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ON THE COVER. Controlling plant bugs in cotton continues to receive research emphasis. One such project is described in the story on page 5.

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Seed Treatment Control of the Fescue Endophyte Shows Promise
MJ WILLIAMS, P.A. BACKMAN, and R.A. SHELBY, Department of Botany, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, JF PEDERSEN, Department of Agronomy and Soils, D.M. BALL, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service
ABOVE: Acremonium coenophialum hyphae in tall fescue leaf sheath. m t to iltllclt c~c 7 , BELOW: Effect of storage time on viable Acremonium coenophialurn in infected seed stored in north Alabama.

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PAUL C, SMITH, JANET K. TOWNSEND, TA. POWE, and T.R. HOOVER Department of Animal Health Research and School of Veterinary Medicine

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FIG. 1. Feeder calf with early pinkeye; note squinting and profuse tearing on side of face. IN KE1')E ixa highlx eouttag4jiiu dlixcax thatt cott fthe S. heell intlusti x aii Ui.

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Beef pi oduicerx fi the Soitth ri ic ip) tlicrlitiii coi e nti on ili f' et it i ll (he cxc non \i-l~~t stilll of (dtliclitx,litle bcx xill primiiatly it0 iiillioii fici~c calxscx ach tlisses n idliei x~i dii teed h'l ig of xx i)n Stains~i (( eiotheix a i folit i .Ilitxx rcxcilpen 'e, ,ti L~ (1 mre thatn :301Z( of th'x( ]fit\x pinik1 evel befoie tite are c'and l.A preliiiai x Perhi ixa xti ii most l aetei hfi iic filuctixl \\axtlic iiF iiua i iCieeh. xuirx x inlicatex that the calf, loisx axveraigex $:30 pci- aimial. 1 cli Clor the coxt tol Cniom~cpaton tx' t rali poena nikc sC t xhill iiltx cx is xlox linjeig itof' sx Southern lix extock princi xs accoi ding tol dialiects iiiitlleblw.n~i (110 eta tuic eoI till iii ateipiiciiiai c x ketedr thieir tixx~l estiiiite'x appiroaichex $90)iiilliuin tiiiiiiroll fiixoiit thi' c (lxcv(' 11 Au l' iO) se Nil x Ixiolisi xiiNi(' cOc( ( ]it il xii i amiiallx . Tie ecolilii iitagitiii of' the piroblemi e'xplaiiix xxvx the Alabaiia Agl'iNi iil liii (SiI ( t11ca )1)1 I)el olip ii iiN are lirim4((moi comiiinl tldxSincit uc xI atll rliituiiral Expim nent Station and(Schitool of' clle(lt, fitoii ixill fl (his agtex tti phric Vctcri'nr Nux \Iiiun' dt A iihiin i inx(rxi tx ii arc' etondittitig irceeich onl xaecine (C latilh n iteliiig tii i t of the bcci:o elr 1 x Cloiit anm trcati iint cxc alill etiirvg ditcxe laitia slow 1)1xu lit' 'Illu (iixcaxe, referred( totientificallx ax rNxl i xi f' t c inc excc daii iaetcih coinerca .\iiticnitii the licdie iin fee,(t itiSi iN to'ke ri-toeonii et ix it six 1K), 5 & it0 lipox liit is caiixi'd byVa bacteriumi, Moraxella o 0is. dixx putt-tienuet I rea t iti c i t2 The bacteria areC sprea(d 1)r imarily to xlix xcixietx auiil iil x 5 (it\ xciisiofo ithelcxll 1 fi\ ceptib1 e cowxv ai calxe by id flii x li rii fliiis, direct ctontact xxitli inlcct(C cattle. aoni 16 44 mal kic atra h' trcilc t( h Dust, xhiffd Lnd (lirect sunlight max he (,nti Tretmient A (f1t)..... 26 5t 1 Tretficniit B (i:3) ......... 22 41 tn iti iig factorx. TLic ligl ielt f ncidci ice of, TotII lI It t ( it(1) t ......... 57 539 113K oicirx inl mrid tol lati' xiiiici I I u*.titttit 1) (1 ) . .t. 47 61 Sx mptottmx of' the (iisc'dx( ilichll"' r(Id I Iut-titlilt F (10t).. . . . 14 10) (ll'i(( ex Cs, coipiouis tcari x duix the xidIc oi li pi iixtutiit biltxed oniitiiiii'i liCil scores ofii the Lice xqiiiting and1( swelling of the( cx (x laded lexuonl iliiuigex inl the' re f1owllt lugi',)) figure I ,n ixi'vre' ulcer' of the cetaii' that sii))etime s eau s(' riuiptu re uif'th''li bllI an d 'sitnherx iii parieiithesis are iitiiibeirx of' ,iii sublsC'iqie'it lbliii(InC'xx 2. Onu',( sex ere figure liailx tieatmnts xxere ,xiltix x.1os ddaiiigc lias occuri-edl healing iriay tak(, 4 to (6 xx cks. SexverC' scars are' oftein lft, xwhich f. ( idoroti ' \t-(,i otptliailiiic oiuutnii'it ttoiicail iila cae~ C ) i dliIi cxx aplicationu fur :3 ictiix('titix dix x StandlardI treattments fu(r IBHK irange frtiii1 . iiopicatl xprix iu raziidiine ) apliaion fu, r local applicationsx ofa xi~iC' varietx of elicii1 I ). Tl luiNcolax (-ipoxidun topical appluitttioi Cdil pre'paratioins inl tlii et to the infeet ioulof 1 couixtctutux (Im(li t dintibliotiex and stilfa dIriigx the eve. WXithi into F. Treatmiienit A p lx n xiCk-oit blaCk-pitCh vlku. z. z.evere scai aria healiny prucebz, such ti iatincents, it is dlifficuilt to maiintaini a causing blindness due to pinkeye. o'er th c ee

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Alabama Agricultural ELxperimnut Statiou

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IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF PLANT BUGS INFESTING COTTON IN NORTHERN ALABAMA
)JFLEISCHER, MJ GAYLOR, ind P.N. LAHANAS Deportment of ZoologyEntomology

The tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) feeding on daiSy Ileafane (trigerundflOnu). 1 XN Bl1 (,S ir ilixeets that feed onl a xx(It \ a itxt of tplalitx., ofteli dailiagiig Nliilg fruitinig struettlit'. 'I'he tariolied tlilt biug (l-nx lhutolo is feecixs lx suickinig plant tilantx prior to elicttoili jileex froiii terliillit xquiiii ilii iid froiii \ 01mg (dittoli sqularesx. titclilig call'se illregular plant gr~o\\th iattern ii, itc oax tton') and1 i exilts ili l)ortionl of, the eottoli xqiaie hiatlg Alarlge portioni li the' xeasonxs \ ieldx maxil eolic fril tliexe ealx ljl\qules thus, grow els often apl) iilx inisectleides to protect the planits. tUnfinuttiiiiate lx earlx xeasollii ils etieide xpra\y iiiax (Itlix the 1)011(1 -'t of' liirge popuilations ajrex aiaijlel of, allth op~od pi edaljtoi x x h"Iieb1 for)ithe contlt) of the irs t an ci xeeond glie Ir atiolix of liollx orili. ieseaic at the Alaiama AgrienI lturil Ex (i peilient Station shows it maxi1 he eeo Inilliidllx laxilIl to llanage~ plant huig
1)oplihtiolix 1)efore tliex lieeollie eeolioiiie

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inl 19821 (ald thiui xliceiptilii to itiilioliie diiiage, ix iniciated lat tiipif the aeeolli the pailinig graph.i Most pilant bligx that jiliextell latiolx ftoiii illrot an lUit leaf ex xxj~
eli ii

mlid nIll\ poptiLitiolix o dlixx flealite anld xxild carruit xx ere dtcitaxilig. \liextail did( not dtx tlop liilg gopu~itlationsi 1iiitil late Iuilx It xxix dllrilig tlix tillit xpali (late j iiiu to iiiid .jtnIx largi ippulatlions couildl that liaxe niox ed initoi ottoli. Late plalitod elittll xxilild lbtbiithi aetixe to the plant ligd, atti xxliel pif x olilig flixx liodx feeding, i(ir er fur

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eeii tge of' thiese hoii\ixt,, desti o\x inl ed 1982 ix nioxxing it tlic tone tlex slippiii tol lalrlgt planit hug piipulatiiini Tix lviniixx iiiliax c initiated large xealoe plalit i \ bug ni1moxltlt intii cittill xx ilt thii crop x\iax xlixcedtiile toi eelliilie ilijlirx. Ex tilc ifilx l, diii liliat tlolxxa o tiich

Pests 1 contritn11g ee r-tai ii alterniate hiostsx x\ Inl (Dal iibit iinf ext atin l of' L. liespvruen a itlaxexI e\lated ciiilit 1into cottlli
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ciultuiral

Seasonal abundance of adult tarnished plant bugs on weedy alternate hosts in northern or xaffloxxem. Planit hotg Popuilationis ale Ilia- Alabama, 1982. iiti lated oil the xe alternlate h osts to 1)1-x enl Cotton in Early Square Growth Stage Liloge xealle iliO\ tlitlit inito (ittoli. Mean adult The ie is i e Iati\ xelx little alfilfNi and njo saf Lygus lineolor/sI arty -pla.nt ed 5 sweeps floxx e r aereatge inl Al ahioi abut al teri ic Late-P planted hosts (f tIe tarilihed plan t 1)11g ire p1 e xe lit x 45 Before thie tarish ed plant Ibung lie in atii l emn Daisy fI 40aged lx mian ipuolating the xe al teirn ate lii it, N Maresta 35 Cutteaf the souirces iiiHifixtilig poptuilatioins iioit In idenitified, and) tlie ti ie that l te i Iiate hosk 30-* Wild cai a Curly d( suppolit poitpulIatioins inii xt lie d eteriniled. 25 Vetch Seaxonial iluiii toie (lata takein inl I9S2 20 - 6 Ragwee alolig roidxides alid ili old( fieldlx ili [Jiiio Stuiii COi niit rex ealed thiere ix a xeasoinal 15 progirexxio(n (if xxeedx alterniate hioitx, iriglit. Befoi e planiting (littonl poIt0liltiolix xx iV 5 buidding oi xvetch XVicia xp.) tirlx dck Rinex crispii 5 and citleif exvening pilun 0 r oxe ( ()riotln ni lciliati. Ax thiixe hoxt mffittire(I the popolation shiifted to xxvild carDate rot (Datoms ctirota) and daixx fleihiane (Er-

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Alabama Agricultu ral Expe'rimnt S tationl

OBESITY and associated chronic
health problems, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, continue to be a leading public health concern in the United States. Associated with concerns about obesity is a strong interest in diets, which also leads to other health problems. Extremely low calorie, high protein diets are the most popular weight reduction treatments advocated by some physicians and most food faddists. Unfortunately, such diets are potential health hazards. In fact, the use of some of these diets has resulted in unexplained sudden death from heart arrhythmias. The best documented cases of death from such diets occurred in women aged 32-51 years. Deaths followed successful weight loss using liquid protein with and without vitamin and mineral supplements. To investigate metabolic changes associated with the use of liquid protein diets, an animal model was developed for research at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Weanling, female laboratory rats were made obese by feeding a 50% fat diet containing adequate levels of all essential nutrients for 18 weeks. A liquid protein diet (LP) supplemented with vitamins and minerals was fed for 2 weeks to two groups of rats at a level similar to that prescribed for human weight reduction. A third group remained on the high fat diet and served as control. One of the LP groups was refed rat chow for 2 days. Other than significant losses of total body, kidney, and liver weights in LP-fed rats, no other adverse effects were observed. A second experiment was conducted using the same model, but rats were fed the LP diet for 28 days and were refed for 4 days.

Half the rats refed rat chow exhibited digestive tract abnormalities, including distended, impacted intestines and ruptured stomach linings. The LP group lost approximately 20% of their body protein, which was partially restored during refeeding. Mean body fat loss was more than 80%. Loss of heart weight was not significant; however, liver and kidney losses were significant. In rats fed the LP diet, no significant changes occurred in essential fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic) found in the heart. Serum essential fatty acids decreased to about 50% of the control levels. Carcass linoleic acid dropped 66%, while the arachidonic acid level was not significantly changed. Analysis of blood electrolytes indicated normal calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels among the LP and LP-refed groups. However, the mean potassium level of the LP group was lower than the control and below the normal range. A third experiment was conducted using older rats (12-month-old females). This experiment was terminated after 2 weeks due to an unexpected 30% death rate. This was in contrast to the lack of deaths in the previous experiments using 5-month-old rats. The reduction in essential fatty acids and potassium observed in young obese female rats fed LP did not provide sufficient stress to result in death and, on refeeding a normal diet, most of these parameters returned to control levels. However, the identical nutritional stress of an LP diet fed for a shorter time to older rats caused death. Feeding an extremely low calorie protein diet composed of high quality protein, a small amount of carbohydrate, and all essential vitamins and minerals resulted in high death rates in older female rats.

The use of extremely low calorie protein diets (< 800 kcal) for weight reduction is controversial among clinicians. Such diets should not be used even under strict heart and electrolyte monitoring by a physician unless the individual is more than 30% above the ideal body weight and has no other health problems. Implications for the use of liquid protein diets by humans are that with healthy young women taking adequate vitamin-mineral supplements, there appears to be no major adverse effects over a short time. For women over 30 years of age, however, significant risk of death is associated with liquid protein reducing diets even for short periods.

EFFECTS OF A LIQUID PROTEIN DIET FED TO OBESE FEMALE RATS FOR 4 WEEKS FOLLOWED BY REFEEDING FOR 4 DAYS

Measurement
Body wt., g .... Body protein, g Body fat, g .... Heart wt., g . . . Liver wt., g ... Kidney wt., gi. Heart fatty acids, mg/g Linoleic acid .. Arachidonic ... Serum fatty acids, mg/dl Linoleic ......
Arachidonic . . .

Control
334 49 118 0.87 9.3 2.0 0.91 2.14 7.3
21.2

protein protei
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10.3

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protein refed
233 44 27 0.80 9.3 1.7 1.95 1.74 8.5
9.7

Liquid

Carcass fatty acids, mg/g Linoleic ......
Arachidonic . . .

0.44
0.05

0.15
0.08

0.32
0.09

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

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I~OM, A Newly Recognized Human Disease
W.L. CURRENT, Department of Zoology-Entomology
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Swine Breeding Stock Selection Affects Carcass Composition of Offspring at 300 Lb.
DL KUHLERS, SB JUNGST, DL HUFFMAN, JOC CORDRAY, and PM BROWN

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Precision Trimming Before Treating Saves Money for Wood Post Manufacturers
H.F, CARINO Department of Forestry

RIMMING wood posts exactly to the desired length before treating with preservative offers substantial savings in manufacturing cost. That cost-reducing tip came from results of a 1982 study by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. The company studied has been producing posts from southern pine thinning materials and other small-sized timber (top diameter of 2 to 6 in.), including portions of tree tops extracted from company-owned timberlands. Workers contracted by the company to harvest post materials were following the common practice of cutting to leave about 3 to 6 in. for trimming. There seems to be no justification for this, other than to allow for some inaccuracy of the in-woods, cut-off procedure using standard power chain saws. The economic benefits from the elimination of the excess wood materials representing trimming allowance were calculated in the research. The benefits accrue as operating cost savings in terms of treatment cylinder space and preservatives used, as well as freight weight and space. Also, these wood trimming materials can potentially be converted into saleable chips, particularly when trimming is done at the plant site. On the basis of a daily output of 2,000 posts, the expected total before-tax annual operating cost savings and added net revenue or cash inflows from trimming of these excess wood materials was estimated to be

T

about $48,700. There is a 5% chance that the expected amount may exceed $69,200 or may be less than $28,200, according to normal statistical procedures. The breakdown of the expected annual cash inflows for precision trimming is as follows: Wood chip revenue-$6,550 (14%). This represents the net revenue from wood chips converted from 10,135 cu. ft. of trims that are expected to be generated annually at the production level specified (2,000 posts per day). Opportunity cost of treating cylinder space-$4,050 (8%). This is equivalent to the annual net revenue derived from the production and sale of about 17,000 additional posts. It was assumed that the output of treated posts per cylinder load could be increased by an amount equivalent to the volume of trims which would be eliminated by trimming prior to treatment. The basis for making such an assumption is that one tram load of posts could be added to the usual load per cylinder if the posts were properly trimmed and bundled, thus allowing better end-to-end loading of trams in the cylinder. Savings on wood preservatives-$21,000 (43%). This is the sum total of expected annual net savings from preservatives normally consumed by trims. The company currently produces about 500,000 posts annually, of which approximately 21%, 70%, and 9% are treated with creosote, pentachlorophenol, and chromated copper arsenate, re-. spectively. Freight cost savings-$17,100 (35%). This accrues when the added production of 17,000 posts is shipped by the company

directly (as it is doing now with almost 90% of its output) to customers located up to 600 miles away, using its own trucks and charging freight at the current delivery rate. The major factors that significantly affect the level of annual cash inflows from trimming were found to include production output, wholesale price markup, chip price, and freight rate. Before-tax annual cash inflows are expected to increase by approximately $24.34, $403.00, $245.00, and $218.00 for every unit increase in the daily output, percent wholesale price markup, chip price, and percent change in freight rate, respectively. Based on the expected annual cash inflows, the maximum rational investment, or investment break-even point (i.e., the present value of annual cash inflows), for implementing proper trimming of wood post materials was estimated to be $244,415 (assuming a 15% discount rate and 10-year investment life). Therefore, if the trimming of posts to the desired lengths either in the woods or at the plant site can be implemented by investment of less than $244,415, the study mill can improve its profit. It was estimated that a fixed capital investment of $85,500 to $99,000 would be required for establishing the necessary inplant trimming facility. Based on the estimate of annual cash inflow, such a facility would have a payback period of 2-3 years and a positive net present worth of approximately $145,000. Therefore, the investment would be desirable. Precision trimming of wood posts before treating can result in cash inflows in four different areas.

SHote peoadc on s xcl (43%).Thi43, Wood
chipum

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Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA has been used for many years as an economical source of nitrogen fertilizer for soil application. More recently, experiments have shown it
can be added to silage to reduce spoilage and to increase the crude protein content. Research conducted at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, as well as other research stations in the United States and Canada, shows that anhydrous ammonia dramatically improves the feeding quality of dry roughage as well. Over-mature johnsongrass was harvested at the Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction, during the last week of September 1982, and was rolled into round bales weighing 600 to 800 lb. The bales were divided into three groups: (1) stored outside, uncovered, (2) stored in a building, and (3) covered with plastic and ammoniated. In the third group, several bales were placed inside large polyethylene bags of the type used in

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA IMPROVES HAY QUALITY FOR CATTLE
S.P. SCHMIDT, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences LA. SMITH, HW. GRIMES, and J.L. HOLLIMAN Black Belt Substation
steers averaging 635 lb. The steers were

by 6.25. It is emphasized that this ammoniation procedure is the addition of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and not formation of and minerals were available at all times. natural protein. Added NPN from anResults from this experiment are sum- hydrous ammonia or urea may not be totally utilized if the ration the animals receive does marized in table 1. Ammoniation doubled the crude protein value of the hay and re- not contain a good level of energy such as sausage silo" systems. The bags were duced the cell wall constituents (cellulose, that found in silage and grains. Animal resealed, and anhydrous ammonia was in- lignin, and bound protein). The ammonia fusal of the stemmy hay was not different jected into the middle of the bag at the rate of works by combining with water in the plant among the three treatments, but ammonia3 lb. ammonia per 100 lb. of hay (60 lb. per cells which causes swelling and breaking of tion and inside storage did reduce storage ton). The injection hole was taped, and the the lignin-cellulose bonds in plant fiber. This losses. bales remained in the bags until 3 to 7 days results in increased digestibility and intake Storing the hay inside a building and before being fed. Bales in groups 1 and 2 by the animal and thus greater consumption ammoniation resulted in increased conwere not ammoniated. of total digestible nutrients (TDN). sumption of 10.1% and 17.6%, respectively, Beginning December 21, a 34-day drylot Crude protein is calculated by deter- over outside storage of hay. Steers fed the feeding trial was conducted using 24 head of mining the percent nitrogen and multiplying untreated hay stored outside lost 0.58 lb. per day, those fed untreated hay stored inside essentially maintained their weight, and TABLE 1. EFFECTS OF AMMONIATION ON POOR-QUALITY JOHNSONGRASS HAY those fed ammoniated hay gained 0.6 lb. per day. Ammoniated ItemUntreated-stored Untreated-stored Item outside inside polyethylene Based on intake and performance, the 1 TDN value of the hays were calculated. HAY ANALYSES (DM basis) Crude protein, pet ................. 5.5 7.5 12.2 Compared with hay stored inside, which had Cell wall constituents, pct. .... .... 84.5 81.3 75.5 an estimated TDN value of 42%, exposure to Hay DM when fed, pet............ . 72.1 88.5 76.6 DRY MATTIER LOSSES FROM BALING TO FEEDING the weather reduced the TDN by 8 percentage units, and ammoniation increased Storage and handling loss, pet. ..... 10.6 0.0 0.5 Animal refusal2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.7 24.2 the estimated TDN by 9 percentage units. 23.7 Total DM loss, pet ................. 38.3 24.2 24.2 These data show clearly the beneficial effects ANIMAL PERFORMANCE on animal performance of ammoniation and No. animals...................... 8 8 8 storing hay inside. Daily DM intake, lb............... . 12.9 14.2 15.2 Increased intake, pct. .............-. . 10.1 17.6 After completion of the study, the ecoAv. daily gain, lb ............. ... (-) .58 .07 .59 nomics were compared, table 2. The figures Est. hay TDN, DM basis, pect ..... 34 42 51 in table 2 represent the relative costs for steers to gain 0.59 lb. per day for 80 days 'DM = dry matter. 2 This was mature, stemmy hay. Refusal was mostly stems. with storage loss and feed refusal considered. Thus, if a storage facility is available, the economics of ammoniation and TABLE 2. EcoNoMics OF AMMONIATING HAY AS COMPARED TO UNTREATED HAY inside storage are about the same. However, STORED OUTSIDE OR INSIDE ammoniation dramatically improves hay quality, animal gains, and the economics Item Untreated-stored Untreated-stored Ammoniated outside inside compared to the conventional outside storage of large bales. Supplement required to equal performance of ammoniated hay Ammoniation can be done successfully on Shelled corn, lb. per day........... 3.25 1.50 -virtually any type of forage package (square Cottonseed meal, lb. per day ...... .70 .35 -or round bales, stacks). It is less laborTotal cost to feed 1 ton of hay plus supplement, dol.' ............ 60.50 47.25 53.242 intensive to simply cover stacks of hay with sheet polyethylene than to place the hay in 1Hay charged at $40 per ton (field value if sold when baled); corn at $3.10 per bushel; cottonseed meal bags as done in this study. In calculating at 2 $182 per ton. No charges were made for the storage building or labor to store hay inside. economics in this test, costs were based on Ammoniation costs per ton: 60 lb. anhydrous ammonia - $7.06; polyethylene - $3.28; clay gravel to hold polyethylene - $0.92; estimated labor costs - $1.98; total - $13.24. the sheet polyethylene rather than bags. divided into three groups, and the hay was offered free-choice in feeders. Water, salt,

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

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Alabama Alviculturnl Expc rinwnt Station

Structural Wood Panels for Housing from Southern Hardwoods
, Department of Forestry

A LTHOUGH THE SOUTH isknown
for its southern yellow pine, there are actu-

mixture of red oak (35%), white oak (12%), sweetgum (30%), and yellow poplar (20%).

* "> 7t4development a ,preliminary
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s

ally more hardwoods than pines in Southern forests. The growing stock (5-in. and larger diameter) of all hardwoods in the South totals 104.3 billion cu. ft., 52% of the total Southern forests. Southern oaks (non-select) make up about 29% of all hardwood growing stock, while sweetgum and yellow poplar represent 12% and 7%, respectively. Despite the abundance of hardwoods, southern yellow pine is the main raw material for pulp and paper, lumber, plywood, poles, particleboard, and fiberboard. Approximately 50% of the United States' softwood plywood for sheathing used in housing is manufactured from southern yellow pine. To satisfy the needs for housing, demand for the sheathing panels will surpass current production levels by 3 to 4 billion sq. ft. (3/8-in. basis) per year. During the last 10 years, several technical developments in the forest products and housing industries have provided incentives for developing non-veneered structural wood panels to replace plywood sheathing in house construction. Major interest has been in waferboard and oriented strand board (OSB). Development of such products could provide an expanded market for Alabama's abundant hardwoods. The potential for such appears good, according to results from Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station research. The results presented here are from an ongoing study concerning oriented flakeboard from southern hardwoods. Specifically, the data are on certain properties of 3-layered oriented boards fabricated from a
2

Panel Fabrication and Testing
Twenty panels, 4 ft. by 8 ft., /2-in. thick,

with 3 layers cross-oriented, were fabricated in a pilot plant. Following are the variables
used for fabrication of these panels:

Raw material: Debarked logs, 8 ft. long, less than 9 in. diameter.
Flaker (PRZ-28 Hombak) drum-type

machine. Particle size: 0.025 in. thick, 70 mm long, variable width. Removal of fines: Passing screen 1/16 in. Particle moisture (MC): 4-5% dry; 9% out of blender. Resin: Liquid phenol-formaldehyde, 6% solids (Reichhold No. 22-743). Wax: Emulsion, 1% solids. Mat formation: 1/8 in. each face and back
layers, oriented parallel to panel length, 1/4 in. thick core oriented perpendicular to faces. Hot pressed: At 420°F for 6 min. Desired density: 42 to 48 pcf.

Board size: 53 in. by 102 in. trimmed to 48
in. by 96 in.

Six panels were selected for this testing from the 20 fabricated panels. Panels were selected to represent the density variation among all fabricated panels, and were used to obtain specimens for evaluation of the following properties at three moisture (MC) conditions: Flexure with spans parallel to face particle orientation, plate shear modulus, and edgewise shear strength. The three

test conditions were the original (65% relative humidity, 72°F), water soaked (48 hours), and cycled (soaked and reconditioned to original). Results and Conclusions
Test results presented in the table provide

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF 3-LAYERED OSB AND COMMERCIAL SOUTHERN PINE PLYWOOD

Panel type and moisture condition
/2 in. 3-layer OSB (50% south-

Density pcf

Flexural parallel MOR MOE P.s.i. P.s.i.

Plate shear modulus P.s.i.

E Edgewise
shear strength P.s.i.

ern oaks, 30% sweetgum, 20% yellow poplar) Original moisture condi. 44.9 tion ..................... Cycled................... .785,570 Reduction, pct............ /2-in., 3-ply southern pine plywood Original moisture condi. 37.0 tion ..................... Cycled................... .1,339,000 Reduction, pct............

1,091,650 28.0

5,848 4,430 24.3

172,066 121,758 29.2

1,525 1,046 31.4

1,450,000 7.7

7,170 5,504 23.2

81,600 65,300 19.9

970 780 19.6

'Original = conditioned to 65% relative humidity; cycled = 48 hours soaked and recon ditioned original. 'Specimens were 6 in. wide, tested over 24-in. span with face orientation along the spaan.

a comparison of the OSB with 2 in., 3-ply southern pine plywood tested under the same conditions. Results indicate that the flexural properties of the oriented boards are lower than commerical CDX southern pine plywood; however, in plate shear modulus and edgewise shear strength, they are considerably higher than those of southern pine plywood. These preliminary findings indicate that appropriate mixtures of high and low density .hardwoods can be used to fabricate commercially acceptable OSB '/2 in. thick for sheathing in housing. Availability, cost of wood, and manufacturing labor cost all favor to manufacturing of such panels from hardwood mixtures rather than pine plywood.

14

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

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J.W. KNOWLES ana WA. DOZIER, JR.

Department of Horticulture
C.C.
CARLTON,

Ohilton Area Horticulture Substation
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Growing-Finishing Method,
Breed of Sire Affect Steer Postweaning Performance
T.B. PATTERSON, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

LA. SMITH, H.W. GRIMES, and J.L. HOLLIMAN Black Belt Substation

PUTTING

STEERS into the feedlot

immediately after weaning was more profitable than using a stockering period ahead of finishing in Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station research. The same crossbreeding project at the Black Belt Substation also proved that breed of sire has more effect than breed of dam in performance of offspring from weaning to finishing. Limousin-sired steers gained faster and produced heavier and better carcasses than steers from Hereford bulls. Two management systems for growing steer calves to slaughter weights were used. In system I, steers were placed directly in the feedlot at weaning where they were full-fed a 30% roughage-70% concentrate ration for an average of 191 days. Steers on system II remained on permanent pasture of dallisgrass and tall fescue after weaning for an average of 117 days. Hay, corn, and cottonseed meal were fed on pasture when necessary. As soon as winter grazing became available, the steers were transferred to winter annual pasture of wheat and ryegrass mixture for an average of 114 days. In the first 2 of the 4 years, dry and cold weather delayed grazing until January 20 and March 7, respectively. Following winter grazing, the steers were placed in the feedlot and fed the same ration used in system I for an average of 75 days. System II required an average of 306 days postweaning, 115 days longer than system I. Overall performance was acceptable for both
systems, table 1.

extended the time necessary for calves to be grown out and finished. Good gains were made on winter grazing (ADG 2.32 lb.), but the grazing period only averaged from January 6 to April 30. Thus, having a longer winter grazing period and a shorter permanent pasture period would have improved performance in system II and probably increased profit. ADG for the feedlot phase was 2.95 lb., which allowed system II steers to be finished in only 75 days. Steers that went directly into the feedlot at weaning gained at the rate of 2.73 lb. per day, which was good considering their excellent weaning weights and number of days on feed. Steers in system II were heavier at the same quality grade than those of system I because of the age difference. Profits shown in table 1 are based on seasonally adjusted prices less the initial cost of the steers and feed and pasture charges. There were no charges made for interest, labor, or other variable costs; had these charges been made, the difference in favor of system I would have been greater. There were no significant differences in fat, yield

grade, or quality grade due to system, so these traits were not a factor in the profit spread. Steers by Limousin bulls gained faster, were heavier at slaughter, and produced heavier carcasses that had less fat and better yield grades than steers by Hereford bulls, table 2. Though not shown in the table, Limousin-sired steers gained faster in all postweaning phases than Hereford-sired steers: stockering phase, 1.94 and 1.75 lb., respectively; and feedlot phase, 3.02 and 2.62 lb., respectively. Despite the fact that the Limousin-sired steer carcasses had less fat, they graded the same (high Good) as steers sired by Hereford bulls. Breed of dam made little difference in postweaning performance. Most of the differences in weight associated with breed of dam were differences that existed at weaning. The exception was steers out of 2 CharolaisHereford cows that gained faster than the British-bred steers. These findings are in contrast to performance to weaning in which breed of dam was more important than breed of sire (reported in winter 1982 issue of Highlights of AgriculturalResearch). There was a tendency for steers with some Angus breeding to be fatter, have poorer yield grades, and produce carcasses with higher quality grades. The results can be summarized in three statements: (1) Steers that were stockered before finishing required 115 days longer, were 79 lb. heavier, and made less profit than steers that went directly into the feedlot. (2) Limousin-sired steers gained faster, produced carcasses that were heavier and had less fat, and finished with better yield grades than steers sired by Hereford bulls. (3) There were no consistent differences in postweaning performance or carcass traits associated with breed of dam.

TABLE 1. POSTWEANING WEIGHT, GAINS, AND PROFITS, BY SYSTEM

Summer-

Winter

Post-

System and number of steers
1 (41 steers).............. 11 (41 steers) .............

Initial weight Lb.
604

fall pasture gain Lb.
-

pasWinter gain gain Lb.
--

Feedlot gain Lb.
521

weanPostg ADG ADG Lb.
2.73

Final weight Lb.
1,125

Profit' Dol.
70.20

Average daily gain (ADG) for the permanent pasture-supplement phase was only 1.09 lb. This poor performance would have had less overall effect if winter grazing had been available earlier or if cows had been bred to calve later so that calves were weaned about the time winter grazing became available. The average weaned date for calves in this study was September 11, about 2 months before the earliest date that winter grazing was ready. Thus, the long time on dallisgrass and fescue grazing, when gains were low,

over initial value, pasture, and feed cost. No charges made for labor, interest, or variable cost. Selling price was seasonally adjusted.
TABLE 2. POSTWEANING WEIGHT, GAIN, AND CARCASS DATA, BY BREED OF SIRE

.Return

4591

128

264

221

2.00

1,204

44.13

B Breed of sire
Hereford (53 steers) ...... Limousin (29 steers) ......

Initial weight Lb.
587 608

Postweaning Lb.
2.23 2.55

Final weight Lb.
1,095 1,234

Fat Carcass weight thickness Lb.
666 766

Yield grade'
3.1 2.7

Quality grade 2
11.3 11.1

In.
0.55 .42

'Yield grade: 1 = leaner, 5 = fatter. 2 Quality grade: 10 = average Good, 11 = high Good, 12 = low Choice.

18

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

VACCINATION against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been practiced by the poultry industry for several decades, many problems still exist. Outbreaks of NDV induced respiratory disease in broilers are common and result in decreased weight gain and feed efficiency and increased condemnation. Outbreaks arise because effective immunization is difficult. This is due to interference of vaccine virus immunizing capability by maternal antibody and to the young chicks' poorly developed immune system. Also, timing for initial NDV vaccination is difficult because the level of maternal antibody and period of its decline differ in individual chicks. A study comparing the efficacy of three common NDV vaccination programs for commercial broilers was recently completed at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Parameters to evaluate the efficacy of each vaccination scheme were NDV antibody and challenge infection data as well as growth and performance data from flocks vaccinated by each method. The study consisted of six separate experiments. Since the results for all experiments were similar, data from only one are presented here. Commercial companies in Alabama were selected for evaluation on the basis of their breeder and broiler NDV vaccination programs. Broilers were chosen from companies revaccinating breeders with a single injection of an inactivated NDV vaccine at 20 weeks of age. Broilers were also chosen from companies currently using either the Beak-oVacŪ (Beak-o-Vac, Inc., Gainesville, Georgia) or Spra-VacŪ (Select Labs, Inc., Gainesville, Georgia) machines at 1iday of age in the hatchery or by drinking water at 7 days on the farm for administration of NDV vaccine. The Beak-o-Vac machine simultaneously debeaks and vaccinates; whereas, the SpraVac machine is a small cabinet which showers birds with a coarse vaccine spray. In this trial, 60 broilers were obtained from each of two broiler producers. The first company was vaccinating broilers on an alternating basis by either Spra-Vac or 7-day drinking water. One week the entire placement was vaccinated by Spra-Vac and on the alternate week by drinking water. The second company was vaccinating their progeny entirely by Beak-o-Vac. Fifteen broilers vaccinated by one of the three vaccination methods (Spra-Vac, 7-day water, and Beak-o-Vac) were bled at 1, 7, and 35 days for NDV antibody. These birds were then infected by eyedrop at 35 days with virulent NDV. Another group of 15 birds that was vaccinated by each of the three methods was bled for NDV-antibody and challenged at 49 days. Results indicated that regardless of the NDV vaccination method, there was no sig-

ALTHOUGH

EVALUATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINATION METHODS

UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS FOR BROILER CHICKENS
J.J. GIAMBRONE, Department of Poultry Science
TABLE 1. NDV ANTIBODY AND CHALLENGE RESULTS

NDV vaccine group None............................ Spra-VacŪ...................... . Beak-o-VacŪ.................... . 7-day water ......................

1 day 44 26 45 24

Mean NDV antibody 7 days 35 days 49 days 11 15 15 16 2 10 3 7 0 2 0 0

NDV challenged' 35 days 49 days 15/15 2/15 4/15 4/15 14/15 10/15 12/15 11/15

'Number susceptible over total number of birds.
TABLE 2. BROILER PERFORMANCE DATA FOR COMMERCIAL FLOCKS VACCINATED AGAINST NDV BY THREE DIFFERENT METHODS

NDV vaccine group'
Spra-VacŪ .................. Beak-o-VacŪ ................ 7-day water ................

Week placed
6/19 6/26 6/26

Mortality
Pct. 4.83 5.21 5.11

Total condemnation
Pct. 0.80 1.15 1.25

Feed conversion2
2.09 2.06 2.13

'Groups 1 and 3 were from the same broiler company and represented one entire week's placement for that company. Group 2 represented an entire week's placement for a nearby company. 2 Pounds of feed per pound of gain. nificant antibody response, table 1. However, significant resistance to NDV clinical infection was apparent at 35 days in all vaccinated groups. This immunity, however, decreased rapidly and was gone by 49 days. Performance data for flocks, representing each company's entire weekly placement and vaccinated against NDV by one of three different methods, are in table 2. Broilers vaccinated by Spra-Vac had lower mortality and condemnation and better feed conversion when compared with broilers from the same company that were vaccinated by 7-day water route. When comparing flocks from the nearby company, broilers vaccinated by Spra-Vac-had lower mortality and condemnation but poorer feed conversion than flocks vaccinated by Beak-o-Vac. Since most producers would rather place vaccination with their hatchery employees than with the farmer, day-old vaccination seems more acceptable than water vaccination. In addition, the Spra-Vac machine seems destined as the program of choice for initial NDV vaccination over Beak-o-Vac for the following reasons: (1) some companies are switching to "blackout" environmentally controlled houses where debeaking is not necessary; (2) many companies are debeaking only a portion of the year; and (3) vaccination by Spra-Vac is faster and more labor efficient.

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

19

Catfish eye infested with the eye fluke, a parasite that causes blindness of fish.

on the Growth and Su of the Channel Catfisi

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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849

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Gale A. Buchanan, Director PUBLICATION-Highlights ot
Agricultural Research 9/83 Penalty tor private use. $300

POSTAGE PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE AGRi 101

BULK RATE

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