.... w. BULLETIN NO. 18. NEW SERIES. e uliu~aI jprint ric OF THE taiou9 AgricltraI .aod MechanicaIColIege AUBURN, ALA. - - - - IAUGUST, - 1890. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS. MONTGOMERY, ALA. 137 Board of "Visitors. . HON. J. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENTSTATION: [ON. J. G. GILCHRLST.... HON. R F. LIGON B. MITCHELL. Board of Direction. W. L. BROUN................... ............ President. and Agriculturist. J. S. NEWMAN................Director N. T. LUPTON GEO. ...... .................. ...... P. 'H. ME LL .................... Vice-Director and Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist. ................... F. ATKINSON......... ... ......... Biologist. ASSISTANTS: [SAAC JAS. CLAYTON Ross. .1st Assistant Agriculturist, in charge of Live Stock & Dairy. ...... ........... Second Assistant Agriculturist. ._..... ......... J. T. ANDERSON, Pa. D .. L W. WILKINSON, M. Sc................ :. ..... P. L. HUTCHISON, B. Sc A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. ............. Third Assistant Chemist. Assistant Botanist. ................... 138 CONTENTS. PAGE. Weather and temperature signals. ..................... Table exhibiting history of weather work with names of observers .......... ... .. ....... 5. Tables of temperatures at certain stations supplying several years continuous observations 6.1 Tables of rainfall data from certain stations giving several years observations .. ................................. 7. Diagram showing for the entire State, the maximum, minimum, mean maximum, mean minimum, and average temperatures of the air, extending over periods of to 21 years..........31 8. Years of drought and wet years.....33 9. Heavy rainfalls per day...............7 10. Wet months..38 11. Dry months ... ................ .......... ... .......... ,12. Destructive storms..... ... .......... ..................... 13. Tornadoes in Alabama, by Lieut. J. P. Finley .. ...... 14. Map; track of tornadoes................................... 1. 2. 3. 4. Meteorological records available ...... History of weather work in Alabama ... ..... 5 8 .10 13..1 20 2 15. Remarkable cold winters and warm 16. 17. summers. ......... 38 39 42 49 51 ....... 18.19. 20. 21. Years of good crops and years of poor crops.................... The winds of Alabama..,..............,.................53 Diagram showing the annual average the four 53 seasons. ..................... soil -direction . of the wind for 57 Some general conclusions .... ....... ....................... Meteorological summary for the State......................... Appendix ; temperatures. 59 62 69 . .... ........ 22. Diagram showing average temperatures of soil for each month in 1889. Also maximum and minimum temperatures of the atmosphere during the same period, at Auburn ...... 73 139 CLIMATOLOGY OF ALABAMA. [Compiled from Meteorological Observations taken from 1811 to 1890, including General Phenomena from 1711 to 1890.] P. H. MELL. METEOROLO1ICAL RECORDS AVAILABLE. The earliest systematic work of collecting meteorological data in Alabama was under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institute, about forty years ago. Prior to that time a few observers reported at irregular intervals to some of the agricultural journals the reading of thermometers and rain gauges, and in many issues of the papers of that early time frequent references were made concerning the general conditions of the weather and the effects produced on the crops. In the preparation of this bulletin careful examination has been made of the following publications, from which much valuable data have been collected: Southern Cultivator, Soil of the South, Country Gentleman, Farm and Home, Southern Field and Fireside, Smithsonian Institute publications, Patent Office Reports, Signal Service Reports and Bulletins of the Alabama Weather Service. HISTORY OF THE WEATHER WORK IN ALABAMA. Great credit is due Prof. Joseph Henry, late Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, for the encouragement he extended to meteorological observers before the signal service .ssumed' charge of the system. His earnest pen and liberal use of the means at his disposal for many years, kept up a more or less regular series of observations, compilations of which were published from year to year in the Patent Office Reports and Transactions of the Smithsonian Institute. In 1870 when the entire system was transferred to the chief signal officer he established two stations in the 141 State, one at Mobile and the other at Montgomery, that were place in charge of signal service men. Until 1880 these two stations were the only regularly organized services that existed in the State. In 1880, however, the chief signal officer placed a set of maximum and minimum thermometers and rain gauges at a number of railroad depots in charge of the agents, who were compensated to keep up regular observations during the crop seasons, and telegraph the same to the central stations at Mobile and Montgomery for the benefit of farming and commercial interests. A number of voluntary observers kept up their work and sent year after year monthly reports to the chief signal officer. In February, 1881, a meteorological station was established at Auburn by the authorities of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. In 1884, by the solicitation of the chief signal officer, Auburn was made the central station of the Alabama Weather Service; and in March of that year a bulletin was issued containing data from twenty-two voluntary observers. In a few months the number of observers was increased to forty-five. From that date until the present time the State service has been in successful operation, and much valuable material has been collected through the patient and constant service of these earnest observers. During the first two years there were many difficulties to contend with. in placing the service on a firm basis; and doubts were frequently entertained by outside parties whether the service would last very long. There was no money with which to pay the expenses of publication of bulletins and to purchase the necessary instruments for the use of observers. Immediately upon the organization of the service the State Commissioner of Agriculture was urged by the Director to receive the manuscript of the bulletins each month and publish them as part of the transactions of the Department. This he finally consented to do. This trouble having been surmounted the effort was now made to secure first-class and uniform instruments for the stations. This was not successfully accomplished until the chief signal officer in 1888 kindly consented to lend to the State a sufficient number of maximum and minimum ther142 mometers, exposed thermometers and rain gauges to equip one station in each county. Up to this time observers furnished their own instruments. In February, 1885, the Commissioner of Agriculture withdrew his support, and the publication of the bulletins was transferred to the printing office of the College by the special enactment of the Board of Trustees. At the present time the system is on most excellent footing and is doing most efficient service to the people of the State. A bulletin is issued at the end of each month and special weekly bulletins, during the crop seasons, on Saturday mornings indicating the effects of the weather on the crops. At irregular periods special bulletins have been issued upon some meteorological subject, written by experts. In the reports that have been sent to the central station during the past five years we find not simply dry figures, but they also include much that is interesting concerning the planting and reaping of crops; the occurrence of frosts and damages resulting from floods; much concerning the health of the people of the State affected by sudden changes of the atmosphere; the passage of cold waves ; flight of birds ravages of insects and great storms. Alabama has the honor of inventing the present system of signals for indicating the changes of the weather twentyfour to forty-eight hours in advance. This system was first introduced in the State in September, 1884, a year or more before it was finally adopted by the chief signal officer for the entire United States. The cold wave flag did not belong td the Alabama system; it was taken from the system in use by the chief signal officer at the time. The flags adopted for this purpose are four in number, and are of the form and dimensions indicated on following page, (8): 143 8 C 'E C T A.1 A.labamna 'Veather AUBURN, ALABAMA. Service, EXPLANATION OF SIGNALS. No. 1. . White Flag. No. 2. Blue Flag. No. 3. Black Triangular Flag. No. 4. White Flag with black square in centre. Clear or fair weather. Rain or snow. Temperature signal. Cold wave. Number 1, white flag, six feet square, indicates clear or fair weather. Number 2, blue flag, six feet square, indicates wain or snow, Number 3, black, triangular flag, four feet at the base and six feet in length, always refers to temperature; when placed above numbers 1 or 2 it indicates warmer weather; when placed below numbers 1 or 2 it indicates colder weather; when not displayed, the indications are that the temperature will remain stationary, or that the change in temperature will not vary four degrees from the temperature of the same hour of the preceding day. Number 4, white flag, six feet square, with black square in centre, indicates the approach of a sudden and decided fall in temperature. This signal is not to be displayed unless it is expected that the temperature will fall to forty-five degrees, or lower, and is usually ordered at least twenty-four hours in advance of the cold wave, When Number 4 is displayed, Number 3 is always omitted, When displayed on poles the signals should be arranged to read downward; when displayed from horizontal supports a small streamer should be attached to indicate the point from which the signals are to be read, INTERPRETATION OF DISPLAYS. No. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. No, 2, alone, indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature, No. 1, with No, 3 below it, indicates fair weather, colder, TNo, 2, with No, 3 above it, indicates warmer weather, rain or snow, No, 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, cold wave. No,*3, with Nos, I and 2 below it, indicates warmer, fair weather, fol lowed by rain or snow, .f'Communications in reference to the display of signals and symbols should be addressed to P, H, MELL, Director. AUBURN, ALA, 144 t Table . EIxhiitng the .H Date of Closing Station. Story of Meteorological Work Character of Observations. in Alabama. Names of ULNTY. STATION. .- ~i W of SOpening S Station. .~Date Observers, and Authorities Reporting to. tuga [win ... 31U 55 15 8 Union Springs.. 31 50 Greenville. 33 50 Jacksonville 32 56 La Fayette. 325 Butler. . .. 32 52 Clanton. Centre....... 34 40 33 20 Lineville. Edwardsville.... 33 44 )Urne 34 40 rert.. Fuscumbia. 31 25 ecuh . Evergreen.. 31 15 ington .. Luverne. 31 45 ashaw.,. 31 26 Clintonville. 31 21 Newton.... 32 10 Las .. Carlowville. 32 25 Selma ......... 32 22 Cahaha.... 32 24 Orrville. . 34 30 Valley Head... 34 2 wah Gadsden.. 32 33 lore.. Wetumpka.. ' rette Fayette C. H . 32 42 e e ... Boligee.... . 32 46 Eutaw........ 32 46 33 2 aene.... .Knoxville,.. )our . ock.. per... noun ., mbers . otaw.... ton.... rokee.. Eufaula. . Prattville. Fish River. Bon Secour. Ft. Morgan. 32°28' ..... . 30 23 87 51 .... 860 29' n5 iaib. 86 36 532 86 36 85 42 85 24 8812 86 36 85 37 85 42 85 29 87 42 87 45 87 45 86 20 85 54 85 35 87 15 87 0' 87 10 87 6 85 30 86 2 86 2 87 48 87 88 10' 54 87 52. Prof T J Lamar, J B Wilkinson, W F Mims, *S.W S 190 rune, 1884 Jan. 1886:rainfall and temperature ............... 17 Jan. 1867 Sept. 1868 temperature only, and broken..........W. J. VanKirk, Smithsonian Institute. temperature.........................W. J. VanKirk, Smithsonian Institute. 1867 1866 Tan. 1835 3July, 1843:rainfall and temperature; broken......Smithsonian Institute. minim, temperature Capt. F. Kolb, Jas. Milton, S. W. S. Mar. 1884 ~.ug 1887. rainfall, maximum C. H. Franklin, James Grady,S W S J. ........ 450 Jan. 186 Still .open.:rainfall and temperature ...... rainfall, max. and min. temperature.....Cotton Belt Station, Judge J. K Henry, S. W. S. 3Oct. 1887 450 April, 1882 J. G. Ryals, jr., Prof. J. I. Chapell, S. W. S. May, 1886 rainfall and temperature...P 653 June, 865 July, 1884 EApril, 1886,rainfall and temperature...............Dr. W. B. Trent, Prof. G. 0. Willet, S. W. S. 1889 3still open. rainfall, max and minimum temperature. 3. F Gilder, S. W. S. .Jan. 596 Mar. 1884 Sept. 1885 rainfall and tamp; (dry-bulb).........W. B. Stewart, S. W. S. 729 Jan. 1685 iStill openj rainfall, mar, and. min. temp; (dry bulb).hos. Bradford, S. W. S. Prof. G. W. Alexander Beck, S. W. S. .Jan. 1886 Aug. 1886 rainfall and temp, (dry bulb) ........... 1884 Oct. 1885 rainfall-and temp, (dry bulb)..........Capt. J. M. K. Guinn, B. B. Bridges, S W S. .Jan. L. B. Thornton, S. W. S. 468 April, 1882 Still open- rainfall and dry bulb................Col. .. May, 1884 Still open. rainfall max. and min. temperature .... Cotton Belt Station. Mar. 1889 Still open. rainfall, max. and min. temperature. .M4. D. Jones, S. W. S. J. 0. Sen tell. W. I. Funidaburk, S . W. S. . June, 1889 Still open.jrainfall, max. and mmn temparature .. R. A. Clements, S. W. S. June, 1884 April, 1886 rainfall, temperature, (dry bulb) ........ rainfall, max and min temperature..P F Mangum, jr., C L MoCartha, C P Atkinson, D Mar. 1884 ;May, 18881 Killebrew, S W S. 400 June, 1856 Dec. 18741rainfall and temperature, (dry bulb)... H. I. Allison, M. D., S. Inst. 236 Jan. 1858 Still open. rainfall axed temperature, broken......... SKJ'ennings, C F Fahs, B H Riggs, Miss V A Hunt, [W D Dunlap, S W S. .3 months in 1859 temperature and direction of wind....Dr. Mathew Troy, S. Inst. Dr. S K Jennings, T A Huston, J A Coleman, S I. 1859-60 rainfall and temperature. ............ 200 5 .months 1058 June, 1885 Still open.j rainfall., max and min, dry bulb temp.... Dr. E. P. Nicholson, S. W. S. May, 1884 Still open. rainfall, max and min temperature...D. P. Goodhue, S. W. S. 18851rainfall, max and min temperature... A. E. Reese, S. W. S.. ... June, 1884 Nov. ...... T. P. McConnell, Daniel Collier,. S. W. S . Still open.1rainfall max and mmn temp.. July, irainfall and temperature, (dry Col. Horace Harding, S. I. .. 1860 rainfall and temperature,. (dry bulb) .Prof. 1852 I A. Winchell, S. I. 1851 ,observations made on direction of wind.. Smithsonian Institute. & L Moultrie, R. 1884 Stevens, S 0 fin '1884 bulb)..... Greensboro. 32 42 ....... Green Springs.. 32.47 Havana.......32 52 ...... . Newbern. 32 41 son .... Scottsboro. 34 45 arson... Birmingham.... 33 32 1erdale . Florence.......4 48 recce... Moulton......4 27 ........ Auburn........'2 40 Opelika.......32 38 ...... ... May, 1824 June, 1825 rainfall and temperature from dry Dr. S. K.. Jennings, Dr. T. C. Osborne, S. T. 220 Jan. 1855 Still open. rainfall and dry bulb thermometer. R B Wailer, N T Lupton, J A Wright, M H Yerby 250 Jan. 1854 July, 1885 rainfall, max & mmntern, bar. humidity.. Dr. Henry Tutwiler, J. W A. Wright, S I & S W S. 300 1853 Dec. 1869 rainfall and dry bulb temperature. Dr. Henry Tutwiler, Dr. S. K. Jennings, S. I. .directionwind and cast of the sky. Smithsonian Institute. of the S.4pril, Aug. 1889 rainfall max and mm temperature. 1882 Cotton Belt Station. J. E. Wailer, WV1. Sommerville, C B S and S W S. 600 Sept. 18841 St11 open. ;aijfall and dry bulb Prof. J K Powers, J W Miler, C W Ashcroft. S W S 563 Jan. 1849-=till open. rainfall dry bulb temperature . 643 1859 1868 rainfall, dry bulb, barom. relative humidity Prof J Shackelford, A J Harris, J Peters, A D Hunt 826 Jan. 1854 Still open. r'f. soil ter. m & m tembar. ter.& solar rad Prof Darby, P H Mell, H Lamar, W D Dunlap, A C Jan. 1867 Still open, rainfall, max and mm, dry bulb tem. J. H. Shields, Miss Shields, G. Lyons. [Dunstan. 52 ~stone. Elkmont. ... D. J. Moore, S. W. S. ... Feb. 1889 Still open. rainfall, max and mm temperature. 1849 1851 rainfall and temperature (dry bulb).. udes .. Benton. Smithsonian Institute, Dr. C. F. Percival. May, 1884 Still open. rainfall, max and mintemperatures Cotton Belt Station. Ft. Deposit. 31 59 86 36 Sept. 1884 Still open. rainfall, max and mm Mt. Willing. 32 7 86 44 W. M. Garrett, S. W. S. son.... Huntsville. ......... 32 45 86 40 690OJan. 1831 Aug. 1877 rainfall and temperature U. S. Post Hospital Reports. ;6 ... New Market.... 34 54 86 27 809 Jan. 1888 Aug. 1889 rainfall, max and mmntemperature. Dr Geo. D. Morris, S. S. 87 52 ... April, 1882 Oct. 1883 rainfall, max and an temperatures. .ng.... Demopolis. 32 31 Cotton Belt Station. hail.... Guntersville. 34 24 86 15 July, 1889 ;till open rainfall, max and mm J1. Baker, S. W. S. .le..... Citronelle... 31 7 88 12 150 July, 1888 Still open rainfall, max and mi temperatures. Dr. J. G. Michael, S. W. S. obile..... 41 88 2 35 Jan. 1840 Still open rainfall, dry bulb, max and mn, bar.... Dr. S. B. North, J.J.Nicholscn, L.B. Taylor, Sgt. S.S. Aug. 1840 Still open rainfall, max and mm temperatures.. ...... VLt. V. Barracks. 31 12 88 2 U. S. Post Hospital reports. 1866 ... . pr.Hill College. 30 42 81 1 . rainfall, dry bulb temperuture........ Rev. A. Carnette, S. Inst. oe.... Monroeville ... 31 32 87 28 150 Mar. 1819 Nov. 1855 rainfall, temperature, (dry bulb). S. J. Cumnming, S. Inst. .. Feb. 1886 Still open rainfall, max and min dry bulb Bermuda. 31 43f 87 12 Win. Fowler, S. W. S. gomery .Montgoamery 23 86 18 219 Mar. 1849 Still open rainfall, max and min dry bulb, baro.... tev. J. A. Shepherd. Foster and Sgts. of S. S. an,.... Trinity........ 34 38 87 3 875 Mar. 1884 April 1887 rainfall, temp from dry bulb -...... Prof. Joseph Shackelford, S. W. S .Marion........ 32 38 87 26 430 Oct.. 1873 Still open rainfall, max and mmn, dry bulb teamp Prof. A. D. Smith, D. Thos. S. W. S., C. B, S .. Uniontown-... 32 28t 87 30 .. April, open rainfall, max and mim, bar , soil temp W. H. Newman, S. W. S. . ns. July, 1884 S'ill open rainfall, max and mmn dry bulb temp... Judge M. L. Stansel, S. W. S. [douer, S. W. S. Carrollton ... ry ... 33 14 88 3 85 54 450 April, 1872 Dec. 1889 rainfall, dry bulb, max and mmn [I. C Bailey, J. W. Morgan, J. M. Dill, Jos. -Wal85 23 Aug. 1884 Mar. 1886 rainfall and dry bulb temp .... . G. W. Stevens, J. P. Shaffer, S. W. S. olI .... I Ft.ank..to3 Mitchell.... 32 301 85 2 July, 1836 Sept. 1837 rainfall .. .. ..... ..... .. Smithsonian Institute. . Oswichee .. 32 151 85 Dr. W. C. Whitaker, S. W. S. 521 86 20 .. Ashville...33 .. an. 1857 Dec. 1857 temperature Baker, S. Inst. IThos. y .. 86 31 502 April, 1882 July rainfall, max and mmn C. L. Candler, Cotton Belt station. . Columbiana..33 151 86 36 April, Still open rainfall, max and mim temp ..... Smithsonian Institute, W. D. Lovette, S. WV. S. er ,... Coatopa ............ II ainfall ......... temperature. UYUL\ and ...... VU~Y~IVI ,Smithsonian Institute, ~) S. K. Jennings. Dr. VV r-- I'-LVYLVV li~V ~~ W. S. stands for State Weather Service; S. I. stands for Smithsonian Institute; C. B. S. stands for Cotton Belt Station. . .. . Erie B. ...... 32 48 87 87 87 87 87 85 66 87 87 85 85 86 31 35 46 36 35 58 37 45 25 30 25 56 buib.. W temperature. I temperature. temperatures. A4. W. .. 32 temp... t 15 1882 Still I Dill, temp... lair. Calera.......336( NSTOTE-S. 18 73 1887 ................ temp............ li. uurv\rrJ 12 Before entering into a discussion of the climatic features of Alabama it is thought best to cull and mention in this place some of the most interesting data from the large mass of material collected by the observers mentioned in the preceding list. The following classification has been made as a matter of convenience : 1. Temperature data from some stations furnishing several years continuous observations. 2. Rainfall data from stations giving several years observations. 3. Years of drought and wet years. 4. Destructive storms. 5. Remarkably cold winters and warm summers. 6. Years of good crops and years producing poor crops. 7. The winds of Alabama. 148 13 1. Temperature data from some stations furnishing several years continuous o1servations. AUBURN. TEMPERATURE. 1855.. 1856. 42.9849.553.064-.471.477.780.179.176.562.956.7 48.9663.6 . . 1857..1881.... ...... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 51. 38.4 39.8 49.2 50.6 61.7 72.8 79.1 X0.7 78 53 54 58 "56.3 65,267 77.574.775.971.761.650.5 76.3 69 3 53.4 50 41.4 48.8 42.9 46.3 10 93 .. -19 14 62.4 . 48.1 56.6 50.9 64.2 69.57.5.8 59.7 72 1885.... 1886.. 72.476 75 78 83 43.4: 42 49 4 63.3 68 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... Means .46 44.6 42,0 47.153.7 62.4 70.2 76 57 * 47.2 52.8 54 2 76 90 78-4 72.162. 254..7 46.1 63.6 9 46.3 54.7 62.5 70.176.180.7 77.6 74.8 62 3.53.1 57.8 62.7 55.264.674 .77.5 77-878 '976 77 75.069.354 . 67 9 54 8 50 2 53 19 94 3 62.8 61.8 .. 74. 60 45.5 60.8 92 93 67.171 64.3 52.3 77.7 71.7 61.7 55 97 96 12 17 '4 9, 9816.5 *,The records 50.753'6,61.270.5,76 79 78 .9 74.3 64.2 53.8 47.8 62 81 were destroyed by fire June 27th, 1887. CARLO WILtE. TE~MPERATURE o *. .) ~ .. .~0 1856 1857 38.86 1858 57.72 47.62.59.28 66.04 70.39 76.30 81.70 79.14 72.62 70 57 45.63 48.3164.36 1859 42.96 56.25 64.74 61.48 74 14 78 96 87.08 81.5174.33 63.69 62.63 49.65 66.03 9615 ... 103. 1860..............87.00 1867 4&65 56.63.57 10 65.50 70.93 80.63 81.03 80.50 77.38 67.32 57.80 55.7 565.35 1868 45.03 50.48 62 59.3153 2058 1169.74 78.98 77:93 7924 75.05 61.64 52.40 55.19 63.30 . 78.9383.3882Q0674 6066-7656.2845.46 .. 9810 9625 9524 3066.45 72.43 80.98 80.93 79.00 75.5565-0052.2844.83 64.61 10014 5381 9073.65 60.35 53.38 47.40 64.51 9827 9615 96 8 1869 51.28 50.28 57.50 65.28 72.00 78.60 82 187149.15 55.68 59.78 66 187050.9850.2552.9562.6575.1877 65 82.23 82.00 75.13 66 63 54.98i44.28 64.58 '9812 1873 43.15 00006... 75610.30 5 3907 5 1875 47.2 52.4 56.30 62.20 75.20 81.20 84.30 77 421600 . . 42.07 49.10 53.92 75.55 79.25 80.90 81 05 76.78 64.58 51.75 45.97 64.08 9618 64.59 74.1178. 1874 50.4 54.7 61*90 63 2074.5081.8083.4082.2078.2068 .5059.40 51.30 67.47. 821872 68.00 52.6154. 32 .52.5 5570.6379.9583..2382.6372.8867-9055.42,19-926.6.14: 89 81.5780. 28 74.70 62.48 53.7550.17 64.22 187656.8 65.10. 54.4(058 90 71.70 79.40 81.70 80.70 75.80 65.50 1877 48.5 49.2. 54.60 61.40 71.20 83.50 83.90 81.40175. ... ....... . .. .... 90 53.60 r5 9819- Me's 47.8 52.7 57.3 64.3 72.7 .74.3 88 2 80.7 75 .1 65 7 55.0 48.9 65.2.'.. 149 GREENSBORO. TEMIPERATURE. 33 . c3 d34 0 0 :6 3 z 43. 0 a) 1855. .33 1856 79.9 52.7 56.0 67.6 75.6 1857 37.3 57.5 5 57.3 64.0 70.9 75.6 1858 50.6 45.55 1859 44.8 54.2 56.3 62.4 72.4 76.8 1860 56.2 62.8 68.7 78.6 1861 45.5 50.3 5 1862 53.3 50.5 78.2 77.9 1863 1864 1$65 .1866 1867 1868... 1869... 1870 50.0 1876 45.39 50.47 56.16 61.90 70.31 7692 . 64.0 76.0 76.0 1884 ... . 1885 44 44.9 51.0 65.7 69.0 79.0 1886 39.4 48.0 57.2 63.6 71.0 76.1 1887 45 59.4 58.0 66 3 72.0 66.3 71.6 78.0 1888 46 53 1 1889 47.1 45.2 55 5 63 70.7 76.9' 55.5 63 ~"M 22 14 32.6 74.6 30.0 78.5 81.6 76.6 724 77.7 70.7 77.6 73.2 66.3 59.7 64 9 60.8 54.3 52 3 50.5 61.1 14.8 55.0 63.1 57.1 42.5 63.0 79 2 77 2 74.5 83.2 80 0 63 9 63 8 54 0 64 6 47.0 52.8 46.4 179.31 80.6 78.9 77.3 61.97 52 6047.21 68.5 49.7 61.5 55.0 47.0 70.0 54.4 45.9 82.0 79.4 71.6 61.9 60.3 81.7 77.9 74.8 64.7 53 7828 72.22 78 8 76 7 80.2 75.0 77. 5 77.7 62.7 62 8 63.2 65.0 6-1.5 5.6 M'f. 45.7 508 71.6 77.3 79.8 78 6 73 9 64.0 54.3 48.9 63.6 GRIEENE ulrr rL-l 1-4 5.4 5.4 04. )114; SPRINGS. Q' U2317 TEMPERATURE. T''Q iidi a3 13'i3 43 43 49 23 0 C) Z 0 42.8661.9 63.26 60.11 43.83.. 1854 13.94 56 36 72.57 80.23 80.16 79.19 82 1775.00' 61.8061.60 17.72 65.65 103 1 1855 17.63 1856 35.30 47.00 56.48 67.79 73 37~79.70, 81.19 78 .87 73 .6"7 64.83 53 39 62.87 102 8 1857 3583 61.27 50.57 55.28k69.54 76 17 76.24 78.28 72.42 53.4357 32 50.1861.21 92 1858 50.11 43.74 56.37 63 1970.50'76.50 79,32 78 08 73.90166.2344 14 51.69 62.81 95 22 1859 47.91 53.46 57.97 61.71 73.30 77.17 78.70 77.80 77.41 60.21 57 09 42.92 63.47. 61.5349 70 42.75.... 100 1860 83.70 1861 43.35 7 .0 35 . 3778 61. 95 51. 93 44.02 ... 03 1866 97 76.17 62.59 66.88 76.30 79.1: 7S.6876.84 63.69 55.30 .53.65 63.65 94 19 1867 42.66 54.16 5:3.98 1868 12.71 48.13 60.68 64.78 68 43'77 55 79.45 77. 3173.2 61.37 46 83 42.86 61.93 97r10 1869 47.92 17.84 52.65 60.50 68.15 75.78 80 45 80.6371.23 56.06 49.38 14.08 61.14 98 20 1870 17.60 47.53 57.10 59.36 68.85 75.44 79.46. 80.2173 80, 63 .65 52 .1.2 42.38 61.76 95 9 1871 46.43 51 68 58 00 64.06 68 66'78.61 83.00 71 05 66,15 53.50 48.20 64.44 9416 1872 39.39. 49.12 50.38 68.25 71.16' 62 .30 49 .28 107362.70.. 79.20 82.43 1873 11.00 51 00 54 00 62 30 71 .32' 72.12 79.00 76.80 71. 63, 57 4848.12 44.12 60.81 ;, 1874 44.33 50.20 57.56 58.07 70.91'72.93 80.58 83-.05 76 6162.18 55.02 18.79 63.35. 1875 43.1 44 72 55.80 59.30 71.92' 76.25' 84.33 76.17 74.28 56.43 56.82 53.1062.69.. 