of agricultural research Volume 25, No. 2 Agricultural Experiment Station R. Dennis Rouse, Director Summer 1978 Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Director's Comment wq Uw Wmumu... I)r. ofI DI r-UpIl"i COI Il scaII C (LP\1I ) 1:1 hed h\ the F nxirotni ncil PirotctionI -\gclic% Lx c XXIttl eICxteC\ICIexI CIX IICCIlillg, the xCLIIXCCI 1(1(1The N lill tI A idei \ (If Scicie CI.l has tcI)1[11! IxIIII Cx II "solc d (.I I p'wcX RISC, I lIE I Xi F[XX ) EARS IlItegIit~d Pest \IIlgenwllc ar tern). ths IcirCCiplCIX come .1 tliili I I-C X-]LtiLIIC ICtillg, iItCIIxlX I Th I . C. KLig, P1oeso LIXhLX I )cLpiL IXXCIX I~Xin ll agnn Sils, IC xxA L s aiX ho ltheLX ofILI CIor A LICI X LiIC CII IXCI AlrAX' Co~IIXLLai IIX (CX IC.IC I CX CIXCIL tSJ) tionsi IX 'jid are L 1(11 LIX iii II ICC liL I l CI gL dCLIU LiIX (I of MXiLXll age State \A riCCllural FxpeinciaIIXI oioii andIUX~ ilsX iiC(I condXctsCI soX of F)( (t IC- Ieeac CXA CL A IXIIIX in) IM ThLese are tunCICCI thirough tile (ICLKII St'IW lC ICICI federa tILlIXdlI Il11-111itiCS 1-IIXJCI X Lith We X(Ik, xxnL the C N.it1 ionI Sc ienceC F~llda iIl (N SF ) and the 1EPA~LI haing, ils pI IrovIided X(11ppOIii. x ICC in all 501 Stats haL~xIP \ XIIlI LihtIX, Ala- ALI hl LI I I tLTI pro gramsIl I IXLIICJXIC 11 I th(2C ICX- CLer XiX\ ill 1952 His.M.L)_ alsoI fromX A(LCII I XX ,idc inCI 191-, 1112d LXc iAXA I)CS~ICS CiXI.ll I)L (CIt 1112(CCCI~s 1IIIL1nitJiI I IXA NorXIt1h arolX i Xtat tCni\ eICI itt 19 4 X Fie LXas GraduateI XXIIIdill illLil II grLaCX ICXXCIkeC rcogiz \NliX l we iIC ApprIlIChInCI o XCC itttiii aInCL(Lll fa ResechL kssistaiit iiX 195)2 thlIC 11,is ni'CiLikiin (I Ieoll R. Dennis Rouse thi XXCirIL LXCCI IL It 1954-5(6 stCud\ ,LC a andC proote XC1I LXXIic SiIIIXAI ur LIXt sCILXI IforIIXCCCCLIt XLIXc CCep militarL X IaiX, fo (IC H( XXCXcC, xwithL ioCn UIX CII 190X3-4 dctorIIal ill 19-1 9-5. 1112 hXas Lo ind LI~I-([cX resuIIX CClts KappaX I. XLa IhrtimeXX iX 1900. HC XXaX toXIICLC PCIfIXX ICso ilX Sta 5,1 II reotn iX Pi LhCLLXiIXIX IXCXLCXXL cnIC esx Xc C I I the IIII I CfetlgteipXact ofI~l pest olI prdct CXC CAtCI(I LC IIAIX LIX ]CIC apXoX nted to the III ILCCIIIC at aI C iCILtx id IXu ExpeimentI (XCriXA ClXe Xoc CCLp oll XX1111(nCII. e (IC.I LXI 1ll 192 thCe CLUXCII i n F mrnmna IP\1 nix ((IXCx IXXA\ICIICIIX I-CIIIlCe il alonIg XXt tIi CIIl~IXlXItiII(I IICIt (It SCLXICX(2IIII chXCemLiaetiie ill lIC IiXX! I rahe II(CiLI ( CEQ ) CLiiiie QXIIIXIXI IX AIIi I st thait IIXCILttiIIX MANI ((IXII blXIIC thCat In , Or ~ (It LXiXAiuhlILr IXsech.L KLimXAod L GiniLXa SIXIt A contro Ils, X i%L ICLiCileC I cta mCIid.IC SigaIXX Phi, ICe is il MetCLXods. LXCXIX1pCiIC dxieases resLianXt cro ACLIgll(2XXCtiIIIX (If par1itesC sC llXXII iix CIXsx ll' CIC CLI (Ir plXCCL.IIIL LXICXiICCLXI CI~ Of tIlC Al 0C'A tIC(LIXt Ctics. Steile LI1XCIX. iIcil.l'lx Linscs i aXsXILCLCIex IXCC lIe'x ilX tLXe fact TLXat it i ILAXAX CLIiC l MlX~ CspCCIAI LXC decliXCCX thetC LIXX \CCIX IP\L "I' A-,)CI cocet IIZC(It OLf the ld IPM\IS Xit Call HIGHLIGHTS of Agricultural Research CCIII CIXII he ilI(IXICIXCIXICCI. 1th1 ( IIXlaic LI (IICI t e enia X(IIXIXIlmt pCrobI LIiCCL States has rCCLCLISCC Z_ A CLIrtel\ reI CporCt resear oCf IL the Agiclua ECI xperimXXntX XUCIX F IniXCCsitX, f~It.ttCC(t caXLirirnI I CCIXIIlLIIaI~lI NXCXLXICI ofth 1111oCtI 'I oI keCClX tXC huliCCd h\ SLation (If ALI- I x X II nrCed Io LXC asked Io seCvXCi \CLLXCIL XLhilXla. LX, I lXiICII Slates arX Iwxill IiiXiii WeX Al C C i XtlCICIX ScL . kin g soII in 1X9xxnI IX'.siII-ritiXn 1o maljor cro p areas iI XLCIS ilX IXI ix lC 18 IX n anXdIXC iltfoilaII nci [(IIo AIl C the ILC LX I sA l "XX reseIXIIXar cLX, I (IX It oXX e toXC CiCIXtiLS ill ILXC!IXatioC I 111 (IX IIIC ilX CIII rCILil ilI~g tisIXC ( iLIAtoI I(X I-IpCtICII\ I hi ILXCX look 125 XlXI IX ;LXI IIdX x l tiol XCII ov x III (IX II (i ~ C X xxs" valtLILuI AXxl IllLI petmi IfIt l 111CII(tAXAIA funIIn (CL r C d I (All' CAIXACiIX IXn iI(cCCI Ceilak pL ILICC. R. DENNIS ROU SE ......... )irector SXXNLEY P. W LSON .... Av5ociatc [)irector C-Lu. F. SIXMMONS..........Aistnaunt Director T. E. CoRE EX............ Axo/ant Director E. L. NL(:GR,x. . . . . .. . . . . Editor R. F. STEIVENSON ..... Associate Tditor RoX ROBERSON ........ Axsistant Editor FditorialAdvisort Committee. STANLEX P. WXII SON; J. D. HARPER, Asocilae Prq/2s5or of En1 totnologl' X LTI'R I). KELLEN,AXI.tant Profi~ssor of Botan ' and licrobiology, NEIL R. \LARTIN, Aslocate Professor qI'AgricultriralEconomi11s and Rural Sf~l( i')g', ANX F. IL IWGR~ix InforCmXaionX al iLhIIXICI oiXCgiX. conXtaiXCd LhCCeinX is ailal regard toI rceI, I CIIC theXC XIftI IXICIXIt XCIt I'CtiI 'fl iLiXLXliICXCXatiIII acros's tLXC liXail conIXp Is C(CatiIII TisI ofI pest iaIXagCLXXCI Isxrategies ill X~AlXhaia anXC thXat xxill ACICXlCe ILe goIals of 1PM% iXIACCC XXI(rLlXXXIiLe! it is wiLth xI lbecixi alX tIXC CIIX LXC l C al dIXAI Iha Ling 1 CCXC',rC t1 is illl cal ILxl he '(1Iaritiit vesteci fori ltit tot provide roughage clciig ithe ciititriicluctixe it)tti C Seasonx (alpiOittatelt I )eCeither to \I,1trc it STe hxaIt paidc ck ofitcll isgt ax> xxite clotver aitcl htalt paidiick lxof tLl tcxccie-\\hIit citV2 N re separ ateci Itt a fentce. Not ittalix, ithe et steel,, tx ere itt ialloxt eci to gtraze the tescLICcicot er potttioit friomt .ihoutt 'xepieiter I to I ec eiIet 1. oviter tite II itoiti p)ixict c 1The tt o Paturiies Conta~iing t~tl fccte_ procducecd thotut 20%i itioie g~titti pet steer thant tite si tmclii ci ciall uxgt ixxx it e cIoxvet' pas>turie, ,is Sltiixx it it tle- xeti- ax eCr~geS gix~l citheliixt xer, actc '-"C p Th 4t-% ax erage gaiit per steel, (tt teat graztitg seasoit x"-.is 334i lt. for te cikillisgi ax>xxitite c liotec Pcislure trvellmo)ll Goit i o- ter,lb 1971 1972 1973 320 3t69 3i9 315 3±-4 396 1974 334i 4- At. 334 I ).tiigi .tx Rega.l xx hte clot er H~tlt patck l~liigi ix' clitter 361 ltialt paicllick tCexxci uter 42' ,408 39AlP 38u Thle ad aittige of hlating tall fescuec ill the s\ stentl xxas Conisitet. EachI \ear the cLai igrass-xxhite o Ifr pastre produLced IOxx erg1 C gIutS Pet Steel- 111iM] either iftt le paxit lex contiintg teCSe IC The Coti Of tilt igeiitiopdressing xx. tt hue clotver xt ould en1ter inlto 111\etA) itxnttii comitparisonsx howtexer. 0. 0. KING, Dept. at Agronomy and Soiis W. B. ANTHONY, Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences S. C. BELL, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology L. A. SMITH and H. W. GRIMES. Black Belt Substation Average distrihutiont of gra/ing during the gr azing season, shotx n xi x(,~xx xii i~ci ctr~i xiiRL> ltl'tte iecit ite iainxitx% Black ol Belt c,itt Icitcit tot ciecaies. Ili At x ci, thIere i> roo forttltittlpri it itett Adccdin g tall Cic ce to cukll i~gt a>>Sc lOx(2 ti Ii e SW_ cirepiogi it i itt i It ittec lxi >tuit c pri icuc t ix itt cnd hotiecd hel galit it grazitg ilt cIitt Ir Uiixci-sii AgiiCiltutmal Expterittent Sititiott test,' ,it ite Blaick Belt S'xc ii n. t Kxeuttuclkt 31 tox ex r ct.lcaeii EciiM-itxol xxit xcat liitg heel tc't .t -4 t e.tt- ptcriiocd. 