface over brownish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish well loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish well loamy surface over brownish and yellowish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish well loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil shallow soil with brownish well loamy surface over brownish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over brownish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy and cherty surface and subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface and reddish moderately slow moderate strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid neutral >60 40-72 >6 >6 ---- -6none-- -none _--_ ---none -- moderate 2-25 Allen >60 >60 >60 8-20 >60 40-60 low, 2-40 Appling moderate >6' >6 --- - --- moderate 0-15 Bama moderate >60 - -- - none -- -- - low 0-12 Barfield moderately slow --- >6 >6 >6 >6 >6 >6 -__ _none - moderate 1-30 Benndale well moderate very strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 20-40 >60 40-60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 - none--- -- low 0-12 LO Bodine Boswell and Cahaba Cecil grayish subsoils deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil moderately deep soil with brownish, stony, loamy surface and subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over brownish and grayish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy somerapid what excessive very moderslow ately well moderate well well well somewhat poorly moderately well to - none--_ __ low high 5-60 ---- _>none --- --- 1-17 ----- none, --- occasional none----- brief Nov.-Feb. low moderate 0-5 0-5 0-25 moderate Cheaha moderate ---- -- none ----- low 15-60 Chewacla moderate >60 1.0-1.5 apparent Nov.-Apr. frequent brief Feb.-May low 0-2 Colbert clayey subsoil surface over brownish very slow ---- > 6 - -- none-- high 1-20 somewhat poorly Conasauga moderately deep soil with moderbrownish loamy surface over ately brownish clayey subsoil well ,_______._ slow strongly acid >60 20-40 >6 -l - tnone high 1-45 Continued APPENDIX TABLE 2 (Continued). SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES Series Profile characteristics Drainage class Permeability aclass moderate . Reaction tion strongly acid very strongly acid moderately alkaline strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid High. water table Depth to bedrock Hard RiabeDeth Hard, Kind Months inches Rippable, Depth, inches feet Flood Frequency Duration rrr\rr I none t Shrinkpotential (subsoil) moderate Slope range, percent 2-25 ; Months Davidson well deep soil with dark brownish loamy surface over dark reddish clayey subsoil deep soil with dark brown- well ish loamy surface over dark reddish clayey subsoil shallow calcareous soil with well brownish loamy surface over chalk well deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil moderdeep soil with brownish loamy surface, subsoil, and ately well fragipan very deep blackish muck underpoorly lain by sand deep soil with brownish loamy surface and subsoil deep soil with brownish gravelly and loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil with grayish mottles in lower part deep soil with brownish loamy surface over yellowish loamy subsoil that has grayish and reddish mottles in the lower part deep soil with brownish loamy surface over a clayey subsoil that is mottled in shades of yellow, brown, and red deep soil with grayish clayey surface and subsoil well >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >6 r rr - - - I Decatur moderate >60 >6 >6 >6 >6 <0.5 _ _ none moderate 1-25 Demopolis moderate 4-16 _ ____ none -_ moderate 1-20 Dewey moderate >60 >60 none moderate 2-30 Dickson moderately slow >60 >60 >60 >60 ___ none low 1-10 Dorovan very slow moderately slow >60 apparent Jan.-Dec. frequent ong 1 Jan.-Dec. low 0-1 Dothan >60 3.5-4.5 perched Jan.-Apr. none -- low 0-10 r, Enders bo co__ well very slow 40-96 >6 _ __ none high 2-45 Escambia somewhat poorly slow very strongly acid >60 >60 1.5-2.5 apparent Dec.-Mar. none low 0-8 Esto well or moderately well poorly slow very strongly acid >60 >60 >6 none moderate 2-17 Eutaw very slow slow extremely acid very strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid >60 >60 >60 20-40 0.5 perched Dec.