igh1 ihtsOF
0

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
a quarterly report of research serving all of Alabama

I

~Q
~ N. ~.

VUL. i, N ',.

.,

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEMv

WINTER

9g60

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
VOLUME 7, No. 4 WINTER, 1960
-

II ~ I) Y II A L I

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT Auburn, Alabama

Has Benefits for Pullets

During 3
E. V. SMITH

Growing Period
INFLUENCES ON BUYING HABITS-

Newspaper Advertising Has Greatest Effect on Food Buying----------Hold Promise for Higher

COYT WILSON ---CHAS. F. SIMMONS_ KENNETH B. Roy

E. L. McGRAw ... R. E. STEVENSON --

Director -Associate Director --Assistant Director - -Editor --Associate Editor --Associate Editor

TOMATOES FOR TOMORROW -

Yields and Better Quality Fruit ...........
CREEP FEEDING PIGS -

5 6 7

Editorial Advisory
WILSON; E. A. CURL,

Committee: COYT

thologist; W.

An Aid to More Profits from Early

K. M. AUTREY,

Associate Plant PaG. EDEN, Entomologist; Dairy Department Head;

Weaned Pigs PORK FOR ALABAMA - Comes from Many Sources, Both

AND KENNETH B. RoY.

in and out of StateUPPER COASTAL PLAIN SUBSTATION-

item' 4a

74xme4

Gives A Summary of Research that Changed A Cropping System 8-9
Can Be A Source of Profit As Well As Pleasure for Gardeners- ..............10
DISEASE CONTROLGives Benefits of Research on Plant Diseases to be Expected by Farmers ........ 11

PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Experiment Station. Bul. 328. Bermudagrass for Forage in Alabama reports results of tests with common, Coastal, and other varieties of Bermudagrass for pasture and hay. Bul. 329. Planting Dates for Oats for Forage and Grain gives yield data on oats planted at different dates in northern, central, and southern Alabama. Cir. 137. Producing Fence Posts from Thinnings points up possibilities for income from sale of fence posts produced by thinning pine stands. Leaf. 52. Building A Pole Barn covers advantages of pole construction and gives detailed instructions on each step in buiP ing a pole barn. Leaf. 64. Ball Clover presents results testing of this winter annual legume at eight Alabama locations since 1953. Free copies may be obtained from your County Agent or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS-

PLANT

QUALITY IRISH POTATO PRODUCTS -

Result from Follow-12

ing Adapted Production Practices
HOUSING CREDIT SOURCES -

Covers Credit Available and That Being Used by Rural Residents -13
Land Values and Prop-

FARM REAL ESTATE CHANGES-

erty Taxes Show Major Changes
ROOTKNOT NEMATODES - A Year 'Round Research Pro-

14 15

gram to Aid Farmers in Controlling Nematodes
LAND MANAGEMENT FOR QUAIL-

Farm and Forest Can
-16

Furnish Good Quail Habitat

Restricted light con be used to delay sexual maturity of pullets even if reared in open type shelter%.

lil

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
DI t, KING, Pou ltry HIusb,.ndrno 1 1

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feed 1,112Ite t lurn 16%il' 4-elrid

Length of Day
b\I\
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it lit

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5'

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fo ods itl t
1

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food(1s

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kt' .1)11 tilt Nc
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INFLUENCES
11i)

Itt'll.

Sol)Ialt
ilt'

111.11 tfil "s'Iiri l~lt'llplkt' N for l ltlk In((Iu 'l iii114 I N tiiis

tsi''

i

ill it

r' ill~ap XlrIll t'itlt'N aiii

ill l i

llIt

BUYING HABITS
MILDRED
Associate

11 tiesii't'N ti11ll') ci(41

It' (fl

hit 1N11(oll

illicri

the ilii

~cN Nollilit ill

spI lt t

to

S. VAN Home

Dt

MARK tiilt40 'c 1

Economist

111141 for

iti mc alI tt

ho~i

]ill\x-

61 a i

lt'tt'l

si l

N'. liti

hd
d

)1'l

I

N'.d ('It'

.111(1

t'( c~li)l

read

to' illl

I

c'l tilt'

llit

of omeakers seingT vv FIG. 1.erscnages meat ishs adrigast fore pepredil
I

ll

I'. \I a

I l'I'' fit '1(

l i NI) C tetI
t'14 fooIl

I t ttll amplt t )I aillp''.I' I''. ltttl

taste

H

iti

IN

l

ili l

I t'iccd fit.

il

tIHi ll

t'ctl ua

and yr byfaciles

cit

ie.

fbt

i(

.1 i bookt'st '

'tll

fljI

'lililit

til' tlabit''.' Ni a

icl i

xxnid 1114(11

iis

i't'

ll

iia It

it

F 4 li t'itx ill c ntllit

N. amil ie ill

t' l 1

ei tf ic Ill loIakricet

10,0i0t t

olt''

IN00rsoidt part
tilt'11 11.11

Ilvit)

ha its.

'lik'

I~titt

1.

11(

~ .i
1

MNOM

FIG. 2. Types of stares patronized 7 days, by race and city size.

in post

i1111 4 pihais peil\ hax Iili(, I ici t (
1

alio Its

icatedf

at

rilli

.lcit5

ofi w\ieds qlits
CIII(Stl fixll -(iiiai tilt

to p ro Iice good1( fruit call lbe expe.cted
a IiIrdelii 1105 of- a 1

xx 511211

ill'( tes

axs Tis4

ninifzled

I'lit' areC

piroducts VoI.iixursits lit an

re(illid~l

Harvesting Test Plots
To IciIraleix\ ar lf~s Inllt1lurc N 11211 tilt,tollt ,( Io il

thet

Auburni

A1rit.Iltllla

dCrilnlilt

Statitnl

4 otblcl

Stitt-

ilt12oe

Cr stt't

carefli

i lt li tttI imy Lak Iivator at (:11alt St 111 S. C. Last \LCII tils 10(11 tltctf p 1141aill ill\ lN 12( 2- fitldIti 7 i tIo It lls j tfhe 15
States. 0lid\ tilt, hest xx bk \mI Itics ill tilroll(hlt

as\ 11111 1151\ elloklillo b\u ti( nex122 p f1ts(11

111111 thait

wold(

5 aril~ t 112s5IIat\

\ii tllflatlie

1rii 1)111011tor l

141121

to

ifl i

tljeij1

till.

Solitilti I
llxs('sfoil 1 Il ts to prl oillI 1t m1111i1111111.

Qualities Sought
M\ili I "ft lhi( wx fiIlil

sllei

101

\ .11ictics'.

11ile tx pc 501 ihtil 11
As 5111211 it

tdi tis of Should11

i a111 cro~p x 1trit\ i pit-ast tilt ( Cl f01

thle 141 CCII

TOMATOES
W. H. GREENLEAF, and Vegetable

Breeder
Area

lo\\X 111

childllitteistics: ti

Ii xx ut:

1(roill

Silti rsistillllt to Iil isirlill

12)

C. C. CARLTON,

Supt., Chilto.

14

I10(

H'orticulture Substation

1011lmc

cm-ocI

1)1 rotCC

14i.(itilllst it Moli i1

Still )litw

TOMORROW
S'iEIP 311, STiEP :314
t-r stakil14
1111 \llrloo 'I' otilt

1111141fritis sili
froill

(if

1111

ate
are twxo

ilkrkt
catfIct:

sllmlldeir: 19)

17)

x\1211 lifucl ti 5111111

o lt11Itillc

Irm11

tilt,

lattilili

111Illilfil

of

14 tall-(rwm s1135arietit's and,( there1lfor-,

fb'tei
iexlstilllce

suited

Results (1121 li1(k
sollidis ls oc: I lilillii itt )
(1121

lmt fire t

Il ittll~ttiltt At AilluolIII

ill 11c(1411.

SITEP :341, iI Ilarget

trlitt't

12('1

i

'I (kat ()

t~lt

ll-st tolilitt's

i ll-

)xxithi thick fi lult xx afis:

12~

Ilooi

stailtiarti S'VI Ill fildti illis bl\xtilste. 'I'lr alt tils are1 Station, tilt t litil ilts f111its 1111111 11Ix pcr plt ('1111lw
1

for1

5 iti.

Howe\51%5C

its

fruits

'

341,
lit'

11lmett'l(

24.

SYEl

:3ff,

s11 1411(

tihlat t its,\

xxiii 1)111 t'.c is
:3

to

4 dils

Toixl.k 1o \ wir-I )
-

Tikl xl_,

kI T\\ () I " )( kI lo\', I )5 )-60

lilIt14ters,

1115" it siirlltl\

cllnlierthi 1, flat filit thlat is

xt iltul Jill

''aritt

11__-1 59l L b.

[ 96"1

_

v, " 3 S1'eit dccoils

Il

tfi'tlll

5 inltrlls

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Lb.

Ran1k

1.1).
8.1.1 7t.1

STF I , t I
If01 oll'httll

21

55a.6

1)3 14
11

49.9 -17.3
4:3.4

2 .5-5.1 :3 [5.6 1 6 9
601.1 I.1S

Ill1. 9 1.4 89. 1
1061.6

color1t1ii' (Se stillI torIII

T4111qulity 1111)12,

6

b61. 1 65.2"
6:3.:) 611.6
59).9

78.2
66. 1 83 .:3 81.1

121111It liti-c. t1 sdll1 ls ltth

(blmtt

Irittrit's

12 to1

2
7

o1112t1 a( S &s L
II t gl 5"

lt

Iita

27.9
I
huh 1'~t

()lliii W.Hf.

STEf 1:19 S, V 1 2 81 S(-oring-l - poor. 5
Ba.wdoildw 11). at Clanton 1960trials, mit\ am \iIri(4\ a

.59A 158.8S .56.: .

94
that ont\iuldt'd

61.8, 6
allot1wr h.\

5 1.8
10 11). at

78.:, m9 76.2 76.5
Allhill-11 ol It)

100int

lP color -III~~r
tb 1111111141

tXfIlit oflllItV cS S(III. 3111 4

2of I I th I

(11I'lied ill'.il w'I

1w r(,Il,,itr(1,,d

iitj1_(-rior ill

\1eldiii,_, abilik.

1

X

-~

CREEP FEEDING
aet et~d t

elaor4

HOWARD

F. TUCKER, Animal Huisbandman

Creep-fed rations make ficiencies in baby pigs.

u~p nutritional de-

Associte

it

lItliiI ac

S XX titkX o Ii

t(,'

oi-

It

ileast

itt

sli frill

i II ii

, lth XX

IX III ttt1

cott I '

InwX

ill.Ill wetighit.

tilte XsoX\ rItlill

iX

ittlp)iIll, it is illPi gsI ti I ll X thsaionlt iiiitttt a c teil

t

XIIle l

att

ii

InX ti

t , ofX ctt it

iti

1t'ti

i

ll

tIbt t't
igit i
i 4il i tw

tirhi

tI I

tofttti

atbitics

till

Ili

het

ill

tlit ilht

e

phasesitl X rltill X iti lliffd.thell
idIlrXi

1, 1

l

I

ii

it tcio

t

iX

t1

w

ttiolltt Ill iii tiit

Addoil it ivesork AiPatbitityddtin

oflX

ii.XX pr~ltio
XXor

itto
l

it.X (t'('kX 1)1 pt"t' off~ '(1 st art i'4flIliortilt lit .ma s
rci Xill'lt A XX Iii itliltittei(ro\tl ttt'tltillX Iled otliet

:rccp r~itittl i.ll fl

Xli

is it1
tilt

I

l

t' i

>w

llliltt'

p

iii

h
XSiIXXX

AX at

upplie

~s

ill" t

S \\I h i04

it)

wiktt

fc2

higic(liclit 1'1111Itt/ Col-11, _,round \tIIolx\ 'itt SoNbcall ilwill. I(),, MCA itltd how llwi& 501 I501 Vish l1wid (11 fish Sollijb1c, Dricd ikilll 111ill, ;tt Sligill., tabl, 5t I"at or oil Salt, tliwc I[lilt, Iitl-,\\ ilic foll-111111ii \ itilillill-alitibilltic

X

ti

ha111t ile

t

ift tt

til

o11 tll

It'll,

o

o

tlatX ill.

2

grllIIXtilt

it

t

1

iitt

ll(lilt,%I

Results trom

Creep

Feeding

M

J

DANNER

and

D

A

LINTON k--11711

11-oll)

Wo majol sollrccs A111(ditclc]"s.

_,lt 0"ll fill'Ill itild com

crcial

\Ithowdi litrin slaw-1iter is decreas 11, 11 )i(lll\ , it is still hlil 1\ illiportillit. AII estilliatcd onc-sixth Of all pork colistillwd in Alitb tlllit ill 1 ).59 \\ its LO-111 skill'-ditel cd, P'ill] Irc I .

Most pork coll"llillcd ill Alabillilit i's silpplicd b\ collillicruial 111cat pl-oC.cssiwY plillits. slitil"'Ilter plitilts \\itilill the stitW suppl\ ino t of this pork, \\ith abotit onefoul tit colllill(" froill olit-of-state slall"llterel s. 'I'lle lill-gest [wrcclitage of olit-olstate pork (-OllWs troiii plailt" ill thc Mid\\cst itild is distliblitcd throll(di chilill food StOIVS. 1111I)OItikIlt (JIMIltiti(L'S Of I)olk M'(1 illSo IVLVM d il'olll itIld Mississippi. About two-thirds Of Ahlbatilit's oll. Illllptiolj Of (-()It ill jercialll, Ltll'jitercd pork is JiIlILlltclcd ill Hic
Alabama TlffCC tNPcs ol Slaughterers proucs'sols slilil'-ditel

WHERE wDuES OU R C CODA"RE TKU

lf

t iliild ti

"II ipiptd

lilt(!)

\I lI )itI li,

it

IXs cttililt(t-(tI

wi tlil kiii. Hogs14 Iio 111 TiIntXsce iIIicLX tcc t cd I it dijoiIt for~~t :30%/
sll t re
c Xin

I)Ii

IX .
tilt

Ii~i Y
M Illd i

i I till
ipit

thI

tll i
Floridatil I

aItideX I
FII,~ ig-

Pork Deficit

lilt *3.

itild sell pork products ill Alabama. 'i'llcm, are loc tl butchurs. sillitll 1()(.;Il illeat packfil(F thia illa" plodiluc slich spclltv items its silusiwc, ;illd whoIcsidc kill(, plillits, illchidill", fudcrillh illcted pilAcl s. 'I'llerc an, four fcd(1I;I[lh inspectcd plants pioccssinL, pork ill Alitbinna. tercrs State. Ii 1 195 ), Itwal blitcl ik r,, ill id sinall local philts supplied all cstilllatcd of tll(' ()ill.\ iil;t.x fedctidl\ le(yallY ship itk pctvd slawdifit(' pork olit of

Local Supply Preferred
i ll h wdX fit(-11 . StI iltX(X iX all illilottili iii i II
1

C\iaiilll'Cal pIllX

pX olichii

a li,

ilec

t ii-t-

Iilti

iiilo

for

ii

i

ii

pch

i

tt

14

ill

i.ce t I

c t rsuid I i

i

II sti Iaitihilh l ll Ofteir ill siaid Idllttodidtiolbt'titt of

Al,1thowii11X

iamin

111

pork hai!e It NIx!

,i

1 P itbiit

tou dctilioI

ti

Il

il hoshilnl

ofth t'Ic
tI

1

s)6I

ht il

iciiIv li

pirk proilld Ala illi\

cominciciii] pork slaughtered and (-oilslimcd \\ ithill tll(, State. \\ holesitIc pilAers supplied thc remitining, 921'- . Fcdcr-

11)ii lX,t ill!ctOlI

hOteri Iil

I'\ (II

I

tiill

til

t

l

Stlt

f

rilg.

idl , illspcutcd \\ lioleside packers slipplicd x ilbolit liall of the Statc,", collilliel-ciall\

FIG. 1. The proportion of Alabama-consumned pork that is slaughtered commercially and on forms is shown above.

FIG. 2. This graph shows percentage of commercially slaughtered pork that is processed by different types of plants.

FIG. 3. Origin of live hogs slaughtered by the major pork processors in Alabama is shown in the graph above.

074e UPPER COASTAL PLAIN SUBSTATION
a aaww orq ia oreaea'z

E. L. McGRAW. W. W. COTNEY,

Associate

Editor

Superinten~dent

Substation Auditorium

liid, mid o
t, ppe I N ti Iti'lil. Subtaion il \'it[fto

1,0 tff

t-\,x eaixi 10t1 ia ctivs o00 f it. ill otie (lt\ . Tis ix s c(l~it ftotl xild loiiii Irea aitix x(\ vctt a
x

Grazing Crops

Tested
i i t ili ii'x s ot l

fiditi ll ( ctobct(i
Ikliit

1944. this~ pcriod ii'xiilts lu

]ltf fto ft'e fatrii itt thit

ciagc~ ck.

.\lftol iith all allta
t-eiil

if

iviitoxiiixtiftil

lxiiii iti

lt liii etiii i ii 11tii
iti

ihis

i

ft'e xirop I leil

xtif t iplit'ce

ied liii \\' of iit.

:3 Xcarx. T his ix a ttttiuxt

iii liiolx. "Ii tllc il

i

rk"Tioll i is al li\ kxtock art a ail ii t' ki\ (1 ha\ tliC itiliv Illu the (1(8 a t t'xlliie,\ LI(r! x
fi et 3 itithe xfit cii fi 2
t'xtltuiA.

i

l xc

tut
ofi tio itt il
ptilt

~
t

fiiilixlit'tl s athtitr xutiltiiitt pt-ct'x ilixix ill ft' State. Itixi t'x ft' xxiiik atl(1i; ci.
ttlite il_

litil
29uto

iiiix

iiu]-t4 cai lxfii(t Stiti' ;iiitiori,'et b\x it teixiittx v 1N27. Its etfalilihti'it \\,is touki
bix tiit
1 iasxi(t

la c x

'Hut' ct l()\t hatl it i iit" lt'x sh 'i fhatu1
itt!.

xillex

ite li

x l

Ilwl it t

jfth ha

Its

Ifto titns. Thisx 2

iitu'

liiu-7f't

\th

:10x mitic ta I t

dic

of

all act b\ thec

xcftato , 1"(

2i ittox

tutuck citilii

19t43 L(4(,Isxttt.
ioiiic kx

It is iociai'oi
'it\ toi

a'7:5

littilw allfalfal xtitutix. Tlux ix p'r i'd to lcit'xcix a ilit .o lif ~ cro/i ill itp fiit' prodtionti itt Iil'x. toilk. Litd (41 itix

nhllix lia iii t
Fiaxctt'

'xtttix Txx li
c x
lii

the A-g

iuI~ t'

stoxg
:3-. tcr

itc t tf (1i\i hxxt ititTiii(1 opIt'tliiiutx a ii u'i

fdin ilai if t 'i'l( ftriat \%it axChoxt't ft (ill xcx cia!

fhr
Beil ol It" .ix.dxi t111111 xx iii Ixlaf It \itifs ixt'x i fit/flx
xiiii ii

x d ufu iti gsfol

hssscl

hcciixc it itl.icititict xi/vcble icIilaex of thec kitoix of sil t\ pital .)t thei( J)pci- Coastital 1lillt. It xiiiixxd tcii
ikx iailbl

iilih tii ix lt

Crop

Yields Increased

t

ii w~i iiii tiil

iith iiliii tii

I

ciii. ltpi

first :3 xcix,

tis xiii

19-45- 1T. itid .3 x nat

Ti Ib. pei atic api ( 195J)-6ff 1

~-*~

r~

xti :oiilit taii it

aiti itt! tic i iii oix ijt! Itred ii I) ix

titti i

I

l l

has t

tt a

2s~
ct.l

fciatitti lix op

cli.lit t al izo uuii

Some of the dairy animals are shown at left grazing Coastal Bermuda. W. W. Coiney. substation superintendent, is shown at right checking daily teed records of dairy herd.

is

1A
I

~

lx

Alfalfa is a major grazing crop for hogs on the substation as shown at left. An advantage of harvesting corn early is that land can be

prepared early for a winter crop of small grains as shown at right. It also allows the crop to become established before cold weather.

htl
tII )lit I tillIiiii t
all o'

iii

it

l'i iii(I x

c

i ita i
i oftl iii-

it

il

4-

itIs
xaxl i

)Cut'

Oil( tMiid

il959.

1( is it

te'

t i ttiol

liiiuitii'
IlidIi

t'xi 'i Blvilu

olii

li ofi iicll i'x i" \iiiuis iiii I eitut i'uiioxcixox iof lixt tll]i lit foliis. Thei fiixt 1lio iii tis li x 1perh I i' iiii t ix [I()\ oixx i i tzilw13
B(, 'i tittt l xi I cii

iixt-

intl

x

l iix

iiiiu

t'tl

I I Cc \iit ' di

I lit! ( )I t~ I I i i it O

clix t'xplxliell isu itix
mgii of to niii' l'etx illi ili

itli

pc tii

iiriocatxxu'ii
rp

A

Ltoealof creseahit )

Prcomising

()

"ti it c I xI I rcix hi iis.x T is ii t lii ill xli )i \its xi I ill i 0 ti tl ii 1)111 \iii it iiii bin 1/il ti i iii tlic 't i i i ii. i lil~'ii' \it IIo s lt Ilii iih t) xpei illt f(i.Iit lj iixiu i coiz i l(' w1hili~ o I illcit' tH WS(x It L I C Ii xi' Iia iI I ip 'ti
X ciai'xiiol iiiil doii il '311 l5t ilxxxm lii ieiii xii (()it dc140') u l i it'i l xxiiit il

t(c'eiiiioc

thir~i s ites

liii' aol(' ti

idi

ilixi

O lils 53 x,i x I i k ix i'oi vd t xx iguxzinig xtuilu at coit'ki'iix.
il ti el ofit ii111 t h 1 iiiixx

\iix iIii
x(''id. iiii d

it I c to'l i ii'chai lol t of xxr ii il 1945.l Six x li x hitt't I91
ii

b'ip iii
uliii

id 'i

lii xx tii'iix x c(
dii k it
1

cii . ,

)uii\iias(x

1959i,955.

frost 'Ti 11ito.v ou t t

tijex iirk x xit 'x i'.c'cl.d bexi iriii cthlisc xxlx(,ll1 i

tiix
to ilit

ilt

ix1-e ti

tttii el

lhliliii Ii it'
xii

I liite
i l'il.i

oii 10"; f itt'

li i'c ill

\\ij (iii'giiuiii iii'x i i it gI i I xax 'il t'l ie ll iiir ]i toy,1 tlii'u at 4II tI (,( Io . ii'x xxIll't A tri I xx tl' x d . tli' -e tlill i xxill

laitir\i'xax
uit \ ill

dugdi u itiit'ii :10x:3
iiutjtii 140 ixti iiliiI \\ s

'I

xii

la\ iti1p'l i1

Ig J i iixt lit'

a int' flo litilill x
li

ili 106

ii uotil l ii lii \\xr ti' iii'il sta tim
(itic'
x 'i'i'i so~ t 4ll Ot'

iii

ucliti'r sc ilt c'I-iic'c'its 5) iii'tx xx e Ht'xa''it, i'ds xtli' djxi'\it' ugillix Sixto 9li 1s ol'x ( )xdii ill ' ik"-x t' ti'iiid tlic' lixlx h
Iix

\\clii r xx t
Ill

and x

it

p tiI xi iatzi sill'l'iiit

gy,a

lxiii i tii lit l

tini'ii s ii

liii. \it

xix c'ii iiiix (.I ix

ii xl tt git \\X 4'l 'xx aii it xxill li

i all iii 'lixii tii\igt

pix t ti \\ (,Ic(k iii tio i lix pottii ' xxi lclx.ls \ tl

Ill

Drier at left is used to bring moisture content of corn down from more than 20 'o for storage. At right is part of the substation's beef herd.

to 13 'o

diseases andt inisets. AXiiafl-piipoxt ilur1ili14 As

gir-

the
51)011

giiixx io t' ax pilliits

caxtiii.

alre

t'Sftbis]lt't

ill

Varieties Tested

of Iixx(1 P) t),
11,\vI x li'it'

Ias j e allit'

lit' (itlls
, ariidttilii

( ( xtI ( l It'
l xat -

lii liwlt

.
5."

-. '

"4'

iix~ "~A

,toh

tiol

ii((iil, i/i s t

j)iri t\
of
oo

I kdit

o'di iic
\

t. o

lii' Iillnoilxtd 10
111 I\.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS
6

iii t'lijli ian

ict ts SlIrl't~.l

of

ler

\its er

it,i'

lti l ts

z~ftieeaawre aotd ftiaZr
lisecorti fo- ltter x aieie. Bkbi' iiice xitite).ll
P. ORR and TOK FURUTA
of ilorlicvtfure

HENRY

crsI

Deportment

Isi(i

).Poa ixl (55lijtl \bI'eAriI xos). (ctriw 'brccil (of iinui

clo rt D\r of , Ki 4 it rd). l sie of[)il i thatk calls tbic l Tlct~lox ute). li t ofa ci dft~ll lit \ . ite t i ispe ii (('its-'l. inld
i iii\'.n t hlli ic o\nlt' i \a Sil 111 iti I '1

xx\ell drinied )lint

ietiiix

Illii tllt

is itdeal.

Sion
all)] (2 iii p llis lo ol r itltl \ I

lx

floxxel varitiesp. (,o(lassIxlue mf lit'! I ix xx ti o ol/ ) Ht

d

i

i1 llt fill' ax

ftstix. \ phfi
orlit's) lt' eit.

(t

tii oi

dleb rt'1clitid oi oul t be

Ait' t'ii
cal' St'd it, pas

s m ptlit iit'lii cixiox i Fi. pixt of,1 fot't'i rls i 1ti

the
l

XX iti ois if

a t'liigt'

s d srbl.A sl h

bex iIlt it soiii

c ltt Ite be

Posion floixxer type. YellowiCihion~) ),j as itI)) Cushin' (whte li , lt ci PionxI, lio It' b"xlix 'ox. \i ),(.I]( i te
t(Al\t

lt's~ :illl)dfl

h\oio6 ;odLisicir). Deoriv flw er

oiilT

arieties. XB

Slir

eingll

.

it

i l' ixx dillx tr tl

l .il

potks

al Itite t'dtlo iiiv us I

' i xuriiinc t
xx ll of

i tuhht't1

[I

ilit v

it

Metholl ofpoulci. lidscp
i')itntc

t'0to ii

.5 a ndltt

ix il
tliii1tilt iiiii (rt nze), I .9
sili

'I' ll(ilx 1ih

iulitt its kn

\

as11 Slt
li
ii' phosxphofru

xx 'e

1)11 It'iii4 ilrax~ gil po sitk),Sli)jate
tam'

fwxhit)iiigtr a11 i) tm

it'r

Oi

.11 llt)

\ir I ilt x "'o

ills i l d -tt'o illil'
xxs rsul t s.~ti.iutli1 i. itiS n
t iii
(''1itw

nI (

ipo l
x lld it~ a

4ri 1411 xx s\cWht

iity
ti lleI

.Avln

tbrontit, tcrtix ll Iis. ol

\i iiiI( lx )l'o1)i
bilii.I isc \

fi2
to ao\

i

e I

x ''x rm
a d n k

lit-( Ai
flif0 i

PLANT DISEASE CONTROL
e~r r weafea ea roe &0wo
J. A. LYLE, H-ead. of Botany and Plant Pathology D ,po ,tment
-~ ~S

I.
pi li'i

These peanut fection.
\ttMttais ill

leaves

show

Cercosporo

in-

il)

lixtttts,
Amtiiitt4

itus
tile

I)

)Icpotlli

utttt's tiil--x call

cit1

it

tac-tits

dc'teiittti

sttcc-ess.

tIit

ll/atil ttt

1

~

L ttilier tss

suc iixttst ittdclst t.

ti at \it bigt lx xi of
tslicilc

ttllnt

ptt

ts

)eonsei

Prevention Measures

11111 thirough iil sot .i, ote its tof Mieitt is. xt c iiiit protEl iiiitx it is ii,,etsd r ti 'at seedsx atndi Q-ixx I t 11111be IprttxidCtii f io plat tpatrts, Effect ive see 'ti'cati it tlts isexases alit protect detsttttx sicti taic

i

\(ailttlici

ptltt dlisass

aiic

'I

togI'ttle pbttl

(isaix

asi

lisx l

ttit lillL-

Itit-tts ate lisei totcotttro Itt il(i a\x secttt ps x ixli hatarst atfc
ptixctilileust It iltil)' itt il~ itt ratiiit

ri atge

sgooducropt.rothtttst

ilisasts.of

xf irjtits dul disecaste ht
I itnlic

-

tr fortc eststattce to i lt

oft tisetases ott \amlt Ipit N ii

mtt ixv ecititintic crotps. Fort

e

.

ma \l

( \a(ic- xtst.cpti is

\ ilit 1 A ii iit' tttt1 ti titiji ittd Ill t i1 It. jtltcsti I' cliIisa isis ti cax ittis sets lt'c'otttict -tat i-,I apitttcatttl it I 1)~iil ros tii eli ttilt i it It ttdioids

cttttsettIltCt-. Snelli asittutioni

Oiuutt cc

xxitit till, \ icti

a tbtitgitt tixeast,

ereals tia orgali it inetct trials to bet xcrx effectixvt ill coiltrolling lotttt alnd cttx tttd sttits5 seedittottite liA xtl-jC .ti) fLI I iillc h~ It S

iiax

pr 1 ltx

el

theit
Iid

still- and( si
tof

itiestitig distases oft
oats atnt \\ lcilt hias

britt I ItlitscrsstI~ tiisaxt ).~ll-i

iteal xx ivx (it till ci

ilt

alt plitlit cdixeaxex
itt xtutch tisiasex

lures

aldd

t

ptotcttiitt

tcosts

andt

tlit ,x

ttut till.