'ltc pa.itu c coiti-Ititiiiit xxet ( 1i ciat I x i x -%- i c ox er, 2 ) ialtf 1t), i ic k it't I Iixgt .1> "ItitIe cl ixv xxrs Iti ser and icItilt padcxk itt taill Icxc cc xxitite clovtxer, itt ci13 1 a mtixedi s>xarcd 0tc1lit~ txtl fCexe x te lot Oet>icci D illcistrates the at aiage of hitving tall texcueC in dur ing Not enther to Apil. This is pantic Lat It etideit foti 'Novembter aInd Mlarch. The dlallixgi ax> te Clov er paxmtre xhlott ed al Slighxt adxICItag( during \lat , Junie, Ind JuIV hut heel gain>s itt AugUtix Itd SCeietet(1 Wxere x irtuilit the sattte t- all treatitins Genierallt poor perti iitaitcc of all three xx xitttx) dnrintg Decenilter, Januart, mnd lehi art rt lecix the lack of totage Mid the inadeqIuaCt of tte ILI\ Uised itl this xperitttent to teet iite en ergt reqitreitments tot sat isftact 't grilt. paxi[Sirex in thle graphl, Adding tall fesccie to dalltxgisx-wxhute clote eturesc' coixisteti imprioxved an iitt i gain it>lt the test r epornted. It is tned, howxxexver, ith.i mi i i gaiit xt eie tix Iott Ci irinig ithe xxitticit itt itt it Av. daily goin, lb. - dollisgross- KY 31 tall fescueRegal white clover V2 poddock Regol white 1/2 poddock Regol white doliisgrossof dollisgrossclover of KY 31 tall fescue clover Regal white clover 3.002.50-. Piccl ck siz lii each ottgc' coi thiiamtoit xas 2 aicrs te it t cx xxax Stiockecd at itc' r,,ttc if in stteexr'' pet act i x t~ teetrs ciiock) EaI.cht itt te iti cc' It.ixtut c treaittenix x . girazecd xxittitUtgit xtIJ lt lltlettc'tittt 01t1\ ite data, itixtAieci il xxitlti iitlllticitarx teecdintg xx he' prexenttecd heire. ill ttcachi ll per paicxxiti itnd i~tt 2.001.50100- "icitlitg steers xeigitg -450i5i x 'it h.lt, purchased eacht tall, xx cit alliottecd toi t .tittteit Itlxt N\iietitC' 1 eachl \Ca.t ithix titte ithe "it i ital" xxerci gix et ',Itl caii itip Iitt i a 'I 2-ittg xii lixcic ri il peIlIlet. 'I'lit iicOigt ct ilte xxitcitIte 1(-itici. Stet- oi ittall treatettixitici tadifee -ti iu',S toi .1 tuli(I lxi rteimx itiit il-. x-W illt xntUIp)A~let \\hcitx lot agC xxa>; ittfCittic Ocil %Oft tt ittilte ptadccks, la\x xxax led. Oni Moarcit 15. xx ere gix cit a se oid NNie ttciicsetero e ar 'iilt. tt t1 iii tci the l lix id x ct(Ic'tit x a c iii dixci iiitnicci lt iall treit iticits xIhe girauing sc'.xioti xxix termxiteditc itt icSeptcttther ectc \ eair ',ix1d thte Steersx 50 I Soiil textt cciitttt'llu ittltiil' \xxece toll()\\ ccl eacht \ ear iii reach idc tttit ii 1)P. li ci 1 H at recoiititcicleve'lx. K, mne Ilt add iititin miix gc'i xx applllied l ite rte of (ii li N pet' aucre' itt earlIxfall "litld rcuacIctecl c itt iii eatrl\ xlttitiii .ii'cii Citit.utitill ,1 leCxcni. Area> coiitiiitiig tittlx Nov. Dec. Jon. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sepi. MONTH OF GRAZING SEASON Distribution of grazing during the grazing season illustrates the comparative performance of each pasture mixture in the test. Nt tItitli oIt Pi It f, t FoI N.itIRt Ii oi'tI No inl \\mitt \I I Pi too~ 1, , , - 9- Ii 'xl llImo- I t CIINN rII IIl EA(i~l )FAt luulantll grNeil ulitie rLcd -tIl hi U lt Lit iehA t ! o 11) -v I tog I g te Ill 1 eCt i I i-lftltlpxltillg gflttt Ci II ttto t teld Gradte I( $A) acreage (11).A) let I [)Otll le~lt lJIIII111 I tC ti1tit 1,11-ilt llltfl(l h-tLeIUC I, kt fIel>~ I laIN C t (UlSNtKt VM-i I ILIC iont I R!Sullttlg i lf tilt the pegs Jut ind htrei,, t) tooi~ i~S p it l l 'It)> IIJ( ktgtttIie ldl 'lfld ICl~e IfILILI>t~lhtC Fat It Nlellout AI ollbet >2 4,035a .4,2 'Rab -i-iI ib 860ai 91 ib 9401) 3,-4 3,149',t i Oe' li te tit dlCIttJ> :ikeII te pop hi>Ntpat 11211 AS likeCtfilii iitcled haveil~u Iktlhelltu 1-et (peilu'Lhll 4 I )itn~ttl s ecx Nititiplt RmtIge 'Iest. tIle grmtNc. LI>tcrlsI titil. If >JIl~ll lICHI It puntIl \\ifegfi>N Sutihitiill tio test tile effetivnessCN tlassIIN ttt the Otgett lla it\ t h\ tit le:gt em NCsi LiMPVet I date> ill Alallinl I ht Co~ll piritng it ill tile ht II et ol t ioll .> >CL~I d~tC hA>CLI Ott thle gro"Vt' Cf> Udgrlellt tol Otin at least 00' ff1ature f tiil flleetleti Rect IN , a itCN, fiet hod -iilet At gillitie e l J \IAttLIi it Ine tlC (A\I ) \N As -ICNeuitpetl ill Georgia A AlOIbjetiv NCprftItedlur ICo take SnItiC Itithe gLie St ilfk f It td ttlfectin~g pint uut hatI N Ct JaIL>. The A \ I I, ,ill al)Ak ili It approac t ast otEt>t il thle it ll >rc IL Iukt hi p ifi heitt ccItll t 11111 iOf ptttl t CC ifginiu I 1iltl 1acid t o Iml-ce l t Nr Il tt r I l 'lt t itll 1Il trit\.lI All potds are lemmiletI fromu I11c retpresCI enC>ttie INCtth> ttllples fiteldl elientipp tcl ilw I llAI IN% used Steltoit I ethiliqIie t' ti 1lorl-Ii-tef Ile~iiuts. A third hirt est it ifiN vNtI1 i>rh itril s electetd I Nweek pfior Ito thle .- I dtermftlinetd IlfN~ C(iite -ilhe it erige toifllt PL 1Iltt i tldl itItI P-MC ILIit0 111111l p-It>hi \it t t L tritlg toill(h A\I I PO: ILtIIC t A ilNlie~ ale~~il Ird ethvit-C l1111> he t\ttt1 'Itlit e Ah-IOI 'teIN the (-CiI> fIIlItC he Coll-t N Cri tihe> Index1 li lilt e t&t cfetil l ut' 2,11 AI NCI> tilte \I i 11 I flIhe ANI tt NItIC bolt eith is tompared itt I plti lito tletet IllilletIAM \\IIite> (AA\I tuift e INNhicl) The ANIt me~iito VNtU AiS iu)CCI tl eter>LLNC A>1AI" Ltl ltO tCef-Illitl)( thle IIthetI! Oft Minfe l1t N e~t dJiteS fItir 1L1tlt> 1lpiftt dti to iiNCe"l 01ue iJv"1tlige tt ithi>,11 ilthut 11 it Itlg gft INNC IN itl IiNC L tItIleitIl A1lihi 1Il is 11)11 gi1N it a> I- tt 2 v eel. atINai-te Inltitce otf hin ecstJates. NLstet ht tile A\I I x ee IxIIil CL to thul ift In 19--, At Sttt~l IN 0i- IlIutetl it thle froml ait jacillntlieldst hi ftc i f L at the >J111linilg fildt s>tgttniit~l highet tmiu it It fpe.iltl Iti NV~ ,Itile Fitl kItC te ee tile12 AlthitfigI thle N ltetNtCC gefIei(2 tIlt IlitLle uIlel tit> hmi\t tttlItt N tcoring tot thle A\I itibt~tI illel Cvl' Ant s1 Igliicti tltliClt hemtt ee thle ShIIUI)lt andt FitItif esi (I- tile AM intl 'ilteiC11ut f1letiIII S itt- i N :o- tttl ilsC IUtit I11 tll d IC gfAtlC it etil liirtve'teJ It tliig tt thle ShelltIt nICCllItttLC NN iN NSig~lifi t1111 I highef thin titt I IICLlISliNei~ ht the OthlerM tiI pttet-ltfeS meltholllL' w t i fp a t)herttiNI-fie \lIrt 11illil t I fti LtI I l ti tlc-ic IwAi IA BY THE ARGININE MATURITY INDEX W. D. BRANCH and J. D. WEETE, Dept. of Botany and Microbiology Irrigation for P. A. BACKMAN, J. M. HAMMOND, W. 0. BRANCH and J. D. WEETE, Dept. of Botany and Microbiology E. W. ROCHESTER and