-Apr. none very high 0-2 Firestone Flomaton Fullerton well moderately deep soil with brownish loamy and gravelly surface over reddish clayey subsoil excessive deep soil with brownish gravelly and sandy surface and subsoil well deep soil with brownish cherty and loamy surface over reddish cherty and clayey subsoil ! ! >6 .. .n on e high 2-25 rapid >60 >60. >60 >6 >6 none low 2-40 moderate >60 none low 2-40 -- Continued APPENDIX TABLE 2 (Continued). SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES Series Profile characteristics Drainage Permeability class Reaction Depth to bedrock High water table Hard, Rippable, Depth, Kind Months inches inches feet FloodinShrinkFrequency Duration Months potential Fuquay deep soil with thick brownish sandy surface over brownish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over brownish and reddish loamy subsoil moderately deep soil with dark reddish loamy surface over dark reddish clayey subsoil well slow strongly acid >60 >60 >60 >60 >6 >6 ,1, none (subsoil) percent 1-5 Slope range, low acid well moderate strongly acid well moderate strongly acid none - Grover moderate 3-25 Gwinnett >60 20-40 >6 none moderate 2-45 Hartsells moderately deep soil with well brownish loamy surface and subsoil shallow soil with brownish well gravelly surface over brownish loamy subsoil deep soil with dark brownwell ish loamy surface over dark reddish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface and subsoil well moderate very 20-40 >6 _ none low 2-35 strongly acid moder- Hector ately rapid moderate strongly acid medium acid very strongly acid neutral 10-20 >6 ___ none low 2-60 Hiwassee >60 >60 40-60 >60 >60 20-40 >6 _ ___- none moderate 2-25 SHolston 1. moderate >6 _-_ none low 0-20 Iredell Johnston Lee Leeper Leesburg Linker Lobelville moderately deep soil with moderbrownish loamy surface over ately brownish clayey subsoil well to somewhat poorly deep soil with a blackish very mucky loamy surface over poorly grayish sandy subsoil deep soil with brownish poorly cherty loamy surface over grayish cherty loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish someloamy surface over brownish what and grayish clayey subsoil poorly deep soil with brownish well gravelly and loamy surface and subsoil moderately deep soil with well brownish loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish modercherty and loamy surface ately over brownish and grayish well cherty and loamy subsoil slow 1-2 nerrched t,, ._ , r _ Nov.-Mar. none .,.. .. _ very high 0-10 moderately rapid moderate very strongly acid strongly acid moderately alkaline very >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 (1)-1.52 apparent Nov.-July frequent long No v.-July low 0-2 1-2 apparent Dec.-Apr. common brief De c.-Mar. low 0-2 very slow >60 >60 20-40 1-2 apparent Jan.-Mar. common brief Jan .-Mar. high 0-3 moderate >6 >6 none low 2-30 strongly acid moderate very -- none S low 1-20 strongly acid moderate strongly acid >60 >60 1-2.5 apparent Dec.-Mar. occasional brief De :c.-Apr. low 0-3 Continued Cotne APPENDIX TABLE 2 (Continued). SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES Series Profile characteristics cls Drrd PermeaH class moderately rapid moderate very strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid Depth to bedrock R a inches inches 36-120 10-20 D feet' >6 High water table Kind ____ Flog Frequency Durio none---Mnts petilrg, lw24 :1 Months - Louisa shallow soil with brownish gravelly and loamy surface and subsoil well to somewhat excessive Lucedale Lucy well deep soil with dark reddish surface and dark brownish loamy subsoil well deep soil with thick brownish sandy surface over >60 >60 >6 >6 >6 none -- low 0-15 moderate >60 >60 >60 >60 - none low 0-15 1-35 reddish loamy subsoil Luveme moderately deep soil with well moderately brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil over stratified materials strongly acid none -- moderate slow moderate strongly acid 36-120 21-48 Madison well with moderately deep soil brownish loamy and gravelly surface over reddish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface and subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over grayish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish sandy surface over reddish loamy subsoil mod .rately well >6 - - none - moderate 0-35 Malbis moderately slow very strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid >60 >60 2.5-4 0-1 perched Dec.-Mar. none -- -- low 0-8 1-12 u. Mayhew poor -ly >60 >60 apparent Jan-Mar. none high slow moderately rapid to rapid slow McLaurin well >60 >60 >6 - -- - - none - - low 1-25 well dleep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil well Mecklenburg moderately deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil well deep soil with brownish Minvale McQueen cherty and loamy strongly acid slightly acid strongly acid >60 >60 >6 occasionalrare none brief Jan.