Stith Dusts and Sprays Effective

t0Ips call -cclttiu
cult ittil xxrtitstilt-

tile atttiiit oft
itt

toothttu grliixxers

fituci dttfcicult Seed Treatment

ttlis Important

iitbi

lctott rI Isu
- tilit' tact

tists ittd spt'axs i tii ttsed( exttnivxely fit

pat~itit- lit-tlitiitiS is ltisl~

tilt.x ate subjieet to attack its it tlilttiiei itt itotitt tttcgaliscux thatt Inax. reaech thet

Pe anutt
til

let-s pi t, gt'lct alix

regarItded
idisae ofi tis

ats

oft tilte It 1(st impr~tant~ iti

hltaiiti.
iseasiexs t'ttstx t IIrti

It is proiii ,ii
ti ciiintro it

oiio tilt' eatsiett thu s ticeti ilfi i its i'rexearchu itix sticTiltiittls ciontdutctted
the lse it txext igilt ils tistedi rnatt\

(differIriiiits

I

ttttgtc-iitx

xxcit,

tant x

iAbouit :).2' 1tticttltc li

cotpper xx like Itiiist as
ir,

till s1"Iitil , v
thei

dr, i

I liilicitiitls

)a\ c

lust rIx'itits. ti It I[()\ ) m

Is

I.

'945

It) 16

1.599 2,0179

7L

,Alplif
plats Shas% thALffCt of

TIt Q abOVC

seed treatme-nt

on cat stand;

note- poor

stand

from

untreated seed in center.

t1 1) 1418It 1lit Il I1930 1 1 95 1 1532 19)5:3

2.05-3

267 26 1

:22 11)

1,127

1-11 f ( I () 1, F [
NLklEllLxlS, "_1 Tol U, SOLIDS M Pol,\lovs,

Am)
RED

H \11, lillm"\11os,
LAMMA

riiI i Itiii I I

r'' ,itI I l IIt tIi IIta

IRISH POTATO PRODUCTS
HUBERT HARRIS Deportmnent and J. M. BARBER of Horficufhure

Ii s

lix

I',*,
1-1.0 1(6.3 15.6 15.0

'iN t
11.2 1(6.3 15.8

1./io
:1000

16. 17T.3, T

I -,.

15.5

1.5.3 161.1 15.7 15.1 15.9 15.4
0 lxi
inii

i I 1) II.5 tI ) it.x t I
I ii its l 4-t6-s) af pt~iifntiiiZ. SSill t\\iisiiii appjllitins

hu

I

xfiitfi

(IIi I rilt,

ofi

po ili

.

it

It Ii. t, (illi

di

t

s ii

lt txotal si ds fils

I l
V

',

l ti p li of i

\\t xile iit c s iii
i d

cd pti tii x i il,'

111(1' oi xxotisxxliii cv xi
l1ilt ft

lvIii i ii tc

t) xl fiilx

ilii e i

till

iii

~~ ix' ~it1i ~
tt'f'u o(itt f ix k,,uf B>
j 'tI

(I

iiiIi I~iitd i i

tIc fi t
t

Iish

tilt
i' i

Pt Il l\ 1)_

It. i

SaIMPlex Of potato products arc shown at tett that are studied in laboratory for quality. A special hydrometer, at right, is used for determining specific gravity of whole potattoes.

II

til.

liiit

t'tit'li

ds.

Ill

pii t toi

ox

I tflit'

the iidx ii itt

xtt'lil

of i

itasttiii'x
itci

hh!
x

tii
l

lfiil fx 's h xoli x

i Hoc sii lii I

i

x(I ti i

t it(i_ x'1' plied ; itt ail t ix x
xixls ,t

i tll ix il

till!

'thti

c"iixi
ill t'3 t

oif tii

~iltihet

xlitix,
xIwoiii

1(!rtli/l xf
xt'atitll xol' !,tll

itt'.xi!i olItlx ictiltia.!, ili iiic u xoil i txtl oli dso ii!

l

oi

ailt i\ iisisupi

i

f

ii

ili

x.

thxe

iit'i-ift'\l
tlif ile ie ifd iii

xxifthi
il- x d i

potatoes cxx I

thus it o,it'tt
x Ti St ii t

ci

ilit ill folt sidsgu
, )II.-

lit

i

i ixll s

t

ii t util P xiO (ilux it

i

lli i i

isiielix

ofi \i~tu' \,li t iiui

rke\xiii. liii xt' ifi in ii'l l titiix flxixitilx vtic pri-tt' of -iut\ lii','tilc
ito iiii

tilixer, or "I'ifcli

iltxiillilltii lt oriit tht ii. i

iitfti ai.l i p rie r

TABEE

2.

Vi I ix i oi I-) iliii.izi.ii h \it Oii(_ \i( \1 sol,11)s \\I) Coo, Col'oli oI Sl ii\(.()

AM) llml(,\1lo-, os, Tol xl 'i

I'i'(itic ii, ip't'isia t iuit'ti io t fllit Tr it
F. i

Ii

tcx

il soids citx ii

1 it of pui lt'x i

siix

li/i

I

Lb (I.

Nt0f I fit)))
2 Wff0
\\uritL~

I1T.A

1)1 15.5

I8.1 1 .) 11.2

1(G. 2 t1 5.6 1 1.8S
)p iiqix
t1~

1. 1-,.I
f1N.:3

7. 13
16.(6

15.l

71. 1 7.1 - A)
limtui.
.

T.5 71.8 S1.0

7.) 7.5 8.2

8.31) 8.2 8.2

T. 7. 71!)

if 19)5,S-19)9

ii

itl Aiihiitttt
1 it
1

)Tiliii)i ilx 1-1 '

12

iLI) i l!i

i fmn i tif

iti-ap lieti xiui' i-S fiI

I

x

x

iti

Sources of home mortgage loans are shown by the graph for urban, rural non-farm, and rural farm residents. Also shown is percentage each group is of total U.S. population.

Financing H-lomes for

Rural Residents
JAMES R. HURST and BOYD B. ROSE Department of Agricultural Economics

(

MOST HOMES are built with borrowed money. Few people have the necessary funds to pay cash for home construction. In recent years, almost 90% of houses built in the United States have been financed by first mortgage loans. However, this does not hold true in rural areas of the Southeast- a region where better housing is vitally needed. In this area, only 57% of those who built or ,urchased houses since January 1, 1951,

borrowed money.

Why has housing credit been used in the Southeast? It can be blamed "ess on financial inability of rural residents to use available credit, reluctance to borrow, and lack of knowledge concerning credit sources.
Credit Is Available

for purchase of a farm with a home, providing other sources of credit are not available. This agency also provides a special housing loan with favorable terms to rural people who produce $400 worth of farm products annually (1944 price basis) if they are unable to obtain reasonable credit from other sources. The Federal Housing Administration insures and the Veterans Administration guarantees improvement or construction loans obtained from commercial lenders to finance rural farm and non-farm houses. However, few loans of these types have been made in rural areas. Lenders generally favor investing in urban instead of rural property. A limited number of VA direct home loans are made to urban and rural residents where housing credit is not readily available. Shell home builders are most active in the Southeast in building and financing homes for residents in rural areas. They are selling low-cost houses to residents who cannot readily -obtain loans from other sources.
Credit Sources Being Used

Rural housing could be improved by increased knowledge of sources of available housing credit. Sources generally available to urban, rural non-farm, and rural farm people are shown in the chart, along with agencies that facilitate the flow of credit.
Savings and loan associations are

(

sources of housing, credit for rural nonfarm residents with regular incomes to meet monthly payments. Commercial banks extend primarily intermediateterm housing credit (1-5 years) to farm and non-farm rural residents. Life insurance companies usually make loans only -. good commercial farms. q roduction Credit Associations make me loans to farmers for periods up to -y"'years for remodeling or repairs. Federal Land Bank Associations make longterm loans that can be used to finance construction, purchase, or improvement of farm houses. Farmers can also obtain loans from Farmers Home Administration

Sources of available credit, as well as sources being used by rural residents in the Southeast, were learned in an Auburn Agricultural Experiment Station study. Carried out under contract with the Housing and Home Finance Agency, the project included interviews with 665 households and 175 credit agencies in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Of the rural residents interviewed, 48% were non-farm, 17% were full-time farmers, 10% were part-time farmers, 9% were farm laborers, and 16% were retired, disabled, or unemployed. Almost 60% owned the house they lived in, 30%

rented, and the others occupied houses rent free. More than half of the owners acquired their houses since January 1, 1951, and 39% built or bought since 1953. Slightly more than one-fourth had remodeled (spent $300 or more or changed floor plan) since January 1, 1951. Of the 57% who borrowed funds to finance houses in rural areas, 37% obtained a first mortgage loan from savings and loan associations, 16% from commercial banks, 5% from life insurance companies, and 5% from mortgage or realty companies. Sixteen per cent borrowed from individuals and relatives and 7% from Farmers Home Administration, Federal Land Bank Associations, or Veterans Administration. The remaining 14% got funds from other sources. Eleven per cent of those interviewed planned to build or buy a new house. For sources of funds, 18% listed Veterans Administration, 11% commercial banks, and 15% Federal Housing Administration or Farmers Home Administration. Twelve per cent planned to pay cash and the remainder named various other planned sources of funds. Owners who remodeled spent an average of $1,056, with 63% paying cash. Commercial banks were the source of remodeling funds to 48% of those who borrowed. More than 61% of owners who planned to remodel said they would pay cash or remodel as finances permitted, 16% said they would borrow from commercial banks, and the remainder named various other sources. As with other expenditures, "shopping around" can be worthwhile. Considering alternative sources of financing ensures getting the plan and method of financing that best fits the need. 13

CHANGING Values and Taxes on Farm Real Estate
J. H. YEAGER, Ayiculura) Economist

l l tI Iit iIw Ioasc oIIII ill,,, flic sitiliv pci. to)k as )W", f to II I to :I0 (. 1w I Icre.
Taxc 't-I wlt Coro B( It. Tllc\ alld Ic\ ied oll ill till-Ill 111c lvid cstiktc al c alld XoNficilst t ill \rcil. larill real the

;11.(, lo\\(\loillitaill

Solith, For cState c\ill

Soll(llxx I St, Illlple, tam's

1( Xicd oo

\ e\\ ersc,\ a c ra (,,(-( 1 159. 15 pe I- aciv i II Nlexico hild tll(, lowest raf 1959. \c\% 10f. pel aulv. (Wier statcs \\elv bct\\( thesc (,\trcllw . Collsidcrillir taxe.s IcliltM. to \iilll(' oF
pi t ipcrt , \ affords it huttcr hitsis lot look-

iiii

I l

i)mitIXJ IX \H

hIii iit

l

A

I-tit

I

ill',' at di iogcs and makim,, comparismis. As still\\ It 1)v Oil, illostratioll, Alabama taxes oil farill I-eill cstittc pci- 8 100 \ allic
liit%(- actualk, dccrcitscd Since 19:335. ['.S. fi"'Ill-vs '-'elleralk show ilicreilm's since 19-15. ()it it pcr SIOO xithic bitsis, 1959 taws le\icd oil fill[)] rc;ll cState it) Alithillilit il\CIil(1Cd 37(- ('ollipared \Xith 93c lot. thc

u ctlite p Ii it t rcl ilt so tlrn l'

l

i
tt' hol

llt

tlit' IXtIillilot' It' . I

o~ i

it I it \ ceIt ll ll

it I

IXito

(1111itl

it

Ipr

t

X l

it(, I 'tlil'l i

til' Hll
e tIi

XXIiiit

i

i1ii' iti IX c

t'X i i

IS .1'

blsttc

I

illsil

1111'

tX iti s

fil lI~' ill

e

lctilltc

\lcs oer Prs
Iti l 'as
aitatlX t;Il

Taesi
Xilii

Grow1pouiils
I nl

()ill\ N(,\% Vcxico \\its lo\\cr thao ALIbilloil ill titws pcr $100 vallic. Lollisiallas vil(c \\it,, cqual to Alitballla*s. Farm real estatc taxes as it peiceiitiwc of flet fillill illeollic itre idso lo\ cr ill the
Soodwast. 111 1959, Alabama farnwrs

itax

'tdt

XXI liian

\i'XX

jctsc

(891wis

pJUcr

illiliI titilil\

C I CI c~tilld \\'

111111III

.5:3')oI~(l Mi
reI

I

ti

li

till ii

tli

Xtl

iii

IXcu'i~' thit

:9 t' d 10iioil

c

i

t4ttpro-

iit I 0 I

I

ll

to)1 IX

I

ill

S

Ii

ll' ad

iI

paid an ik\critue (it 2'7, of t1wiv net lilim illcollic to]- rc ll estilte taxes, lowcst of all\ stale. t*.S. ;I\cr;I,_,(, \\ il" 'Y'l . Prolwrt v tit\ \\ zl, illon, Ilea\ it depcoded oil lot 1.(,\ (.1111c ill the I StIl Conthall at py("wilt. \it ar'-'Illocot a(filil propert tit\ k that ow1wi-ship A pro ert \ does Ilot itl(licatc ilbilit\ to pa,__ taws. Also, thcre ill-c scrioll." adillil list rati\c proldelms \\ill) propcrt\ taxatioll. Ili(-iffler \illoe to] fal-Ill Ival ('stittc locall illcreascd ill\c"tillents ill l1kyllel. 110 il)COIIICS HICYCtOR', til-C lWLVSSitI__\ to rccekc it 1.0111-1) oil ill\('stillent c(loill to thilt ()I pre0olls Years.

l~'

Shownr above in the graphs are: Left-average per acre value of U S. and Alabama farm real estate; center-taxes levied per acre

on farm real estate in Alabama and U.S. averge; right-taxes per $100 value of farm real estate in U.S. and Alabama.

XYitIill ,Soil siiitilC5l proiiig i'4CS

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W. A. JOHNSON. ttorficutuir'il Assisioni

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A laboratory technician above is using speci1al pparatus to extract nematodes from soil sample that has been mixed thoroughly, screened to remove roots and rocks, and made into a water suspension. Research Procedures 19')59J. Thus.,i'iliii at li.is iif thie st

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General population fluctuation of roatknot nematode larvae in field plots under observation near Auburn is shown in the graph. The dates plotted extend from November 1959 through September 1960.

Land Management for Good Quail Hunting in The Piedmont
DAN W. SPEAKE, Assistant Leader, Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Per cent ground coverage by legume plants 24 2 20

12.i::!:::::' 12-

L

I~
Field (1) Field (3-5)

'.. 15 years ... .
combined) Field Field (11-13) (15)

48/% . 2 6.. Field (17-22)

X.X : 4.0% .........
i64 0.4%

GOOD

QUAIL RANGE is scarce

in the

Young Pine Mature Pine- Hardwood natural plantation pine hardwood (30+) pine (15-20) (30-40) (30-40) (23-30)

Piedmont. A major reason is land use pattern, according to results of Auburn Agricultural Experiment Station studies. Large blocks of hardwood forest and pine plantations are of little value to quail. The same is true of large areas of improved pasture. Ideal quail range has small blocks of desirable cover interspersed with idle fields, small patches of woods, and small thickets arranged so protective cover is everywhere within easy flying distance. Corn, sorghum, or field peas usually provide good food and cover. Attractiveness of idle upland fields to quail is associated with abundance of wild legumes (see chart), largely determined by plant succession. When fields are abandoned in the Piedmont, important quail food plants usually do not become abundant before the second or third year, except after small grains, From the third to about the tenth year, quail food plants reach their peak. Earlier years of the period are best. Then
SEASONAL FOOD HABITS OF 86 BOBWHITES COLLECTED DURING THREE SEASONS AT

I

Type of idle field or forest and years since lost cultivation

U

PIEDMONT SUBSTATION, 1955-58

Food item

Percentage in craw of quail, by volume Oct.- Dec. Jan.Feb. Nov. De. Pct. Pct. Pct. 10.5 4.2 2.9 trace 28.3 17.1 11.7 1.5 4.2 trace 1.0 20.9
2.0

~J1vv rl I v.I ~ rl.~-

rapid decline to a condition there is a r where quail use almost stops around 17 years after cultivation. A pine forest that has been selectively cut usually has more quail food plants than young forests. Stands of wild le)e gumes can b established and maintained in old fields and pine woods by controlled late winter burning. Seedling loss and some stand damage is to be expected. Seeds of such crops as corn, sorghum, cowpeas, a nd vetch are important to quail, especi ally in fall (see table). Waste corn mayn lot be available late in the season excel pt from hard-seeded varieties. Food pat(ches of bicolor lespedeza and large partri dge peas can be valuable, but are not preferred foods in fall. Areas with abund mant fall foods but scarce wild legumes beinefit by these food patches. Small gr ain stubble provides good brood territ(ory and fall habitat. Common ragweed, a fair quail food producer, usually voluinteers after small grain harvest. Cattai 1 millet and alfalfa produce superior brlood raising territory. Quail ar e attracted to pastures and hayfields to nest. More nests are afield during May Sand early June than at any

Relationship of ground cover by legume quail feed, years from cultivation, and forest type to quail prevalence is shown in the graph. Numbers inside bars are coveys flushed per 10 acres during 5 years at the Piedmont Substation. Cover percentage is based on analysis made during summer, 1957. Size of pine-hardwood area was too small for accurate count of covey flushes.

I rr

other time. Delaying mowing around fields until late June protects nests. Common lespedeza is a first class quail food and will produce some seed for quail even when grazed. Since quail show seasonal food preferences, short food migrations can be problem, especially on small areas. ' grations include those in fall from ] ture and hayfield to grain fields an" idle fields and fall movement to pine woods for mast. A shift in range may also occur in winter. Food patches are most valuable at this time. In a normal fall population, there are about 80 birds of the year to 20 old birds. Therefore, reproductive success, largely determined by weather, is important every year. However, this high reproductive potential makes it possible to harvest at least half of the fall Piedmont quail population without bad effects.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300

Crop plants Corn
Vetch
-12.1

FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama

21.9
3.1

Sorghum -6.5 Cowpeas Bicolor lespedezaPartridge peas' Wild plants, insects All grass seed and insects....... Wild legumes-----Mast (mostly pine).Common ragweedDoveweed ......... Green material..... Other

9.7 38.0 2.1 0.9 15.4 1.6 1.2 0.8 7.4

---25.8 19.1 trace 19.2 1.7 4.6 4.2 0.4

Permit No. 1132-11 /60-1 0M

' Bicolor and most partridge peas from feed patches.