S. C. YOUNG, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering 1 eN'>' pcxlitU'. It hc I 9_0 di OIilhi couild he Chit IC tcri'ccl a's I lte seaslxii clii icichti cxithtilde iiCCcII I g ftittti I Igiiic thrug ii \cst Ill contrast, ccai ,the dii il-Igt of 19 \%as earlier id toi misture sticss tiitiixtciic I4Cx uciodc per iod wax frnti ciiicili. iiO cgieWIlg. T hese iiIit ie ii iii iigt c1piit1 Ut ti i c c Cirop lill"Ii ais laircge ais thatu trom ilic-' hesi iri c(uinit tiic,ifluiiu S.tx midc kei ict culcii\ cAili p)Cr t01t) cxri \x c tiiLiir itt irrigai ('Itutu1 SCliicllc Howevcxri.tilec dliseasies cchitc Motild (CicUxec tic SCIc';_iO/jii ~i rl'iij andc lIC'MItucu lc2,it~li)ti (CISd hii lxtC t'Ci.'P01tut %c (llChliicol) wxcii More x 'tIriga tic r IIx i~ted C it xCi li0 pcMIII i ii liriga l clchx iI xIiici thir xc iic'i (ltucl lxiii selil Ilil c inc Itixct c ic it xxiicrt i hix titu ix mch Imoretic ltkclc to c~icixc premctureci c' hliit deatth rauthcr ttilto i p1 olti g their matitii peiod. itil ii miii xhouiild tic accare t hit Irriigat io n xx-leii ttcii xlitix tihe xCx etiixt\O J-CUI~ Cliiixi IThix tic ccii' lhCCISCi iii ig"Ittil xcr x,.Ish('x ott xi inu ic l 1citptt tciiigicicc, tic ci iutcx iii ttdii einc iiiiioctit mot:iiiI~\ iti iiic i xi i txiifIi tit thii dltii. Cl,'C h\cci l drouicghts. aiiid oft ihe hlct'itit Th lic'l cii d it catsi i of irr igaition tort ilec tic icse >uCai'll clii iciclit ot X uiI 1,469 l1b 1it ocLcict ci> Illctcixccl h\ ''393 pei acre Someituiof tltc c ieil iIIIp~_\Iti Iiict cxix ctcic to ,i greatecr kernet: shell raitioi (SK'all' itit iii i l' ti C'clLciICnxOt tiiil -1 3 in ott xxiter And tihle \Lc itt ti,iitiCt fi C omipaisonsi it o hi 2 xcar cktit iliciic ithit cxii l scaxolii rought Ipt c'pcggiulg)1xxs 11iii ii cl s' diitciItgii l~ toi pu'II~t i ckI lx i g c xxix a latw xc'ixsi clirougiht. Applicautin ot xxNte ti pn'ii c i)C I 'In ii i (gn tII-ight unaihlc-' themtioi pnicecol i totticttic Oclti 1 0111ii niScheclciii: JItldi JOicl lc2 tog p)ceiticiix ic ill tlic gion foiircttiiihe to0l 18( cix period re- Wxhite Motll dx !%c'tipInltii. I ~fIi txii iiin iidccc xIIOI1cic he ippihecl n .its hotecr iterc' NiiCI xh'ortmgAHii ii sI ft eCIlitk cicl ic sc t It1gIidC til ftor xxhue Moiuld cititi ill cc1 illp til Aihl hc necc'dedc iinre ft iicluiilitc ill tt ig'iiit tie lds CHOtP QUAI) Nut \ii i1 Vx1 Nlcit aix) tix shliViS Bo ixc lthl cAW tiCiC~i ilic ili~ii iou iri igtto fI~etnh~t dict not till AiSxXCll , iri gitCclpcIIciix lDix,ixc x( tlcuc's i 19-6 xxcii xIiglilc liglei ti- iriitgxiuic pc~incitx thin totiii lii itccl, inilca~tioc tlot th ii td piteil tiil fotri ili ig~ttd ii tt Cou ~ce hCell 1iii At cccii g1-UI~ Iic c tic d x'sc"' h)ccii Citrotl lect Mitte cttiictix clv Th ticcoucghti Ot 19cuItitcec trot emercei )C(!c to tulaitc1 , J-i 1(2ict Ot itOit 90i clt~ix Not II~Il\x peallutii flower. peg, and beg'init iio xi podsl hc'uxxel cci ,i0c and Th is iteri p)LIuliIng, hu cith is was x t tii cas f'c hc t)r iii -'iii ItiCcl piWMLI cIi n 19''. Peclfinl ciux ti We rce ig'Iie clrO(!(d iii pitICI iicch Mcccrc ittl i tei ithrouigh podc dtexelopmnuit thin dtid tutu1 iIii tCdc pciict nIli, clix tc) 1,Itiitiicinr Ni iii ricgaiuc fiCLIIItcid ctlt i et A SicI I tic t uIclIuIIhII tuIcIxcttil i i illOd ti>cilt illIM t l ki Hcicc xainfaiui~ll thereafiter xxa Siuffiticient r EFit OF i iii,\it IRRi PiZOicucuccx PFx'i iI~t t' i .'I t, aippl. I -ictioI cx .iic decttliaiiiti mtittl ti " Nik x N- ulc 0I el N.lc l~tit ii o1ct II n2t 3-'.o -40 3,404" -4,8-31) 02.W ii.zi', 3,S8 3-8 '2 3 1 177 2 2.6 3 ,61 -40cli 2(1Cl 3-481) 1.8 5ii0 xIiie 38.9') 02 5.4 3,283" 3,830it ilt tiicitc icullxittu i ciofcot tile I)IXI cctlili COittiItIxI' iiittic li' et ofi prit iftit l cc "I 1c',itIlil ix ccrc xCl2Iclicc tic tc',ojtlicrsc 'iit Ai 0 midc 12'' ti cu cnx cxciire tggieed whe ti il ciltic iii cc'utiim riciiidecl ill tile tle ItIticiit cOIL1ititt tmii c cm tlltwe tiltc icc thsm c' eiiiItit it ii igiiiiic .itt ditferct at tice Dead~ipciiidii cit icci with signs itt S roqfciu pci t10t ft. (3(0 ill) itt t tlc iDetc'i iiiticl tic Artgiinti Natcitc Iiclcx' xxNii) 'Sixvere cIc icglt iii 19'6 prceccted ctctic inrg tir,ic iopiticui to mtiiiucitc il rioncig~ito tuo u plots / 4-m "KX 5 1 4. The SOYBEAN LOOPER Appearanoes, Diseases and Control MAX H. BASS, Department of Zoology- Entomology tlchitwiCI KT1, 11 FIG. 1. The cabbage looper and FIG. 2. the soybean looper look exactly alike. When larvae die from the insect disease Emtomophthora they become either compressed, wrinkled, and yellow, FIG. 3, or glossy black, FIG. 4, or if they die of the disease Nomuraea, they remain in a more or less natural position on the leaf and at first appear white, FIG. 5. hcCCIIk IC t ,i i11.1lk C) iliC' ( )(IC fliAc p iii() c) ,Ci) I ) liC. l iiC i ITT\r LIlCI ICpCC 'I it lI.IC hlC) t.)IC ilg ni.Ii ')Ch r ) II )"CC C ) 1 1C' ii IliC' ~ i lrlt 811 'C' II 'CC' 11 IC HIiC )t I I . 1I ll(II' I olifl I Lill ill ",CI' ;() C Im CtI'.C ICC .I 'IC Ill I C3S I C ('\ C ))I[I)'C'CCCI CC)M)1) itIC c CCIIII CC.tc g i) AT1(0'rIC I tV I,.. l C \ 1 ItLi] I'. illii CI) 'I'IlIl,'II I.CLLiI' All io li tI I C Phun C ll CII? It)I)C'" III ' Appearance it lIgUt'IV 1( I'. C'\) C'lW 1 M t i I11Col C\C. CIICIillk "CC') il ill( iC' IICIC 1'C.IiCI ITTdwiC gC')lt)" .\umhu'aeauc oti' IIIIC' gt' l00) ki2 iCI) 1i() hC (I iLl'Ic IhiC' ilIlI C l IC') ki a I.)C oCfCI' I illl iC III'') 1 MA I CI I I\ IC'.)) CCCCc I())) tI) tit I)) C' .) iC l ii h C iiC Ih COICCC f tIi(CC' l 11iCC 1 i~i th I IC' )C"C~i)cl' )ICI'IC)ii'. 1lC 1 1,) 11 iC.. i II I i il I I I l(: C C' C1C'I 11 . 1 Iil () ( cm11 kn ..I 1ii 'II.'.)) ,I cd CCI 11)1 JIC l 1,1 i 11CC) "II I C 1 i 111( *1IWC ILiI [ICiCC "IICIig C1) li) ii i1,11 ILIC ug. k i ill) IC)) (tiC lIIC th II) iC hai, I ICtj PF RcF,\1 G)\Ikol ()l 1 I In 1,(mq\\ h)oplp Am] 1,,It ti h\) C ) \111, I\,I( 11(11)1: tII CCIII I I "CII ICC' .1(1( iCC IiI"C'C IiCi 1'd IC CIC LI( 1I I I jd li I C .1) I cqgc Btc IffIiC" Iboiols II)) II I ii "CC) I ITO'" hi~kleg e 1)1iC hi C\CCI IIC' riI 'All IC' c .IC %e ea p id I 1IIt1 '(~ d((Li)I~.II% )o1 c ic cd P a I 11c p S .I I I\ \ ) ', III i 11t 1! 111I , i (- XIII i [ IIII( I I 1Xx I I I I\ k1I ,1,It dcp I, 1 h\iilI III III III I Wi I Ili IIILIIII \\ 11(I 1 L II I X( ii i I I II I XL.III(K Wt I II-()II lis I I tII (u II II l Coal Surface-Mine Reclamation E. S. LYLE, Department of Forestry I XI~ IlL Lit1 () I I l> li J ~1C\ ~l \ 1 L0 X LLiti I l,[11\ LII 1 1w I ( XX I Xp 111 I XI I II I(I Il ( IXI\( )\ (.1 I I 1i \i cAX wXIi CLI I .\ ( I'l III IiiCI C cm XX I tI I_( LL 111c I IlL\ I 4 It i I si IllI igX L I i L I LI,, ISA b I iC II I IC I:ILXL i Il ILI )iIL 1w p 1 I I I I I(t II l I Xi " I h (Ix Ix ii I il l Ii i (I I I viL I IILLII ~ ~ ~ i'A. ,I XCI( I lillt h\I (L I I IX(_ IL I I % ll IvI LII ( 1t I III tilL v l) I () S 4. I Xg Ic 11> iii xii 1 (Is I hill II i , 'L I (-\L m \\iill tI i I I IXiii 1 )I Il~ l\ 1 I itL11 I W\ IV(LI LIIIX I CLI I IiHI(~iHI()tILIII I( )lX () I t 1IL l > IL MLI ILI I IV( Lil J iILCI. t Il )I Xxii l I I i IX III IIX Ci L I1 I I II X I iI M LI W _Il 1 I I LX Lull)>) I II IIl ,k X III~ -cJ1(11 lv % ill ~X rI(i i II It11 IrI g I I Ii acI liii> c FIG. 1. Southern pine established by nature on old Alabama surface mine in Walker County, Alabama. xii I( III FIG. 2. Common bermuda-sericea after 3-month growth on surface mine in Winston County Alabama. L l I Ii iII I iiJI )I (I~~ IsIpl I 1\IIWA I acc LIiLIiIIX~l C kIIX IIXL lIhIi ii 1 \\Iw I ilL I I Lk\ h I '5 (II( C I I ii ()I Ckj I III l I I ( 1 I I LI IXII X i 1 >( I I I \ III> LiII IIII iI i )IX IiiLIIi IiX i '(IC iiiI \I Ict It l XI~iiIi I)I ' RLII )t CIClIr(-kIiII/LL I CIii I/i lIi I,"IIL i\I ilLl(' 1ut I \l it ( Id I Il I liiis I I hi I I ii~II iiLI l I~ i,1 11 iIIX I iIXC ) ICliL iX r( ILL I iiifi/LI iI II I I I L I I LWI tLiIL a Liiili 1111 IlI II II I> LiilL 6 h\1c1>)l'Ic MIWLI s Iti I Li (. wtli I Xi til L \ C Iills I ilm 11 1i iAlt ) IL LIlXi\ L.it XX I i 1i i IiL t i IL IX CAI l I LI( IX Xi Usii II XX p i l i> il 1( 1 m lkIl I~ ~IL iL W Ii FIG. 3. Unreclaimed surface mine in Walker County Alabama shows no revegetation. 11 )I I 11's 1LLW liiicl 1Ii Li> 11 hi 1I ll li(V IIl Ilk' L Xlilil XL i i Il . 11111( 1 I di 111LL 1c qII I LI Il Xl ()II I I~II h(L IdIMii iLi isL its XI~i l I II Ill i l ilw >1 mXidI ( )iliXII 1 11 vd iXX Ilii (i11 c sX i11111 I l XL 1-L i I 11111i XX AiC I t 6 \\I I cl \1 aLX I s ( LiLn XX\Il Ivc ,I ILc I111 L it I Il I illI CM~I11II )II IiiLX(It XIL( IL XXIl- I IiiIM LIXLLsI h11 A\XI (1IL(i XL L ~I - I~LIt iI Ii IJ I I VL IXX II~ I 1 1( ~ I I ItI I I I It( I)LI1111s I 11) p II XX Li ck .1i I I iX I ( st IXIXII L 11111 )II I XLU Xill L 1i(ILLII )(iI LlILIiIi I CL \\X~ii 1II t sL II I ilL Iii I lii i1XL IL it.1 l I 1111 II 1 XsiiidXI II>iL d IX I ii i hm XIILIiXW i i Ili(IL i lit I, II i li 1VC IJI l LX iC (III> 1111LXI il1111111 LLI( I it ilL XI( IXl XLIf lxxc ILXLk lll l ) 1 . 11,11 lix IL i iiX ,i ii X-Mi WIII L Ii iliI i IIIL i i X\L I ILII lLCC MiMXili Xiii ct.ill IIIILL Ill ,111\XCA IXL )I w- itl LI ixx X)XL I im > pilliI ~ IL I(X 0X (II Li 11 I(XI1IXc I I xxi 1111 pX I( I I i.IiI iLL t IXLCI I >11 c IX11iIiL' IIiXTi tlli X LIIt 1() I LXL\ Ill \iIkI~IIIJ 111 I XL l H() Ii .1L IL Xl ~ I I ii 311 X LIXLLI fl X11LlII XX 11 XL, X, XL ill 1 I ]X Il L xx LIi ( Il 111 II)I LII 1 111111C L)I LIL LLX IAI Xlli )LIX~ Id IXLXii 111 31) Iii Illili X\ I Iii xi II XII 11,1 1 Ii X Ii IXXI 1111 I \i XIIXXI Xliii I' Ii I I I Li Xii \Ii XIII IX 11lIL1)( I 1111111 I )I1111 I (,(, I iL A 11 1~( IX 11 X l( Iii M XXW I)I ILWsiii IXI II Iii llard\i '1k111111 l> 1(X K L llL . Ii I X Ill I('(I I Ii XLI Xll iit)' gii ii X .II~l \NX ILIL r Ilili XL 1 X)kI XII iX \ li II c Ix illiLu L LL 1111 IXL I t),I A\I I I I W >)11Is 11 Li ,\iAI I C tII XI Lix I '11111ii i~l .1 Ail Ii I( I iiiI(I li Ili XL I IIt l I l Sh IIJ [II 1)11( )1 Usi I lll lii XXIII it I /Li 1tllIi~LIXL IlL h Li 1 Is 1)C Il ' Xii iimL l("(X r(Ise hIig I ILcii,irki )X 11111 [ \II.iIIi \\ ks 111.11 1111111 I I I~liIgI S.IitI IICit II L k IC L(1iLi/ liicigl gii l IX f111111111 ii i x i d (]X\I()hll I~ t PRICKLY SIDA vs. COTTON time of competition determines effect G. A. BUCHANAN, J. E. STREET, and R. H. CROWLEY Department of Agronomy and Soils I~ I \ Lit'~c dl I lai ittit Ifl ( pitsi iI)[ Iit \itL 111 h mc i I I iki ()- ' x h\s sitla \\d lit Ii o- tlt wII I - x ti S .II\ 1t' I-A 1>5eI ix \ I~ I liI) effect (I I it IL L ((11 )] 'L'Ix!Igll A .1111 l) l I 'litW INItiRI I \i (01) i' \ Wl IS .10115 Itk t't.liiI toi JIltIlitlt pi ll 1,1 '.ikL.IV n se 11. lou \\ ilt pi si 1il isto 111 1 Iscoiip itii\ t Seed cotton yield/ocre,lb 5,0004,500- the Ilt' il til15 ~ I t'I I it \\xt'' d i ll LI ttlIi RI) ' A~ t'Li lIS ' I I i 'l.iii Iill i 1111) hil (It 1tn StiLLIL'S lt i iIt tll it'! t III LII II.IiIsltl t'S'.t i I 11 i I iCiit C 01111 19711 4,000-/ 3,500 l tilt)'LltMt.liitll il ti I 3,000 i(" itiL l rl I lil \\a"' L C LI iI (It t11 e1 itilx illc LLI iilix pu)~ ltt ioits,l p oCIt lL i (I tI h.is / -/ 1969) 2,500Il t LI ' h11 I At th \i toll 2,000- tc'ilt cd AL liii lii x .151 (i~ Iti i 1 1l lx I I tt .011elii t ld ,500 i '' xxItII 1 Iii I alil ii ( (2)iltil tliLI i t ? iwlt' o cIIt iti II llh\ tistitltitL (id l t 'ii 111 ic xx fl Lt'l Iitt'I p tsi (lp tt1 tl cko si i .1itic .ud Itit' 0 2 4 6 8 10 FullI secison WEED FREE MAINTENANCE (WEEKS) FIG. 1. Yields were not reduced when cotton was kept free of sicklepod for at least 5 weeks after emergence. Ie~ ItCw 11111111*11_1111_ i M lllV'I ap1t111.p le p e h l racefr1m -)I(ta1lul Seed Lotton yield /acre, lb 5,0001971) iigIlliIll Its It'xt'1iliii (I pct" (It i l tils iliit a ille lit fre IIlx Liis' 4,500- 4,000, 3,5003,0002,500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,0001,500- 199 1,0005000 2 4 6 8 1 0 ( WEEKS) 12 Full season INTERVAL OF WEED COMPETITION FIG. 2. Removing prickly sida from cotton by at least 7 weeks after emergence did not reduce yields. New Foods from Southernpeas DURWARD A. SMITH, Department of Horticulture Flour containing 15% southernpea flour was used to make the loaf of bread shown. Texture of bread resulting from use of varying proportions of southernpea flour is illustrated by the four slices: Top left, no southernpea flour; top right, 10%; bottom left, 15%o; and bottom right, 20%o southernpea flour. t 1 .11 t Il~tIIltIli )ill ititl C it It) til xxtigi ll -It.uthitl tlgll tol \ S oitI IIERiIA)tl uihtgI._ h\lx i I (xit Ii Il illt lttiliti il1ttl [(() (illibtu up~t I iit ii It l 211ptit\AIiCItLI_ l ilJl.(' 1(1 titlt xtbhIt. CIt Co hLIittu. tugi,) ilut btuigiut t bir xw"tlitt ilix- Sitt il t slt.> Iighl h1 ill p 111 i gil t i milrIt i t , aitt I MN Ill i iii Coml)omwl Iit1 I linflourt huh ( I St IL hit tu, hl S m Had l p', flug tilt ul diItI x, ilt 1 itt tt 1.11 leItiAL 0 I iltc itc t t . .. AS A IlLiti'lClIt IN )IILIS, SoLItIl(TIlI)CXS tl_(! t-CIAM Ck I)C'MILItS, Illd IhLIIILLtllt ill Illc \ (A cssciltial ( ( Wl I I IA\ e 1)()(I\ I( S thllil\ acid, ksil)C. WIR",it, I I ),)It f IiCiCl it J IM )LI I ItS ( )t k ',,I I IC, to ) Lltili/.