-Mar. moderate 0-6 2-20 slow 48-96 20-45 >6 - moderate surface moderate >6.0 >60 >6 >6 - none -- low 2-45 Montevallo over reddish cherty and loamy subsoil shallow soil with grayish shaly and loamy surface over brownish shaly and loamy subsoil shallow soil with brownish gravelly and loamy well moderate strongly acid >60 10-20 none low 2-45 Musella over reddish gravelly and loamy subsoil surface well moderate medium acid 40-60 10-20 >6 none low 6-60 Continue APPENDIX TABLE 2 (Continued). SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES Seis Poiecharacteristics Drang Permeability Reaction' Depth to bedrock Hard, Rippable, Depth, class inches very strongly acid very strongly acid very strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid inches >60 feet High water table Kn otsFeunyDrto K(subsoil) Floo Dur ots ptnilrne percent 0-2 1-12 0-15 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-5 Myatt Oktibbeha deep soil with grayish loamy poorly surface and subsoil moderately deep soil with moderbrownish clayey surface over ately reddish clayey subsoil well slow very slow moderate rapid slow >60 >60 >60 >60 0-1 >6 >6 apparent Nov.-Apr. Hnone common brief Nov.-Mar. low high 20-50 -o - -- Orangeburg Oder Pansey deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish sandy surface over grayish sandy subsurface deep soil with grayish loamy surface and subsoil deep soil with very thick grayish sandy surface over grayish loamy subsoil deep soil with grayish loamy surface over yellowish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface and subsoil well poorly or very >60 ___ ____ none - - -- low >60 0-1 apparent Nov.-Apr. non comny non comnr brief brief brief Dec.-Apr. low poorly poorly poorly well and moderately well >60 >60 >60 >60 0-1.5 apparent Dec.-Mar. Dec-Mar. low Dec.-Mar. very low low Plummer Poarch moderate very strongly acid >60 >60 0-1.5 apparent Dec.-Apr. occasiiional 2.5-5 apparent Dec.-Mar. none O0 Quitman Red Bay Ruston Savannah Smithdale Smithton Stough Sumter deep soil with dark brownish loamy surface over dark reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish somestrongly what acid poorly to moderately well well moderate strongly acid well moderate to moderately slow moderate strongly acid - >60 >60 1.5-2 perched Jan.-Mar. none - low 0-5 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 20-40 >6 >6 none none low low low low 1-15 loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface, subsoil, and fragipan deep soil with brownish moderate moderately slow moderate moderately slow moderately slow slow strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid moderately alkaline -- 0-8 0-8 5-40 0-2 0-5 1-17 moderately well well -1.5-3 >6 0-1 1-1.5 >6 perched Jan.-Feb. none none loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over grayish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy >60 >60 - -- poorly somewhat perched Dec.-May perched Jan.-Apr. noneoccasional none none brieflong Dec.-May low low ------high and grayish loamy subsoil moderately deep soil with surface >60 >60 over brownish poorly well grayish clayey surface over grayish and olive clayey subsoil ~VU~U~~LLVCContinuedVI APPENDIX TABLE 2 (Continued). SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SOIL SERIES Series Profile characteristics Drainage somewhat poorly well Permeability class very slow Reaction' very strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid very strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid strongly acid very strongly acid very strongly acid Depth to bedrock High water table Hard, Rippable, Depth, Kind Months Kind feet inches inches >60 >60 >6 .. Flooding Frequency swell Slope percent 1-17 Dui(subsoil) high Susquehanna deep soil with grayish loamy surface over mottled grayish, reddish, and brownish clayey subsoil Talbott moderately deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil Tallapoosa none moderately slow moderate 20-40 >6 3-20 -none none high 2-25 Tatum well shallow soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish loamy subsoil well moderately deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil well moderately deep soil with brownish loamy surface over reddish clayey subsoil deep soil with very thick brownish sandy surface over reddish loamy subsoil deep soil with thick brownish sandy surface over brownish loamy subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over grayish, brownish, and reddish clayey subsoil deep soil with brownish loamy surface over brownish loamy subsoil and brownish and grayish loamy well >60 >60 >6 4-6 apparent Jan.-Apr. low 5-60 moderate 40-60 none moderate 0-25 t Townley to -- Troup , u___ slow >60 20-40 >6 none moderate 2-45 moderate >60 >60 >6 >6 1.5-3 perched Jan.-Apr. none low 1-25 Wagram well moderate >60 >60 >60 none low high 1-8 1-25 Wilcox somewhat poorly moderately well slow 40-80 none Wynnville slow 48-84 -_ 1.5-2.5 perched Dec.-Feb. none low 0-10 fragipan refers to degree of acidity of the upper subsoil layer: extremely acid .. <4.5 very strongly acid ......