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Y. Lin, X. Y. Wang
Magnetospheric Physics: Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions; Magnetospheric Physics: Numerical modeling; Interplanetary Physics: Planetary bow shocks; Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere: outer; Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere: inner
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Three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation of dayside dynamics associated with the quasi‐parallel bow shock
Y. Lin, X. Y. Wang
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011243, doi:10.1029/2005JA011243, bow shock, ion acceleration, whistler waves, Alfvén waves, magnetopause, mode conversion
PDFlib PLOP 2.0.0p6 (SunOS)/Acrobat Distiller 5.0 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT
2005-12-10T06:01:14Z
3B2 Total Publishing 6.06b/W
2020-06-18T12:53:06-07:00
2020-06-18T12:53:06-07:00
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/F4 1 Tf
12.6449 0 TD
0 Tc
(N)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 261.9212 728.5605 Tm
(p)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 268.4409 730.2046 Tm
[(is)-280.2(the)]TJ
-21.7587 -1.0996 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(number)-190.8(density)-193.4(of)-187(discrete)-195.8(i)-0.1(ons,)-186.8(and)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
14.2545 0 TD
0 Tc
(V)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 200.0125 717.5621 Tm
(i)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 203.9244 719.2062 Tm
0.1862 Tc
(=\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0712 0 TD
0 Tc
(N)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 221.3291 717.5621 Tm
(p)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 225.0708 719.2062 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.2721 0 TD
(N)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6688 0 TD
(\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.3231 0 TD
(V)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 244.8566 717.5621 Tm
(p)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 250.5259 719.2062 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(+\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8842 0 TD
0 Tc
(N)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 266.0598 717.5621 Tm
(f)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 268.044 719.2062 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.2721 0 TD
(N)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6688 0 TD
(\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.3231 0 TD
(V)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 287.8865 717.5621 Tm
(f)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 50.7968 708.2078 Tm
[(is)-484.3(the)-482.1(t)0(otal)-486.3(ion)-481.5(bulk)-486(flow)-479.9(velocity)55(.)-481.1(The)-482.6(electron)-488.8(fluid)-484.7(is)]TJ
0 -1.0996 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(assumed)-259.2(to)-250.3(be)-247.7(isothermal,)-260(w)0(ith)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 150.7464 674.7589 Tm
0 Tc
(T)Tj
6.3043 0 0 6.3043 155.6787 673.3983 Tm
(e)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 161.4614 674.7589 Tm
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0449 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(const)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
11.9476 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.384 0 TD
(4)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.5036 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 50.7968 651.6849 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(everywher)-10.5(e)-214.9(f)-0.1(or)-216.5(simplicity)53.3(,)-220.5(and)-212.6(thus)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
14.0788 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8218 0 TD
(p)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 204.8315 649.9841 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 210.274 651.6849 Tm
(=)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.7822 0 TD
(T)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 222.9732 649.9841 Tm
(e)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 226.2614 651.6849 Tm
(r)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8218 0 TD
(N)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6688 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(.)-214.9(Cases)-223.9(have)]TJ
-19.0325 -1.0996 TD
[(been)-461.4(performed)-458.9(for)-460.2(e)0(lectron)-460.5(t)-0.1(emperature)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
17.3095 0 TD
0 Tc
(T)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 228.8125 638.9857 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 236.6362 640.6865 Tm
[(=)-458.2(0)-452.2(or)-459(finite)]TJ
-18.5791 -1.0996 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(electron)-284.8(beta)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
5.3788 0 TD
0 Tc
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 109.474 627.9873 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 115.5401 629.688 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-276.9(0)0(.5)-99.1()-100.9(2)0(.0)-274.8(in)-278.7(the)-278.2(solar)-279.8(wind,)-278.9(while)-276.5(the)-278.2(solar)]TJ
-6.4726 -1.0996 TD
[(wind)-319.1(ion)-317.2(beta)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
5.8605 0 TD
0 Tc
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 114.2929 616.9889 Tm
(p)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 121.2094 618.6896 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-316.6(0)0(.5.)-314(The)-318.3(result)-9.8(i)-0.1(ng)-317.2(structures)-321.4(of)-317.4(the)-317.8(bow)]TJ
-7.0394 -1.0996 TD
[(shock)-234.5(and)-229.6(magnetosheath)-241.4(r)-0.1(emain)-234.3(unchanged,)-234.7(except)-236.3(that)-229.3(the)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
[(parallel)-259.7(e)0.1(l)-7.2(ectric)-258.7(field)-258.6(in)-255.9(kinetic)-257.9(Alfve)]TJ
14.2489 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[()-52.2(n)-253.9(waves)-260.9(cannot)-258.3(exist)-258.1(in)]TJ
-14.2489 -1.0996 TD
[(the)-204.5(case)-197.3(with)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
5.2654 0 TD
0 Tc
(T)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 108.3968 583.9936 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 113.6693 585.6943 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-197.6(0)0(.)-196.7(I)-0.1(n)-204(t)-0.1(his)-201.9(paper)-201.8(we)-199.8(show)-204.1(a)-197.9(case)-203(with)-203.3(a)-197.9(finite)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
-6.2856 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
(T)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 55.7291 572.9952 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 61.8519 574.6959 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(corresponding)-296(to)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.0224 0 TD
0 Tc
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 137.0267 572.9952 Tm
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 143.1496 574.6959 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-282.6(1)0(.0)-291.8(in)-284.4(the)-289.5(solar)-285.4(wind.)-290.2(The)-290(electron)]TJ
-9.2329 -1.0996 TD
[(flow)-253.3(speed)-257.9(is)-246.3(evalua)-9.6(ted)-249.8(from)-257(Ampere)48.1(s)-249.9(l)-0.1(aw)58.9(,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 135.6094 535.7479 Tm
0 Tc
(V)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.3043 0 0 6.3043 142.0724 534.444 Tm
(e)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 147.7984 535.7479 Tm
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0512 0 TD
(V)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.3043 0 0 6.3043 163.7291 534.444 Tm
(i)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 167.9244 535.7479 Tm
()Tj
ET
176.825 538.186 24.378 -0.34 re
f
BT
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 176.8251 541.8707 Tm
0.2229 Tc
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.0395 0 TD
0 Tc
(B)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-1.3849 -1.366 TD
(a)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6295 0 TD
(N)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1.5863 0.6861 TD
(;)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.4162 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.384 0 TD
(5)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.5036 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 50.7968 508.6487 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(where)-261.6(t)-0.1(he)-255.5(charge)-252.3(coupling)-258.6(constant)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
14.3169 0 TD
0 Tc
(a)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.8898 0 TD
0.2542 Tc
[(=\()247.5(4)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
1.6437 0 TD
0 Tc
(p)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5951 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 229.6629 513.0708 Tm
(2)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 233.4047 508.6487 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.2721 0 TD
(m)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 243.3259 506.9479 Tm
(i)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 245.3669 508.6487 Tm
(c)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 249.7322 513.0708 Tm
(2)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 253.474 508.6487 Tm
(\),)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8275 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6915 0 TD
[(is)-257.6(the)]TJ
-21.7814 -1.0996 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(electron)-233.8(charge,)-223.4(and)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
8.173 0 TD
0 Tc
(m)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 139.748 495.9495 Tm
(i)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 144.0567 497.6503 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(is)-229.3(the)-227.2(i)-0.1(on)-226.5(mass.)-233.2(The)-227.6(magnetic)-233.7(field)-230.4(is)]TJ
-9.3235 -1.0996 TD
[(advanced)-254(in)-256(time)-254(from)-251.4(Faraday)43.4(s)-249.9(l)-0.1(aw)]TJ
ET
141.959 461.65 11.168 -0.34 re
f
BT
/F8 1 Tf
9.0062 0 0 9.0062 141.959 465.3354 Tm
0 Tc
(@)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.5728 0 TD
(B)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-0.3903 -1.366 TD
(@)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5728 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7617 0.6861 TD
0.2749 Tc
[()275(r)53.9()]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
3.8524 0 TD
0 Tc
(E)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
0.6673 0 TD
(:)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
9.1212 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.384 0 TD
(6)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.5036 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 57.9968 430.8661 Tm
([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 61.2283 430.8661 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(13)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 68.2016 430.8661 Tm
[(])-698.3(The)-238.9(ion)-243.5(gyrofrequency)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
10.3324 0 TD
0 Tc
(W)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 178.7527 429.1653 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 184.8755 430.8661 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(in)-239(the)-244.2(solar)-240.1(wind)-245.4(is)-235(chosen)]TJ
-13.4044 -1.0996 TD
[(to)-358(be)-355.4(1.0)-354.2(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 94.9606 424.2897 Tm
0 Tc
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
(1)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 104.485 419.8676 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-356.6(corresponding)-364(to)-352.4(an)-355.4(IMF)-361(o)0(f)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
12.3558 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(10)-354.8(nT)72.3(,)-356.6(where)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
-18.4941 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
(W)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 57.9968 407.1684 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 65.1968 408.8692 Tm
(=)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9069 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(eB)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 84.6992 407.1684 Tm
0 Tc
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 88.4409 408.8692 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.2721 0 TD
(m)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 98.3622 407.1684 Tm
(i)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 100.4031 408.8692 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-339.6(and)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.3748 0 TD
0 Tc
(B)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 130.2236 407.1684 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 137.3669 408.8692 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(is)-348.3(the)-346.2(magnitude)-350.9(of)-345.7(the)-346.2(I)-0.1(MF)69.7(.)-345.2(The)-341(ion)]TJ
-8.6547 -1.0996 TD
[(number)-366.5(density)-363.4(is)-359.7(chosen)-364.4(as)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.9364 0 TD
0 Tc
(N)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 176.8819 396.17 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 184.2519 397.8708 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-356.3(12,000)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
4.0298 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 230.6267 396.17 Tm
(E)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 0.9183 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
(3)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 243.7228 397.8708 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(in)-363.7(the)-357.5(solar)]TJ
-19.2876 -1.0996 TD
[(wind.)-528.3(The)-528(solar)-529.1(wind)-523.1(ion)-526.9(i)-0.1(nertial)-534.5(l)-0.1(ength)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
17.8989 0 TD
0 Tc
(l)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 235.559 385.1716 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 244.5732 386.8724 Tm
(=)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0826 0 TD
(c)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.4421 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.2664 0 TD
(w)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 268.5543 385.1716 Tm
0.0001 Tc
(pi)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
0 Tc
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 283.3511 386.8724 Tm
(is)Tj
-23.2494 -1.0996 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(chosen)-302(to)-301.4(be)-298.8(0.1)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
6.9147 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 125.9716 374.1732 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 130.507 375.874 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(.)-299.9(Our)-302.3(previous)-298.9(2-D)-302.3(s)0(imulation)-306.2(i)-0.1(ndicates)]TJ
-7.9689 -1.0996 TD
[(that)-280.3(the)-278.2(r)-0.1(esultin)-10.7(g)-276.6(s)0(tructures)-281.7(of)-277.7(the)-278.2(bow)-283(shock)-279.9(are)-277.8(s)0(imilar)-280.4(f)-0.1(or)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
T*
0 Tc
(l)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 56.5228 352.1763 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 63.3827 353.8771 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-305.3(0)0(.04)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.9246 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 98.6456 352.1763 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 106.2425 353.8771 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(and)-308.9(0.1)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.3043 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 145.3039 352.1763 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 149.8393 353.8771 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(.)-305.5(Note)-314.1(t)-0.1(hat)-308.6(the)-306.5(A)0(lfve)]TJ
7.9689 0 TD
[()-52.2(n)-304.9(speed)-308.9(in)-307(the)]TJ
-17.8706 -1.0996 TD
[(solar)-336.4(wind)-341.8(is)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
5.5658 0 TD
0 Tc
(V)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 111.9685 341.1779 Tm
(A)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6046 0 TD
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 123.5905 342.8787 Tm
(=)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.8955 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 138.274 341.1779 Tm
(0)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 142.0724 342.8787 Tm
(W)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 149.2724 341.1779 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 153.0141 342.8787 Tm
(.)Tj
-9.4993 -1.0996 TD
([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 61.2283 331.8803 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(14)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 68.2016 331.8803 Tm
[(])-698.3(A)-313.6(total)-316.4(o)0(f)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
5.2484 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7765 0 TD
(3)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.8105 0 TD
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.0826 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(10)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 157.4362 336.3023 Tm
0 Tc
(8)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 164.296 331.8803 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(particles)-322.6(a)0(re)-311.8(used)-315(in)-312.7(a)-316.9(r)-0.1(un.)-315.7(The)]TJ
-11.347 -1.0996 TD
[(grids)-341.5(a)0(re)-334.5(uniformly)-342.8(distribu)-10.1(t)-0.1(ed)-334.8(in)-335.4(the)-340.5(north-south)-340(and)-337.3(east-)]TJ
T*
[(west)-298.7(coordin)-9.4(a)0(te)-295.8(directions,)-303.2(with)-299.7(a)-294.2(t)-0.1(otal)-299.4(of)-300.4(104)-296.9(and)-291.9(130)-296.9(grid)]TJ
T*
[(points,)-306.7(respectively)48.7(.)-299.9(Nonuniform)-313.1(grid)-301.3(spacing)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
18.6924 0 TD
0 Tc
(D)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6688 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6858 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(is)-303(used)-309.4(in)]TJ
-20.047 -1.0996 TD
[(the)-261.2(r)-0.1(adial)-258.2(direction,)-263.1(with)-260(a)-254.6(h)0(igher)-260(spati)-8.7(a)0(l)-256.7(r)-0.1(esolution)-263.4(from)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
22.6996 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6405 0 TD
(=)Tj
-23.34 -1.0996 TD
(8)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8672 0 TD
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 65.537 275.1874 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 73.7575 276.8881 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(to)-369.4(13)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5052 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 104.8819 275.1874 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 109.4173 276.8881 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-362.2(i)-0.1(ncl)-8.2(uding)-365.9(the)-368.9(r)-0.1(egions)-373.8(of)-368.4(the)-368.9(magne)-8.9(topause)]TJ
-5.8605 -1.0996 TD
[(boundary)-214.7(l)-0.1(ayer)27.3(,)-209.2(magnetosheath,)-218.2(and)-212.6(the)-210.2(bow)-209.3(shock)-7.8(.)-209.2(The)-210.6(grid)]TJ
T*
(size)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9044 0 TD
0 Tc
(D)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6688 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7538 0 TD
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.1392 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 101.2535 253.1905 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 108.6803 254.8913 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(in)-369.4(these)-374.5(regions,)-378.9(and)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.8928 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(1.3)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.2526 0 TD
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(l)Tj
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(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 231.0236 254.8913 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
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/F4 1 Tf
1.519 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7538 0 TD
0.3732 Tc
[(>1)373.3(3)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.3068 0 TD
0 Tc
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 282.8976 253.1905 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 287.433 254.8913 Tm
(.)Tj
-23.6574 -1.0996 TD
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T*
[(wind)-336.1(and)-337.3(the)-334.9(magnetosheath.)]TJ
0.7198 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 61.2283 221.896 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(15)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 68.2016 221.896 Tm
[(])-698.3(W)69.7(e)-328.3(assume)-334.1(that)-331.3(initially)-338.5(the)-329.2(uniform)-336.1(solar)-336.4(wind)-330.4(and)]TJ
-1.74 -1.0996 TD
[(IMF)-293(occupy)-289.1(the)-289.5(r)-0.1(egion)-294(of)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
10.6441 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6745 0 TD
0.2882 Tc
[(>1)288.3(0)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.1368 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 191.4519 209.1968 Tm
(E)Tj
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 195.9874 210.8976 Tm
[(,)-288.4(and)-286.1(a)-288.5(3)0.1(-D)-290.8(dipole)-294.8(field)]TJ
-14.5153 -1.0996 TD
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[(p)-10.2(l)-7.8(u)-10.2(s)-550.3(an)-553.8(i)-7.8(m)-12.3(a)-10.9(g)0(e)-553.8(d)-10.2(i)-7.8(p)-10.2(ol)-18(e)-549.3(o)0(c)-15.4(c)-10.9(up)-14.7(i)-7.8(e)-10.9(s)-550.3(t)-7.8(he)-553.8(g)-10.2(e)-10.9(om)-16.8(ag)-15.4(n)-10.2(e)0(t)-18.6(i)-7.8(c)-549.3(r)-6.8(e)-10.9(g)0(i)-18(o)0(n)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
(within)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
2.9189 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
0.3845 Tc
[(<1)384.6(0)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.3295 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 117.0708 187.2 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 121.6063 188.9008 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(.)-384.9(A)-387.3(transition)-391.4(l)-0.1(ayer)-386.5(\(with)-391.5(a)-384.9(half-width)-391.8(of)]TJ
-7.0791 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
(1)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 64.9134 176.2016 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 69.4488 177.9024 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
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-1.8647 -1.0996 TD
(at)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9465 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6178 0 TD
0.2315 Tc
[(=1)231.6(0)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.0291 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 92.8063 165.2032 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 97.3417 166.9039 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
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-4.6533 -1.0996 TD
[(of)-260.7(the)-261.2(i)-0.1(nitial)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
5.101 0 TD
0 Tc
(B)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.9239 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(field)-264.4(is)-263.3(usually)-261.4(required)-266.2(t)-0.1(o)-256(guarante)-9.5(e)-254.6(that)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
16.5273 0 TD
0.2606 Tc
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-22.5522 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
(B)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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-0.9862 -1.0996 TD
[(ions)-431(is)-427.7(assumed)-429.3(to)-431.7(be)-429.1(uniform)-432.5(and)-427.9(isotropic.)-434.1(For)-428.6(the)-425.5(i)-0.1(on)]TJ
T*
[(particles)-277.2(l)-0.1(ocated)-266.7(in)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
7.7592 0 TD
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(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6518 0 TD
0.2655 Tc
[(<1)265.6(0)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.0914 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 161.9149 121.2094 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 166.4503 122.9102 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-265.9(t)-0.1(he)-266.8(temperature)-275(i)-0.1(s)-269(assumed)-270.6(to)]TJ
-11.5623 -1.0996 TD
[(be)-338.4(several)-335.4(tens)-335.3(times)-339.5(the)-334.9(solar)-342.1(wind)-336.1(ion)-334.2(t)-0.1(emperature.)]TJ
0.7198 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 61.2283 100.9134 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(16)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 68.2016 100.9134 Tm
[(])-698.3(A)-438.3(massi)-9.2(vely)-441.4(parallel)-441.2(compu)-8.3(tation)-439.9(i)-0.1(s)-444.7(performed)-441.9(for)]TJ
-1.74 -1.0996 TD
[(this)-298.3(study)57.6(.)-288.5(I)-0.1(n)-294.7(t)-0.1(he)-295.2(simul)-10.1(ation,)-295.5(the)-295.2(solar)-296.8(wind)-296.4(flows)-299.2(along)-292.8(the)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
T*
0 Tc
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.7708 0 TD
(x)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7368 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(direction)-303.3(from)-302.4(t)-0.1(he)-300.8(frontside)-303.3(boundary)-305.4(a)0(t)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
16.4083 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6858 0 TD
0.2938 Tc
[(=2)293.9(2)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.1538 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 264.4724 77.2157 Tm
(E)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 269.0078 78.9165 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(.)-299.9(The)]TJ
-21.8154 -1.0996 TD
[(bow)-413.3(shock,)-409.7(magnetosheath,)-422.3(and)-405.3(magne)-8.9(topause)-411.8(form)-410.1(from)]TJ
T*
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25.1027 67.3109 TD
[(geomagnetic)-270.5(field.)-269.5(Outflow)-267.5(boun)-6.7(dary)-264.7(conditions)-272.5(are)-266.5(used)-264(at)]TJ
0 -1.0996 TD
[(the)-278.2(backside)-286.6(planar)-283.3(boundaries,)-285.4(corresponding)-284.7(to)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
19.877 0 TD
0 Tc
(x)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7142 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
[(=)-282.6(0)0(,)-276(and)]TJ
-20.5912 -1.0995 TD
[(the)-272.5(t)-0.1(wo)-269.3(semiconic)-279.5(boundaries.)-274(A)-274(perfect)-273.7(conducti)-9.9(n)0(g)-269.8(bound-)]TJ
T*
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/F4 1 Tf
16.3743 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.7141 0 TD
0.3335 Tc
(=4)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.7343 0 TD
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(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 496.1762 695.5652 Tm
(E)Tj
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 500.7117 697.2093 Tm
(.)Tj
-19.1629 -1.0995 TD
([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 312.2645 686.2109 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(17)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 319.2377 686.2109 Tm
[(])-698.3(Physic)-8.9(a)0(l)-449.4(quantities)-457.8(a)0(re)-453.5(normalized)-460.3(as)-453.4(follows.)-458.3(The)]TJ
-1.7344 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
[(magnetic)-533.9(field)]TJ
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6.4896 0 TD
(B)Tj
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1.1336 0 TD
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[(is)-535.4(normalized)-539.7(to)-533.7(the)-533.2(I)-0.1(MF)]TJ
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11.5057 0 TD
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(B)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 499.2944 673.5684 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 503.0361 675.2125 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-532.3(t)-0.1(he)-533.2(ion)]TJ
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[(number)-377.8(densities)-383.6(a)0(re)-379.9(normalized)-381(to)-380.7(the)-374.5(s)-0.1(olar)-381.8(wind)-375.8(density)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
T*
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 308.5228 651.5715 Tm
(0)Tj
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/F4 1 Tf
15.4391 0 TD
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 472.2518 651.5715 Tm
(A)Tj
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(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 480.529 653.2156 Tm
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[(,)-282.9(and)-280.6(the)-283.8(time)]TJ
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[(is)-286(normalized)-301.6(to)]TJ
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6.7447 0 TD
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(0)Tj
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-8.4167 -1.0996 TD
0 Tc
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4.4322 0 TD
(R)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 352.2897 629.5747 Tm
(E)Tj
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/F4 1 Tf
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(V)Tj
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(A)Tj
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(B)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 321.7322 618.5763 Tm
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-2.3578 -1.0996 TD
[(magnetic)-443.4(pressure)]TJ
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7.7932 0 TD
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 385.9086 607.5778 Tm
0.0001 Tc
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()Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 415.8991 607.5778 Tm
(0)Tj
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[(,)-435.9(and)-439.3(the)-442.5(t)-0.1(emperature)-445.1(i)-0.1(s)-439(i)-0.1(n)]TJ
-12.6789 -1.0996 TD
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(P)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 369.5243 596.5794 Tm
0.0001 Tc
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 377.0078 598.2235 Tm
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(/)Tj
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(N)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 386.4188 596.5794 Tm
(0)Tj
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([)Tj
6.9738 0 0 6.9738 312.2645 587.2251 Tm
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(18)Tj
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[(])-698.3(I)-0.1(n)-470.4(t)-0.1(his)-474(paper)-473.9(we)-471.9(show)-470.5(a)-470(case)-469.4(with)-475.4(the)-470.9(I)-0.1(MF)-468.7(cone)]TJ
-1.7344 -1.0996 TD
[(angle)-378.5(equal)-384.2(to)-380.7(0)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.6994 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
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[(,)-379.2(which)-380.9(results)-384.3(in)-380.7(the)-380.2(exist)-8.7(ence)-377.1(of)-379.7(quasi-)]TJ
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T*
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T*
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T*
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/F4 1 Tf
17.2528 0 TD
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(A)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 491.0739 532.233 Tm
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-18.9135 -1.0996 TD
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10.9987 0 0 10.9987 301.8897 490.3369 Tm
[(3.)-992.4(Simulation)-338.9(Results)-338.6(of)-337.9(the)-333.5(Quasi-Parallel)-341.5(Bow)]TJ
0 -1.0928 TD
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 309.033 462.3306 Tm
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6.9738 0 0 6.9738 312.2645 462.3306 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
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[(])-698.3(I)-0.1(n)-391.1(t)-0.1(he)-391.5(case)-390(shown,)-395.1(the)-391.5(I)-0.1(MF)-389.4(is)-393.7(along)-389.2(the)-391.5(Sun-Earth)]TJ
-1.7344 -1.0996 TD
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(B)Tj
7.5019 0 0 6.6677 349.9086 449.6881 Tm
(x)Tj
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 360.4534 451.3322 Tm
(=)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 375.7039 449.6881 Tm
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 382.9605 451.3322 Tm
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 406.9417 449.6881 Tm
(y)Tj
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10.0026 0 0 10.0026 417.5432 451.3322 Tm
(=)Tj
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 432.7369 449.6881 Tm
(z)Tj
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[(=)-356.3(0)0(.)-355.4(The)-352.3(solar)-359.1(w)0(ind)-358.8(i)-0.1(on)]TJ
-14.0958 -1.0996 TD
[(plasma)-460.4(beta)-459(i)-0.1(s)-456(chosen)-460.7(as)]TJ
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(0)Tj
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[(=)-458.3(0)0(.5.)-455.7(The)-454.3(solar)-461.1(w)0(ind)-460.8(flow)]TJ
-12.2935 -1.0996 TD
[(speed)-274.9(is)-280.3(assumed)-281.9(to)-273(be)]TJ
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9.4256 0 TD
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(V)Tj
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(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 408.6991 429.3354 Tm
0.2768 Tc
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/F4 1 Tf
1.3376 0 TD
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 427.5779 427.6913 Tm
(A)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0.6046 0 TD
(0)Tj
10.0026 0 0 10.0026 435.9117 429.3354 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(,)-271.5(corresp)-10.7(onding)-274(to)-278.7(a)-277.3(Mach)]TJ
-13.3987 -1.0996 TD
(number)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
3.3667 0 TD
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7.5019 0 0 6.6677 343.7857 416.6928 Tm
(A)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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[(been)-501.1(shown)-497.7(in)-499.7(our)-503.3(2-D)-500.6(s)0(imulation)-504.6([)]TJ
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15.6091 0 TD
(Lin)Tj
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1.3263 0 TD
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