(! (11C I)I-NCIII Ill \ C t I-,') I LIC( I I() to )IJ if\ \\ 11id I Iill )it,, I II C II Ull M I I w 111,11 I\ \\I IC It I)LilIIM'iI\ \\it 11 SM fl( )Ili-. TIIIS IMS the")c [Oods. Nesual-Clict-'s Ila\ C II( )LI L v"i Ill I( M c ( Y) I k,"Ine, IIAI 1)()()I- ACCCIMMICC (ILIC to tile ) "In mg The Iligh it to ilIIpr()\c Ille O)MCI)t ()f',OLItIlCIIlI_)C',IS 111,1\ make CILI Ill Ilit\ 10()d PI'(KILIC11011 ()f .1 Iligh ',()LItIl(!IIlI)CA ll()Lll- ShOUld makc it to ilic(wi)(wale s0LIIIlCrllI)C-,tS it) ',I \-,Iriet\ ()f fo)(KI I)LIC Effects of a Pesticide On Antagonistic Soil Fungi WALTER D. KELLEY and R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA Department of Botany and Microbiology AGRICULTURAL practices soil is subjected to pesticide used or the method of sealing. various amendments, such as the turning However, with each succeeding year the deunder of green cover crops to provide or- crease in populations of fungi following apganic matter and nutrients; additions of fer- plication of NaN3 became less pronounced, tilizers and lime to increase the amounts of so that by the third year reductions in numavailable nutrients; and applications of pesbers in response to the chemical treatment ticides to control plant pathogens, were hardly noticeable. This was particularly nematodes, insects, and weeds. Addition of any amendment can cause a shift in the dynamic equilibrium existing among the microorganisms that inhabit soil. Such shifts can be an advantage (favoring organisms that are antagonistic to plant pathogens) or a disadvantage (favoring one or more plant pathogens). Scientists in Auburn University's Agricultural Experiment Station recently conducted a study involving effects of the broadspectrum pesticide, sodium azide (NaN3 ), on soil populations of antagonistic fungi in the genus Trichoderma, well known for their potential for biological control of diseases. Field plots were established at the Stauffer State Tree Nursery near Auburn and maintained for a 3-year period. Treatments for the various plots for each of the 3 years are shown in the table. A granular formulation of NaN3 (8G) was applied to the plots in April with a calibrated Gandy and was incorporated to a depth of 6 in. with a tiller. Except for the methyl bromide-treated plot (covered enDESCRIPTION OF TREATMENTS FOR PLOTS IN THE SODIUM AZIDE STUDY ATTHE STAUFFER STATE FOREST tirely with plastic), all plots were split into ALL TREATMENTS WERE REPLICATED FOUR TIMES plastic-sealed and water-sealed sections; plastic sheets were removed after 10 days. NaN3 (lb./acre) Populations of soil fungi were determined Plot 1st 2nd periodically during the 3-year study by stannumber Treatment year year dard isolation procedures. Counts were made of total fungi and of colonies of the 1 ............ Control -1 2 ............ Methyl Bromide genus Trichoderma.This fungus was selected 3 ............ NaN 120 0 because of its known antagonistic qualities 4 .......... 60 . NaN3 0 toward a number of soilborne pathogenic 5 ............ NaN 3 20 0 fungi. During the third year of the study, a 6 ............ NaN3 120 60 7 ............ NaN3 120 medium containing NaN3 was included in the 60 8 ............ NaN3 120 20 isolation procedure to determine whether 9 ............ NaN3 60 60 any fungi, particularly Trichoderma spp., had 10 ............ NaN3 20 60 developed a tolerance to NaN3 . 11 ............ 120 120 NaN3 Populations of soil fungi initially were decreased by NaN3 , regardless of the amount of - 1Methyl Bromide at a rate of 580 lb/acre was applied the first year only. IN true witn tne nighest rate ot NaN3 . These results indicate that there occurred selective pressures for adaptation or increased tolerance by soil fungi to NaN 3 . This is supported by the fact that, during the third year, colonies of Trichoderma capable of growing on the medium containing NaN 3 were present in significantly greater numbers from azidetreated plots than from control plots. Also, Trichoderma populations in the plots showed a sharp increase immediately following application of NaN3 , see figure. Although the initial response was followed later by a decline to a level comparable to the control, the initial "peaking response" increased in magnitude with each successive annual treatment with NaN 3 ; the peaking response was most prominent in plots treated annually with 120 lb. NaN3 per acre. These data suggest that NaN3 favors development of fast-growing NaNS-tolerant an3 tagonists. Thus, the long-range effect of NaN3 may not be direct toxicity to the pathogens (short-term effect) but may be due to the elimination of pathogens through the creation of an "antagonistic shield" in the treated soil. NURSERY 3rd year 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 120 10 BIRDSFOOT TREFOILLegume of the Future in North Alabama? C. S. HOVELAND ann R. L. HAALAND. Dept. of Agronomy and Soils J. T. EASON and M. E. RUF, Sand Mountain Substation ELLIS BURGESS, Plant Breeding Unit I:()[[, 11M\ he t ,tr lI Igo: ;(mild)( )I BIRI )111:( IHE Ill" K1111C, it' (MIC \()LI 111 hC IIC Irillll 1[ hill 1\ ]()t ill the tIIILH'C. It IS 3 I)I_()IIlVln(' thAt 111 fill Illc lic-ed 1()l ml 1\ IcgLInW 1()I- IMStUl-C MKI lKl\ ill II(WIlICI-11 AIJ(1-cf()d sclcotioll", (d 1%1111 1. At ItoM hC1119 I(_-,tCd 11(dd (out 110IN2 fol- dil ilnpro )\ed \ Irict\ ill file future. Bilolsk )()I Irck )II I" l I) r( ) I(Ilc- Ivcd , pelvl I)l IA 1c."t IitIc \\ it I1 1 I'd It cl I()X\ill )\\ cr'). See( I ial p( )(1 Arc Irrm lgcd it) Ihe "hape of I bird"s ', t()()t, 11CH(V iL') 11'.1111C. Aln(fll, ,l ill(' IC(lIIHICI S I()Icrm)t ()f 'Icid "()iI, ( 2) m-c: ct I(A, 1-III (it \% )i 1', 3 ) pci-,ists dUri I Ig I 1 )X\ (11(mgIll m 1( (,1-( " it) Lite SLIIIIIIICI- \\ hell )t IIer IQ1 LII IIC', II C L Cl ICI_',II% do W1I IA IIt, I lons ii4.0I J It,' litl lit( t, ItiX li It lit iIX) W Sei l in It l(W I t'ti i t it t 1 d i l- ~t C 'A lit ii lit t is ltt i W i ii Birdsfoot trefoil p'es bright yellow flowers and has seed pods arranged in the shape of a bird's foot. tI t(w a s 't iiiiht 1 utl>o pefo trtti t me i lli A ill,, titlt'u )ragc c( )Illp lr lhlc to llfalf',I ill IV( KILICC, f_( (ILLIlik , ( I I, 11( (kIlnJ,9Cd h\ Alf"tIf"I V,CCX il, )1 ( 0 1 do A."l no A CALl,',C hl( ) It ill cauk" and (_-II hard sccd. rcm:cds %\ it ut liii t t ttu iii W\\It ictk il ii tilt 11,I)t iittg tr, fi.ti li .. /)it tutuA Trefoil "tarld" I-clilail C-cl atler 3 \ ears m Ille S tnd M(MI11,611 ')Llh,',I tlioll tIld 11,11ural I-C'sucoling, had ()o_-CtIrr(:d ill arca") In Aklh lllKt, It SLII)StAtioll Mid NMI[ fil-ccdIng tile ()Ill\ I or , ;ulterior ',Lll.\i\illg ()I San G Ihricl lM\(!hCCllgI_(AoIl ill I_(AN BI-CC(lilig I Int, 1.111,1's"'ec. tl.()Ill these phlit", \\CI-C plailted for Seed illcrc lsc and Uvaluated as A'I-I tl-cl()il. Ill lddilioll, sclccnot),', \\CI-C IlM cIC h_()III I)LInt illtl-()LILICUOI]Str-0111 ItAk MId) UL ( )SI.t\ I,[ ',I] Id R'StCd .t AI-t' Mid A'IT (\I)C \\itlI stolon's). Sccdling \igor ()I all IlIc"Se SCICCtioll' , Ii , i,; ('11-'AII)CI-101- to H(WHICI-11 \,I-(AiCS, ,LICII 'XS Viking Illd Ill L11119--, tII(2ALIhLIIlI CXI)CrilllCllt ll ti-Ct6ils in, tall -0 daNs after planning, 'I's c(mll)"ll-ed vith 112 ill. height fol-Vil'ing'a 11()l-ther-11 varict\. -1 ALIhLIIII n-ClOil he M-C C1,11-1-ClItl', in foragc tiolls. If' tile\ se,,er"ll \ear') ield trkils at nine AlaIxim'.i locli1)(21-SiSt And ',II-C I)I_()dLICIiVC 0VCt,I trefoil variel\ LtoLlptcd to at Superior plants of San Gabriel trefoil-those that have survived under Alabama condit ionsare being grown for seed production in this row nursery at Tallassee. lc tst northern Alalximi Sll()Lllcl he I\ IiLlhlc ill the future. No seed of Sain Gabriel or the experinneirital is available f()r general pkinting 11present. l i ii () I lil'vvA il iiilvi I 1 I iix cIn) II vi IvcII \ 0i i tly vIc 1 Ii ( vli vL IC (It() iI I I( \ AS~ I I , '', Ill volili I~ I vi i l lI II li o2 il tivi illy 1 ll oliv iiv v ivhc r t xI(I jxv I) 111dv\~ilv lv () x lo'111 C -1 1i)1' x i (iIl v Llii ix Ii I,-' ii i ij tI Ii i A I I\(I 2 C 11,i 1(il xx I I I o ) M~i k vI I v k iiviii )W vi IV vi\ ll i x 1viil It v xI "I\ Iwl t "iv c -"iv( i i, xvi i DAVID A. ROLAND, SR., Department of Poultry Science IIi iv LI 'tiiiiivil "'ivll i " x Iliy RvvIvIill, 4I li LiC i,~s( iii LIi il~ iiilvi m i lii l it() it vilLI ixCi I tii k11111I 10%it v yxiv 11 11f ll hii ii ix cill lIC\I xIiii vtI i vvo , ii , iiiiliv lx iiv ivx viviiltd - KICiI M1 i liviliv vIvA Lvi tii dilviI 111i1 iv liv Wv tii 111 i viv i,_J~IA_ldii ill vfi~ )t i t il IvvviI vii I Ll 111 Iii ixi ) xxvhil aily Igv cxvi xx11 1 ivvt I iicvt 1 I I IL vIh lI I i t 1 v I I L'1-( 1 I\x it I vi II Ii.1i I 'vik II lii I )[I ilv Iii I (i I I v I lI I i I L , I 1I1) lix v (iIvIi ivtx i xC-i(,ix \\ xx v vi- ivvLivvv CdIllx (I ii I I Il )1vixII li I i Ii l 1 111\11I1II Ill t Ii 1 )I A iviiiIvI Li v I xi( vxI LI Ii ivil Ni i iKv C ivI -m ) i lx lxvi I1111(11 I v i L' I (-LI ltvv v L\ ('1 vilvvvi l- 1) cv tc 1 l tii I Ii [vv t-111i11 ti- 3i 2.8I 3( Iv Li vI x11 ill- 1 E\i I I /i g I tii \\ iitliviivv. Iiixv xivl l vL iiiviiiv 1CI illi vivl I~ )It11 ivii At viW vvvIlivill 11 -II \\iii lti l ci I lic iit ixixllvll ivviviifvvixtiimlilivm(fhr xviix I ,(Iw ivI-)LvIt i iiihily oH iv , illivl II xx l ixv Li vii lxtiLl 11111( )11, viii) lingly tilt lx i I vi ii lii it Iw lxv vI l .I 11C xxdix vv ix iliii Ali\xclill lxxii) li~lii ix IvIl lii It lil Miv \\i0till xxx vJ(lv xx vi ixllvi viiiv viix xxvigilt t xx ix1111 vivvL- ii1 viLegg xx\\ i 1 i1A idI IC1C IIi i tixvM 1 I 1)1vi 11 1-(tit (06 ii ix i i 111 (lvi11 Fii vall soli)[v (tt w e v vvx Ixil ( ro)il l \x livh xxi) levi i ii mi J iv111 ItiA A, i( v xl ICxvi xA vil i ii tixIC vx, CII\ i xiiiv ac 01,1 i tII I 1xlvvitli v )l iL ii I i L,1ii i/v ' tvvi igi lit iv Illiik ill viI it I A I M-C vyI ye MI Siivl Wlxiliii- hC i()'_ xxIM iii III l l A ... i/L i I( I I l ix lxv( I IC\ cvi Ii IIwt Cdll s~ lxiii W of v lCI ix c i I \\vv (Iivv Iii iv l\\ i I v Hill (',i xx iti I x iiivid hIi viivi ll Iily'I Xxi itI( I,xev1 l liv~ vv ill iiilI( t'iLii ll Li lx I iliv tli LU MlL iiii I lilvilli Iilix 'wvLil i I xx 11 xiJ MILi lhv IvI I( lx\v ivtviC I C I( ix1ilil(il Iliiv~ll C, Ix l'i)i I I 1t11Clit LIiixv ()M tvvi toi Ai iM iI xl W IiALI\ xv CHA (vxv viv I Ii vIvi Il L i I11 jx ( Ii iix,, vi t v( A x A v viLivxi il I (it v li I( -'Xi -lxv illiv xx w l v\iv vi ilidlv lev ill \\ liv I vilvix x mi\ Hll iii l~ i lx ivivLIvilx xxvivivvi I \ lI( 5 xli W vi l vi i I I lVit( iix t 2 111()lii I ()I l i )k iiiv lI( )I Ii ) dc iiv l1 IC vi ig liv vt Li )CiTHi Ill CMi IJI vIt iiiv g xxIC I ix 28'o lvvLIi I iLige1egg- kvvdiCv lily I_,I tvilytcdtlix 11111 0xiilil i 1i IC(L vvLIv eg- xxvigixt I -xii 1 g I xig19i11t Iv(Iixtx It11 rc I ll I lv v II Lix IhIg c \ li I-I ig c aILvI t Ir LII lx eg ix txv Iii I Ix I IItIII I 1C s t Ii Ii 111 IcIIII ill lii ILIx iligv x lx tic iv gc go (wiI na Ixtl v i~L. I( i I x h\l ivi xt iii lvii 1111 ' Iii li(i v \ v )lii lvi lxij tvvi I iixg lxi lvi Ic Liv\ (ii Ic1)1 Ii iv ! I v Ill I illillIL1111 iCv ci 14 J T ~x jJ L~ T I,, , SI M", () ("l'+uigh 11111111011, liA d. 198.11 I ()X\ (,c II( DO)tI CL 11111> X.LI l (I) 11( h\L )()'I l L>1 I[-)ll~ h Il)l(Ili~ IIlw 11 11 I9>l I> N I)~ 1 11 II .11 X 1 Predicting Night Timne Depletion Of Dissolved Oxygen in Catfish Ponds CLAUDE E. BOYD and ROBERT P. ROMAIRE. Dept. of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures I I 111 t (I 1)9 DO1 il 1) 11(1 1 LI111) 1 I I I[ . Id 11h-kI.Il Jh I > (81 L II II ISI I LLC ( Ih )ll )11 C .1( III 81. (I l 9 2d 19 I II tII \\111119> ()11111 > Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 10O 9 8 7 - LIII L,LIII do)I MA>9( I I 'I110(k XXmilg II) .1cr measured flIt L) 11111111 I Ikh111 LI 111cch lL>k ~ values I~ILI ()11 .2 j .1911. I LI C A (111',0 , I 2 m'(111 X >I)lIX it1P1H1 t ) I Ill -1 X II V Il diL I iI [ lk ) . 111>1.8111.h i11>1 6 5 - (I.I911(LII 11 1) l111119 2 h\IIIXl P 011 I 4N (:. n1.Il 21L II ti I I) l ll (Ld HIM1 thX 111111 111 3 N projected value N(dawn) I (ll lII (11 1 .1)1. hCI C1.1>1iol \\J 1 111111 1191111 1 1L t 11 I ( 8pm l am Graphical method of calculating DO at dawn. 6 am IL119 (.1.1 I 111.li .1 LII dIlf~ e [I ()t I 111 \\ I L 1 11! ( icIXLI\'. IL III' IiIl I)C h\ L XI C XXX\ o1 k m I %\ I l \l I il i >111 >11o LII I IX119 1,1\\ 11 olg1 I) W I I )~I W1111 111R ILL )Il 1 ) 1111hoit II 1 I u [ 11 if )I d.P A i ( I a p tIctL1 1>191 IS lI> t Il) 111I(lX (L)f(I MA SJt C i I w( ncarh\ 1 -(Llk )> 1LIIC ( W IJI.11 XX 11111M l 1119 A1 IIII 111tl2(1 1). 1)11111 111A\> h(-! it. 11 > I ',I I i>119( II, Lto ( '1(11 p(I I i)Ip [11 I l ro gLLI~ .1 11d pt9(41 II .11 .11) 111 III>,! >11 It 8> it iS. Ll> 1 , I il , 111 111 XIIoI XXiica I I 9 ',lf (.1(1. L I IInt( >' 1>11 1) h11 ti\ 8. LI I~ k I .1ILL (LoC XXIII) \\ 819> LII . J1 ( 1111L( pi(Xinam[11 A) de1>1ol II 1 .. IlL [C. 111 Ill LIII!( to19 f91 (:) \ 11i 2(10 1,()[X \I),) I ALX oi C> i ~ , 1( DO.111 )L -II> lc lll L Ii>LXXtil> (,iL 111 In] I I' I)(-I. ASv V'L1 :A II i 8 (A > I() IL F 2 I111 CI [1lC1MCh [1 t11LI heokpilx\ RIlli 2 IIM l \ 11 ((~d the1 di 1IILippoIir LU'8 \L19,I>111I9I LDO .1110 1119 . 1111( II 8 s IL 2S [S S S 8 8 1.1! i.Iljl Ivc zIll :111Lllc ( >11118(1 [111i111,1 11> l \ Xlc ill )I1 - X ,C FL. XLI11911LI LII 19> L l 811 I 911 _36 I 36 29 33 24 28 L9 2-1 LI 21 1L 1 18 ~ iv ll o ns 1 9 o119.19i (I1 LIllii) ng1 1119.11 e d11 IL(L\119(1 1111ca1> i Am.!> 8 [iii 1 Xnamc (ltk 8111., p1>11 >Xv191iiialil dLIp let111oil Granular Herbicides Work As Well As Sprays G. A. BUCHANAN, JOE STREET, and BILL BRYANT, Department of Agronomy and Soils JIM STARLING and HENRY IVEY, Wiregrass Substation NO NOZZLES to unclog, no water to haul, no retention of herbicide by crop foliage.... These advantages offered by granular herbicides have created lots of interest in using this formulation. Nevertheless, use of granules in many cropping situations remains limited. Apparently there is no loss of effectiveness when herbicides are formulated as granules, according to results of Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station research. Granules were just as effective as sprays in controlling weeds in peanuts in 1977 experiments at the Wiregrass Substation. Several experiments compared the effectiveness of Lasso applied as spray and as TABLE 1. CONTROL OF WEEDS IN PEANUTS WITH SINGLE 1 APPLICATION OF LASSO APPLIED PREEMERGENCE ' Lasso formulation and rate per acre Broadleaf 2 control Early Late Pct. Pct. EC, 3 lb ... 65 100 EC, 6 lb. ... 100 81 G, 3 lb... 68 96 G, 6 lb.4 . . 98 75 0 Control ... 0 'Applied over Balan, 1.1 incorporated. 2 Early ratings, 3-4 weeks after crop emergence; late ratings, 6-8 weeks after crop emergence. 3 Taken from cultivated two rows of each plot. 4 Ratings based on uncultivated portion of each control plot. granules in preemergence or postemergence Florida Yield beggarweed per control acre acre Early Late Pct. Pct. Lb. 4,874 100 60 100 75 5,047 70 3,871 100 98 68 3,871 0 0 4,217 lb. per acre, preplant table 1. Control of Florida beggarweed was similar to that of other broadleaf weeds. Spray and granular formulations of Lasso performed similarly at the 3- and 6-lb. per acre rates. There was no appreciable phytotoxicity to peanuts or yield reduction associated with any of the treatments. The second experiment consisted of repeated Lasso applications: preplant incorporated, preemergence, and early and late postemergence over-the-top. Early postemergence application of Lasso (EC) plus Premerge was compared with Lasso (G) immediately followed by application of Premerge. Both grass and broadleaf weed control were essentially complete at the time of the first rating in all treatments, table 2. Late season ratings indicated less control of grass weeds when applications were terminated at early postemergence. Overall broadleaf weed control was commercially acceptable with the exception of the Lasso (G) treatment terminated at early postemergence. Control of Florida beggarweed was excellent with all treatments. Lasso in tank-mix with Premerge performed similarly to Lasso (G) followed by Premerge. Early peanut phytotoxicity was greater with the former treatment. There was no noticeable crop phytotoxicity at the end of the season, however, and yields did not differ among treatments. In the third experiment, Lasso (EC) and Lasso (G) were applied 2 weeks after peanuts had emerged. Grass control was complete at both ratings, table 3. Control of broadleaf weeds (including Florida beggarweed) was excellent at the first rating, but declined by the end of the season. While there was no difference between sprays and granules in control of broadleaf weeds, control of Florida beggarweed was slightly better with granules. In general, the granular formulation of Lasso performed about the same as sprays. This provides an added measure of versatility for peanut growers. TABLE 2. CONTROL OF WEEDS IN PEANUTS WITH MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS OF LASSO (EC) AND LASSO (G) FORMULATIONS Treatment' PPI-pre-early post-late post Grass control Early Late 2 Broadleaf control Florida beggarweed control Yield per Early Late Early Late acre 3 (to the crop) treatments. Formulations used were emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and 10% granules (G). Spray solutions were made in water and applied broadcast at 17 gallons per acre. Grass populations included crabgrass, goosegrass, and crowfoot grass. Broadleaves present were morningglory, pigweed, Florida beggarweed, and sicklepod. Particu- Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct Pct. Lb. Pct. Lasso-Lasso-Lasso .............. 100 98 98 100 98 70 3,595 Lasso-Lasso-Lasso (G) ........... 100 75 100 98 63 100 3,353 Lasso-Lasso-Lasso-Lasso ......... 100 88 100 98 98 95 3,353 Lasso-Lasso-Lasso (G)-Lasso (G) . . 100 90 85 100 100 4,528 100 Lasso-Lasso-Lasso + Premerge .... 100 100 100 100 100 95 3,664 4 Lasso-Lasso-Lasso (G)/Premerge . 100 94 100 100 4,148 100 100 C ontrol .... ................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,215 'Application rate, 3 lb. per acre. Early post applications were made 2 weeks after planting and late post applications were made 4 weeks after planting. PPI means preplant incorporated. 2Early ratings, 3-4 weeks after crop emergence; late ratings, 6-8 weeks after crop emergence. 3Taken from the cultivated two rows of each plot. 4 Premerge was applied immediately after application of Lasso (G). lar emphasis was placed on control of Florida beggarweed. In the first experiment, a standard treatment of Balan preplant incorporated at 1.1 lb. per acre was applied to all plots except the control. This provided some control of grass weeds so that clearer effects of Lasso treatments on broadleaf weeds could be observed. Broadleaf control was excellent at the early rating, but substantially less at the late rating, 14 TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF LASSO (EC) AND LASSO (G) WHEN APPLIED Two WEEKS AFTER EMERGENCE OF PEANUTS Florida Yield Grass control' Broadleaf control beggarweed control per2 Early Late Early Late acre' Early Late Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Lb. EC, 3 lb. ..................... 100 95 100 65 100 53 5 ,012 G, 3 lb. ...................... 100 98 98 68 95 78 4,010 Control ...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,217 'Early ratings, 3-4 weeks after crop emergence; late ratings, 6-8 weeks after crop emergence. 2Taken from the cultivated two rows of each plot. Lasso formulation and rate per acre How large are Alabama farms? MEASURED IN TOTAL ACRES, the average Alabama farm was, in 1974, 209 acres. For many years Alabama farms have become larger as units were combined and additional acreage added to more fully utilize machinery and equipment and increase volume of production. Alabama's average farm size has approximately doubled since 1950. What is the size distribution of farms? About one-third of Alabama's farms were less than 50 acres in 1974. However in 1950, slightly more than half were of this size. Generally, the larger than average size farms have accounted for increasing proportions of the total number in re cent years. For example, farms of 500 acres and over accounted for 3% of all farms in 1950 but 8% in 1974. How disproportionate is the incomegenerating ability of Alabama farms in terms of cash farm receipts? CHARACTERISTIC S of Alabama Farms and Farmers J. H. YEAGER, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology owning and renting land. This group of part owners accounted for 41% of the land in farms. Part owners operated larger farms as an average than full owners or tenants. What are the major land uses on farms? Why have farm real estate values and total capital per farm increased so greatly in recent years? In 1974 Alabama farms that had less than $20,000 in cash farm receipts accounted for 81% of total farms but only 16% of total cash farm receipts. In other words, 19% of the farms had 84% of the receipts. This compares to the U.S. with 27% of the farms having 88% of total cash farm receipts in 1974. Are Alabama farmers getting older or younger as an average? There are several reasons, some within agriculture and others from outside the farming sector. In 1973 the highest U.S. total net farm income ($33.3 billion) was achieved. As a partial result farmers bid for more land to expand production. The farm enlargement process has been a significant factor in increased farm real estate values. As larger tractors and machinery were adopted, a greater acreage was required in order to keep per unit costs of production in line. Farm real estate has also been considered by many as a favorable hedge against inflation. Thus, not only farmers but many groups of nonfarmers have invested in farm real estate. Demands have also been growing for land to go into nonfarm uses, such as housing developments, recreational areas, highways, airports, pipelines, shopping centers, etc. What has been the level of average cash farm receipts and expenses per farm for Alabama in recent years? In 1976, the average realized gross income Cropland, woodland, and other (permanent pasture, lots, roads, wasteland, etc.) are the broad uses given by the Census. Although 45% of the land in farms in 1974 was classified as cropland, harvested cropland amounted to a little more than half of the cropland. Woodland accounted for 35% of the total land in farms and other land 20%. Over-all since 1950, land in farms as well as the total acreage of land classified as cropland on farms has declined. How does Alabama's average farm investment compare to the U.S.? There is some evidence that the average age of Alabama farmers is declining. In 1974 the Census of Agriculture gave the average age of Alabama farmers as 52.3 years compared with 52.7 in 1964. However, from 72% to 73% of Alabama's farmers were in the 45 and over age category in the 1964, 1969, and 1974 censuses of agriculture. What is the predominant legal organization of Alabama farms? The average total capital investment of U.S. farms in 1974 was $142,163. Official data are not available on the average total investment per farm for Alabama. However, the 1974 Census of Agriculture reported the average value of land and buildings per Alabama farm was $76,049. If land and buildings are assumed to constitute the same proportion of total investment as for the U.S., the total investment per farm in Alabama in 1974 was $100,300, or 71% of the U.S. average. Obviously total investments have increased substantially since 1974. How valuable is Alabama farm real estate? The major legal organization of Alabama farms with sales of $2,500 and over is the single proprietorship. This form of business organization accounted for 92.4% of the farms in 1974, while partnerships accounted for 6.5% and corporations 0.9%. Form of business organization was not reported for farms of less than $2,500 sales but no doubt a very high proportion were single proprietorships. Is tenant farming becoming more or less im- per Alabama farm was $23,407 according to USDA figures. The increase in realized gross income per farm has been rather steadily upward for the past 25 years. However, farm production expenses have also increased substantially. In 1976, production expenses averaged $16,471 per farm, leaving a realized net income per farm of $6,936. Only in one other year, 1973, has the realized income per farm for Alabama been as high. What about the squeeze of increased costs relative to gross income? portant in the State? Tenant farmers have virtually disappeared. As recent as 1964, 21% of all farmers were classified as tenants but in 1974 the proportion dropped to only 7%. A majority of all farmers in Alabama, 71%, were full owners in 1974. Twenty-two percent of the farms in 1974 were classified as part owners; both Value is most often reported as market price or value. The average value of farm real estate in Alabama in February 1978 was reported as $452 per acre. Value per acre has approximately doubled in the past 5 years. Alabama's average value of farm real estate was not greatly different from the U.S. February 1978 figure of $490 per acre. The highest average value of farm real estate, $2,057 per acre, was reported for New Jersey. Averages for Corn Belt states were $1,300 to $1,600 per acre. Prior to 1966, production expenses were taking 70% or less of realized gross income per farm. Since 1966 production expenses have taken more than 70% of gross income. An exception was 1973. However, in 1974 production expenses took 81% of realized gross income. 15 Improved Loblolly and Slash Seedlings Available to Alabama Landowners JAMES F. GOGGANS Department of Forestry I i ll;I1II ~ii COO i ' I tt A i iV IIAICIIIICC'Xllt XCIiilgI II. C th it ilii I IlICIe 1(111) r1 \Ci tI Cn CI>C h''CfC Ib ALIXII l h LIII I ll i-I IXXiii IIIIC'XI imi ioti~lC G m XX I'it IX lIf C IC I St il t'c Iell11 toIl Ill 'CIl thI i I illt >IfufCCC itit es(f "Il>Ai l p1 AL tIng.d C~dlg i hd in A >ccidt()fI In ('111IX CIti)(111ll) IC'>IC'C h\l~ slc iI,I i tc arc 11C1111 t 't' pr p it)a ee Al ther) Ala.I LohC'CIC'> li Loai BLABIAMIEI) ZSEEI) ORCHARI) Xll C'Sl al'flCIIC'C IIXC'iig 111 l1 No ofI parents age' COMMICI L LC I \I Ii 1)o)CII IiR 11 X 11 AI ',CC I I C>1)11(2 II I I CI, C It's arc I ) prX I I C IC" I(- I II 1III i lIX(p1) t Xrl r aCIC I ll l '>ICIthCIeXi ~it, IIC Pine \allI Getne\ ' 9 -I cI II \ froI C)II'~I III "CC Il lt' CI \I IltI IA CI A,)lA 11c>11 oo'1hmfCC' hl (,C CX lib X~C lliIIa (,cllc'X~ >lCitaupg II C'C'CI II1I- A I I \~)'Illg~ I rL I ilt of (C 0,2 9 9 5 201 ct'C ICh CIX tIls III AtC'C1111 a cI ItCCi 'Il\\ Clrd of c'c CrIII I' iC IIIpr c dIl C() 'I 'clr St'cd Nll( IcC'IC' > acr St't'C (w (IX w\' IC) IohC'X Al hC 'I l 11111 AkhC ll ,rii C I It,1\ Cl ltCI .III Xk te l)[CIX'CCI ilte ' iCCI f19 lpi 0te L~ll~ I'li tCe I or-' I m clmrdll',III lt IId Ori tapprIll St'ItCI CiuI (1-11t tl XAI)lIcmctI it Asoii'\l X 111 11d IXCCI ','II gX XICII CAI l ItISS~ 1111(CI CCC~i to lS t' Il'tl II 'I tIIC ' ti I rt' A ~ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830 R. Dennis Rouse, Director PUBLICATION -Highlights of 9M Agricultural Research 6/78 Penalty for Private Use, $300 POSTAGE PAID U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGR 01 BULK RATE A vci IIlilIICd 0llII IXCII' lll SCCM ,-II I) I1 1111 CI "tC Ililig l' \d it c-as 111 I ash C l\ ()Il I'>C 1I11 II'CI II l til llge ( c CI)I il Cm >c'iIIcdC ill lt' tIIC.t