------------ 4.5-5.0 5.1-5.5 strongly acid 5.6-6.0 medium acid 6.1-6.5 slightly acid -------6.6-7.3 neutral-------------------- . 7.4-7.8 mildly alkaline .......... 7.9-8.4 moderately alkaline 2 Numbers in parentheses indicate water table above the surface. _--...... a Reaction APPENDIX TABLE 3. SOIL SERIES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Series Alaga Family Thermic, Coated Clayey, Mixed, Therinic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Mixed, Thermic Coarse-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy-Skeletal, Siliceous, Thermic Subgroup Typic Quartzipsamments Typic Hapludults Typic Paleudults Typic Hapludults Typic Paleudults Lithic Hapludolls Typic Paleudults Typic Paleudults Vertic Paleudalfs Typic Hapludults Typic Hapludults Typic Hapludults Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Vertic Hapludalfs Typic Hapludalfs Rhodic Paleudults Rhodic Paleudults Typic Udorthents Typic Paleudults Clossic Fragiudults Order Entisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Mollisols Ultisols Ultisols Alfisols Albertville Alien Appling Bama Barfield Benndale Bodine Boswell Fine, Mixed, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Therric Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Mixed, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Mixed, Thermic Very Fine, Montmorillonitic, Thermic Fine, Mixed, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic (Oxidic), Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Loamy-Skeletal, Carbonatic, Thermic, Shallow Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Fine-Silty, Siliceous, Thermic Dysic, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Mixed, Thermic Coarse-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Very Fine, Montmorillonitic, Thermic Very Fine, Mixed, Thermic Sandy-Skeletal, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Micaceous, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thernic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic (Oxidic), Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine, Montmorillonitic, Thermic Coarse-Loamy, Siliceous, Acid, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Acid, Thermic Fine, Montmorillonitic, Nonacid, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy, Micaceous, Thermic, Shallow Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Mixed, Thermic Clayey, Kaolinitic, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine, Montmorillonitic, Thermic Coarse-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Clayey, Mixed, Thermic Cahaba Cecil Cheaha Chewacla Colbert Conasauga Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Inceptisols Alfisols Alfisols Davidson Decatur Demopolis Ultisols Ultisols Entisols Ultisols Ultisols Histosols Dewey Dickson Dorovan Dothan Enders Escambia Typic Medisaprists Plinthic Paleudults Typic Hapludults Plinthaquic Paleudults Typic Paleudults Entic Pelluderts. Typic Hapludalfs Psammentic Paleudults Typic Paleudults Arenic Plinthic Paleudults Typic Hapludults; Typic Rhodudults Typic Hapludults Esto Eutaw Firestone Flomaton Fullerton Fuquay Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Vertisols Alfisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Inceptisols Ultisols Ultisols Alfisols Inceptisols Entisols Grover Gwinnett Hartsells Hector Hiwassee Holston Iredell Johnston Lee Leeper Leesburg Linker Lobelville Louisa Lucedale Lucy Luverne Lithic Dystrochrepts Typic Rhodudults Typic Paleudults Typic Hapludalfs Cumulic Humaquepts Typic Fluvaquients Vertic Haplaquepts Typic Paleudults Inceptisols Ultisols Ultisols Typic Hapludults Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts lRuptic-Ultic Dystrochrepts Rhodic Paleudults Arenic Paleudults Typic Hapludults Inceptisols Inceptisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Madison Malbis Mayhew McLaurin McQueen Mecklenburg Minvale Montevallo Musella Myatt Oktibbeha Orangeburg Osier Pansey Plummer Poarch Quitman Typic Hapludults Plinthic Paleudults Vertic Ochraqualfs Typic Typic Ultic Typic Typic Paleudults Hapludults Hapludalfs Paleudults Dystrochrepts Ultisols Ultisols Alfisols Ultisols Fine, Mixed, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, Thermic, Shallow Loamy, Mixed, Thermic, Shallow Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Very Fine, Montmorillonitic, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Siliceous, Acid, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Typic Rhodudults Typic Ochraquults Vertic Hapludalfs Typic Paleudults Typic Psammaquents Plinthic Paleaquults Grossarenic Paleaquults Plinthic Paleudults Ultisols Alfisols Ultisols Inceptisols Ultisols Ultisols Alfisols Ultisols Entisols Ultisols Red Bay Rusn en Coarse-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Fine1-TLoamyr,Si leousThenrmic. Aquic Paleudults Rhodic Paleudults Typic Paleudults Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols Ultisols [ 28] GLOSSARY AGGREGATE, SOIL. Many fine particles held in a single mass or FERTILITY, cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as crumbs, blocks,or prisms, are called peds. Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. ALLUVIUM. Soil material, such as sand, silt, or clay, that has been deposited on land by streams. AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (also termed available moisture ca- SOIL. The quality of a soil that enables it to provide compounds, in adequate amounts and in proper balance, for the growth of specified plants, when other growth factors such as light, moisture, temperature, and the physical condition of the soil are favorable. FIRST BOTTOM. The normal flood plain of a stream, subject to frequent or occasional flooding. FLOOD PLAIN. Nearly level land, consisting of stream sediments, pacity). The capacity of soils to hold water available for use by most plants. It is commonly defined as the difference between the amount of soil water at field capacity and the amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches of water per inch of soil. CLAY. that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless protected artificially. FRAGIPAN. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon that is low in organic matter and clay but is rich in silt or very fine sand. The layer is seemingly cemented. When dry, it is hard and has a high bulk density in comparison with the horizon or horizons above it. When moist, the fragipan tends to rupture suddenly if pressure is applied, rather than to deform slowly. The layer is generally mottled, is slowly permeable to water, and has few or many bleached fracture planes that form polygons. Fragipans are a few inches to several feet thick: they generally occur below the B horizon, 15 to 40 inches below the surface. HORIZON, SOIL. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, that has distinct characteristics produced by soil-forming processes. These are the major horizons: O horizon. The layer of organic matter on the surface of a mineral soil, consisting of decaying plant residues. A horizon. The mineral horizon at the surface or just below an horizon. This horizon is the one in which living organisms are most active and, therefore, is marked by the accumulation of humus. The horizon may have lost one or more soluble salts, clay, and sesquioxides (iron and aluminum oxides). B horizon. The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of change from the overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive characteristics caused by (1) accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or some combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or stronger colors than the A horizon; or (4) some combination of these. Combined A and B horizons are usually called the solum, or true soil. If a soil lacks a B horizon, the A horizon alone is the solum. C horizon. The weathered rock material immediately beneath the solum. In most soils this material is presumed to be like that from which the overlying horizons were formed. If the material is known to be different from that in the solum, a roman numeral precedes the letter C. R layer. Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The rock usually underlies a C horizon but may be immediately beneath an A or B horizon. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, moved by creep, slide, or local wash and deposited at the base of steep slopes. COLLUVIUM. CONCRETIONS. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of concentrations of compounds, or of soil grains cemented together. The composition of some concretions is unlike that of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and iron oxide are examples of material commonly found in concretions. CONSISTENCE, SOIL. The feel of the soil and the ease with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms commonly used to describe consistence areLoose. Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not hold together in a mass. Friable. When moist, crushes easily under gentle pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be pressed together into a lump. Firm. When moist, crushes under moderate pressure between thumb and forefinger, but resistance is distinctly noticeable. Plastic. When wet, readily deformed by moderate pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form a "wire" when rolled between thumb and forefinger. Sticky. When wet, adheres to other material; tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart, rather than to pull free from other materials. Hard. When dry, moderately resistant to pressure; can be broken with difficulty between thumb and forefinger. Soft. When dry, breaks into powder or individual grains under slight pressure. Cemented. Hard and brittle; little affected by moistening. Refers to the conditions of frequency 0 DRAINAGE CLASS (natural). and duration of periods of saturation or partial saturation that existed during the development of the soil, as opposed to altered drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused by the sudden deepening of channels or the blocking of drainage outlets. Seven different classes of natural soil drainage are recognized. Excessively-drained soils are commonly highly porous and rapidly permeable and have a low water-holding capacity. Somewhat excessively-drained soils are also rapidly permeable and are free from mottling throughout their profile. Well-drained soils are nearly free from mottling and are commonly of intermediate texture. Moderately well-drained soils commonly have a slowly permeable layer in or immediately beneath the solum. They have uniform color in the A and upper B horizons and mottling in the lower B and the C horizons. Somewhat poorly-drained soils are wet for significant periods but not all the time; in Podzolic soils they commonly have mottlings below 6 to 16 inches, in the lower A horizon, and in the B and C horizons. Poorly-drained soils are wet for long periods and are light gray and generally mottled from the surface downward; mottling may be absent or nearly so in some soils. Very poorly-drained soils are wet nearly all the time. They have a dark gray or black surface layer and are gray or light gray, with or without mottling, in the deeper parts of the profile. INFILTRATION. The downward entry of water into the immediate surface of soil or other material, as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of water through soil layers or material. LEACHING. The removal of soluble materials from soils or other material by percolating water. MOTTLING, SOIL. Irregularly marked with spots of different colors that vary in number and size. Mottling in soils usually indicates poor aeration and lack of drainage. Descriptive terms are: abundance-few, common, and many; size-fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast-faint, distinct, and prominent. The size measurements are: fine, less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension; medium, ranging from 5 millimeters to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension; and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension. PARENT MATERIAL. Disintegrated and partly weathered rock from which soil has formed. PERMEABILITY. The quality of a soil horizon that enables water or air to move through it. Terms used to. describe permeability are: very slow, slow, moderately slow, moderate, moderately rapid, rapid, and very rapid. PH VALUE. A numerical means for designating relatively weak acidity and alkalinity in soils. A pH value of 7.0 indicates precise neutrality; a higher value, alkalinity; and a lower value, acidity. [29] PROFILE, SOIL. A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending into the parent material. REACTION, SOIL. The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH 7.0 is precisely neutral in reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. An acid, or "sour," soil is one that gives an acid reaction; an alkaline soil is one that is alkaline in reaction. In words, the degrees of acidity or alkalinity are expressed thus: pH Extremely acid Below 4.5 Very strongly acid------------------ ------- 4.5 to 5.0 Strongly acid 5.1 to 5.5 Medium acid 5.6 to 6.0 - -6.1 to 6.5 Slightly acid ----------------------Neutral 6.6 to 7.3 Mildly alkaline ---------------7.4 to 7.8 M oderately alkaline --------------------7.9 to 8.4 Strongly alkaline 8.5 to 9.0 Very strongly alkaline_ 9.1 and higer SOLUM. The upper part of a soil profile, above the parent ma terial, in which the processes of soil formation are active. Th< solum in mature soil includes the A and B horizons. Generally the characteristics of the material in these horizons are unlike those of the underlying material. The living roots and othe plant and animal life characteristic of the soil are largely con fined to the solum. STRUCTURE, SOIL. The arrangement of primary soil particles int( RELIEF. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, considered collectively. SAND. Individual rock or mineral fragments in soils having diameters ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters. Most sand grains consist of quartz, but they may be of any mineral composition. The textural class name of any soil that contains 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 percent clay. SILT. Individual mineral particles in a soil that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter). Soil of the silt textural class is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay. SOIL. A natural, that supports the integrated earthy parent of time. SOIL SEPARATES. compound particles or clusters that are separated from ad joining aggregates and have properties unlike those of ai equal mass of unaggregated primary soil particles. The prin cipal forms of soil structure are: platy (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal), columna (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular) and granular. Structureless soils are (1) single grain (eact grain by itself as in dune sand), or (2) massive (the particle: adhering together without any regular cleavage, as in man3 claypans and hardpans). SUBSOIL. Technically the B horizon; roughly, the part of the solum below plow depth. SUBSTRATUM. Technically the part of the soil below the solum. TERRACE. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to the contour. Th( terrace intercepts surplus runoff so that it may soak into the soil or flow slowly to a prepared outlet without harm. Terrace: in fields are generally built so they can be farmed. Terrace: intended mainly for drainage have a deep channel that i: maintained in permanent sod. TERRACE (GEOLOGICAL). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily fiat of undulating, bordering a river, lake, or the sea. Stream terrace: are frequently called second bottoms, as contrasted to flooc plains, and are seldom subject to overflow. Marine terrace: were deposited by the sea and are generally wide. TEXTURE, SOIL. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and cla) three-dimensional body on the earth's surface plants and that has properties resulting from effect of climate and living matter acting on material, as conditioned by relief over periods Mineral particles, less than 2 millimeters in particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural classes, in orde of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further dividec by specifying "coarse," "fine," or "very fine." SOIL. The condition of the soil in relation to the growtl of plants, especially soil structure. Good tilth refers to th( friable state and is associated with high noncapillary porosit3 and stable, granular structure. A soil in poor tilth is non friable, hard, nonaggregated, and difficult to till. UPLAND (geology). Land consisting of material unworked b3 water in recent geologic time and lying, in general, at higher elevation than the alluvial plain or stream terrace Land above the lowlands along the rivers. TILTH, equivalent diameter and ranging between specified size limits. The names and sizes of separates recognized in the United States are: very coarse sand (2.0 to 1.0 millimeters); coarse sand (1.0 to 0.5 millimeter); medium sand (0.5 to 0.25 millimeter); fine sand (0.25 to 0.10 millimeter); very fine sand (0.10 to 0.05 millimeter); silt (0.05 to 0.002 millimeter); and clay (less than 0.002 millimeter). The separates recognized by the International Society of Soil Science are: I (2.0 to 0.2 millimeters; II (0.2 to 0.02 millimeter); III (0.02 to 0.002 millimeter); IV (less than 0.002 millimeter). [30] AUBURN UNIVERSITY With an agricultural research unit in every major soil area, Auburn O 0 O University serves the needs of field crop, live- 0 stock, forestry, and horticultural producers in each region in Alabama. Every citizen of the State has a stake in this research program, O 1 - 0 t ( ( since any advantage from new and more economical ways of producing and handling farm products directly benefits the consuming 1 ) public. Research Unit Identification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville. North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield. Forestry Unit, Fayette County. Thorsby Foundation Seed Stocks Farm, Thorsby. Chilton Area Horticulture Substation, Clanton. Forestry Unit, Coosa County. Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill. Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. Forestry Unit, Autauga County. Prattville Experiment Field, Prattville. Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction. Tuskegee Experiment Field, Tuskegee. Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Camden. Forestry Unit, Barbour County. Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville. Wiregrass Substation, Headland. Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton. Ornamental Horticulture Field Station, Spring Hill. Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope.