BULLETIN JUNE 379 1968 U ~2-4T rvtt FEED GRAIN SITUATION in Alabama 1953-66 anl l 11, to 1975 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Auburn, Alabamo A U BU RN E. V. Smth, Director UN IV ER SIT Y CONTENTS Page M ETHOD OF STUDY-GRAIN PRODUCTION-- --- -- - ------ -------- ------- 4 7 General Trends --- -- -- --- -- -- --- -- -- --- - - -- - 7 Production Projections - - - - - - - - - - 7 LIvESTOcK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION-12 General Trends--- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -Production Projections-- -- -- -- -- -- -- GRAIN MARKEtTING -12 -14 AND PROCESSING FIRMS-22 Types of Firm s --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --22 Location of Firm s -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - -24 Business Volume of Firms-- ------- 24 Storage Capacity of Firms----------26 GRAIN MOVEMENTS_________________ 26 R eceip ts - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shipments Transportation of -27 30 N et Impo rts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -31 G rain ------------------------------ 32 FEED GRAIN UTILIZATION-------------------------------33 U tilization in 1964 ---------------------------------- 33 Feed Grain Situation in 1975__________________________35 S UM M A RY -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 7 A PP E ND IX A -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -38 A PPENDIX B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -45 PHOTO CREDITS. River shipping scene courtesy of Tennessee Volley Authority; others ore Agricultural Experiment Station photos. FIRST PRINTING 3M, JUNE 1968 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 1953-66 and projections to 1975* JAMES R. HURST, Instructor of Agricultural Economics MORRIS WHITE, Professor of Agricultural Economics THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGES in Alabama agriculture has been the increasing importance of livestock and poultry. Income from the sale of poultry and poultry products increased more than ten-fold between 1953 and 1966, and poultry is now the top farm income producing commodity. Grain utilization by livestock and poultry has increased with expanded production, but this has not been accompanied by increased grain production in the State. In fact, decreasing proportions of the needed feed ingredients have been produced by the farmer-feeder. Thus, marketing, processing, and transporting facilities have been expanded to handle larger volumes of commercially mixed feeds. Significant changes in market structure have come about through contract feeding, vertical integration, custom mixing, and bulk handling. These changes have been most evident in the broiler industry. The trend toward increasing livestock and poultry production without corresponding increases in grain production is expected to continue in Alabama. Larger volumes of grain coming from surplus producing areas will require additional adjustments in marketing and processing facilities. Estimates of volumes and types of feed required are needed for orderly and efficient adjustments in type, size, and location of facilities. The objectives of this study were: 1. To determine the production-utilization balances for selected feed grains in Alabama. 2. To determine locations and capacities of various types of *This study was supported by funds provided by the Research and Marketing Act of 1946 and by State Research funds. It was carried out as Alabama Research Project Hatch 607 and was a contributing project to Southern Regional Project SM-29, "'Optimal Adjustments of Southern Grain Marketing Facilities to Future Conditions." AMONG 4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION grain marketing and processing facilities currently operating in Alabama, and to obtain estimates of volumes of grains handled by each type of facility. 3. To project grain production and utilization in the next decade in Alabama. METHOD OF STUDY Secondary data on livestock and poultry production in Alabama were used to determine the number of animals to be fed during 1964. Animals were grouped into the following 12 classes as reported by Alabama Crop and Livestock Reporting Service: 1. Dairy cows 2 years and over, on farms January 1. 2. Other dairy animals, on farms January 1. 3. Beef cows 2 years and over, on farms January 1. 4. Beef cattle, grain fattened during year. 5. Other beef animals, on farms January 1. 6. Horses and mules, on farms January 1. 7. Sheep, on farms January 1. 8. Hogs raised. 9. Hens and pullets, on farms January 1. 10. Chickens raised. 11. Broilers raised. 12. Turkeys raised. An average feed ration was developed for each class of animals, with specified amounts of individual feed grains and other ingredients based on an average U.S. ration. The rations were adjusted by animal scientists of the Agricultural Experiment Station to represent average Alabama feed rations. Amount of each feed grain in the ration, multiplied by number of animals in the respective classes, was the estimate of feed grain requirements for that class. The total of feed grain requirements for the 12 classes of livestock plus "other livestock"' was the estimate of 1964 utilization in Alabama. Feed grain utilization less production was used as an estimate of Alabama's feed grain deficit or production-utilization balance for 1964. Estimated net flow of grain into the State was used as a check against the estimate obtained by the production-utilization approach. "Other livestock" represents all livestock and poultry not on farms and other animals on farms not accounted for in the 12 classifications. FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 5 A listing of grain marketing and processing firms was developed in cooperation with the State Department of Agriculture, Federal-State Inspection Service, and trade directories. The firms were classified according to their most important activity by use of the following definitions. 1. Terminal elevators (receivers and merchandisers of raw grains of which more than 50 per cent originated from sources other than farmer-producers). 2. Country elevators (receivers and shippers of raw grains of which more than 50 per cent originated from farmer-producers). 3. Feed manufacturers (those firms where complete feed(s) was being produced as the primary product. Raw grain was mixed with oil meals and other individual grains and mineral products to build the rations). 4. Feed mixers (those firms with complete feed (s) being their primary product and which combined raw grains with concentrates manufactured and mixed by some other firm). 5. Custom feed mills (those firms that provided "custom" rations for customers and the customer provided some of the inputs, usually raw grains). 6. Soybean processors (crushers of soybeans). 7. Brewers and distillers. 8. Flour millers (including blenders). 9. Cereal product manufacturers (including corn products such as meal and grits, and all other grain cereals for foods). Managers of a stratified random sample of grain marketing firms were interviewed to obtain information on storage and processing capacities and volumes. Information was also obtained on volumes of grain movements. Data obtained from the survey were expanded to provide an estimate of the total capacities and volume of movements for the State. To project type, size, and location of facilities needed in 1975, an estimate of production and utilization was made by projecting 1953-64 trends. Trends of livestock production in the years 1953-64 for the 12 classes of livestock were estimated by regression analysis. These trends were extended to 1975 and the resulting estimates of production adjusted for known and anticipated limiting factors, such as available resources. Average rations anticipated in 1975 were developed in cooperation with animal science personnel to estimate rate of grain utilization. 6 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Production trends for corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, and grain sorghum were calculated and extended in the same manner as for livestock to estimate grain production in 1975. The State was divided into two areas, with the division running roughly east-west through Birmingham, Figure 1. This division served to reflect general differences in livestock and poultry production and marketing of grain, and facilitated procurement of production data Aobom. .o,,in....... . F. .. that is usually reported by crop .:maigras reporting districts. These areas were 2 of 36 designated as general market areas to aid in analysis of grain movements into the South, Figure 2. These two areas, designated as 7 and 8, are used in this publication to refer to southern Alabama and northern Alabama, FIG. 2. Grain marketing areas of United States. gional Grain Marketing Project.) (Source: SM-29 Southern Re- FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 7 respectively. Area 7 includes crop reporting districts 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and Area 8 districts 1, 2, 2a, and 3. GRAIN PRODUCTION General Trends Since 1953, grain production in Alabama has shown a definite downward trend with significant year-to-year fluctuations. Increased yields have been more than offset by reduced acreages. Production of corn, which accounts for more than 90 per cent of total grain production in the State, declined from 44,800,000 bushels in 1953 to 36,210,000 bushels in 1964. Production was estimated at slightly over 26 million bushels in 1966, Table 1. Oats and grain sorghum, the only other grains grown primarily for feed grain in the State, have also declined in acreage and production. Wheat production has been erratic since 1953. This may be partially explained by the fact that wheat is not grown in Alabama primarily for a feed grain. In addition, government programs designed to control wheat production were mainly responsible for significant reductions in total production in 1953, 1954, 1962, and 1963. Production of soybeans - considered as a feed grain for this analysis because it was handled in the same facilities as grain has increased consistently since 1953, Table 1. Production Projections Corn. Annual production of corn fluctuated from about 26 to 55 million bushels during 1953 to 1966, but showed a definite downward trend. The downward trend is expected to level off, with production estimated to be slightly over 27 million bushels in 1975, Figure 3. This will probably be produced on fewer acres as yields continue to increase. Corn consistently accounted for approximately 90 per cent of total feed grain production during the past 14 years, and by 1975 is expected to account for over 95 per cent. Corn production has been about evenly divided between northern and southern Alabama, Appendix A Table 1, but there is an indication that production will shift southward. TABLE 1. FEED GRAIN ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year Corn Acreage 1,000 acres Production 1,000 bushels 44,880 27,573 58,870 47,736 47,675 55,614 46,982 44,330 43,890 31,460 40,222 36,210 37,520 26,070 Acreage 1,000 acres 138 185 148 136 99 79 101 85 85 72 40 42 40 34 Oats Production 1,000 bushels 4,416 5,458 3,848 4,896 2,475 2,528 3,484 2,975 3,315 2,448 1,160 1,701 1,400 1,292 1,000 acres 21 24 53 80 130 100 55 48 56 35 42 64 55 58 Wheat Acreage Production 1,000 bushels 462 528 1,007 1,840 2,340 2,300 1,265 1,200 1,456 840 987 1,600 1,348 1,624 Grain sorghum Acreage 1,000 acres 25 16 46 34 43 38 33 28 14 10 12 11 10 7 Production 1,000 bushels 450 294 874 612 774 912 598 480 364 240 308 189 270 210 Soybeans Acreage 1,000 acres 88 95 94 110 122 127 130 135 157 176 192 207 228 280 Production 1,000 bushels 1,804 1,140 2,068 2,255 2,440 2,794 2,860 3,240 3,611 3,608 3,840 4,554 5,016 6,860 1953________ 2,040 1954 2,121 1955 2,030 1956________ 1,989 1957 1,907 1958 1,794 1959________ 1,807 1960________ 1,705 1961 ....... 1,330 1962 1,144 1963_... 1,133 1964_... 1,020 1965_... 938 1966 869 -....... -.. C C r m X M z -I -I 0o Source: Statistical Bulletin 384, USDA Statistical Reporting Service, and Alabama Agricultural Statistics, Alabama Crop Reporting Service, Bulletin 11. z FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 9 FIG. 3. Corn production, actual and projected, Alabama, 2.4 1 2 1 953-1 975. A small proportion of the corn produced in southern Alabama entered the commercial grain marketing portion produced in that area was utilized in hog production corn was more on farms where it was produced. In Area important as a cash crop. Wheat. Production of wheat ranged from a high of 2.3 million channel.' A major pro- 8 Million .4bushels 2.0 1.6 1.2 .8 .4 .0 Years FIG. 4. Wheat production, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. 10 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION bushels in 1957 to a low of 462,000 bushels in 1953. The trend projection indicated production of 1.8 million bushels in 1975, Figure 4. Wheat has not traditionally been considered a feed grain in Alabama and it is expected that future production will mainly be utilized in flour. Wheat production appeared to be increasing in Area 7 and decreasing in Area 8, Appendix A Table 2, primarily because: (1) wheat fits well in a double cropping system with soybeans and potatoes in the Gulf Coast area of Alabama; and (2) a strong export market for wheat is located at the nearby Port of Mobile. These two factors can cause wheat production to exceed the projected estimate in 1975, especially if soybean production increases as anticipated. Oats. Oats have become a relatively minor feed grain crop in Alabama. Production declined from 5.5 million bushels in 1954 to 1.3 million bushels in 1966. Projected production for 1975 was only 898,000 bushels, Figure 5. Million 6 5 bushels 3 0 . . .. 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 7' 73 75 Years FIG. 5. Oat production, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. Grain Sorghum. After reaching a peak of almost 1 million bushels in 1958, grain sorghum production declined to 210,000 bushels in 1966, Figure 6. Production was projected to be 108,000 bushels in 1975, and will be of no significance in the consideration of need for marketing facilities. Soybeans. Although not normally considered a feed grain, FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA FEED RIN SITU~TION IN ALABAMA 11 1 Million bushels 1.0 ,8 ,6 4 .. .. ..... :: :.. . ... .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. ....... ... .. 2~ 0 ::::::. ... ......... . O . ...... .................,. . - . -. . . . 4' A re l .. 53 55 7 ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 59 61 ,6Years 0 5 . 57 59 61 .. . . 63 . . . 6 . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . 9 . . . . 7 Years FIG. 6. Grain sorghum production, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. soybeans are a major source of protein in livestock and poultry feeds. Soybeans were treated as a feed grain in this study because they are handled in the same types of facilities as grains and will influence the needs for adjustment in facilities. Increased production of soybeans during the past few years has created more interest in the development of marketing facilities than have major feed grains. Production went from 1.8 million bushels in 1953 to 6.9 million bushels in 1966, an increase of almost 300 per cent, Figure 7. Almost three-fourths of this increase has occurred since 1963. Projected production for 1975 was 23 million bushels. There is widespread optimism that soybeans will become the State's major field crop within the next few years and will exceed the projected production of 23 million bushels. Soybean production was started in Alabama on the basis of a double cropping system with potatoes in extreme southern Alabama. In the 1950's approximately 90 per cent of the crop was produced in Area 7, Appendix A Table 5. By 1966 approximately 73 per cent of production was in southern Alabama, and the present geographic distribution of production is expected to continue through 1975. Expansion of soybean production in the U.S. over the past 10 years has created the possibility of production-limiting programs being imposed or a significant reduction in soybean prices because of larger supplies. A continued expansion of ex- 12 12 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Million bushels 24 22, 20 18 16 ' 14 12 10 81 6 .. ::........ /. 2 'Area8 / / 2;.s Area 7 0 53 55 57. 59 61 Years 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 FIG. 7. Soybean production, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. port markets can accommodate a moderate annual increase in soybean supplies and maintain prices near the present levels. The supply-demand situation in domestic and world markets indicates that prices will probably decrease and slow the expansion of the past decade. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION General Trends Certain classes of livestock and poultry increased while others declined, but the net result was a significant increase in the number of grain consuming animal units between 1953 and 1966, Table 2. (Grain consuming animal unit is a common de- FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 13 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA TABLE 2. NUMBER OF GRAIN CONSUMING ANIMAL UNITS, ALABAMA, 1 1953 AND 1966 Class of livestock Number of CCAU per head Number of head 1953 1,000 423 302 503 1966 1,000 186 110 856 Number of CCAU 1953 1,000 381 60 101 1966 1,000 167 22 171 78 750 210 2 2 Milk cows-----------------0.9 Other dairy animals__ 0.2 Beef cows__________________ 0.2 Beef cattle fed ---------2.0 ' 54 Other beef animals--0.1 509 783 Hogs------- -0.6 1,284 1,250 Horses and mules 2.1 210 100 33 10 Sheep ------------------------0.015 Hens and pullets 0.05 5,961 15,198 Chickens raised -------0.015 9,070 11,835 Broilers---------------------0.008 28,416 324,124 Turkeys---------------------0.07 290 1,278 Other' --------------- -108 51 770 441 298 136 ----- ------ TOTAL-------1None reported. 2Less than 1. 227 20 124 2,609 2,593 760 178 90 256 5,383 ' Includes pets and other animals not on farms. nominator intended to show the relative importance of various classes of livestock in grain utilization. 2 ) The number of grain consuming animal units more than doubled from 1953 to 1966. Over 90 per cent of the increase resulted from expansion of the broiler industry, which accounted for almost half of the State's grain consuming animal units in 1966. Other classes of poultry also increased. Beef cattle was the only other class of livestock that increased significantly during the period observed. Beef cattle production in the State was primarily composed of brood cow herds that produced stocker and feeder calves. This system was dependent on forage crops and on cottonseed meal as a protein supplement. Therefore, expansion in numbers had little effect on demand for feed grains. Classes of livestock produced in the State that utilized relatively large volumes of grain were dairy cattle, hogs, and horses and mules. The number of each in the State was less in 1966 than was reported in 1953. The proportional decrease was 56 per cent for dairy cows, 3 per cent for hogs, and 52 per cent for horses and mules. ' Each kind of livestock and poultry was converted- into an animal unit or fraction thereof, by dividing the quantity of grain consumed per head by the amount consumed by one milk cow. 14 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Production Projections Dairy Cattle. Developments in both production and marketing have influenced adjustments in Alabama's dairy industry. Bulk handling of fluid milk has required investments in bulk tanks and other equipment that were not economically feasible for small or inefficient herds. This and other factors requiring more efficiency have led to fewer and larger herds with higher producing cows. Herds maintained for production of milk for manufacturing have declined, as have numbers of "family milk cows. The increase in production per cow is evidenced by comparing a 30 per cent decrease in milk production to the 56 per cent decrease in milk cow numbers from 1953 to 1966. The distribution of cows within the State has been about 60 per cent in southern Alabama and 40 per cent in northern Alabama, and this distribution should be almost constant until 1975, Figure 8. Total number of milk cows will continue to decrease, reaching about 63,000 head in 1975. Milk production will also continue downward, but at a rate less than cow numbers. Other dairy cattle was composed of dairy heifers, dairy bulls, and dairy calves. The majority of this class was heifers being saved for replacements and these were distributed proportionate to dairy cows, Figure 9. The ratio of replacement heifers to cows declined and is likely to continue to drop as cow numbers are reduced. Thous and a ii head ia ill ustiu::.isI dwnwad, also ontiue bt at 500 400 300 200 Area8' 7""""" ·.. .... .......... :::::: .:::::::::::...... . : : : : :::::.. . ~ .,.,.