2009 National Cotton Fusarium Wilt Report

December 2009

Agronomy And SoilS depArtment SerieS no. 304 AlAbAmA AgriculturAl experiment StAtion richArd guthrie, director Auburn univerSity Auburn, Al 36849

This reporT is a joinT conTribuTion beTween usDa-ars, crop science research LaboraTory, Mississippi sTaTe universiTy, Mississippi, anD The aLabaMa agricuLTuraL experiMenT sTaTion, auburn universiTy, aLabaMa

Information contained herein is available to all persons regardless of race, color, sex, or national origin

2009 NATIONAL COTTON FUSARIUM WILT REPORT

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2009 NATIONAL COTTON FUSARIUM WILT REPORT
Kathryn M. Glass1, William S. Gazaway2, Katheryn Lawrence4, and Edzard van Santen 3
Advisor III, Natl Res. Programs and Professor, respectively, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, AL 36849 2 Professor Emeritus and Extension Pathologist/Nematologist/Associate Professor, Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 36849
1,3

Cotton cultivars and elite breeding lines submitted by 10 cooperators were evaluated for Fusarium wilt resistance under field conditions at the E. V. Smith Research Center, Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Alabama. These entries were grown on an Independence loamy fine sand highly infested with the Fusarium wilt fungus (Fusarium oxysporum) Schlect. f. vasinfectum [Atk.] (Snyd. & Hans.) and southern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita.). In 2008, a soil analysis for nematodes revealed that southern root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) was the predominant nematode species in the test plots. The North Fusarium wilt field plot contains a population of M. incognita that ranges from 155 to 1546 J2 per 150 cc of soil with an mean of 711 J2. The populations in the South Fusarium wilt field are lower with a range from 77 to 1004 J2 per 150 cc of soil and a mean population of 378. Other nematode genera present are stubby root (Trichodorus sp.) and stunt (Tylenchorhynchus sp.). Root-knot nematodes, however, appear to be causing the major damage to cotton in the Fusarium Wilt Test as indicated by the high galling indices found on the roots of all cotton lines. The root-knot nematode population throughout the entire test area, i.e., even the areas with the lowest root-knot nematode populations, is more than sufficient to cause a high incidence of Fusarium wilt. Cotton lines submitted to the Fusarium Wilt Trial were examined to determine their response to both pathogens the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) and Fusarium oxysporium f. sp vasinfectum (Table 2, page 10). The field has a long history of root-knot nematode infestation. Plots consisted of 1 row, 20 ft long, with 36 in row spacing and were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All plots were maintained throughout the season using standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Three plants per plot were removed on July 22. The fresh root weights were recorded and nematodes were extracted from the root system by shaking in 0.6% NaOCl counted under the inverted microscope. Fusarium was aseptically isolated on acidified potato dextrose media from systematic plants removed July. Data was statistically analyzed by GLM and means, compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. Monthly average maximum temperatures from June to October were 90.1, 86.7, 87.1, 81.2, and 70.1 °F; average minimum temperatures of 66.7, 66.4, 66.9, 64.6 and 50.2 °F. Total rainfall amounts from June to October were 1.1, 5.5, 4.2, 4.6, and 6.5 in. The total rainfall for the growing season was 21.9 in.

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The 2009 season, environmentally, was conducive for the root-knot nematode and Fusarium wilt pathogens. The numbers of root-knot nematodes increase in all the cotton samples submitted. The standard susceptible cotton, Rowden, averaged 1150 root-knot J2 and eggs per gram of root while the M-315 resistant cotton supported 460 root-knot J2 and eggs per gram of root. Lonren 1 which was released as a reniform nematode resistant genotype, supported root-knot nematode numbers in between the susceptible Rowden and resistant M-315. Nematode juveniles and eggs extracted from the root systems for all the submission ranged from a high of 12,483 in PHY-MM1 to a low 242 in DJ-5. The reproductive potential observed varied widely from highly susceptible (PHYMM1, PHY-FB2, PHY-FB7, FB-5, CW-1, FB-2, PHY-MM2) to low susceptibilities (DF-5, Dj-2, PHY-MM3, CW-5) depending on the cotton submission. Re-isolation of the Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum was conducted to confirm the presence of the disease pathogen. The fungal pathogen was not found in the resistant M -315 cotton but was readily isolated from Rowden and Lonren 1. Over all the cotton submissions planted in 2009, 76.25% were colonized by F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Entries were planted in single 20-foot rows on 36-inch centers, separated by 6-foot alleys. Four replications of the test entries and checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with a split plot restriction on randomization. The set of eight test cultivars submitted by a cooperator was always evaluated as a group together with two control plots within each replicate. Both susceptible (Rowden) and resistant (M-315) cultivars were included as check subplots in the two center rows of each main plot (Fig. 1). Lack of mositure delayed planting on May 20. Initial plant counts were made on June 26. Wilted plants were counted and removed on July 14, July 29, August 12, and August 26. The remaining live plants were counted and recorded on September 17. Total percent wilted plants were then determined and mean wilting for a given entry calculated. The average % wilted plants for the susceptible check Rowden was 75%, with a range from 23 to 97% on an individual plot basis (Fig. 1). Wilt development was quite uniform in all blocks with rep averages ranging from 17 to 19%. The resistant check M-315 had an average of 2% wilted plants, with a range of 0 to 13%. Critical evaluations of breeding lines should be made relative to the Rowden check listed at the bottom of each group.

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Fig. 1. Field plot layout and % wilt for control plot of Rowden (susceptible) and M-315 (resistant). DisChecks tances (ft) from the SE corner of the trial are given in the left hand column and the bottom row.
NS 234 80 Rowden 4065 90 208 Rowden 4025 4 182 M-315 3085 7 156 M-315 3045 6 2 M-315 4066 2 M-315 4026 83 Rowden 3086 84 Rowden 3046 88 75 Rowden 4075 86 Rowden 4035 0 M-315 3095 0 M-315 3055 1 2 M-315 4076 1 M-315 4036 49 Rowden 3096 49 Rowden 3056 81 88 Rowden 4085 1 M-315 4045 0 M-315 4005 74 Rowden 3065 49 13 M-315 4086 88 Rowden 4046 80 Rowden 4006 0 M-315 3066 2 76 Rowden 4095 73 Rowden 4055 69 Rowden 4015 0 M-315 3075 84 8 M-315 4096 8 M-315 4056 3 M-315 4016 74 Rowden 3076 3 M-315 3036 68 Rowden 2096 72 Rowden 2056 1 M-315 2016 0 M-315 1076 0 M-315 1036

8 rows

8 rows

8 rows

8 rows

130

M-315 3005 4 M-315 2065 88

Rowden 3006 85 Rowden 2066 1 M-315 2026 0 M-315 1086 77 Rowden 1046 76 Rowden 1006

M-315 3015 2 M-315 2075 1 M-315 2035 0 M-315 1095 79 Rowden 1055 2 M-315 1015 54

Rowden 3016 97 Rowden 2076 69 Rowden 2036 69 Rowden 1096 2 M-315 1056 72 Rowden 1016

Rowden 3025 96 Rowden 2085 1 M-315 2045 92 Rowden 2005 71 Rowden 1065 57 Rowden 1025 84

M-315 3026 0 M-315 2086 86 Rowden 2046 0 M-315 2006 1 M-315 1066 0 M-315 1026

Rowden 3035 0 M-315 2095 2 M-315 2055 70 Rowden 2015 66 Rowden 1075 23 Rowden 1035 114

104

78

Rowden 2025 73

52

Rowden 1085 3

26

M-315 1045 8

0 EW

M-315 1005 24

Page 1

8 rows

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Table 1. Percent wilted plants for entries and check in each replicate, least squares estimate of the average, P-value based on Dunnett’s versus the resistant check M-315, and initial average number of plants per plot.

Entry

Cultivar/Line

Rep1

Percent wilted plants Rep2 Rep3 Rep4

Avg. no. Avg. P-value of plants 66 78 71 85 77 75 63 74 81 62 75 57 66 76 73 68 63 72 84 68 76 74 74 42 57 67 59 73 73 57

O. Lloyd May, Delta and Pine Land Co., 381 William Gibbs Rd, Tifton, GA 31794 101 LM-1 12 19 34 32 24 0.013 102 LM-2 15 15 57 40 35 0.005 103 LM-3 6 19 11 27 15 0.035 104 LM-4 27 23 25 6 20 0.020 105 LM-5 5 3 2 9 5 0.188 106 LM-6 19 4 15 57 24 0.012 107 LM-7 5 17 0 27 11 0.056 108 LM-8 21 14 4 17 14 0.038 Rowden 69 72 81 90 77 <0.001 M-315 0 2 1 2 1 Dawn Fraser, Monsanto Company, P.O. Box 1529, Hartsville, SC 29550 201 DJ-1 7 12 1 1 202 DJ-2 11 15 10 17 203 DJ-3 33 16 16 9 204 DJ-4 5 4 9 17 205 DJ-5 26 4 7 6 206 DJ-6 6 1 2 17 207 DJ-7 8 12 16 15 208 DJ-8 14 4 4 7 Rowden 66 92 74 73 M-315 0 0 0 8 5 13 19 8 11 7 13 7 76 2 0.140 0.023 0.006 0.061 0.033 0.087 0.022 0.087 <0.001

Curtis Williams, Delta and Pine Land Co., 381 William Gibbs Rd, Tifton, GA 31794 301 CW-1 13 7 1 0 4 0.325 302 CW-2 14 40 10 14 19 0.015 303 CW-3 28 12 33 29 26 0.005 304 CW-4 5 10 14 8 9 0.116 305 CW-5 11 42 16 30 25 0.006 306 CW-6 1 11 25 1 9 0.105 307 CW-7 20 2 19 6 12 0.057 308 CW-8 32 14 14 23 20 0.012 Rowden 73 85 88 88 85 <0.001 M-315 0 4 6 1 3
†

The number listed in the average column is the estimate of the average wilt percentage based on a generalized linear mixed model with the binomial distribution for fixed effects. This estimate will generally be close, but may or may not be identical to the arithmetic average obtained by averaging the numbers in the columns representing the 4 reps.

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Table 1. continued

Entry

Cultivar/Line

Rep1

Percent wilted plants Rep2 Rep3 Rep4

Avg. no. Avg. P-value of plants 0.122 0.268 0.013 0.027 0.115 0.013 0.241 0.036 0.001 67 74 64 67 70 75 66 46 79 61 80 84 81 69 70 77 75 66 88 66 70 73 61 77 78 78 59 62 86 60

Dawn Fraser, Delta and Pine Land Co., P.O. Box 1529, Hartsville, SC 29550 401 DF-1 10 8 13 0 8 402 DF-2 6 5 4 0 4 403 DF-3 48 25 8 18 26 404 DF-4 15 25 8 31 19 405 DF-5 9 13 9 2 8 406 DF-6 27 1 43 26 26 407 DF-7 8 4 0 2 4 408 DF-8 2 32 24 16 17 Rowden 23 68 49 76 53 M-315 0 0 0 8 2 Frank Bordelon, PhytoGen Seed Co., LLC, P.O. Box 27, Leland, MS 38756 501 PHY-FB1 3 4 5 3 3 502 PHY-FB2 5 9 2 27 10 503 PHY-FB3 4 11 12 4 8 504 PHY-FB4 8 6 2 12 7 505 PHY-FB5 5 1 6 3 4 506 PHY-FB6 15 15 18 6 13 507 PHY-FB7 3 0 0 3 1 508 PHY-FB8 16 3 4 14 9 Rowden 71 96 49 75 73 M-315 1 0 2 2 1

0.188 0.024 0.043 0.066 0.158 0.013 0.440 0.035 <0.001

Daryl Bowman, University of North Carolina, 3709 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27607 601 NC1 0 0 4 3 2 0.497 602 NC2 5 0 6 5 4 0.260 603 NC3 6 5 19 4 8 0.096 604 NC4 13 12 32 5 15 0.028 605 NC5 16 3 20 3 10 0.070 David Weaver, Auburn University, 201 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5415 606 AU 1065 43 5 10 4 14 0.033 607 AU 1327 11 10 4 0 6 0.166 608 AU 3202 43 19 5 3 15 0.030 Rowden 77 97 83 80 85 <0.001 M-315 3 2 4 0 2

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Table 1. continued

Entry

Cultivar/Line

Rep1

Percent wilted plants Rep2 Rep3 Rep4

Avg. no. Avg. P-value of plants 38756 1 0.834 35 <0.001 1 0.886 4 0.571 3 0.698 13 0.045 38 <0.001 5 0.444 79 <0.001 4 5 5 20 16 5 28 42 16 67 1 0.166 0.173 0.024 0.034 0.181 0.012 0.004 0.036 0.001 68 88 75 74 69 78 85 78 96 55 76 71 55 69 63 62 91 70 67 54 58 12 24 27 81 88 91 72 91 62

Mustafa McPherson, PhytoGen Seed Co., LLC, P.O. Box 27, Leland, MS 701 PHY- MM1 5 0 0 0 702 PHY- MM2 22 35 34 49 703 PHY- MM3 0 1 1 0 704 PHY- MM4 0 0 3 11 705 PHY- MM5 4 1 3 2 706 PHY- MM6 20 7 13 10 707 PHY- MM7 19 37 37 59 708 PHY- MM8 16 2 0 1 Rowden 76 69 84 86 M-315 8 1 7 1 Fred Bourland, University of Arkansas, P.O. Box 48, Keiser, AR 801 FB-1 8 4 8 802 FB-2 5 1 0 803 FB-3 41 29 2 804 FB-4 9 14 21 805 FB-5 1 7 6 806 FB-6 21 32 33 807 FB-7 61 64 13 808 FB-8 15 40 3 Rowden 72 88 49 M-315 2 1 0 72351 1 14 10 24 6 23 33 8 69 3

Brent Styles, Bayer Crop Science, 4205 Williamson Road, Wilson, NC 27893 901 MS-2 0 9 3 3 3 902 MS-3 13 2 3 8 7 903 MS-4 4 8 15 11 9 904 MS-5 4 16 38 8 17 905 MS-6 6 21 8 0 8 906 FS-1 2 1 5 10 4 907 FS-2 2 0 0 6 2 908 FS-3 10 7 4 4 7 Rowden 57 86 84 88 79 M-315 0 1 3 13 4

0.539 0.267 0.136 0.016 0.115 0.417 0.771 0.213 <0.001

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Table 1. continued

Entry

Cultivar/Line

Rep1

Percent wilted plants Rep2 Rep3 Rep4

Avg. no. Avg. P-value of plants 0.143 0.148 0.004 0.191 0.011 0.055 <0.001 67 70 85 81 44 68 55 85 60 54

Brent Styles, Bayer Crop Science, 4205 Williamson Road, Wilson, NC 27893 1001 TP-4 6 4 2 5 4 1002 TP-5 13 1 1 3 4 1003 TP-6 25 21 21 20 22 1004 TP-7 13 0 1 0 3 1005 MB-3 13 32 1 13 15 1006 SC-3 0 14 0 13 7 1007 TL-6 50 48 32 49 45

David Weaver, Auburn University, 201 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5415 1008 Lonren 1 46 20 32 42 36 0.001 Rowden 79 70 74 80 76 <0.001 M-315 2 1 0 2 1

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Table 2. Least squares mean root knot number per gram of root fresh weight, root fresh weigh in grams, and presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in the tissue of five plants per plot. The data were lognormally distributed, hence 90% confidence intervals are given for each entry rather than an overall standard error.
M. incognita per gm root Entry 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 Cultivar LM-1 LM-2 LM-3 LM-4 LM-5 LM-6 LM-7 LM-8 Rowden M-315 DJ-1 DJ-2 DJ-3 DJ-4 DJ-5 DJ-6 DJ-7 DJ-8 CW-1 CW-2 CW-3 CW-4 CW-5 CW-6 CW-7 CW-8 DF-1 DF-2 DF-3 DF-4 DF-5 DF-6 DF-7 DF-8 Mean 402 462 1303 588 1501 593 1753 1174 783 224 354 211 1020 278 642 654 589 508 2837 423 899 449 342 819 804 1437 1189 357 503 1028 204 468 1772 237 95% CI (140, 1148) (161, 1320) (456, 3728) (206, 1683) (525, 4294) (207, 1696) (613, 5015) (411, 3359) (274, 2241) (78, 641) (124, 1012) (74, 605) (357, 2917) (97, 795) (224, 1836) (229, 1870) (206, 1685) (178, 1454) (992, 8115) (148, 1210) (314, 2571) (157, 1284) (119, 977) (286, 2344) (281, 2299) (502, 4110) (416, 3401) (125, 1020) (176, 1439) (359, 2939) (71, 583) (164, 1338) (620, 5069) (83, 678) Rank 12 15 63 23 67 25 74 57 32 3 9 2 48 6 26 29 24 18 80 13 41 14 8 35 33 65 59 11 17 50 1 16 75 5 Root fresh weight [g] Mean 1.3 4.4 2.9 2.5 3.3 2.8 1.1 3.0 2.4 1.4 3.3 1.6 2.2 4.9 4.4 2.6 2.7 3.2 2.6 2.6 1.7 4.7 3.3 2.5 2.9 2.7 1.6 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.6 3.9 2.6 3.6 95% CI (1.1, 3.1) (2.1, 8.1) (1.1, 6.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 6.1) (1.1, 2.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 3.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 4.1) (2.1, 9.1) (2.1, 9.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 3.1) (2.1, 9.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 6.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 4.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 8.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 7.1) F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Present YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

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Table 2. continued
M. incognita per gm root Entry 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 Cultivar PHY-FB1 PHY-FB2 PHY-FB3 PHY-FB4 PHY-FB5 PHY-FB6 PHY-FB7 PHY-FB8 NC1 NC2 NC3 NC4 NC5 AU 1065 AU 1327 AU 3202 PHY- MM1 PHY- MM2 PHY- MM3 PHY- MM4 PHY- MM5 PHY- MM6 PHY- MM7 PHY- MM8 FB-1 FB-2 FB-3 FB-4 FB-5 FB-6 FB-7 FB-8 Mean 1227 2370 1452 1010 1178 232 2747 1506 1041 989 518 313 578 1635 749 928 2818 356 876 522 1244 1155 819 1632 1028 913 1169 911 643 1102 95% CI (429, 3510) (829, 6779) (508, 4152) (353, 2889) (412, 3368) (81, 663) (961, 7858) (527, 4308) (364, 2977) (346, 2829) (181, 1481) (109, 894) (202, 1652) (572, 4678) (262, 2141) (325, 2655) (985, 8060) (125, 1019) (306, 2507) (182, 1492) (435, 3559) (404, 3303) (286, 2342) (571, 4668) (360, 2941) (319, 2612) (409, 3343) (318, 2605) (225, 1840) (385, 3152) Rank 60 77 66 47 58 4 78 68 52 46 19 7 21 71 31 44 82 79 10 40 20 61 54 34 70 51 43 56 81 42 27 53 Root fresh weight [g] Mean 2.7 2.1 4.2 4.6 3.8 2.3 2.4 3.9 1.9 1.7 2.4 1.4 2.5 3.1 1.4 2.0 1.7 2.7 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.5 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.7 2.5 3.1 3.3 1.4 2.1 95% CI (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 4.1) (2.1, 8.1) (2.1, 9.1) (2.1, 7.1) (1.1, 4.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 7.1) (1.1, 4.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 4.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 2.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 4.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 3.1) (2.1, 6.1) (2.1, 7.1) (2.1, 7.1) (2.1, 7.1) (1.1, 5.1) (2.1, 6.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 3.1) (1.1, 4.1) F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Present YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES

7693 (2690, 22003)

3192 (1116, 9130)

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Table 2. continued
M. incognita per gm root Entry 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 Cultivar MS-2 MS-3 MS-4 MS-5 MS-6 FS-1 FS-2 FS-3 TP-4 TP-5 TP-6 TP-7 MB-3 SC-3 TL-6 Lonren 1 Mean 945 826 824 1611 845 648 1658 727 1682 845 1027 1376 1155 1245 1874 585 95% CI (331, 2704) (289, 2363) (288, 2356) (563, 4607) (295, 2416) (196, 2148) (580, 4741) (254, 2081) (588, 4810) (295, 2415) (359, 2938) (481, 3935) (404, 3304) (435, 3562) (655, 5361) (204, 1672) Rank 45 37 36 69 39 28 72 30 73 38 49 64 55 62 76 22 Root fresh weight [g] Mean 3.6 5.9 3.8 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.0 4.0 3.3 2.1 3.3 3.1 5.2 5.6 3.8 4.3 95% CI (2.1, 7.1) (3.1, 11.1) (2.1, 7.1) (1.1, 6.1) (1.1, 6.1) (2.1, 7.1) (2.1, 6.1) (2.1, 8.1) (2.1, 6.1) (1.1, 4.1) (2.1, 6.1) (2.1, 6.1) (3.1, 10.1) (3.1, 11.1) (2.1, 7.1) (2.1, 8.1) F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Present NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES