HIGHLIGHT
of agricultural research
VOL ?0 NC) 2 )MMFR 97

Agricultural Experiment Statio AUBURN UNIVERSITY

DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
TI IE RESE \iW(1 PRO0GR AM
of the' State Agr iculturial
t

Expei

"wege
B. T.

ziaew ...
55 (

Loxvelli
both

I te

pro fe ssor

(If

cumulate anld adx aiic
i11(1 forestrxv

kow lede itll

oad itci I 1) of

[U I.ititit x (lx lexvel

d

i

t (se'arciIan 11(T

radual~te

Few,people cani be expectedl to app~reciate tihe conitribtutioiis that State A gi icultiiral ILxperim ci it Stto 111s imade to our mnodern tixoil d. Tho, c
(lirectlv ore axxaie those aissociated \\ itil agricultut e

teach(iniig at Alillti

ixlrxitx.

As

iniilcated'If his stor ix l palge' :3, LoxveilIs r(sa's(i

01'maly

actix iti.'s hult ex (I tllll is 011V(iltf
ri t ti s~

Closest aSSOeiatedi a11 e SUxoix\ amaozed at the scope of tihe influecel of tile ll gricllt ural researcih pi ogral 11

OHi their excx loxa livesx. Thiose not1 Ii iect (ix ('Cl producltioni gliiin culture usually do not kinowx such a
reseaic sbxxstei exists.

fish.

ctr h

os llti('rli po-iCIiltx h17Iisrsetrch Ltish keshtium .Xkix

e

ducition. C'(llt Ai eutix of A

I lie

Agiricultura l Expct illent

Sto

EN

S

OS
gtnd

tiol i uique in that for at majior port .s of' its progroin t here is no o their orgotnization or sx stein that coil he expected tlo pi (c the hicolefit oif reseaichilii the ar eas of' (Ilicetil to thlese stations. 'Ill('latch Act i thlat provs e~eral funds for tbe State Algiicultlllal Fx1 )criniett

l)(til(' fih

(in 0ktig ioll i clvr Stat lntil re-tx Pif-lD.o(inLitsit cutaed ill \a
' Hox ixhsxa fOIO(1sof(i' tlilcI)u (Ibitill

re-

~ed

fesor iii

ihi te('arlliiII. o

1It also thle is intent (If (:olwi xx to a55111e 0a'iitiltut e a positionill rieseatrch eqfual to that ofI itldusti N lihe Expem iiient Stationi Sy stem has fproxvided fil o~ thoul those statesmieci
Stationl states:

~re

t'uxei

v.f Ce

\\itis toh

oill i

19e69.

whio 01 igimiated State atd 1 Tihese lnii tioii
V lcr

IFeral

suppolrt

could fliaxe imoagit led.
N\atli~l'S ftOptlIO prolfes'5sillonial soci' icIs, Loxvell has 1len be honore wli( i ill 1 xip iii pliii xith I('l Al Zeta,
iai~ll' (If

optillixtie thait omic

dos halt the

could produce food aid fiber for. all the poptilatioll. I fo\s could the xvjldlst dreamer eiixisioii that it) 1972 Iil lx 5% xxoumld produce this food and fillet and iii ialditioui S9.4 lbillIil agi iill cultural piodiicts tor Sitle other colit li1(. to fis \\ as aclilex e( tliial (10b ecillliiatioll f,cciollit (It tilttI1 pest cotti (Ii1ot110(15, and iiiv other techol i i (Ild advan1 ces. Mu1 ci cr(e('(it grocs tol tbe asslci ateld free einteripriise xxste and to tlie pro~ductixvity i ( (of the milliout IS(f p)eople reileased fromii fat in amid fills ('labor)( iilt(I ilidItsti ial re sealrcli, pi Irolct ll, and (list rii I Ci iI . Ill t\ ('cl thIeire canl be no1 01 gurretlt thaot thle stimla~tioni of Agr icltul 1 Experi imentt Statt'nis to bo0th farmerots aiid jillilstt x deseixe cx aj .or shaite of' the credit. The betnefi ts (If agricul turi al research i hax e not 1been 1ned ni toI
fai i pi 0(llitioi .

i0 15 it eloxs oll Americanl

Ii istituite

('Ileinists.

HIGHLIGHTS of Agricultural Research
SUMMER 1973 VOL. 201, NO. 2

Fewx people
tile past

wou(ld~ alssociate

thle 50',
coniution

ii crease ill
ofttl~ tile

A quiarterly report of research f)(lllislied by thI Agricultuiral Experiment Station e of Auburn Unixerityi, Auburn, Alabarna.
--irtctor Cu.\s. F. Simsxoxx Asstallt Dirrector T. E. CoOLEYAssistant Dir'ector E. L. \IcGRAxv----Ediitor R. DENNs'IS ROUSE

life expectauiie

ovxer

'50

xNears

xx iti

Agricultural Expeiriment Stattions. Yet it ix n~ot like]ls thait this iiicrease wxould hiave bleeiiiieailxvSo great wxithiout conltibultionls of agriculturail resear1ch1. T1hIC diiia o~ ii ricltural Sc i(' fill (f, t ists Ihaxve 1been directh aippiicabie to 01uIrnai lea IthI t i (11gi (iscoer cl fi such things its essetiil inerial eleints, x itairlins. .itilo acids,
xaccinles, and( anitib~iotics. ducitixvity o~f fiti ni maiillls

Rt. STEVENsSON E3.
J. D. 11ARWxOOD

-Associate Editor
---Assistant Editor

Ihs

rli eseitc elai

~to m l

iiijot

pIxC o-1(

has1 resulte i'ii iti titllei' kmiiss lodge (if hum an nutition, food sat i tition. a il(t rea tment (If dIiseases. Tllis

StaltionO culrreil v has rexecli ii mat vx areas thlat xxill i ncea~'se in kni oxxledlge (If Ihuin h ealtil. AgtriculturItal research IhiIs also cou

Editorial Advisory Comminittee: 11. DENNIS ROUSE; JOHN LAWRBENCE, Profelssor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures; ROBERT

N.

BREx'En,

Assistant Professor of

Pouiltry,Sefi 1cc; 11. S. LARSEN, .XxSllCiate! Prllf( 5slr (If Forstr~j; AND E. L . NICCu xxxA.

research

(If its Agricultuiral

Experuniut a

Stationl.

\hiits - all

spetlt

ill
S

agr icultural

researc

rbiep reseint

fplliei ixve stmn lt

int i

miit thaot iias ret urnedl anie(stilm)atedl

itt0 to 1,:300',i(.

ON THE COVER. Unlike cotton and corn, soybeans has hod an increase in Alabama acreage in recent years, see story, page 9.

Curved spine of catfish shown in this radiograph is typical of the crooked bock problem of fish deficient in vitamin C. Half-developed vertebrae shown were common in the vitamin deficient fish.

-

O Niii) 1-' SF the AG aiSCorije i I El 1 xxas recogizied ast iutien respons bile for piesventing scurvy iii mtan ati %%xis giv en the title of x itanio (. All allnil hdIaxve a metabolic teed foi vitamiin C, but1 it had bieen thought that ottix maii, monikey, and guinea pig needed this vitain in the diet. Newx researcli
ev idenee iioxx point,, to a neced for vitaL mitt( IC catih disputing results offorcre(3xT)x39ilSU(
iii a 2. 9act c polil.. Feed \% allotted as Sinice commercial caitfisht produc~tion oce ix , lat s fish wekgt an die)er has u'ainced ill iromineince, m'olix fish hilt ig at14%o"1 xeih o1 1 creasinig to 1.5% near cud of the trial. have lbeeni lrotighit to the Coo0peratixv e llaltet xcea~itc ~x el Fi'sh Disease Laboratory at Auburn shxtery eded.

hta

idctd

in

Catfish Need Vitamin C
R. T. LOVELL, Dept. of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures

log disease sx mptomis but xwith no signs

flio\%5

of infestation xvith pathiogentic organisms. Affected fish all came from some ty pe of modfie clx ionmnt x~lerenat cutur ural aquatic food xvas limited, and they cu" l fs xec onexxcgid examined for gross signs of xvitamin had bteen intensively fed commnercial 'Iand eiinya ( h ftefei edn type rations that xwere not supplcmented p eiiee attecdo9h n with vitamin C. etiod. Riadiographis xxeic made of samnThe diseased fish usuallv shoxwed either phb fish 1mmci treatmenits to study helle all brokeit or crooked hacks (lateral or xcriti- 'structure. cail curxvature of spiiie) , wxhite hands Blased onl giroxvthi response, surxvixval, around the body just behiind the dorsal and incidene of deformed fish, the dict finl, irregular surface sxximming, tetanx used xxas inutritioiially adeqoate xxheit xvhen handled, and poor groxxtlh anl supplementeJ w xithi xitainin (:. The fininortalitx , or a combiniationi of these, get lings gained oxver 1 lb). in 180 daxys, Vitmi'dfiiecywa ispected xx a faxvorable feed conxversion ratito of witht heing responisible because none of these 1.29 lb). feed per pound of xxeight gain. svirmptomns haxve been obiserv ed in Auburn W \ithout supplemental xvitain C, axverresearch xxher e catfish are groxvn in artiage gain xvas approximnately 2 3 lb). xxith ficial cultures xxith diets supplemented a feed conxversion of 1.88. wxith xvitamin C. Neither haxve the sx mpMortaility xxs i5only 2% am~fon g fish fcrl
tomns appeared in catfish xxith access to significant amounts of p~ond organlisms that ai e rich inl ascoibic acid. A study at Auburn Umiversitv Agricultural Experiment Station measured rethe comuplete diet, b)ut 22% for fish onl the rationi deficien t in xvitamin (. Dur ing the last 73 days of the feeding period, 8 to 12 dead fish per xveek xxere remoxved from cages of xvitamin Cde-

lae i otiss APouitl 5 ftu ihfo each cage xxere xxeighied monthly and inspected fot signis of xvitamin C' defici-

xr r~1ae xxerc frequent. I lemorrltagic atrcas xxerc comnon al~oniig thle spilt al col omitl, particularly at paint of injurys
\Ianx miormal appearing fish had ruptured capillaries near the backbone.

IDifem ences iii fish we'ight and appearthe twso diets xxecie not manifested until after the first 12 xxeeks of the feeintg period, or until the fish wxeighied 1 .5 to 1 :3 lb). All fish fed activecly until about the last :31) clas of the test wh'len the v itamin C' deficient fish accepted feed more slovlxV The Auburni feeding tr ial is the first demotnstration that raipidly grossing chaitliel catfish need ascorbic aicid iii teed to
an _e betxx een presvent extensive deformiatin of the

spitnal

and increcaserl sensitis its to infection byv baucteria. Hossesver, the "crooked back s nclromne" mnii lhe caused byv other factors,
indepenidently or through interact ion xxith v itamin Cdeficiencx . Deficiencies oftrx ptophan and x itainin E and cxposure to high levels of various pesticides

colxumn,

poor- gir0owtht,

spouse of channel catfish to x itamnin C xxhen groxvn from stocking to liarsvest size in a culture sxystem xxith limited natural aquatic food an' nesxe edn.hl of the 1,60)0 test fish got the folloxxing nustritionallx adequate feed contaiingI vitamin C:
Ingredient Per cent

ficient fish. Cause of deaths xxas attiibuted primarily to tlic bacterium Acro0 nlis liqufiitfens. Deformities xxerc identified in 45% of the fish that got no vitamin C iii the diet, as compared xwithi only 4% xwithi vitamin adequate feed. Most common deformitv
xxas a lateral cursvature

lhise caused similar abnormalities of fish.
Most commercial catfish feeds do not contain supplemental vitamin C, since there has been no pirevious indication of such need iii the diet. Major feed in-

Cor'n -I herring meal
Peanut imeal

---

32.7 21.7

--- -- - .88 The other half of the fish got the same
\Viti IIi 1 C

---- -20.3 Dehullced soyn al meat --20.3 D)ried con fermeiintation solules 6.7 Dicalcinin phosphate -------1.0 Vitamin miixtutre ---- ----.5

usually about midlength of the fish. There xvas, usually external sxxelling niear the damaged area, often xvith a
column,

of the~ spin-al

vertical xxhlte ban d 1 '4 to .3/4 inl. xxidc onl the hack. MIanv fish also shoxved vertically

feed xwithiout the v itamin C.

Cunrse7 spineis, most commonly characd tet ized bxv a large hump iiear and usnally inumediafelv behind the dorsal finl. Scx cindy deformed fish had broken baicks.

The 1.600 fingerlings wecre stocked in

Enlarged, spongy, or half-dcx elopeci

gredienits like graints, oilseed mneals, and animial by products conttain only inisignificanit amounts of ascotrhic acid, So ctimmnercial fish feed is generally lacking in this ntutrienit. Although fish probaibly get enough ascorbhic acid from nsatural ponid foods under lowv to moderate pond sttoekitng density, the shift to initensivec cultur e means that vitamin IC is a ntecessatry supplement for feeds.

-

qqq

(

tilt

Ilhlit lllI'tlt, "

feilig sItited ft'1 ll tihe ii

awt

eptai iii (Ifllmitilit of
e ticolec italler1

atl
Ii

of

h

tile( ie

CX oi

ili

tude atht'l o XX Itee

ii'iiltiltX lItho' i oft tedros

ev11(ittiX i, \\a it1(

It wXas itsiimeti that calrcasses inl thleChice aiiti Pime11 gYli atits wee( aep~tale ill t('lidel-11(i', lfiCe tho~se' ill thile X Goohd alld S~talitdatd giradies XXele not acepeltablle. Qu)iadraiit ital -is' rce 'ied that t'SI) A ihlitY girade c01rretly prledtiedt teitdet iess 59% of thle time \\hen e(lllJar('( XX itli 1 iiiies mneasured lbX the tatste pal . \leii USDlA qua]ityX gradte wit cS oll)par el wXith iier-Biiatiler

thew w 55% corrlect jlltinelts According to this stud\,X tile tUSIDA qullait\ girade makes at correc(t jtldgemlel t of Itendeles appr~l 11oximly) (I 60', of' the timei.
X\\its itig Ight Imorel aeellrate predict ill) (64% flIP taste paml and 60f'/ for \\ ariner. Siilili i ila) tiltiol tSiA quality glade. It is difictit to reoelille this faet sintce Ilarii 1 OIione of seeX factors li used inldetermining of quityX grade. HowevXerXC, tile tenitel Imeter providiedi 79% anld 76% collrect pidgmei ts wXitht iespeet to taste pimli eX aioatioiis andi \\ll eliiatzid X shC'lP scorIes. Titerel ore, the tell (eroi i ttei aippears to do a better job o f p1lteiiig cattle ilitil tfiill telilel lCX groupl1s tii eithter lilli iog SCIIII e (I_ tTSDA qutalitY grade. Mia CIIIe ofi Iteeless

~ere

sihear

scoresX

11)1iiu g

The Tenderometer Rates Beef Carcass Quality
D. L. HUFFMAN

and D. N. MARPLE

Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciencel

At tis
em 11 Clt

time U'SDA

it

wXouldi

bel a

mlistake to adXvocate replacing

iII
ilarl

L'XT BEE F

QUAILLIF

(. il GRDE

il

i

llll OIt

tolg (TIlli1) Cilttile' 1911

quIality iof lieat. i(ig

Thlese (jitlitX

gIrades alre bi1151(1Ocl ilrgi I adiffiult gratde iX alIlilr

girides XX itil the teiiderometcr sinIce U SIDA (jlliIiity gratdes~ also ideiitify carcsses. XXitli desiired ('0111 ofI tilte li'I firmness of leall, textur~e of leall, aiit textureI (If l1illb ilii. IiIIXX ever, ineoi 1111atilill of the telliermilnete reaiolg inito the pr 'ent VSDA ifualitX giratdi stalidar-dX coldr
rqoaiitv reduce teolCerneX NaIitat iii \I tiii tilt UTSDA qunality gradies.

ill tile r ib

ecX(. M~ihlifiig

trtilit for tile th'termiitt

produicer to CXvaliiate, X et qiflitv of iplice paid for fed cattiel.

1T'Il~ileXXe
aiid

is till' m)ost imlpl-itl

qulality gradle (orI
tiXe vi low.X Thile

11)111hliilg)

tWildehrness

of bee'(f is IIII
tto raly)I iliforiatiol ,lI XXes ititttl estimati iti Il tli 1w

tel itirometer is cileii1(

a

Ile\X

Ceicil'Cesigiied CIIIb inIeiltslltd

teindtirn)ess ill till'
1)011 dIestrle(tiXe C

eef' carcats X.
Thusi

Tihittel) I(rIoiIeter I,
satisictorlY~,

itd

C 1aXca'X

easilyil uthte
ilistulimelit thetme

beef

collii.

if

provXeli gr adinig i

could~ filOXite SOii

Xvaluailie

iidue(I fI'

iiw tenderntessl

Ieita

inmpolrtanlt produtictionl tralitX.

Tue
to

teitIio

lllomtr ctiistX

lofIt

1

pof uilt~
i

iiitrbs conne~citedt
all' ipressedt illtli

it f'orCe tiraiisdiuier.

\\hell
lthtie of

tilte Prlw ceaIX

tiw

exposXed rib (,\e striat

tile I Isistal et

to pet it

poun~idX of' force. resistan)ce to pelliti

PreilliiX , tougih mleat atillo tim~~ teiilder IllC at.

XXili

oficl

ilil

at
for

tile AuburlnI UiiXersltX

m eat 11)0tborX

111( cillcitt

at36

F

24 11(111 . Tei delrlmetel ieadii igs itlo USDA qliity giride datai XXere recordied and~ tXX s tea~ks XXr tremIvedilX(C Iri ll
tile' Irib I (gioll for tendlitfrlesX C'Xitluitilli lIX a tritil('( tilst(

piti ei miId t i e Wianlei
lziti XXr C' ('I vze

If

atuier shiear devXice.
of' quiadrillt ial i I. quillit grait,

I'l~i techiiiflC vei tbe stud~iedl

(If'i)Cef

qiuatlity

eXvaluaition

(USDA

Height and denseness of this stand of cogongrass illustrate the growth habits that make this plant such a tough pest.

xvl,s Is \ 'F()tA(ii P1 xl.r butt eolitol \Aitli ilt hioc appe ars possil e. Soil sterilanits graxve gfood results ag(aint xl li pere t i Ial it l uurn Un2ixersit\ Xgrieiltural Lxperilne Iit St atioti reseatrclh. Iles(iit (i oil cogoligrass (Imip('Oa thi(lica) wxas begiiii i( in M970 af ter the grass hadspea rapid] "x in 'Mobile, Bldxxiii, and their sothern Alabiamal cotities. The ,\ee \it , intr odutced into Miobile Coiitx in tile 193's 01 1940's, anll since then lhits piroxved itself to lie at serious pest. It hats no econilinie xaloe for tot age or otlit uses, anid once estalblisbed it xxiii croxxdc ouit desirable species froin p)asturles. Along roadcs or streets, its tall gross td (3-5 ft.) redlilecs x iiiliitV aiitlmax be at tralffic. hllii. A:Uuti eo lit ol research xxas dot e dluring I 97(0 71 o11 inifested inediatii areas ot lInterstilte it) west of Mlobile. (Cur-rentix axvailale soil sterilat its xxere tested against the, pst gTrass, xsitli applications mnade ini spimn at suggested irites for preiiiial grasses and at toiie halt Micd twxice tile stiggesteid rates. '[']ose tried xxere lilollatil (I lxxar-N). kiibiit ite( (Tailde ), lproillctolic (P1 nilitol-2 5l'. I iid lploiilettille-ll(

C 0 J1

soil sterilants and cogongrass good but not perfect control*
RAY DICKENS and GALE A. BUCHANAN Department of Agronomy and Soils

Topgro th cont~rol, pct.

look
ltitigs xxtie Iiace at ititerx ixl after aipplicatttiil to itlealsire the( detgte Of conitrol of the( ,iitxo~t grounld portionl of the plants. iergrinir cionuO~riss shiootts xx Pie cotiitecl in tile spii toi ex altiate eon trtol iof' thle riri es (u idei gron d pot is). Ba t es of Iherb icicdes thai t cot io th ter perenni ial gIrasses getiet ally xxet e effectiv e agTin st cogttigrass, Figure 1. Lower t ales pillsidccl less thian itifori nittrol, antdt iigliti tliai ticit ritte \\,tixxet*( bietter than the trecommnelcclaltlts. no All tteatinetits atl some titme fax e essent iall\ comnplete top kill of the gt (ass. Pt inle tom l ti axe thle miiost r apidc kill, bumt reCOxerx xxais soonit cxidtt it. This is a pcllettcl inixtcle of 5% promeitone, 4t0% it ligi ie I ite, noid 5VtY it orgitii ehlorate. 'The e-llti ratte nizit etia prloxvides rapidc kill litut soon becomoes ii it I c tix e 1 ia~ci Otf leitil Ing an ci Cihetmi cal 1weakcloxx'n T'In li gigher ralte prolinetone BC, givx oif reitstlts ttfttdl culttti ft m ile to

Weeks after application Fig. 1. Control of above-ground portions of cagongrass with sail sterilonts during 1970.

otheir itaterials' Netithier initial tiop kill intt Iliboine kill sliosseil largeC citlet eties ititloti the sitigle iii edieti lierbic-ites, its shiown b1 FxIiuglte I mtid Fi (te 2. Ill priiietone-I m iixture gas c' mnuch pootrer rizome cotrol att loxx er rattes, but tihe hligh
raite graxve rexults against t ldiiiltes ei ilall to tholise I rub tie( sitigle-iii gretlient hlerbicicdes. Altlctigli sitngle aipplicaitbis oii, ecurrenitly ax illile soil stet ilaits cotr olled cclgiit gi txx this eonlti-ol xx-its tnot eraidieatitit). lill i radcieitiii in mois t eases xx ill re(i ni high er te rateis th1ili 115tges ted for (oth peletiIals 01- repeated ap~plier caitiotis.

Soil stet ilt itis should be cotisichet ec for use its sp)ot treatnet its i litmite et reas ion]lv. TIted areas wilxriii tmit i free oif, most xt-getatitli- otlger thait t xea-, iticsil elisioti coul ( lite p Irioblemti if large atreas are-( treated.
Bromocil 12I1b.A Pronmetore Promptone- Karilctie 201A~, BIC20 !r , 1b/ Untreated

xx ithi

Fig. 2. Effects of soil sterilants on shoot density of cogongrass the spring following treatments.

ti ttt of' Tititspiittiltioti. 1inletal I lighxxax ttttititistratiiui. (hitiioiix. titinIis, anid cilc hixinis ill this atticlIe lie thotse oft tile ati th irts itl noit nlecessalri Ix tl io xi ot thn- It iglixxDepartmnit or
Dcpirlt

"'lii n-warciiitl ciignti~riiss cnititrol thil lintiitr cotrtact Wvas \licilii; I ligixxl~it 5lititt ill croiperation xWithi U.S.

lflsxxax Admiistration. \ii

'I

XIII' I. T I I c:i'( BX IS I-oil 1)iili Ii I I iiI F. 1\(. 0I C'ONx FIM ili IoW ESTH POixlINTS i( ) SILCi iiN Ft E XiiEA A LBAMi X

Corn barged into the Guntersville area was found to have the lowest transportation cost for that area. (Photo courtesy Tennessee Volley Authlority.

Nc )il, E\ ille'

ils

I) i/lars po'r IbiishlI 0.17 (1.17 (0.17

I) ib
~-

~ilrl
i

area

0.21 0.2.1

0.21 0.24

((.21 0.24

1.

~

inrlbarg ed iiito the Giiitci xxilke are Ioiiiit to liax t (le lost t raoixportILI cost for that area. I lo\\ixcie, most Corni hanldling fii ins ili the ,iI 1, cannoot rive(('Xt graill diti ''I l lby 1ile and' mo li0ist hiave it traoslilippeil by titi'k to thieir loca tion ifIront tin' arge term inials located b aliw t'e Icitoellssee Rixver. I I'lie ii oti ate ti(c ickii g of corn xxas

tnirii I in

lil

Lll tha

lOiiliiiihtat

truci.k

,ix as i li nated at 1110We (1al t' per bushel. Firms located xxithiiii aiboult ai :3(mrile radiuis ot a lii ige terim iiia! cool d and (qiialitx of Corii xxcr ('t' sstini(d ti lie rceixve corni by i ar ge-truck cioiII ii atii ' G. R. GARDNER for ab ou 1 15c' per 1bushiiel ( 7" bari ge cost, Department of Agricultural Economics costs . AXctuiai tI'aiipoi (,jtiii t'larige.x ill 41' ti aixfer cost, 41' tiruck ciis() , oicoumld and Rural Sociology effetct tuiriiig the stuidy periotd 5 (Ie receiv e doii tlirecti, x v truck fior aboutih ilsetdil tlie mode'l. 171 pci 1mshecl. 11I ica'ted inorne tihan :30 A x k FA . iSIxiiMxRtlii I igribtiiiesx Reue l iof the restearchi in tx (icaite thiat mie Iruim a 1lal e t erm inial, lio\ixxev-er. fIc cost tefficieinicies iii traiisporting tiniito co01 toiild proldillv be receiv ed dii ectix AlabamiiaL mii gut ieit' siblx e in Li niiunm1eir frolm (tie NI tdset1i at Li loss ci ruck ol coi ii that IIIIIxSt lii impioited( front Mlidof areasa. Addiitimia ail IIIeceivii ig ctp a cost th1iicorli i si lpped bx' i airge-truxck xxetstteiri Staties. bilitY thrioighiout (lit' Staite xwouild allow ci unbii ia(ion. Tiiei'efoire, tihe i aige ti'iitk more t r 01 t i biei retied o i byi'l i rail. raith er comii atiot tiid nolt appear ti be ecobeise xt Al ab iaL is a cioiri deficit iir('L, thlilx (i more expensixe (I ickiiig linicil t'e except liir xnmialler firiis locaited iii hllx iltil/i ig far' iiioi' coiii thll iietbod. Some of (ilie siiiaiiest tor izia xxitldni abouit 3(0 miles of t a iic tcimiii!, tabies anmd 2. Bexonii thait iige ri r'esearcthers et'imatedl that (te iiet ciin cteive corn il]\, v tiriitk, mnix bei foirced the Liiie iusiilse '01( iaxe acitiired it i ('5' ol defit'it xx'as 6(3 miillitoi ho. ' I'( tdefitit is otit liuxiiicx ill(hli nar ftlture. Mosit torn dii ectiv, iy txruick frpont (Ii of i di It'aiig ais Alabla~ma corni prodii io ohi of tbesc fi lis x\\erte iilied Lis cuIsitoim 0 esutl x\vext at a loxxer I raliI piirt atioil icoist. t tdeclinies ai utiiiilizaioin oi, coiii li bv heii 'I'le mnagersx o ' sexverl flirloxs \er' gri ixii poilltrv andt lixvexstock ini iuti iis \\]felli Alabiamaii L faLi'iiii i p rodutcetd iiiost fonid toibe maxxLre tis iil cost ifien'i-i ilileaixes. of tbte ci iii thiey used. i'odaY v.xi1 iitu tial, miid xxere rceli lg ciii i diriv x N Aiilui'i ecili oiiiits ale stuhiina g te rail or 1ar t lci Lgtpahiilitv oi aliii tiruck. ('biliges ill eithieir liail ra. i li, or lairce storagre caLpaicitx , thitse firis areit iiiie if farmIers aniid aIi iliuixilexsex tall nit set i 1 i ti m peIinIte iii tlie imported iiileci'e tue tost tix .intaigt ofl oil(, nixs Irediic'e t' oxt of shippiiia ('01ri iiitii XIaiiina lix' usxiiig alter'native( tl'Linsp'iitai TABiLEi 2. T) i'i( 'li XNS[IMilITATIONx CYIix ix io FIRMS INii A-L i oiri A BNIii xxix (F lxIM: COIINi tiiol moiides. Ax pirt of' Li re'ligioa Laii BN B.HII-Ti B'Cu.tK Sil'xiEx I FROM ILIiNtIS ANii INIMAN in arikt'ti ig ies'iciic projet, aL maLtlIi('-

of Corn1 in .A.lban-ia

A

dlii ig firmls Liiid gri'Li( tilit its xxa Licooi structed.

iiii tra l

iprtioiii fai liLcatiion of fim

During (lie19701 studx p iiid, liniiI L 8(1%, of aill ciii imupoirted lix AI~labm a xx Ls pr oduced fi IndianaL ,illl 11illiois. Thus, iresearch cli uitieti oiilii tiinspiii(L h tiiiii t'oirn fr'ont the Nlid\lxx of, i' a tlie folloxx iiig moides: (La) dii'ect rt'ck: (bi)

11 111,,v silipiticilt

Trallsfcr to trlIA"
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

truck Shiplilcilt Oollars pcr bil'slicl
0.04 0.06 0.09 OA I

Cost iterns Intrastate

Tota.l

0130 iiiih li I ia

n

tcuitl

:31(-701 milcs f umr Ciintc\i'i x 71-1001 milis f(oln Giinjti' xxill 1(11-125 ililex frornCil IIt~qi li

ut

0.07 0. 0 7 0.0-1 0.07

11.15
0.17

01.201

01.22

6

MARINAS
In

ALABAMA
G. R. GARDNER
Dept. Agricultural Economics

and Rural Sociolcgy

TnistS is one of Alabanma's most important indlustries, out-ranked only Ixy manufacturing and agriculture. The State's vast and relatively unspoiled water antid land resources aniually attract millions of visitors, both Alalbamians and out-of-state tourists. The most popular outdoor recreation activities in Alab utna aire water based: swimming, fishing, all boating, and water skiing. Auburn researchers engaged in outdoor recreational planning are currentlyl studyling marina businesses that provide facilities and services for boaters. Objectives of the research project includ-e dtterminillg: (1) the locations of marinas throulghout the State; (2) services and facilities available to the boating public; (3) the amount of employment and income generated by marinas; (4) business problems peculiar to the industr- (5) locational and seasonal factors whlieh influence the success of narina businesses; and (6) land, capital,
and lalor requirements necessary for

establishing a marina business. marina owners report that their busiMore than 150,000 pleasure boats were nesses have experienced increasing sales registered in the State in 197:3. New during the past 5 years. Only 12% re1I:)at registrations have nearly doubled port decreasing business activity. in the past 10 vears, increasing at all average rate of over 9.5% each year. OwNEnRSHIP OF NVATEni AcCESS FACILITIES Thus, about one of every six Alabarma OPEN TO PiUBLIC IN ALAhAMAx families owns a boat, and new boat registrations are increasing much more rapOwnership Facilities idly than is the State's population. Aulburn's current study of marinas is Private 320 restricted to privately owvned businesses State 58 with the following facilities: (I) launch- Federal 37 ing ramp; (2) marine gas and oil; (3) Municipal 7 dockside fuel pump; and (4) either wet County 6 or covered dry storage areas for boats. Other 22 There are about 75 such finns in Ala- Total 450 hatna, and the managers of virtually all tIlncludes marinas, fishing camllps, and w\\cre interviewed for the study. Fishing camps, campgrounds, and governnent pulic launnching ramps. Manv ramps eonstrtet d byi the State operated facilities are not within [the are locatel adjacenit to priNatel y totld mascope of the research project. rinas aind are not counted in this catemory.

Statewide, at least 450 water access areas with boat launching ramps are open to the public. Smne :350 mnarinis, fishing camps, and resorts rent boats. There are about 125 businesses that sell new boats, seime of which are locat cd oni the water and operate jointly as mInrinas. Most water access facilities in the State are privately owVlled and operated, although four large marinas are operated by municipal and county go'vernients, see table. Total capital investmcnt in Alabama marinas, fishing camps, and boat launching ramps is estimated to exceed 827 million. Average capital investment in mnarinas is about $212,000; the median capital investment is about $155,000. Value of the land alone usutally accounts for 50% to 75% of the capital investment. The average marina occupies just over 7 acres. The marina businesses analyzed l dl an average gross income of over $10)),000 in 1972. More than 80% of the

As Alabama becomes increasingly urbanized, more and more families are living in apartments and townhouses without garages or space available for boat storage. Thus, the demand for boat storage facilities is increasing even more rapidly than new boat registrations. Not all marinas provide both \\et (i.e. boats

stored in the water) and dry storage facilities. Those with such facilities can store an average of about 62 boats in the water and 62 boats in covered dry storage areas. Dry storage consists of sheds where the boat and trailer are stored or stack storage where the boats are stored in warehouse-type facilities. The stack storage represents a higher investment for the operator than shed storage. Virtually all marina owners interviewed report 90% or higher occupancy rates for their dry storage facilities. More than two-thirds of the owners are planniug to construct additional wet or dry st orage facilities in the near future. Rental charges for boat storage facilities vary considerablv, depending uponi location and other factors. Boat owners pay an average of about $15 per monith for mooring their boat at a marina dlock and about $13 per mnonth for covered dry storage of their boats. Preliminary analysis indicates that about 1,000 full-time and seasonal workers are employed by the 75 marinas under study. This total does not include employees of restaurants, boat repair shops, and other associated enterprises often operated by marina owners. The U.S. boating industry sold more boats last year than any previons year ias Americans spent more money for recreation and leisure. Alabama marina owniers indicate that they expect increased demand for their facilities and services this summer, and their optimism a p pears to be justifiable.

A zides fo r Co ntrolfling WVhite Mold and Beggarweed in Peanuts
R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA and P. A. BACKMAN
LSD, LSD5 559 676

Dept. of Botany and Microbiology

A

00

5 7'5

IS1

20

30

s are sxell-ki owni inhibitors of 1ba sic biological processes sulchi s res piiatiiiii thuis thes silo\\. atbroadi tilw' of liioloiiel ltcti5 it\ . Althlough their cffictis ictS against iienliatodes. fiiiigi, I).ti, antd \\-(,(CIs (ittie]- lilbol ators\ al'l "' Icic~lluse cond~litionis is 55 elI kitossl (,%\s lielil stnii(It hav e beeni conduicted. Iek ciise ofi th le t\trelnicel toxic- Illtiire of these coniipoits, inost field stuidies hme bteen basedl onl pre-einergence applic-atiutis. Wor k at the Wiiegrass Substation 11 (l1ii iiite 1971 and 1N72 Seasonts \\,ias (lisig) iii to explore tie possilbilit - of adIdiiig piotassiuim or sodium azide 1 )tstelnel gilice to pealillits to coiitrol xxbite iiiild. \Needs, aiid otilci factois that 111,1V ill ect disease dievelopmnent aiid 5 ield~.
/11)1

acre, 'Ilie grainil ated 0)iterial 55 is fir')1(cast ov er the pilots att earlisloiiiitg Fig. 3. Peanut yields in relation to poststage of pizimuts,6 dits after pilit cing emergence applications of potassium oxide. We ed p)opuilatit))ns \\eire determinied aI
her of' planlts Killed bix

(Itei itieil 1)1 utehcatlx

bvite 11)01(1 55' dur11iig tlt(' 'dea-

1\ I I IfI I1,"o 55lite ino)1(

I ItItS kill ed I Is f Ii p)IIIt It tciit'ralls decreased(( \\itl) ill

Test Results

Iih.ace lire 2. Sig., a . tis liihcr Yieldis of' pe'nnits 55 ire acities ed \vid r. tes of 15 11). acre and albove, Figur e 3.

Obsers itttit5 I sstik aftii ;tpplie:itmiil sitoss ed stutitlg or -ijilorosis of petittit pilan ts ti eated ssith the txs o hid test rates; .'Ionic hbitliibig'' of thte Teasves \vais ohservsed ssith the( 15 lb) acre rate. lII il cases, plants recovecied fromnt ftc hviatdifferences xxere apparelnt. Numii as of beggars'ed dcreasedi iisticallv at rates of 7.5 11). acie ori Iigheri - 1igiiie 1.
itt

Results of studies conducted du ring 1972 season gei enallY du1plicaited those obttajiied inl 197 1 for ss ced ;nid ssbite 1)101(1 conitrol. I'm sseed coiitrol,
the aplf~)icaitiont of pota.ssiuifl aviescaks liegg of .tandsodlil~in (Iso~ restted iill3

Test Procedure 1Dm igw tile 197 1 season potassmmil ,tzide \\ias apied at rates of 5. 7.5, 1V), 15, 20. antd :30 lb). of active iittteriai per

inticl mor~1e .stiikin.r resnlts thani in 1971,1 ats is shiiown ii) thte folloss ing: ?tlatcrial
Rate

(lb./A.) 1(0) ft.
645.0)

\VccJSl

Plants k, ed/
Plot n0.

Cotntroil Stidiir itidt 12
it0 15
til

Plot,no.

6i.2 0.2
2 .2

Julyep

LD505, 76 o34
LSD 0 0 -)40.06

lilssinsi

aiil

1A1 ipplicetlt ss is applied,

Studcies ill 1972
pc)tlit pecgs

timle tt

504040

%%]itell ;iiie

Iitteiaits \xili havse tto lie limited to tlie

Conclusions

LSDO 2LSD0
005

49 596

of atzitis applied il~t the eatrls blooingl Stage tof pealilits \\-its toleratedl 1)5 v , tiilt
30

0

5

75

0

)5

25

30 0 0 20 KN3 Ab/,)

KN(b /A

tn,, Oddlis, rtiliet exteilt tof, dilitge itild loss tf' feallut pilants ttilseti1 by ss iii'c

Fig. 1. Effect of potassium oxide IKN ) applications on number of beggarweeds in 1971 peanut test.

Fig. 2. Suppression of white mold damage to peanuts after postemnergence applications of potassium oxide.

utidld, pirsvided coniitrtd of 1l1ridat 1lggT x\V 1 and iresulteti inl sialniheolt inl1 ed,
creases ill pealilit \it'Itis.

xX E'TY YEARS'l AGOi abouit 60% of tOie cash receipts frtm fatr siles 1bx Alialitnma farmners \%-ias fromt cr ops. Ili 1972crtops accounitted for :35,5 of' cash fatim receipts. Fromi 1968 to 1970. crops %\(less than :301% of the total. This dce ii tt
ican that crops are nto lon ger inpoti~it iiAlabattia.

8 A~s 0

/

There has been a phenomenal increase in soybean acreage in Alabama since the 1950's.

700600500-

Total Iand n farmis inl Alaham at has ci decreased ril let sub s tani ail since N 5)). Tite 196i9 Census of Agiiltut c itt iicited at totalt of 1:3.7 illioin act cs it

400
952 1954 o6....... 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 t6 1970 1972

aris out of at total itreat of :32.5 tilion actes. Thuts, less thantiball of' the( State (42%) is iii farmn land that is the so ii cc of production for foodtilatiid fiber. ill 1950, there c xe 20.9 mnillion atcres Ii
fall-ms or 6-i" ofith tit,

tal hld

at ca.

Harvested

Cropland

hlars csted act citc ;1t Xi abima Ihas decreasedImoore print tittmtllx sinice 1950t) lua total hi iii J. H. YEAGER I itrins. ill 19)(j9. oilxj 2.7 utilliti iui wi5 Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology \\e classified axs cit) )ldl hlc~te551c 1 coitplare wc 5.7 ittilii tactes iii I195J, xith atcdeclinte of' mtte ttaim 50'_ in a 1)1 picl ('rai \c',tis. M thIotll sos I h l att tct ili u'tg of 20 xeatrs. AXcreatge iii pcrii a et tp,1c las i 11crctile almuost ctittsistc'ti s iIce Xxertgc xtils ofi c(Itlii iiitx hav totre increasecd ciing tis period xx hue tit( eristhx of, reciorcds a ttltiir ttttsp occreasedl sitnce the itt ix 19.50's. lleen, Os 1 acreatge ittx ood to iiOt farmsx deic' nll curtrcd frtit 1966O to 19c67 xxe iic't tc indcicatce the highiest ox c'rail iweric't'c \ 'ld creased. acciirclin to tltc Cetisus of AgtriA litun t acrea.tge' itncrc'se Txcc:3%,. A 1:3" . occire ill 19ic7 Iwxith .55 1 l). olf litt culture. icrease \\-axits aicie fin t 197 1 to I i)72 . Aithou, gI t the ox erallIacircage of h iar- pcer atcre xxhilce titc' lissest xx\sits i 19-:23 Almoiist 1 t. ihtit actes xxitc' pimttitc ill x\\ith 9:3 ill. of litit pe'r tci-c. hii 1972, it is xc'sted cr'Opla id inl Ala1bamiia dci ii( 1972 anthe iilicatei ctc'ac for 197:3 lii sit cc 1950). (it larger siz~e farms tit'tc estitmtatecd tha~t catsh rceceipts ft oti cotttoti, itxs Mat-cit 16 xxits fori 80,1000 ,icx. if \\ as atsit eatse. The filt-ins wxith 200) tir i ihclit ic associaitedc guse iitot'it c't it 1iSinlce tile l950's tlici-c ha~s ]lli li)til' itjits. xxecie tote tim~u S128 mtillioni. iMore acrc s of Iharvxestetd cropl .tt c illi idu'ticc tif altti tpxx ,t c triendc its Lisi' lrc' ctreased iit) t intihct' fri Vn 1950 tio m tic. Corn for Grain Also, att intcrease inlhitrxsetecl cropl itic it5 itilgTe s iehis xxere itt 1967 xxitli 27 ii Tlii e itcreage ofi cor harves i xcxted, 1iXc acreage ott[attn s opetatecd IwI part ;)\\,ii itt 1971 wxithi 26 hi. per ic'r. The it972 that.~t of cotto tilt i Alaama, ha i is ceiecc 1 ci'soccurred hcetxxeeni 19.5)) and 196i9 per itcrc'. xxits repoirtecd iitx 20) iti. tiell for iiatii x c'ars xx tli tlic' I cud hetig \\x]tile the htarvested croplancd acreage of rittlitt coiisistc'ntlx coitstisat c sinlce thec W\ith littic' ot tno trend tisxx rcl inl its ,'rige full oxwnters declined. latce I 930's atndc i 1940's. Iii 1972. at i icds. tiltill prtoclictil this' itlc-citsc' I 1i eat The Statistical Repor titng Serv ice oif total ofi545,000) ,ic is of coi t - (Trai ni ind IJISDA repots the total Itarx estecl icr.xxsir,t xarestec, oit oil].x, 22%, of tii ent Peanuts agre (exclttcitig duplicationts) of pint cipal crops. The 1972 figure foi- Alti .Xcrcagtr~ peilltuuts ltitrx of cstc'c ltits titit Priigi 's htits licc(it msacde ti tipiro\x bI tna \-t s 2,852 .100) acres. xwhlicht\xxias citotg'c gi eiti siici titi' tticlI950)s. iS ('t t iiiaera ge \eldc per acere. Its 'ooil bielows the 1971 hut ,itix ' the 197)) fir Stuilli' inicree~i occitrredi itt 19741 iltt 1 1971 int 1 1972 tileaveirigce x iid loii Owii c'rs. (loinpXi t t g theicse il ta for itclcag 1972. Yielhd per at c' ticteatxec retutat t'es Stiti xx 4.5 loit. pcrite its dccc.ordioig to tif' harxvestcec ctrops, attt 1 1% cdecitlin ck ablyi its tic' patxt [cxx \cars. TUse itigi iist tiic' recordcs. thecse' x ci c tilec highlest ax erI ipliori ,t i'ritge \icici pcer acrce x pllacce foit .ialxtiia xx hue the tcital U.S. itge icici c'xr i attiiecl itiiuwul Iic 2 ))7 us). ill 197)~1. Sinice 19""9, atscrillrrre figure clecr',usc'c 1%, frt oitl]\ 1I962 to S tittc' axt eage \ icici for 1967 \\-its 44 iii. 1972. Stitt(, , vichl hits hc'ettl5 v 160 (i1t)i. pcr pcr itcrce. ,ti c' c'tiul Yeaii. As it t esitit ii ittiPt is c
Cotton

The

crollpandl

TRENDS in CROP PRODUCTION in ALABAMA

\lathitina ait it id prducc iii otf, cc'uttiit cropls hIlvec ch'citl xi ii' others thecrec lids beent au increase ill Ilic Ipast 10 to) 20) \-ears. (.ot tit c the tii jot a cail crop,) dceclined mt ite titan (6t) ill atIcage sinice 1952 . TI lc tlt,tXimlttljl toitt acrea gc' Ii arx-estc'c ill Alitiilii \t , xx ill 1911 whe I ci 3,83.3,000 actrcs, or .tltiti ss
'rotal

lFoi this
necedc

i ('sol ti Ito others, liilr xwhtt li o gr ain foli- lixestcick atnd po)lttt xproiltictititi iltuc tilc hllxe dclc'isiiiii toi ptt

itrieased.

Siila1r ciiangties its decscribe ,ikc't place' ftor other cropls. Some~c

havcet txc

cdeficit ill gt .iti pi ullucticit coouiuues ittct cdxc' c'dct xeat.
Soybeans

!o

ci iips lltsc tlunnlst pi iiluctiout piucture.
ri t'xxcc iiiti'rcst.

iniorttc x atiistcd frointt tile' Ill ithicts theirec is
tice itsc'ri

Xilitugwi

sexveni timncs the 1972 at cage, xwax hat vested. Thte acreaige htas dcleinecd itlit

-

iiliki' cotti iii cotrn, titi' actree aic)i proiltiuitiout of' sos lldts lilts ' unlc'~ ph c't til i l in crca~ses ill thetc palst sex t

it cols' ,rclictittedi 115 cto til roduictioni is ofi icsxc't ttliigt ititlc'. ctrops cittititiic tos beic' sigitificlttt [piltt of' Alabamati lgtt-

cc11tlre.

GREEN CONTROL ON THE WAYTo Control Weeds, Regulate Ornamental Growth
KENNETH C. SANDERSON, Departm ent of Horticulture

Ti tit ttti,tx a ce nt mortte ',corcl tel eat lt., lietic-idet lotxx t lt , 111.\A ting, ctt tiltl i' pruitttg! scietec: ts o tilte 1)1ink otfi' u o anl aite tlltixe e ( E L N' . ( (WTIOL. Th "recit colttt (tI elod xx ill rixC oil le ttexx antd 1better clteticatls. T ltx~s teriatls xx6i] be atle to cotttro I ~ di) ~t2irxu I' t I p itit 'I x H ld d to I)Ixi

fa ster, cb eape r, ecolo gi cally safer, atid aestlictically bletter thah iX neitititial conitrol methods. 'Fie 1it\\v (N p chemicals \\ill r etardi at d disrutpt tli gi (lxxti of xveedx iixte(id

of killing tem. 1 is xxiii leaxve it limitcti
atolilt

tile gi -ect cov er doesit presen t a fire( t,',ad like (leadix\ectds. Ilt addition to tctttrollittg \Needs it) atreas in~accessib~le to
sx or

of cox

tI

to pie((Itt etoxioti,

at it

.500 p~~n Niagara~ 10[6:371 50t) ppm. Niagar a 101656 400tp.p.tt. attex iidttl 4)0) p~pt~i* atte 'vnicll tplctx1,000) p.p.tl. (:EPA .5,t000t jt.jp.t. I )P\ 1840 Silktree xx\as taniated hc all spriN s eCxept Niagatra 103656 atid 1DPX ISt). Ancx niidol, \Iaiwiaiii CF 125. _Nlatitttiit CF" 12.5 phis NIlI -30, and anievimidol plus (EPA taia~get1 tradishi and I ilrtlitigr gdlt . ppcatratiee of' plats 8 xxeeks fects, phiotos It mid 2.
Itt Apt ii 1971 aitit xxa isxpl ,txed xx i(i itl

-loe

jpt tllitig

c(plliprnlent,

thles(,

oA*

S[
h -,
-

oflexirale landscape l)miats xxiitlI tlp

w- .

~ ~~

litle or tttt iiiiits

effcctx. Potittiail chliiet for ar elt cotrol 111 cx e eet acxiitated ill giet dliittse at 1( hl tu odies b\ >\tllltrii Vtix, et xitx A.yri ultltital I'>.p rjlicttt .Skaiti.n li ma tat t il tested xxecl( ililiitix, rtil lts s affect plix siological Gr~ti ittliihitot 1 le x per1l tioitctttical procxese. taiitix after leaf, xtctlt, rotot, orl floxx er -t oxx tl ttd oftenl petrsist tlttottghlitt tile

Mix 1972, kldZti folloxx itig: phtix

ii

1.,9)) p.p.tn. Mait~in Cl' t25 :3,0177 ppm \I111:301 1-:30) :3,0771 ppm. _\l

2,00t)0
6 ,t t0

( P C
p

N iagittt 1637 9 (000) p.ptan. Niatgara 101637

chided mialeic lix dt axide (\1i1-:t)), iiioplit ims ( \lait taii CF' 125 a' id Itax Niagrai a .t56, Niaiutaii (CF125 alone or iti cttttliiia i 1021:3), Nhiaa a (37, tt d iDnPont i)PX 1840). tion xxitli Nil1-:30 ill CEPA cotntroliled Action of' gtoxx tl rttarditts ix tot teg,tox oi- to 8 xxeeks, phoito .3. o6(
1a,
pri.

x It's pt itlat\ te ixto tetnlplrarilxv itltott distot tiw. J1 crlaite platit heighlt xx 14 tlit plant. 'Trited xxti ,tcx nidtd ( Quel. A Hex), ) CIMIP I Phoxton ) . ciittimeiic qujiat (Cvcotcl '), and SADLI) tested is tltx lette conio I)Itt u Tih e ide cadll etliepfiot ( EP ). It has a xx inwe of' ('fects. tticltttitig dleath of terof shot ittti tll bitds ,ttid dixiiytittt argtl i. atiid silktit't( Nittiigglttt x t ,disit, eSpt S''Ci'lltiS 1)ltt P 2 ill. Lll xxet_( rtX (Cd tolloxs itig: xx0 et ',ch of tile a CF'125 .500)pp tt. \littaitt
xlslt(x.

lDveneltes and spt ,x xx eealtattt vs et oil fo(ttx Ia, a Ifist gtoxxiti g. ltx ii Slit photot 4. Spraysx of Niagra [06:37 til tidc liax er 101261:3 sex ereix dlixtortted tiexv (rroxx tlt Alic\ totdol, (EPA, xl ltat er I10261:3, midt Niagari 1016:37 xprmac ltt atti"x tttidol cdteticliex delat " ed floxxitte et Niest effeectix e itt emtaiollitig trotrll werxx e 2:3 [24.ilt. attN ttidod dt etch aind (6,000
hiete byx forsx [Ilda plati)ltilci

ts 5 xx etkx

ItrcatonctO

trealting, itt.
.2ek

59t) pvv~m

Maiittaitt CF 125 pis
N'l I :301
D)renchi 2:3 P 1.. alntttidl 2,4001 p.p.mv. (1131I' 1 1,806 tirtli.
Stpray

in tis

:31,619 p~pmi.

1. Morningglory treatments, left to right: untreated check, NIA 10657, DPX 1480, +-ethepon, NIA oncymidol, ancymidol 10637, and Maintain CF 125 - MH-30. 2. Radish treatments, from left: check, Maintain CF 125, ancymnidol, and ancymidol -ethepon. 3. Kudzu treated with Maintain CF 125 -+ MH-30, shown 6 weeks after treatment. 4. Forsythia untreated [left) and ancymidol treated (right).

2,500 p.p.tt.

106:37

SADII I

Chteck

AVAILABILITY Of adequate health HE services is an important factor directly affecting the quality of life for the entire population, whether rural or urban. If people who need health care are denied access to such services simply because the services do not exist in their particular geographic area, we cannot expect that area to develop or the quality of life enjoyed by its residents to improve. A national shortage of medical manpower and associated medical facilities is often cited as the major cause of the insufficient supply and inadequate delivery of health care services to rural areas. On a national basis, the doctorpopulation ratio is approximately 1 doctor for every 675 persons. From a facilities viewpoint, the national average is 205 persons per available hospital bed. These apparent shortages are intensified in many areas of the country because of the wide disparity in the distribution of these resources as compared to the population. Distribution problems are particularly prominent with regard to manpower. For example, the state of New York has 1 doctor for every 518 persons, while Arkansas and Mississippi have doctor-population ratios of 1 to 1,340 and 1 to 1,448, respectively. Alabama meets the national average with regard to the number of hospital beds available (205 people per bed), but falls far short of the national figure for available physicians. Alabama's 3.5 million people were served in 1972 by 2,776 physicians. This gives approximately 1,240 people per physician, or almost double the national average of 675 persons per doctor. Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate that there is also great variation of medical resources within the State. Figure 1 gives, by counties, the number of individuals per hospital bed. The figures do not account for the fact that many individuals could cross county borders and use the facilities of a neighboring county or state. Figure 2 shows, by counties, how physicians are distributed throughout the state with respect to the population. As indicated, Alabama is fairly well off with regard to the availability of hospital beds. Nineteen counties are better than the state and national average. Only 10 counties have more than twice the state average number of persons per available hospital bed and these are somewhat evenly distributed over the state. The only area of the state that seems to have a concentrated lack of hospital beds includes St. Clair, Shelby, Chilton, Coosa, and Elmore counties.

Health Resources in Rural Areas
WILLIAM E. HARDY, JR. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

manpower in rural areas and have initiated efforts toward solving the problem. Since it appears that very few new physicians will be moving into rural areas, these efforts are directed toward use of physician's assistants and other paramedical personnel. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and New Mexico are beginning to utilize the services of specially trained nurse practitioners. Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Utah, and Maine have limited programs based upon the skills of former military corpsmen. Such programs utilizing allied health 13F care personnel in medically needy areas appear to be realistic and entirely possible for the future. The ultimate success of these programs would depend on their acceptance by both the public and medical professionals. People must be willing to recognize that in many cases, a highly trained physician is not necessary for good medical care.
Fig. 1. Number of persons per hospital bed by counties, 1972.

Examination of the data illustrated in Figure 2 reveals that only 10 counties have a physician-population ratio which is better than the state average (1 to 1,240). Each of these 10 counties contains a city with population of at least 30,000 people. From the darker side of the picture, however, 41 counties have more than twice as many people per doctor as the state average. These counties are rural counties and their high population-doctor ratios indicate a general need for more medical personnel in the rural areas of Alabama. It is obvious from Figure 2 that doctors are concentrated in metropolitan areas. Unless present trends are reversed, many rural areas will be totally without medical personnel in the near future. Already, one county has no doctor. It appears that the rural family doctor is truly a thing of the past. Several regions of the U.S. have realized the severe shortage of medical

Fig. 2. Number of persons per physician by counties, 1972. 11

MICHAEL Dept.

A. DAVIS and

S. C. BELL

of Agricultural Economics and Rural Svciology

Wide h'ari tioils III C~osts aitid letiis of Grade A1111k ou P tioii
C
t rerset C it\SiA\rL) INi BIiASIMi. ittsr of 1rdcto Itllggitg prtobtlemi faiiog Alalih~tt fdtirx iiet its the\, stive foia rclasttti~ife 'ettirti. C osts x arv ssidelx aitoig ifairsittit. fioss ix ci, so theit( ildixidual produicer has some ctolt itst' expenrtstes. V atriatiotn itt bth costs lioti etutis shitoweci up ittia recent stttdf of 57 Al~iaita Gradte Ac tiairxmen. Thitixestira tioti, \it lit ikt't totitraitt wsith the Al abamina I)ai rx ( '0111 .ttssiotl xs (fi t'l(, i to iettriit it tcost,5,), i C'Iunis ioo id it[ iiiilk pro ditctiotn iti tlie State. Ditt x itiI i iitct sicxed \\crc' sclected ait ratntdom froml all ptrodutcers licenitsecd 1.\ the Cottmmission.s Intfori atfitto wxais gTained ott 1971 operatiot s for all typtes aintd
sizt's ofI dairies.

il itlt'd iii.CtCll1 (Otis Sal' 'S, xxCic alSO atdt'tt to ("ross re ceipts. lab or, antrimia a.eirieitt wa s Av erage oet i ciiiro to lato wi 8 1.56 per iwivt of' rilk sold. O perator aond I .oi labora xas chiatget iat ',)'175 petr liotr i td hired labor ait the( cost ie potrted 1)' thet fa.rmer. Wthen lalbor costs xxere sutitacteti, avetrag liet ret itri to lan d ai( Idin at ia gem ci it wxas (' per tO tcwt. of milk soltd. 19-heid IThe 57 milk pirodttcers wxerie tlx deti totittlt gTroups atctord inig to tcist of in ilk p rodu ction:t low, midd tle, at tt hiigt Cost giOtIPS. Those wvithi the lowest costs wxere assoi to be the tniost efficieint. Ax erage prodcltttioin per cowv aitd ntumbet of cowss per herd siosse a (etreasioir treitd from tlte lowx cost gtroup to tite et high ciost (grouip. IThese two fatictotrs seemed to lie the most itmportan t ones ittfluc(0 t'ii t os t of' produttioint Average hierdl size' andi produtctioni pet cow for tite three piroducer gi ouils we re as followss:

Produltcer groutp
L~ow cost MIiddile cost I IiftI cost

of cotiti 167

Ar Ii ootit on pier cow'i, lb). 9,550)

89

7,690t

losw Fix~ed costs Slshovc(i the ii'I ltest decret''(ase Irotill 1 i~r to tctst grouu. It itt asitig hictd sizc atid itteasing milk proditctiot pet co\\sCu cait ttted to tI is redut ced petr tunit cost b i tllttss it ig fixedl tosts ttt he spreadl over mtore voltume of milk. AII fatotrs ot cost per cwt. of mtllk sold xseelosser for the loss cost tl i t the Ihigh Icost grouip ot priutcers. Ese cit tgh thle ighi cost group itad higher gross receipts, thei r costs of produtctioni intore thIat)t off set the ittCtcasedilliitome. vT s, their n et i ct ut't to Ilandit, lalbor, an Inailtageii mnett \\-ias losser, 81)76 peir cw5t., its comtpatredC with $1.55 aold 8'2:39 lot the mitiddle itnit low cotst groiups. The~ high ctst gi ttl)p sliossed at 81.17 tettit i to lanld aitll m1alfnintt the tttls grotup wxith at negative figure. (:ltoss receipts wxere htighiest for the-Itigh ctost gi oiip, $8.2) pet' cwxt. tof milk p~roduced''. The middtle gtroup wxas sectitd it (ross of 87.61) per 87.85 aod the loss cost pr oducers receixved g cwt. IMagher blend price tof Gratde A milk wats the majo~r f actori cotr iltbutinttg to igheitt grtss ireceipt s fot- thle high tcost

HeIrtl size ofl the 57 datiries ax etaged 1:32 coxxs, wxith ax i age in ilk p odttttitti pert t'itx of 9,0t46 1I). pet star. Acs'tilge tiotal protitctiotn pet fa.itt atiootiteti to 1.2 mtillioni 1l). of'
ltxi'triged Trotal cost of pt mi t ttg miilk ooti t(t'57 t titis per' cxx t. soldl, btut the( xvariationi \sas frim $.5.:3 tot S I1I. I:3. Feed cost tf' 853.51 per tcxt. xxs islte maotr tcost ititit. att'cit it ig for 45% of tottal cotst. ltitltdetl itt this hiit' raitis. atli silaige rtopS. as xxeli its pir xxr ct' ost S of 1ic t'lasedl feed. Also cotiited iii total teed cost xwais expetnsc of feed for replaceimetnt hteifetrs, calxvCs. hulls, andt drv coxws. Operating costs of 68, pet cwxt. of' imilk stolt1 xxas the liii gest item in non feed xvariable tosts,. Thtis it cltttld x tt ci marv xtpeitse, supplies. hrcetiii fes. utilities, atiii equtipitiet t operting e'xpenises. Lahor t'ist of 851.50) per cxxt. \\its etwx ''iii hredl to 1Ittt failx'y lbor antd it( cipi all " t\i didtetl toilte folI altot 201% of tot al expeitnse'. t r Grioss r'ttt it pci't'wt. ttf' tiilk sold lhx tite .57 tltirx fat ttts r aviseritge pirice tof tix ratged 87.88. Tis xx\,its hiigheri tha Cm atte A itilk btecauise sat'( of t'till tos sbulls, litiers, atito ctilx is xx-its, italtidei. ithest' sales xxe(trC iticluttetd becautse cost of feecd fin i'eplat''cieit hieifers aid c'tlxves wxas counitecd as te 'nreceipts, xxhicht ant expe'ns('. thne iii iinvxentory 87.S2

I'iOiti

itit

l

i l

Gmttt s, 57 .Xx

ALAtIANIA

D)ASIRIES,

1971

tiagi' per c'wt.,

bty pittiltcr

l ox co st- NIiddlt costIii401) cost Gross receipts
Mitlk sal's----Ix i'stotc k sales -----

Other rect'ipts Costs Tta fixtedi
lletiinmis

-----

ff

Toi faiti., labior, aind Labl or coist
'No ctia
atices.

~r''(

fort lantd.

As trage laod used for daity was 321

Il J-I4
SHOWS POTENTIAL A
ail ,

m

1111 w

M 11

Of Il

l

ft

11

W. B. ANTHONY Dept. of Aninxot

anxd J. F, CUNNINGHAM, onc Doir> S6cin

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COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE of COMMERCIAL STRAINS of BROILERS to MAREK'S DISEASE
ROBERT N. BREWER and L. W. JOHNSON Department of Poultry Science

All birds that died during the 9 weeks were autopsied and the cause of death determined. Survivors were sacrificed and checked for Marek's disease lesions at 9 weeks of age. Results A summary of the findings are reported in the table. Although a few birds dying during the trial had lesions of Marek's disease, most of the positive birds were detected at 9 weeks of age. Line C (Auburn Leghorns) had a total of 12.5% Marek's disease by 9 weeks of age. This was about as expected for the amount of exposure encountered, and was similar to the levels of the disease seen in many broilers in recent years. The most resistant birds (9.6%) were those in Line C. These birds had lesions in the spleen, liver, skin, gonads, and kidneys. All other lines suffered much more from Marek's disease (19.2-24.9%), and had a wider distribution of lesions. In addition to the organs listed, heart, lungs, proventriculus, and nerves were involved in most of these lines. Of the 5 lines most severely affected, only line E had neural lesions. This range of responses indicates that these lines have considerable genetic variability affecting Marek's disease. Future work will include an analysis of specific blood types and their relative effects on Marek's disease. When these alleles are clearly defined, progress in selecting resistant stock can be speeded up. At present, vaccination of all broilers, replacement stock and commercial layers is helping to significantly lower the incidence of Marek's disease. It is believed that the development of genetically resistant parental lines combined with the vaccination program may well provide long range control of Marek's disease.

young, growing chickens characterized by lymphocytic tumors of the nerves, skin, muscles, and visceral organs. Although this disease was described in the late 1800's, the full effect of its devastation has been seen in broilers, mainly during the last 10 years. During this time Alabama broiler producers have suffered heavy losses due to Marek's morbidity and mortality as well as condemnation at the processing plant. Congested growing conditions, coupled with genetically susceptible breeder stock have contributed to the rapid spread of the disease. Reduction of economic losses from Marek's disease has been attempted by: (1) security management of breeders and broilers, (2) development of genetically resistant strains of chickens by population selection or blood typing, and (3) vaccination of breeder replacements and broiler chickens at 1 day of age with turkey herpes virus vaccines or whole turkey blood. Although alteration of management practices has not been successful as a control measure, selection of resistant lines of birds and vaccination have helped to bring the disease under control. Broiler producers have observed great variation in Marek's disease susceptibility among certain lines of broiler breeders and in broiler chicks from crosses of these lines. The research reported here was designed to determine the variation present in 6 of the more widely used broiler breeder lines and to use this information as a foundation for further 14

M

AREK'S

DISEASE

is

a

condition

of

identification of resistant and susceptible alleles, through blood typing and challenge. Procedure Approximately 200 chicks were hatched from each of 6 lines of primary broiler breeders as well as the Auburn Leghorn line (DAX). All birds were wing banded for identification and randomized into 4 large floor pens. These pens had been used in other experiments for over 1 year without new litter being added. The average incidence of Marek's disease by 9 weeks of age in birds grown in these pens had been about 20%. Management of test birds was similar to that used in commercial broiler operations. All birds were given infectious bronchitis-Newcastle disease vaccine in water at 10 days of age and were fed a commercial broiler ration throughout.

INCIDENCE OF MAREK'S DISEASE LESIONS IN SIX COMMERCIAL BROILER BREEDER LINES AND AUBURN LEGHORN CONTROLS'

Line Total Line birds A 193 B 193 C 198 191 D 193 E F3 182 G 184 111Total -LIIV .R 1 -1 CCIV~CCLV II~Vlr 1334 LI1~
STotal

Marek's disease Neg. Pos. Pos. No. 150 156 179 154 145 141 161 1086 No. 43 37 19 37 48 41 23 248 Pct.
22.3 19.2 9.6 19.4 24.9 22.5 12.5 18.6

1

2 + + + +++ + + 7

Organ having tumors 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 + + + + + 7 + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + 7

9

~ut + +
+ + + 7

clen~l+++++ a int~i+++++ ne+.++++e L+++++T oter+++++i floor

+ + + 3 + 2 2 1 +

mortality including survivors at 9 weeks of age. 21 = liver, 2 = spleen, 3 kidney, 4 - gonad, 5 = skin, 6 = proventriculus, 7 heart, 8 = lungs, 9 = nerves. SAuburn Leghorn controls.

are aware there are more people living in the State today than ever before. Changes can be seen in both the trends in geographic distribution of people and in the composition of population regarding their social characteristics.
M
OST ALABAMIANS

in number, there has been a marked increase in the density of population. Density increased from 46 to 68 persons per square mile during the past five decades. Composition Alabama has experienced considerable change in a number of characteristics important to the future development of the State. Each of these trends can be expected to continue through the current decade. Age. A gradual aging of the population has occurred over the past 50 years - from a median of 25 years in 1920 to 28 years in 1970. Whereas 46% of the State's residents were less than 18 years of age 50 years ago, now only 36% are. Most of the change is accounted for by the increased number of persons 65 years of age and older - an increase from 4% to almost 10%. Education. The number of years of schooling completed by Alabamians increased slowly from 1920 to 1950. However, dramatic change occurred during the last two decades. Median education increased by almost 3 years - from 8 to

Number

From 1920 to 1970 the population of Alabama increased by about 1.1 million to its present level of almost 3.5 million persons (3,444,165). Considerable variation in rate of increase existed in each decade. Economic and social conditions within the State and Nation directly affected both the rate of natural increase (surplus of births over deaths) and the rate of net migration (difference between the number of persons moving into and leaving the State). The largest increase of the 50-year period occurred in the decade of the 1920's. Nearly 300,000 persons were added to the State in this decade primarily because of a dramatic slowing of migration as a direct consequence of reduced economic opportunities in nonfarm employment. The decade of the 1960's showed the smallest increase ever recorded for Alabama except for the Civil War decade of 100 years earlier. The rate of gain during this decade was only 5.4%. This was considerably below the 13.3% recorded for the United States. Distribution Alabama has changed from an almost totally rural to an urban state during the past five decades. There were only 39 places with as many as 2,500 residents in 1920. Seventy-eight per cent of all Alabamians lived on farms, in the open country or in hamlets, villages, or towns. By 1970 the number of persons residing in rural areas had declined by 406,633 persons, while the number of urban places had increased to 123 and the number of urban residents by more than 1.5 million. The proportion of rural residents in the State has declined from 78.3% in 1920 to 41.6% in 1970. Wide variation existed in the ruralurban distribution of people within the 67 counties in 1970, see figure. Four counties - Jefferson, Mobile, Montgomery, and Madison - had more than 75% of their people residing in urban places. Fourteen more counties were over half urban in residence. On the other hand, 11 counties were totally rural and an additional 13 counties had fewer than 'A of their people residing in urban places. As Alabamians have gravitated to the cities and as the population has increased

.o = 25.1-50.0 = 50.1-75.o I = 75.1-100.0 Per cent of population classified as uirban in each Alabama county in 1970.

FIVE DECADES of CHANGE:
ALABAMA POPULATION - 1920-1970
J. E. DUNKELBERGER and C. L. VANLANDINGHAM Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

11 years. This change has not been equally experienced in rural and urban areas. Median education among urban people is almost 12 years (11.9) compared to a rural level of some 2 years less. Race. The proportion of blacks has declined from a high of 38.4% in 1920 to 26.4% in 1970. Fifty years ago black citizens were proportionately represented in both rural and urban populations of the State, although not proportionately distributed in all geographic areas. Today a higher proportion of blacks live in urban places. Less than 20% of farm residents and 24% of all rural residents are black. Labor Force. The proportion of Alabamians 14 years of age and older who

are either employed or seeking employment is less today than 50 years ago. Fifty-eight per cent of all adults were in the labor force in 1920 compared to between 51 and 52% for each decade since 1940. This stability reflects the counter balancing of two trends. Males now account for only 63% of all workers, rather than the 76% accounted for in 1920. Simultaneously the proportion of women has increased from 24% to 37%. It is apparent from this overview of the Alabama population that dynamic changes have occurred in the past 50 years which will have a long term impact on the State. Knowledge of these changes and trends is essential for planning to meet the needs of Alabamians in the decade of the 1970's.
15

1ozl Arrangemeint foI Cottofi
W. T. DUMAS Dept. of Agriculturol Enginee-rng

insect Control
F. R. GILLILAND Dept. Zoology-Entomology

T
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llex texteti xwete as f olit\\S

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ApRo101 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSIT, AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830 R. Dennis Reuse, Director PUBLICATION-Highlights Hf Agricultural Research 6/73 1GM Penalty for Privote Use, $300

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