-,,.-', ,, ,." r :A : 0 53 55 : ::ea 7 ::::: : :.:: " ".b:: :::::::: .............. ...... ................ ---- ................ 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 Years FIG. 8. Milk cows 2 years old and older on farms January 1, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 15 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA Thousand 350 300 250 head 1 ;" .......... ........ 200 250 ::::".::::.. -'" ;.. . ... ".... . ~~ .r ".::. 100,. Area 7 0 53 55....57.. 59 61 Years 63 65 67 69...71 73...75 FIG 9. Other dairy animals on forms January 1, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. Beef during 1953-1966, Figure 10. The increase of 69 per cent brought beef cow numbers to 856,000 in 1966. The rate' of increase is expected to level off and beef cows will number about 878,000 in 1975. The distribution of 80 per cent in Area 7 and 20 per cent in Area 8 is expected to hold through 1975. Thousand head I 000 900, Cows. Beef cow numbers in Alabama increased steadily 600 .... ... 8 Area 7 400 500 300 200 100 0 53 55 57 59 61 63 Years 65 67 69 71 73 -75 FIG. 10. Beef cows 2 years old and older on forms January 1, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. 16 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Beef cows require a relatively large acreage per unit and the increasing demand for land will probably be a major factor limiting expansion of beef cow numbers. Since beef production in Alabama is primarily from cow-calf operations, which are dependent on forage, increasing cow numbers for this type of operation will call for little additional feed grain. Beef Cattle Grain Fattened. The number of beef cattle finished on grain in Alabama was small and has been recorded only since 1960. There was an increase between 1960 and 1965, Thousand 80 70 60 50 head Xsb. 10 0 53 55 57 59 61 Area 63 7 65 67 69 71 73 75 Years FIG. 11. Beef cattle groin fattened, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. Thousand 1,200 head 800== = ===== == :. ::.. .:.::..:. 200 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 Years FIG. 12. All other beef animals on farms January 1, actual and projected, Ala- bama, 1953-1975. FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 17 Figure 11, and this trend indicates that Alabama will finish about 67,000 head in 1975. Because cattle feeding is a relatively new enterprise in Alabama and of minor importance, a trend is not as reliable for finished beef as for other classes of livestock. Several private and public groups are interested in promoting cattle feeding in Alabama. If their efforts are successful, trend estimate could be well below the actual number in 1975. Other Beef. This class of animals was composed of beef calves, bulls, and replacement heifers, but primarily heifers. Distribution and growth patterns of this class of livestock followed closely those for beef cows, Figure 12. As rate of growth in beef cow numbers decreases, the ratio of other beef to beef cows should decrease because of less need for heifers to build cow herds. Hogs. Reports for this class of animals comprised both spring and fall pig crops and represented the number of hogs to be fed during the year. Hog production in Alabama went through production cycles similar to those for the United States, but the number produced in 1966 was only 3 per cent different from Thousand heed 1,800 1,600 1200 ........ .. .. : .......... :...... ..... :. ... 1,200 400 0 200 53 55 5 : ~ 57 59 61 I 5 Years~ 63 65 ~ 67 69 71 73 75 2;; FIG.13.Hog prouce, atualandproecte, Aabaa, 153-975 400 200 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 Years FIG 13. Hogs produced, actual and projected Alabama, 19531975 18 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the figure for 1953. If the trend continues until 1975, as expected, growers in Alabama will be producing about 1,171,000 head, Figure 13. Hog production was concentrated in southern Alabama where hogs were finished primarily with locally produced grain. This area produced about 80 per cent of Alabama's hogs from 1953 to 1966 and should produce about that proportion in 1975. Hog production can be profitable for many Alabama farmers, and thus has potential to exceed the production estimated for 1975. With high grain utilization per unit, a moderate increase in hog production could increase significantly the amount of grain fed. Sheep. Never a large factor in feed grain demand, sheep production is expected to be almost nil in 1975. There was some interest in sheep in Alabama during the fifties but disease and parasite problems made this class of livestock undesirable in Alabama's climate. Sheep numbered 33,000 in 1953, but are expected to be 5,000 or less in 1975, Figure 14. Thousand head 120 100 60 20 Area7': 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 Years FIG. 14. Sheep on farms January 1, actual and projected, 1953-1975. Horses and Mules. Farm work stock were replaced with tractors rapidly during the fifties. Numbers were reduced from 210,000 to 100,000 between 1953 and 1960, Figure 15. Numbers of horses and mules have not been estimated in Alabama since 1960, but it was assumed that numbers leveled off at around FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 19 Thousand 240head 240O 210 180 150 120 .::" . ........" . ..... . .......... .... ....... ·................. .:. .. ... . i60 ::~~~::::~ 60 : Area 8i " !ii!iiii . :::!? i i::::::~:::::::::: .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... . .. /i:i:i::i::ii ~ i7: 6o~ ~ ~ ~Ae iiiii~~~~i~iiiiiii~i!iii!i 0 53 55 57 59 61 Years FIG. 15. Horses and mules on forms January 1, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 100,000 because of an increase in the number of pleasure horses. Horses and mules are expected to total about 164,000 by 1975. Hens and Pullets. Hens and pullets increased from approximately 6o million in 1953 to over FTigue1.Alrg atoh the the inres n Are 8, 15 million in 1966, with majrt majority of the increase in Area 8, Figure 16. A large part of the increase was for production of hatching eggs used by the expanding broiler industry. These trends are expected to continue until 1975 when Alabama will have over 33 million hens and pullets. More than 80 per cent will be in northern Alabama. Chickens Raised. These chickens are for replacements of laying flocks. Distribution and rate of increase from 9 million in 1953 to about 12 million in 1964 were similar to that for hens and pullets, Figure 17. A continuation of this trend is expected to bring the total to 31.6 million in 1975, with about 26.2 million in Area 8 and 5.4 million in Area 7. Broilers. Most of the additional demand for feed grains in Alabama after 1953 was for expanded broiler production. Production increased from 28.4 million in 1953 to 324.1 million in 1966, Figure 18. This trend projected to 1975 indicates that Alabama will produce over 424 million broilers. 20 20 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0 35,000 30,000 BThousands 1 /,. 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 I Area.8 Area? ..... .... .:.. .... .. .. ... : : :................... :: ....... .. . .. ... 15355 57 59 6163 Years 6567 69 7173 1-V 75 FIG. 16. Hens and pullets on farms January 1, actual and projected, Alabama, ~ 1953-1975. .. ... .... ... :. 4i . ... .. .... .. .. .. Thousands 35,000 25,000..... : : : :: : : : :: : :: : :: : : :: : : Area 8 . .. : -A e a ::: :::::: ::: ::::;: ::: :;: :: : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . :. . . . :. . . :: : ::: : ;; :: : :: : ; :: .... 20,000 15000 10,000 ........ : t:::. //;: ".. ::. .............. 0 53 55 57 59 61 Years 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 FIG. 17. Chickens raised, actual and projectedAlabama,1953-1975 Northern Alabama produced 91 per cent of the State's broilers in 1953 and 75 per cent in 1966 and is expected to produce 74 per cent in 1975. The predominance of this area in FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 21 FEED GRAIN SITUAT'ION IN~ ALABAMA Thousands 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000.. 200,000 ............. ..... ,mot 2 .......................... .................... . .............. .............. ..................... ................................. .... o.as.:"rs?. . . . . . .. . 53 55 57 59 61 - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - ............................ ............................. ............................ ........... ......... .. ... . ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ - - -- - - - 1 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 I ~YearsI FIG. 18. Broilers produced, actual and projected, Alabama, 1953-1975. broiler production can be largely attributed to its proximity to the Tennessee River and low cost water transportation of grain. The advantage of water over rail transportation was decreased with adjustment of rail rates ini 1963, thereby reducing the com~................... ~ petitive advantage of northern over southern Alabama. Because concentration of broiler production in Area 8 will ..... :.............. ........... _ ....... .. ................. :........... ... ... ... .. "... ... .. ....... ... ....... ... ... ... ........... .. - "f;:;:;:;:;:: ":. :' ' ' ' 1 500 1000- I - - - . .................. ; ; I ; 5_i- -; ' r: _. ................ Thousands 500 5Are - - --- :I "., ~l S "'' f: 4,000 " 0IIl 53 55 57 59 i ~ : 61 Years 6365 atual and 7 1~ 67 C f .6 71 73 7 3,500 3,000 2,500 FIG. 19. Turkys raised, proected, Alabaa, 1953-1975 "/ " ':: :: ........ :. ...................... 9 17 ....... FIG.0 1.TkyridataadpecdAaa 10 0... Area...... ........ 500 .............. 53.5.57.59...63.6.67.69.1.73.7 Aea 22 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION continue to increase the demand for factors of production, Area 7 will have a comparative advantage in factors other than transportation rates. The distribution of broiler production between northern and southern Alabama will be dependent to a large extent on relative rates of the various means of transporting grain. Turkeys. Turkey production was erratic during the period studied, decreasing the dependency of trend projection as a method of estimating 1975 production. Production was 290,000 in 1953 and over 1,278,000 in 1966, Figure 19. The trend projection indicates about 3,833,000 in 1975, but this estimate is less dependable than for most other classes of livestock. Distribution within the State is even less applicable to estimation by trends. GRAIN MARKETING AND PROCESSING FIRMS Type of Firms The grain industry in Alabama is made up of a large number of firms varying in size and services performed, Table 3. Division of firms by type of service peformed was difficult because most firms performed more than one function in the process of merchandising and processing feed grains. To prevent disclosing information of individual firms, data from soybean processors and flour mills were combined with data from all feed mills. Terminal and country elevator data were also combined. No attempt was made to determine the extent of integrated operations, but a few large firms produced a significant proportion of all poultry feeds. Producing poultry feeds for their own operations, these firms accounted for a significant proportion TABLE 3. GRAIN MARKETING AND PROCESSING AND AREA, ALABAMA, 1964 FIRMS, BY TYPE Type firm Terminal elevators ...... Country elevators-...... Feed millsSoybean processors----Flour mills -1 TOTAL .............. SFeed State No. 6 10 180 4 202 South (Area 7) No. 2 7 116 3 0 129 North (Area 8) No. 4 3 64 1 1 78 mills include feed manufacturers, feed mixers, and custom feed mills. FEED FEED GRAIN RN- SITUATION SIUATION IN ALAAM IN ALABAMA 23 2 7 U Feed mills under 5,000 tons ) ® Lj A " El Feed mills over 5,000 tons Terminal elevators elevators ASoybean processors 0 Country FIG. 20. Grain marketing and processing firms in Alabama in 1964. 24 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of total feed grain utilization. The development of integrated firms in the poultry industry resulted in less mixed feed entering the market channel to be distributed to feeders. These integrated firms are considered to be ultimate consumers at the feed mill or elevator level. Location of Firms Firms are not distributed uniformly within the State by type and size, Figure 20. Northern Alabama had more of the large firms, terminal elevators, and integrated firms, and southern Alabama more small firms and custom grinders. This is explained in part by the type animal production in the areas. Area 8 primarily produced poultry and had facilities for receiving and storing large volumes of grain barged in on the Tennessee River. Area 7 produced mostly cattle and hogs, utilizing more forage and locally produced grain. A large proportion of grain shipped into Area 7 was received in small lots backhauled from the Midwest by trucks. An exception in this area was the grain elevator at the Alabama State Docks in Mobile, which had a large storage capacity to facilitate assembling grains for export. Business Volume of Firms Feed Mills. Feed mills with annual processing capacity of over 2,000,000 tons produced 916,902 tons of mixed feeds in 1964. A majority of the output was poultry feed produced by large firms in Area 8. To facilitate analysis of changes in size distribution of firms in the feed industry, the number in each size group in 1959 and 1964 was determined. The number of feed mills increased from 156 in 1959 to 180 in 1964, Table 4, with entry of small firms TABLE 4. NUMBER OF FEED MILLS AND PERCENTAGE CHANGE, BY SIZE, ALABAMA, 1959 AND 1964 Annual production, tons 1959 Number of firms 1964 Change Per cent + 57 + 11 + 9 - 8 -38 + 11 + 15 No. 500 or less------------------------501-1,000 -----------------1,001-2,000 .. 2,001-5,000.----------------------5,001-30,000 Over 30,000----------------------TOTAL-----------------------I,,,~, ~ A,,,, V -- No. 77 31 24 22 16 10 180 49 28 32 24 26 9 156 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 25 ALABAMA, TABLE 5. FEED MILLS, BY SIZE CLASSIFICATION, 1960 AND 1964 Number of firms in 1964, by tons annual volume Volume, tons annually No. of firms 1960 No. 500 tons or less ...... 501-1,000 ............ 2,001-5,000 .......... 5,001-10,000 .......... 10,001-20,000__ 20,001-30,000 .______ o o 00 No. 1 4 00 o 0 No. o 0 > No. _. Drop uts No. 13 4 No. 3 11 No. 2 No. No. - 49 28 24 15 9 2 32 7 1,001-2,000 .......... 22 4 2 1 1 30 77 2 1 1 10 5 4 10 4 1 2 3 2 3 4 - 1 4 .1 2 3 1 8 1 27 Over 30,000 -----9 New firms2 .-------..... ... TOTAL, 1964 ...... _--2 13 31 4 24 2 22 8 7 1 10 SNumber of firms going out of business from 1960 to 1964. Number of firms started between 1960 and 1964. (500 tons or less) into the industry accounting for most of the increase. The number of medium size firms decreased more than one-third in the same period. Given in Table 5 are number of firms in business in January of each respective year; however, there was exit and entry of many firms during this period. Number and percentage of new firms and dropouts from 1960 to 1964 are shown by Table 5 data. When classed by dollar value of business, the percentage of total production accounted for by large feed mills (more than $800,000 annual sales) decreased from 91.8 per cent in 1961 to 78.5 per cent in 1963. 3 Actual production of large firms increased from 704,000 tons in 1961 to 850,000 tons in 1963. Average production increased more for large firms than for small firms. Elevators. Elevators were classified as (1) terminal elevators if the majority of grain handled was received from sources other than grain producers, and (2) country elevators if the majority of grain was received from producers. Most terminal and country elevators handled both shipped in grain and locally produced grain. There were 6 terminal elevators and 10 country elevators in Alabama in 1964. Contrast between numbers of elevators in 1964 (16) and 1959 (30) may not provide a meaningful comparison because of a difference in definition of type firms. 4 A large number of feed SCurrent Industrial Reports, U.S. Department of Commerce. * Curtis, W. C., and M. White, 1964. Grain Movements in Alabama, Auburn University, Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 355. 26 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION mills and other agribusiness firms that handled raw grain may have been classified as elevators in 1959 and not in 1964. All elevators handled about 62 million bushels of grain in 1964. Approximately 15 million bushels of raw grain were handled by feed mills in addition to that processed into feeds. Other Firms. Only two firms were classified as soybean processors and one firm as a flour mill in the State in 1964. Their volume of business was combined with feed mills to prevent possible disclosure of confidential information. Storage Capacity of Firms Total grain storage capacity of all firms was 16,723,000 bushels on January 1, 1965; approximately 13,637,000 bushels was bulk upright storage, Table 6. The remainder was sack storage, most often used by small feed mills. TABLE 6. GRAIN STORAGE CAPACITY, BY TYPE FIRM, ALABAMA, 1965 Type firm Bulk 1,000 bushels 3,714 4,198 5,725 13,637 Storage capacity Sack 1,000 bushels 956 2,130 0 3,086 Total 1,000 bushels 4,670 6,328 5,725 16,723 Elevators Feed mills Other________________________________ TOTA L ............................ SIncludes soybean processing plants, flour mills, and other grain handling and processing firms not classified as livestock and poultry feed mills or grain elevators. GRAIN MOVEMENTS Previous sections of this publication reported that Alabama's livestock and poultry industries utilized more grain than was produced in the State each year. Movement of grain from surplus producing states to Alabama was a large and complex industry. The efficiency of these movements is a primary factor affecting livestock and poultry production. Estimates of 1964 grain movements, by origin, destination, and mode of transportation, were obtained by interview of a representative sample of firms, and information obtained was expanded by the appropriate factor. Movement estimates were made for: (1) comparison with utilization estimates based on average rations and numbers of live- FEED GRAIN. SITUATION IN ALABAMA 27 stock and poultry, and (2) evaluation of the efficiency of grain movements. Receipts Alabama's grain marketing firms received over 134 million bushels of grain in 1964, Table 7. Corn was the most important grain, accounting for two-thirds of the total amount received. Soybeans was second in volume handled, with 17.5 per cent of the total. Over two-thirds of the grain was received in Area 8 where poultry production was concentrated. TABLE 7. FEED GRAIN RECEIPTS, BY TYPE OF GRAINS AND AREA OF THE STATE, ALABAMA, 1964 Area of receipt Corn Oats Wheat Grain sorghum Soybeans Total Per cent 1,000 bu. South (Area 7)___ 18,228 North (Area 8)__. 71,070 89,298 State Per cent __________ 66.6 TABLE 8. 1,000 bu. 416 6,941 7,357 5.5 1,000 bu. 6,331 3,813 10,144 7.6 1,000 bu. 2,269 1,534 3,803 2.8 1,000 bu. 16,603 6,901 23,504 17.5 1,000 bu. 43,847 90,257 184,106 100.0 32.7 67.3 100.0 FEED GRAIN RECEIPTS, BY TYPE OF GRAIN AND SOURCE, ALABAMA, 1964 Source Corn Oats Wheat sorghum Grain Soybeans Total Per cent 1,000 bu. Local Intrastate...... Interstate...... TOTAL_..... 16,719 9,097 63,482 89,298 1,000 bu. 490 1,313 5,554 7,357 1,000 bu. 2,577 ... 7,567 10,144 1,000 bu. 109 3,694 3,803 1,000 bu. 1,000 bu. 17.2 10.1 72.7 100.0 3,289 23,075 13,563 3,044 17,171 97,468 23,504 134,106 Approximately 97.5 million bushels, 73 per cent of all grain receipts, were received from sources outside the State, Table 8. Seventeen per cent came from local producers and 10 per cent from other firms within the State. Corn. Alabama grain marketing firms received 89,298,000 bushels of corn in 1964, Table 9. Approximately 71 per cent was imported from Midwestern States, with Illinois supplying over 42 per cent. Northern Alabama received over 80 per cent of all corn local, intrastate, and imported. Approximately two-thirds received in this area came from Illinois. Southern Alabama 28 TABLE 9. ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 194 RECEIPT OF CORN, BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, Origin Southern (Area 7) Northern (Area 8) State Per cent 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels Local'------------------------------5,139 11,580 16,719 Intrastate'__________________________ 1,403 7,694 9,097 Illinois_______________________________ 3,371 34,254 37,625 1,900 3,653 Iowa ---------------------------------1,753 Missouri________ __________ ________ 1,769 1,425 3,194 Indiana______________________________ 1,001 1,580 2,581 Minnesota -------------------------______ 1,355 1,355 Kentucky___________________________ 18.7 10.2 42.2 4.1 Other________________________________ 3,792 -----980 3.6 2.9 1.5 980 1.1 10,302 51,736 TOTAL____________________________ 18,228 71,070 Net imports ______________________ 11,686 14,094 89,298 63,482 15.7 100.0 ' Received from producers. ' Received from other firms within the State. 3 Origins described by most respondents as Midwest or Corn Belt. received 64 per cent of its total corn from outside the State and this came from several states. Wheat. Receipts of wheat by Alabama firms in 1964 was about 25 per cent local and 75 per cent imported, Table 10. Kansas was the leading state, supplying 65 per cent of all wheat imported. Missouri furnished 13 per cent of imports. TABLE 10. RECEIPT OF WHEAT, BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, 1964 Origin Southern (Area 7) 2,314 -------------1,004 3,013 Northern (Area 263 8) 2,577 1,004 4,813 25.4 9.9 47.4 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels Local'----------------Intrastate'---------- -- - Missouri--------------- Kansas ---------------Georgia--------------Mississippi ------------Indiana ---------------Illinois ---------------Minnesota ------------TOTAL________________ Net ----- ----- 1,800 200 200 200 400 750 200 200 200 400 750 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.9 7.4 ---6,331 4,017 3,813 3,550 10,144 7,567 100.0 imports -----------from producers. --- 'Received ' Received from other firms within the State. Area 7 received about 62 per cent of all wheat, primarily at the Port of Mobile for export. Area 8 were for use in the State. Oats. Oats was a relatively minor feed grain, accounting for only 5.5 per cent of total grain receipts in 1964. About 75 per The 3,813,000 bushels received in FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA TABLE 11. RECEIPT OF OATS, BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, 29 1964 Origin Southern (Area 7) Northern (Area 8) State Per cent Local1 -.. ........................... Intrastate____________________ _ Missouri____________________________ Nebraska .................... Indiana -.-----------------------Illinois-......... Minnesota TOTAL-........ Net imports ............-......... 2 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 162 328 490 1,313 ______ 1,313 50 50 143 143 61 61 625 625 4,675 4,675 416 6,941 7,357 254 5,300 5,554 6.7 17.9 0.7 1.9 0.8 8.5 63.5 100.0 SReceived from producers. Received from other firms within the State. cent of the oats was imported, primarily from Minnesota, Table 11. Almost 95 per cent of all oats went to firms in Area 8 to be used in poultry feeds. Grain Sorghum. Receipts of grain sorghum accounted for only 2.8 per cent of all feed grains handled in Alabama in 1964. No grain sorghum was reported to have been received from local producers, Table 12. Illinois and Iowa were the most important sources, supplying over 63 per cent of the total. Almost 60 per cent of the grain sorghum was received at Mobile for export. TABLE 12. RECEIPT OF GRAIN SORGHUM,' BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, 1964 Origin Origin Local2 IntrastateIllinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Kansas 4 Other TOTAL_............. Net imports 1 Includes Southern (Area 7) Northern (Area 8) State Per cent 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 109 175 175 200 1,534 1,425 109 1,415 25 1,004 175 200 875 3,803 83,694 2.9 37.2 0.6 26.4 4.6 5.3 23.0 100.0 1,240 25 1,004 2,269 2,269 -875 small amounts of other grains of minor importance. 2Received from producers. ' Received from other firms within the State. SOrigins described by most respondents as Midwest or Corn Belt. Soybeans. Information was obtained for soybeans to determine need for handling and storage facilities. Volume of raw beans reported does not reflect the importance of soybeans as 30 TABLE 13. ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION RECEIPT OF SOYBEANS, BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, 1964 Origin(Area Southern 7) Northern (Area 8) State Per cent 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels LocaPl ---. 2,989 800 3,289 Intrastate 2 2,719 325 3,044 Florida550 550 Mississippi _________________________ 6,100 124 6,224 Illinois 2,000 2,000 Missouri_____________________________ 2,245 618 2,863 Tennessee 185 185 Kentucky__________________________ 1,335 1,335 Indiana 1,235 1,235 Illinois_______________________________ 2,470 2,470 Iowa 309 309 TOTAL___ _______________________ 16,603 6,901 23,504 13.9 13.0 2.3 26.5 8.5 12.2 .8 5.7 5.3 10.5 1.3 100.0 Net imports 1 Received from producers. 2 Received 10,895 6,276 17,171 from other firms within the State. a livestock and poultry feed in Alabama. Although soybeans accounted for 17.5 per cent of all grain handled by Alabama firms in 1964, over half of the beans were received at Mobile for export. Most of Alabama's soybean needs was supplied in the form of meal, which had been processed in other states. Soybean receipts totaled 23.5 million bushels, with about 73 per cent from other states and 27 per cent received from producers and other firms within the State, Table 13. As indicated, a majority of raw beans was received in Area 7 at the Port of Mobile. Shipments Alabama grain marketing firms, including processors, distributed over 73 million bushels of raw grain in 1964, Table 14. Corn, the most important grain shipped, accounted for almost 60 per cent of the total, followed by soybeans with 22 per cent, TABLE 14. GRAIN SHIPMENTS, BY AREA OF ORIGIN, ALABAMA, 1964 m 1,000 bu. South (Area 7)__ 7,845 North (Area 8)_ 35,904 State 43,749 Per cent....... 59.8 1,000 bu. 329 5,212 5,541 7.6 Wheat sorghum Soybeans Graiats 1,000 bu. 1,007 19 1,026 1.4 1,000 bu. 15,889 347 16,236 22.2 Total 1,000 bu. 31,290 41,852 73,142 100.0 Per cent -........ 1,000 bu. 6,220 370 6,590 9.0 42.8 57.2 100.0 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 31 1964 TABLE 15. GRAIN SHIPMENTS, BY DESTINATION, ALABAMA, Destination Corn Oats Wheat 1,000 bu. 1,282 5,308 6,590 9.0 Grain sorghum Soybeans 1,000 bu. 19 982 25 1,026 1.4 1,000 bu. 3,291 12,745 200 16,236 22.2 Total 1,000 bu. 11,455 8,984 19,265 33,438 73,142 100.0 Per cent 1,000 1,000 bu. bu. Local 11,455 Intrastate 1,670 2,722 Export............... 119 5,419 Interstate 25,205 2,700 TOTAL . 43,749 5,541 Per cent .......... 59.;8 7.6 ---------. 15.7 12.3 26.3 45.7 100.0 wheat 9 per cent, oats 7.6 per cent, and grain sorghum 1.4 per cent. Area 8 shipped 57.2 per cent of total grain and was the most important in corn shipments, with almost 36 of the 43.7 million bushels shipped. Area 7 shipped almost 98 per cent of the 16.2 million bushels of soybeans, but only 42.8 per cent of all grains. Over 45 per cent of the grain shipped was to firms outside the State, all in the Southeastern United States, Table 15. Outof-state shipments were primarily corn going to the poultry producing section of North Georgia to be used in feeds. Exports made up 26 per cent of all grain shipments and were composed mostly of soybeans and corn shipped through the Port of Mobile. Almost a million bushels of grain sorghum and other minor grains were also exported from Mobile. Net Imports Net imports of grain into Alabama totaled almost 45 million bushels in 1964, Table 16. Corn accounted for over 73 per cent and soybeans almost 10 per cent of all imports. The remainder was divided almost equally between oats, wheat, and grain sorghum. TABLE 16. NET GRAIN IMPORTS, BY GRAIN TYPE, ALABAMA, 1964 Item Corn Oats 1,000 bu. 5,554 2,819 2,735 6.1 Wheat 1,000 bu. 7,567 5,308 2,259 5.1 sorghum Soybeans 1,000 bu. 3,694 1,007 2,687 6.0 1,000 bu. 17,171 12,945 4,226 9.4 Total 1,000 bu. 97,468 52,703 44,765 100.0 1,000 bu. Net receipts.. 63,482 Net shipments-......... 30,624 Net imports 32,858 Per cent 78.4 32 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Transportation of Grain Water transportation was the most important means of moving grain to Alabama firms in 1964. Approximately 56 per cent of all grain receipts was moved by barge. Trucks moved 30 per cent and rail shipments 14 per cent. Figure 21 shows source, transportation, and area of grain receipts. Increases in rail shipments of grain to Alabama were anticipated after the reduction in rail rates and innovation of "Big John" railroad cars, but large elevators and feed mills on the Tennessee River continued to receive the vast majority of grain and relied on the established barge system. Truck was an important means of transporting grain to firms in southern Alabama, with rail most important in extreme southern Alabama. Shipment of grain by Alabama firms in 1964 was 37, 36, and 27 per cent by truck, water, and rail, respectively. Figure 22 shows origin, transportation, and destination of feed grain shipments. Source Supply Transportation Receipts FIG. 21. Receipts of feed grains in Alabama during 1964 shown here may total more than actual receipts because figures used are for total amount handled. FEED GRAIN SITUATION FEED RIN SITUIOTN IN ALABAMA IN ALABAMA 33 3 Origin Transportation Supply Destination Local 16% Truck 37% 73,142,000 Bushels Intrastate 12%/ Export 26%/ Water 36% Interstate 46% FIG. 22. Shipment of feed grains in Alabama during 1964 shown here may total more than actual shipments because figures used are for total amount handled. FEED GRAIN UTILIZATION Expanding livestock numbers are expected to result in greater feed grain deficits by 1975. Trends show that livestock production is increasing in Alabama at a much higher rate than grain production. An attempt was made to determine the amount of feed utilized in 1964 and to estimate the quantity that would be needed in 1975. Anticipated rations included feed grains plus other ingredients (Appendix B). Utilization in 1964 Rations for 1964 were based on known conditions. Based on these ration requirements, feed grain utilization was estimated at 80,995,000 bushels (2,180,118 tons), Table 17. Corn comprised approximately 83 per cent of the total, followed by oats, grain sorghum, wheat, and barley in that order. Soybeans was not considered as a raw grain in computing utilization estimates, but use of an estimated 356 thousand tons of soybean meal would have required almost 15 million bushels of beans.5 'Assuming 1 bushel (60 pounds) would yield 48 pounds of meal. 34 TABLE ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT BY CLASS OF LIVESTOCK, STATION 1964 17. FEED GRAIN UTILIZATION, ALABAMA, Class of livestock Corn Oats Barley srghumWheat 1,000 bushels 56 1,000 1,000 bushels bushels M ilk cows ---------- 5,576 -------------------- 577 Other dairy-------------------------------1,060 98 Beef cow s-------------------------------. 1,000 bushels 44 1,000 bushels Fed beef --------------------------------- 4 2,012 18 197 16 O ther beef .-------------------------------64-Hogs ---------------------------------------17,502 753 -- 144 - She ep ------------------------- Horses and mules Hens and pullets----------------------Chickens raised------------------------Broilers-------------------------------------Turkeys .-----------------------------------Other livestock-------------------------TOTAL 1 Includes 8 1 --------------------2,246 900 12,151 2,536 19,074 1,186 3,525 . 2,570 1,147 0 1,421 528 2,167 553 197 404 ---------------67,084 a small amount of rye. 44 1,089 7,197 731 972 61 238 4,487 35 62 1,255 Broilers, hogs, and hens and pullets were the major users of grain. Broilers consumed approximately 28 per cent, hogs 23 per cent, and hens and pullets 20 per cent. Poultry (all classes) utilized approximately 54 per cent of the total. Volumes of feed grains reported available exceeded estimated utilization by about 5 per cent, Table 18. Production plus net imports and inventory changes, as reported in the survey of grain handlers and feed manufacturers, amounted to approximately 85.2 million bushels; estimated utilization was 81 million bushels. Nonfeed uses of grain for such products as cereals, corn meal, and flour could have accounted for much of the difference in volume available and that utilized by livestock. Differences in the estimated amounts of oats and barley available and utilized were probably made up by substitution of TABLE 18. FEED GRAIN AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION, ALABAMA, 1964 Grain Production 1,000 bushels 38,886 1,338 1,189 268 41,681 Net receipts 1,000 bushels 32,858 2,735 2,259 --- Change in inventory 1,000 bushels +2,095 + 564 + 314 Amount available 1,000 bushels 73,839 4,637 3,762 --- Estimated utilization 1,000 bushels 67,084 7,197 972 4,487 Corn-----------Oats--------------Wheat ----------B arley----- --- Grain sorghum ---. TOTAL---------- 2,687 40,539 + ------ 45 3,018 3,000 85,238 1,255 '80,995 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 35 corn and grain sorghum for which an excess was reported as being available. Feed Grain Situation in 1975 Projected feed grains balances for 1975 indicate a need for expanded grain handling facilities. Feed grain utilization by all classes of livestock and poultry was estimated to be 143.5 million bushels, Table 19, approximately a 77 per cent increase. Projection of trends shows that 29 million bushels will be produced within the State. This leaves 115 million bushels to be shipped in, which is about three times the volume imported in 1964. Increased volumes of feed grains will be needed mainly to support expected expansion in poultry production. Compared with 1964, less will be fed to dairy animals and more to hogs and horses. On a tonnage basis, projected estimates show that about 71 per cent of the feed grains will be utilized by poultry, 14 per cent by hogs, 11 per cent by cattle, and 4 per cent by horses and mules. The majority of grain will probably continue to be corn shipped from the Midwest or Corn Belt. Water will continue to be important for transporting grain to the dense poultry producing areas adjacent to the Tennessee River. Further development of other rivers, and possible construction of the TomTABLE 19. ESTIMATED FEED GRAIN UTILIZATION, ALABAMA, 1975 BY CLASS OF LIVESTOCK, Class of livestock Corn 1,000 Oats 1,000 492 79 57 1,574 Barley 1,000 19 -297 -- sornm 1,000 24 24 Wheat 1,000 bushels Milk cows.. Other dairy Beef cows Fed beef Other beefHogs - bushels bushels bushels bushels 2,253 409 157 3,031 83.. 17,795 8 - Horses and mules Hens and pullets Chickens raised Broilers Turkeys Other livestock TOTAL..... 3,391 3,536 12,907 5,630 479 1,880 26,634 1,263 1,579 3,540 1,299 4,546 329 411 10,173 1,377 475 707 185 107 2,859 26,555 4,629 34,857 3,032 6,086 102,278 36 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION bigbee Waterway, will increase the feasibility of barge shipments of Midwestern grain to other State regions. More competitive rates on rail transportation and more efficient rail systems will increase the feasibility of locating economic size grain handling and processing facilities at inland points. Development and use of such facilities would have a cumulative effect and permit economies of scale to accrue to facilities and transportation systems, and thus lower costs to inland producing areas. Truck transportation should become more efficient and competitive with completion of more interstate highway systems. An increase in Alabama's feed grain deficit should not seriously restrict growth or efficiency of the livestock and poultry industries. The favorable outlook for improving efficiency and competitiveness of transportation indicates only a need for expansion of handling and processing facilities. Many questions will require answers before decisions are made to locate grain handling or processing facilities at any given place. However, general conclusions of this study indicate that facilities will need to be expanded significantly within the decade. Much of the expansion can be accomplished through modification and expansion of existing facilities, but new ones will also be needed. Central and southern Alabama, where soybean production is rapidly increasing, appear to have the greatest need for new facilities. New facilities are indicated to handle locally produced soybeans as a basic function. If dairying continues at near present levels and grain feeding of beef cattle and hogs increases, more facilities will be needed in central and southern Alabama to receive grain for use in feeds. Dual use of facilities would increase the feasibility by assuring more utilization through the year. Since risks are normally assumed by individual firms as a result of choosing a specific location, the economic feasibility of any facility should be specifically determined. FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 37 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 3 SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to estimate feed grain production and utilization for the present and to project these amounts to 1975. This information was to be used as a basis for determining adjustments that may be needed in grain marketing facilities in the next decade. Grain production estimates were obtained from Alabama Cooperative Crop Reporting Service and U.S. Department of Agriculture reports. A net import-export balance was determined from a survey of grain marketing firms in the State. This balance was combined with the quantity produced to arrive at the quantity available for use in Alabama. Utilization of feed grains was determined for all types of livestock and poultry by multiplying the amount of grain in an average ration for each type by the number of head fed during the year. Trends in grain and animal production for 1953-66 were extended to 1975. An average ration for animals to be fed was used to estimate utilization in 1975. Total utilization of feed grains in 1964 exceeded 80 million bushels while total production was 41 million bushels. Corn utilization was 67 million bushels and production 39 million bushels. Estimates for 1975 showed that more than 100 million bushels of corn and 43 million bushels of other feed grain will be consumed by livestock and poultry. Poultry will utilize over three-fourths the total in 1975. Grain marketing facilities in 1975 will be required to handle approximately 75 per cent more feed grain than in 1964. Projected grain production in 1975 will be approximately 30 million bushels, indicating a need for over 113 million bushels to be imported from other states. In addition, 23 million bushels of Alabama-produced soybeans will be marketed. A total of 166 million bushels of grains will be handled by grain marketing and processing facilities in 1975. 38 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX A APPENDIX A TABLE 1. CORN PRODUCTION, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year State Area 7 Area8 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1953 ----------------------- ------- 44,800 21,952 22,848 1954_________________________________ 27,573 15,524 12,049 1955___________________________________ 26,960 58,736 31,776 1956 ----------------------------------24,715 47,736 23,021 1957_________________________________ 47,675 23,885 23,790 1958 ------------------------- 31,282 --------55,614 24,332 1959 ---------------------------------46,982 23,190 23,792 1960__________________________________ 44,330 23,625 20,705 1961___________________________________ 43,890 23,832 20,058 1962-----------------1963__________________ 1964__________________ 1965_____________________ 31,460 17,083 14,377 1966 40,222 36,210 37,520 20,473 18,865 20,415 14,436 19,749 17,345 17,105 11,634 ------------------ 26,070 APPENDIX A TABLE 2. WHEAT PRODUCTION, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year State Area 7 Area 8 1953__ 1954.. 1955_ 1956_ 1957_ 1958 _ 1959_ 1960 _ 1961_ 1962 . 1963_ 1964 _ 1965_ 1966 _ 1,000 bushels 462 528 1,007 1,840 2,340 2,300 1,265 1,200 1,456 840 987 1,600 1,348 1,624 1,000 bushels 170 194 370 718 763 726 388 410 517 262 504 770 807 1,023 1,000 bushels 292 334 637 1,122 1,577 1,574 877 790 939 578 483 830 541 601 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA APPENDIX A TABLE 3. OAT PRODUCTION, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 39 Year 1953-1954 -----......... 1955 1956 -19571958- -1959 1960 1961 1962 ---------------------------------1963----------------------------------1964-1965 1966 State 1,000 bushels 4,416 5,458 3,848 4,896 2,475 2,528 3,484 2,975 3,315 2,448 1,160 1,701 1,400 1,292 Area 7 1,000 bushels 2,789 3,447 2,430 3,092 1,563 1,597 2,201 1,879 2,095 1,547 733 1,075 885 816 Area 8 1,000 bushels 1,627 2,011 1,418 1,804 912 931 1,283 1,096 1,220 901 427 626 515 476 APPENDIX A TABLE 4. GRAIN SORGHUM PRODUCTION, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957.. 1958 1959 1960.. 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 State 1,000 bushels 450 294 874 612 774 912 598 480 364 240 308 189 270 210 Area 7 1,000 bushels 168 110 326 228 289 340 223 179 136 90 115 70 101 78 Area 8 1,000 bushels 282 184 548 384 485 572 375 301 228 150 193 119 169 132 40 APPENDIX A TABLE 5. ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SOYBEAN PRODUCTION, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year State Area 7 Area 8 1,000 bushels 253 105 212 225 270 342 529 603 791 794 910 1,184 1,400 1,867 1,000 bushels 1,000 bushels 1953----------------------------------1,804 1,551 1954 ................................... 1,140 1,035 1955 2,068 1,856 1956 2,255 2,030 1957 2,440 2,170 1958 2,794 2,452 1959 2,860 2,331 1960 .................................. 2,637 3,240 3,611 2,820 1961 1962 3,608 2,814 1963 3,840 2,930 1964 4,554 3,370 1965 5,016 3,616 1966 6,860 4,993 APPENDIX A TABLE 6. MILK COWS 2 YEARS AND OLDER, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1983 1964 1965 1966 State 1,000 head 423 440 409 380 346 318 293 270 256 246 -231 Area 7 1,000 head 258 264 241 224 204 188 175 166 156 150 139 124 117 110 Area 8 1,000 head 165 176 168 158 142 130 118 104 100 96 92 86 83 76 210 200 186 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 41 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA APPENDIX A TABLE 7. OTHER DAIRY ANIMALS, BY 4 SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Areal7 Year 1953 1954 1955 195619571958. 19591960196119621963 1964 19651966 State ---- Area 8 1,000 head 302 294 269 237 214 195 182 170 163 156 144 131 124 110 1,000 head 187 176 159 140 126 115 109 105 98 95 88 81 76 67 1,000 head 115 118 110 97 88 80 73 65 65 61 56 50 48 43 * * APPENDIX A TABLE 8. BEEF Cows, 2 State ALABAMA, YEARS AND OLDER, 1953-1966 BY SM-29 M ARKET- AREA, Year 195319541955- Area 7 Area 8 1,000 head 503 624 642 622 625 634 641 669 675 705 759 806 848 856 1,000 head 417 518 526 510 512 520 525 546 541 560 590 613 633 636 1,000 head 86 106 116 112 113 114 116 123 134 145 169 193 215 220 1956. 1957195819591960- 19611962. 196319641965 1966 APPENDIX A TABLE 9. BEEF CATTLE GRAIN FATTENED, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1960-1965 Area 7 Area 8 Year State 1960 1961 1962196319641965- 1,000 head 54 46 64 1,000 head .27 23 32 29 32 27 1,000 head 27 23 57 -I 32 28 32 64 54 27 42 APPENDIX ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A TABLE 10. OTHER BEEF CATTLE, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953 ------------1954 1955 . 1956 1957 1958 1959 ...1960 1961-1962 .... 1963 ...1964 ---------------------------------1965 ... -1966 State 1,000 head 509 553 515 504 541 544 524 547 562 582 623 715 783 783 Area 7 1,000 head 412 448 417 408 438 441 424 443 455 471 505 579 634 634 Area 8 1,000 head 97 105 98 96 103 103 100 104 107 111 118 136 149 149 APPENDIX A TABLE 11. HOGS PRODUCED, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953 --------- ------1954----------------1955-----------------1956----------------1957----------------1958 -----------------------------1959 --------1960----------------1961----------------1962-------------------------1963 -------------------------1964----------------1965----------------1966----------------- State 1,000 head 1,284 1,493 1,628 1,584 1,521 1,541 1,745 1,465 1,468 1,434 1,286 1,149 1,079 1,250 Area 7 1,000 head 835 985 1,058 1,030 989 1,002 1,152 952 954 932 849 758 701 812 Area 8 1,000 head 449 508 570 554 532 539 593 513 514 502 437 391 378 438 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA APPENDIX A TABLE 12. 43 SHEEP, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA 1953-1966 Year 19531954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 19 65---------------------------------19 66 ----------------------------------APPENDIX A TABLE 13. State 1,000 head 33 47 55 110 85 53 39 36 31 22 18 14 12 10 Area 7 1,000 head 22 31 37 57 58 35 26 24 21 15 12 10 8 7 Area 8 1,000 head 11 16 18 53 27 18 13 12 10 7 6 4 4 3 HORSES AND MULES, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1964 Year 1953 1954 -1955 -----------------------------------1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1963 1964 APPENDIX State 1,000 head 210 189 174 157 137 122 110 100 100 100 100 14. Area 7 1,000 head 136 125 115 104 78 80 72 65 65 65 65 SM-29 Area 8 1,000 head 74 64 59 53 59 42 38 35 35 65 10 0 1962 ......--------------------------.... - 35 35 35 MARKET AREA, A TABLE HENS AND PULLETS, BY ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953----------------1954.................. 1955 1956... 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 -- State Thousands 5,961 5,703 5,899 5,917 6,279 7,084 8,091 7,962 8,564 11,199 12,160 Area 7 Thousands 2,623 2,680 2,714 2,722 2,825 3,046 3,155 3,025 3,169 4,032 3,770 Area 8 Thousands 3,338 3,023 3,185 3,195 3,454 4,038 4,936 4,937 5,395 7,167 8,390 1964 1965 1966 13,264 14,614 15,198 3,979 4,384 4,559 9,285 10,230 10,639 44 ALABAMA APPENDIX A TABLE 15. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT RAISED, BY STATION CHICKENS SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1964 Year State Area 7 Area 8 Thousands Thousands Thousands 5,079 1953 ---------------------------------9,070 3,991 1954 ----------------------------------9,251 4,348 1955----------------------------------7,216 3,319 1956-----------------------------------7,793 3,585 1957---------------------7, 3,331 1958 ----------------------------------8,958 3,852 9,585 3,738 1959.---------------------------------7,956 3,023 1960 ---------------------------------1961 ----------------------------------9,627 3)562 3,535 9,820 1962 ----------------------------------1963----------------------------------10,115 3,135 1964.---------------------------------11,835 3,550 403 4,903 3,897 4,208 4,072 5,106 5,847 4,933 6)065 6,285 6,980 8,285 APPENDIX A TABLE 16. BROILERS PRODUCED, BY SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Year 1953----------------------------------1954----------------------------------1955----------------------------------. 1956-----------------1957-----------------1958-----------------1959-----------------1960------------------ State Area 7 Area 8 Thousands 28,416 47,739 57,764 82,473 103,875 131,640 158,248 176,654 Thousands 2,557 7,161 11,552 17,319 23,891 32,910 41,144 44,164 Thousands 25,859 40,578 46,212 65,154 79,984 98,730 117,104 132,490 1961-----------------1962-----------------1963-----------------1964------------------ 198,036 214,933 227,989 242,764 285,077 47,529 49,434 56,977 60,691 71,269 150,507 165,499 171,012 182,073 213,808 1965-----------------1966-----------------APPENDIX 324,124 TURKEYS RAISED, 81,031 BY 243,093 A TABLE 17. SM-29 MARKET AREA, ALABAMA, 1953-1966 Area 7 Area 8 Year 1953_ 1954 _ 1955_ 1956_ 1957_ 1958 _ 1959_ 1960_ 1961_ 1962 _ 1963 _ 1964. 19651966. State Thousands 290 Thousands 238 157 166 160 80 125 115 123 142 38 134 304 .313 511 Thousands 52 102 107 102 43 223 198 177 188 200 402 404 470 767 259 273 262 223 348 313 300 330 238 536 708 783 1,278 ---- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 45 FEED GRAIN SITUAT'ION IN ALABAMA 4 APPENDIX B APPENDIX B TABLE 1. YEARS OLD OR OLDER CURRENT AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR MILK COWS 2 PER HEAD-1964, 4,200 1975, 6,000 AND OTHER DAIRY CATTLE (PRODUCTION POUNDS) 'POUNDS; Feed used iD rations, per head Ingredient Milk cows 1964 1975 Other dairy cattle 1964 1975 Lb. Feed grain Corn (excluding silage) Oa ts ---- ------- ---- ------- ----------Ba rley -----------Sorghum grain-------Wheat and rye------Total feed grainsBy-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal---Soybean Lb. 1,002.0 250.0 14.0 21.0 2,287.0 Lb. 475.0 25.0 Lb. 675.0 75.0 1,487.0 88.0 10.0 15.0 1,600.0 500.0 750.0 meal-------------. Other oil seed meals'--------Animal proteins -------------- 161.0 90.0 20.0 20.0 109.0 400.0 2,000.0 1,800.0 2,200.0 230.0 128.0 29.0 29.0 154.0 570.0 2,857.0 1,320.0 4,400.0 75.0 25.0 112.0 38.0 Grain proteins 3 --------------Mill feeds -----------------Oth er-- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - S eed s M ilk '- - - - - -Total Total by-product 0 -- --- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- Hay -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Silage and wet beet -concentrates---------_ pulp 8 feeds ------ 100.0 66.0 666.0 2,000.0 500.0 150.0 66.0 966.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 4,966.0 --- -- -- -- -- -- -----. Corn stover and sorghum forage Straw -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TO TAL -- --- -- -- -- --- -- --- 2 feed, screenings, and added fats. Includes cottonseed, soybeans, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. 8 Includes dried and molasses beet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat mill'Dry equivalent of noncommercial and wet beet and citrus liquids. milk products feed as Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, pulp. ' Includes Includes Includes Includes 6, 000.0 3,166.0 8,577.0 linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. gluten feed and meal and brewers' dried grains. wheat and rice millfeeds. 46 46 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX B TABLE 2. CURRENT AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR BEEF Cows 2 YEARS OLD OR OLDER AND OTHER BEEF CATTLE Ingredient Feed used in rations, per head Beef cows Other beef cattle 1975 1964 1975 1964 Lb. Feed grain Corn (excluding silage) Lb. Lb. 5.0 ------ Lb. 5.0 ------ -------------10.0 10.0 --------- O a ts ------B a rle y --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- Sorghum grain----------------W heat and rye------- ------------------ ----------- ---------- Total feed grains---------- 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 By-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal--------------------Soybean m eal-----------------_-----_- 100.0 100.0 - 50.0 -- 50.0 -- Other oil seed meals'--------A nimal proteins --------------------------Grain proteins - --------------------Mill feeds - -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- -- - --- -----Other - ----- - - Seeds6 7 Total by-product feeds ----------100.0 100.0 -------- ------------ 50.0 50.0 ---5.0 400.0 ---- M ilk - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - Total concentrates---------- . -- 110.0 Hay-----------------------8 Silage and wet beet pulp ------Corn stover and sorghum forage. 1,500.0 ______----- 110.0 1,500.0 ------- - - -- -- 5 5.0 400.0 --- Straw --- - ----- TOTAL--------------------1Includes 1,610.0 1,610.0 455.0 455.0 2 linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. Includes tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. Includes gluten feed and meal and brewers' dried grains. Includes dried and molasses beet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat millfeed, screenings, and added fats. Includes cottonseed, soybeans, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. Includes wheat and rice millfeeds. 'Dry equivalent of noncommercial milk products feed as 8Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, and wet beet and citrus pulp. liquids. FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA 47 FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA APPENDIX B TABLE 3. CURRENT 4 800 POUNDS; 1975, 900 210 POUNDS; AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE GRAIN FATTENED (PRODUCTION POUNDS) AND HOGS PER HEAD--1964, (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 1975, 215 POUNDS) Ingredients Feed used in rations, per head Hogs Beef Cattle 1975 1964 1964 1975 Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. 853.0 21.0 851.0 43.0 Feed grain 1,910.0 2,533.0 Corn (excluding silage) -------------27.0 Oats-----------------------------------10.0 Barley ---------------------------------160.0 213.0 20.0 ---------15.0 Sorghum grain -----------------W heat and rye----------------------------5.0 7.0 2,100.0 2,800.0 Total feed grains --------------------By-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal---------------------. Soybean meal 1 Other oil seed meals-----------------Animal proteins 2 --------------Grain proteins3 ----------------------------. Mill feeds4 ---------------------------------Other6---------------------------------Total by-product feeds -- 874.0 894.0 27.0 -------------------------20.0 15.0 20.0 2.0 2.0 46.0 40.0 160.0 213.0 8.0 16.0 Seeds'---------------------7 M ilk --------------------- - 10.0 25.0 15 0.0 380.0 ------- 13.0 33.0 200 .0 506.0 -- 40.0 6.0 25.0 2 3.0 150.0 2.0 2.0 41.0 6.0 26.0 2 4.0 155.0 2.0 2.0 Total concentrates---------2,480.0 H ay -------------- ----------370.0 6 50 .0 Silage and wet beet pulps-----Coin stover and sorghum forage ---Stra w -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -TOTAL-------------------3,500.0 1Includes 2 3,306.0 370.0 9 87 .0 ----- 1,028.0 ----- 1,053.0 --- ------- --- -1,028.0 - - --4,663.0 -1,053.0 feed, screenings, and added fats. 6Includes cottonseed, soybeans, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. 7Dry equivalent of noncommercial milk products feed as 8 Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, and wet beet and citrus pulp. 'IIncludes ncludes Includes tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. Includes gluten feed and meal and brewers' dried grains. wheat and rice milif eeds. linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. dried and molasses beet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat mill- liquids. 48 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX B TABLE 4. CURRENT AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR HENS AND PULLETS (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 206 EGGS; 1975, 215 EGGS) AND CHICKENS RAISED (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 4.4 POUNDS; 1975, 4.2 POUNDS) Ingredients Feed used in rations, per head Chickens Hens and pullets 1964 Lb. 1975 Lb. 45.0 12.5 6.0 2.5 66.0 1964 Lb. 12.0 3.1 2.5 1.0 18.6 1975 Lb. 8.2 5.7 2.3 .9 17.1 Feed grain Corn (excluding silage) .-----------6.2 Oats Barley Sorghum grain W heat and rye----------------------------Total feed grains--------------------By-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal Soybean meal Other oil seed meals 2 Animal proteins Grain proteins Mill feedsOther Total by-product feeds.----------. Seeds6 Milk Total concentrates --------Hay 8 Silage and wet beet pulp --Corn stover and sorghum forage Straw TOTAL.... 51.3 6.0 22.5 66.0 1.5 8.8 .5 3.0 .5 .5 4.7 3.0 22.0 88.0 _ - 1.8 9.5 .5 .5 3.4 .8 .8 5.0 3.0 3.0 24.0 .1 3.0 . .2 .7 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .5 6.1 2 .1 2.7 .2 . .7 .6 .6 .9 .9 .4 .4 5.6 90.0 24.7 22.7 __... 88.0 90.0 24.7 22.7 linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. gluten feed and meal and brewers' dried grains. Includes wheat and rice millfeeds. Includes dried and molasses beet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat millfeed, screenings, and added fats. 6 Includes cottonseed, soybeans, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. SDry equivalent of noncommercial milk products feed as liquids. 8 Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, and wet beet and citrus pulp. 2Includes Includes Includes FEED GRAIN SITUATION IN ALABAMA APPENDIX B TABLE 5. CURRENT AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR BROILERS (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 3.3 POUNDS; 1975, 3.6 POUNDS) AND TURKEYS (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 18 POUNDS; 1975, 18 POUNDS) Feed used in rations, per head Ingredient 1964 Broilers 1975 1964 Turkeys 1975 Lb. Feed grain Corn (excluding silage)---------------. Oats--- -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -Barley-------- Lb. 4.6 Lb. 46.3 2.0 4.8 .1 56.0 Lb. 44.3 4.0 4.8 .1 56.0 4.4 .5 .6 Sorghum grain .--------------------- ---2.9 2.9 W heat and rye---------------------------5.0 5.3 Total feed grains By-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal---------------------.1 .1 1.9 2.0 Soyhean meal.-------------------------. 1 Other oil seed meals .1 .1 Animal proteins2-------------------------.3 .3 3 G rain proteins ---------------------------.2 .2 4 M ill feeds - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- -- - - -Other'---------------------------------.7 .7 Total hy-product feeds 3.3 3.3 M ilk 7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total concentrates ---------Silage and wet heet pulp -_--Corn stover and sorghum forage 8 --------------------------------------.8 12.0 .8 .8 12.0 .8 4.8 2.4 -- 3.2 24.0 -- 4.8 2.4 3.2 24.0 -- - ----------- - --- 8.3 8.7 --- 80.0 ------ 80.0 Stra w .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TOTAL-------------------1 --- -------- - -- 8.3 - - -8.7 -80.0 80.0 Includes linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. 2Includes tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. Includes gluten feed and meal and brewers' dried grains., Includes wheat and' rice millf eeds. Includes dried and molasses heet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat millfeed, screenings. and added fats. 6Includes cottonseed, soyheans, cowpeas, velvet heans, and peanuts. 7Dry equivalent of noncommercial milk products feed as liquids. 8 Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, and wet heet and citrus pulp. 50 50 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX B TABLE 6. CURRENT AND PROJECTED RATIONS FOR HORSES AND MULES AND SHEEP (PRODUCTION PER HEAD-1964, 38 POUNDS; 1975, 55 POUNDS) Ingredients Feed used in rations, per head Sheep Horses and mules 1975 1964 1975 1964 Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. 1,258.0 288.0 1,158.0 690.0 35.0 3.0 46.0 9.0 Feed grain Corn (excluding Oa ts --------------------- silage) - Barley --- Sorghum grain--Wheat and rye--Total feed grains By-product feeds Oil seed meals Cottonseed meal Soybean mealOther oil seed meals' Animal proteins 2 -------------3 ---------Grain proteins 4 M feeds------------------ill 5 1,546.0 1,848.0 -15.0 ---- - ----- 38.0 55.0 22.0 2.0 2 .0 ---- ------------Other -------- SMilk s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - eed -6 g- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- 7 Total by-product feeds-----Total concentrates---------- 58.0 68.0 126.0 1,672.0 2,437.0 69.0 81.0 150.0 1,998.0 2,437.0 17.0 55.0 180.0 24.0 79.0 180.0 8 Silage and wet beet pulps ----Corn stover and sorghum forage Straw - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 235.0 4190 4,435.0 'Includes linseed meal, peanut meal, and copra meal. 2 Includes tankage, meat scraps, fish meal, and dried milk products. TO TAL -- ---------------- 259.0 gluten feed and meal and Includes wheat and rice millfeeds. brewers' Includes dried grains. Includes dried and molasses beet pulp, alfalfa meal, molasses, hominy, oat millfeed, screenings, and added fats. 6 Includes cottonseed, soybeans,, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. 7Dry equivalent of noncommercial milk products feed as 8 Corn, sorghum, and grass silage, and wet beet and citrus pulp. liquids.