1876, 50.05 50.81 51.2563 0369.86' 76.22 80.84 78.35 74.55 60.6149.08 37.18 9. 1877 43.60 48.67 51.80 61 6968.52' 77.64 80.35 78.04 73.10 62.11 48 93 1878 41.3(, 45,51.60 0064 71 78.23 77.00 83.91 81.26 74 90 61.00 54-72 11. 50 63.92. 1879 4.89 13.78 56.6(059.96 69.35 73 94 33' 74.00 70.70 64.70 54.28 49.94 61.62. . E79 1880 538C( 49 0355.96 63 56 71.50 74 20'79.78 78 65 74.01 62.7048.36 42.75 62.85 1881 42.1( 48.80 51.9062 39 73. 26 79 50'81.17 81-06 76 35 69 5054.30 52.48 64.40. . 71 86 50 68.50 52 44 42.50 64.03 1882 53.16 .56.63 60.81 65.38 68.58 79 03 1883 46.13 .54.2 53.5( 64 23 68.28 78.22 82 85 79.77 75 10 70 00 55.37 50-1064.81 1884 37. 61 52.18 57.00 61.00 71.30 73.52 80.00 '77.32 76.50 68.35 49.83 48.6962.78. 42,88 63 s3.55 1 61.82816 770 72 Mns 44.4( 49.67 55.8262.73 70.87 76.63 80-47 78 VVIIV 32}65.41;52.77 16.04 63.12.. -LVVVIVV. ~iluu I~(~~ v lvv ~uJ~v.yvl~VvVI(VI VII~V 85 73 15 HTUNTSVILLE. TEMPERATURBE. Year. 0 w .Q c 0 .C Z o0 0 A) 1829 ....... 1830.. 1831 1832 ............ 1833. ........... 1834 ............ 1835......... I . 42.142 6 51.3 61.3 67.2 74.2 76.4 76.2 70.159.5149.7 11.8 59.7 1836.............I 1837........... 1838......... 1839 ............ 1840............. 1841.... ... 1842...__________...______ MOBILE. TEMPERATURE. Year. 1840....... 1841.......... 54.3 ... wIao 56.1 57.4 65.6 70.7 78 a p 68.894 ,. . 34 31 56.9 61.8 69.9 74.8 81.3 83 281.8 74.6367.8 63.6 56 80 .880.7 81.3 77.7 75.5 54 82.7 83.8 85.3 79.3 73. 59.2 54.5 70.5 93 1842... 1871.......... 579 X7.869.5 69.4 76.4 82.5 80.3 81.2 78 50.5 58.3 61.167.9 72.7 80.6 82.3 83 1872.......... 1873........46.3 44.6 51.7 55.1 68.976 56.7 70.093 74.968.757.951667.5 69.161.7 56 47.9 65.4. . 33 19 1874....... ..52.8 56.6 63.1 64.3 73.4 79.8 80.6 83.7 77.9 68.6 60.1 53.9 67.9 100 1875......49.9 50.9 60 63.175.8 80.7 84.178.3 74.9 62.7 62.2 57.5 66.7 99 56.1 57.165.7 74.3 79382.179.6 76.2 64.8 56.9 53.6 66.0 98 31, 25. 43.8 66.0 79.2 76.5163.7 66.4 55.3 67.8 55 72.9 82.4 85 81.5 57.2 1877... .. ....49.7 52.9 55.9 65.8 74.6180.9 83.2 82.5 77.4 68' 55.18 53.8 66.8100 47.8 51.9 64.369.8 75.7 81.3 84.4 77.2 57.6 47.2 67.3 98 1878..,. 1876....4...... . 1879.......... 1880.......... 1881.... .... 1882....... 1883........ 26 48.7 51.8 61.8 66.174,8 80.2 81.4 76.2 75.8 69.160.6 55.8 67.0 100 15' 14 * 49.1... 98 59.4 56 364.4 69.3 75.2 80.180.5 80.4 75.166.7 47.6 53 2 56.765.4 76.6 82.9 83.3 81.4 79.3 73.7 59.156.6 68 0100.8 28 58.3 51.165.170.5 72.5 81.3 78.6 79.4 75.771.458.5 48.568 2100 24 52.7 59.6 1884... ,..... 43.5 51.3 62.2 66.2 74.6 77.8 80.178.7 78.6 72.2 55.5 53.9 66.2 96 57.7.68.8 72.9 81 383.6 82 77.9 73.3 60.5 56.4 68 9101 28.5 13.9 20 11 79.4 79 76.6 72.9 56.2 47.5 , 41.2 48.3 53.5 66.2 71.7 1885 ....... 77.9 78.67"9.9 77.6 67.4 56.148.9 64.4 97 1886.........44.1 49.7 56.7 63.9 72.2 1887.......... 47.6 62.5 58.9 66.3 73.9 77.7 80.4 79.9 77 66.4 58.6 50.8 66.7 98 1888......... 52.4 56357.5 68 72.1 77.5 80.5 78.2 72.8 65.2 56.9 49 65.5 97 56.361 65.8 95 1889,b.......49.8 49.4 56.2 66 Means .. 70.276.781.279.376.766 78.8 64.3194 16 23 29 50.7 50.260.766.7 74.2 80.2 81.7 80 776. 68 655.6 47.4 66 2 * Records of office were destroyed in December, 1880. 151 16 MONTGOMERY. TEMPERATURE. C) CC cf P 1849 1861 52.73 60.88 63.80 75.49 77.62. 53.4 54.3 49.3 53.9 57.8 49.8 48.9 53.8 50.5 37.4 58.2 55.4 45.4 ....... 73.4061.4050.1950.18.. . . . . .. 1873. 43.4 1874..50.8 1875..47.7 1876.54.4 1877..-49.2 1878.. 46.2 1879.. 48:9 1880..57.6 1881..44.5 1882..55.2 1883.49.8 1884..40.5 1885..46.2 41.8 1887.. 45.2 1888. 51.1 1889. .47.4 54.2 63.9 73.8 77.7 83.280 174.9 62.6 53.7 49.2 1886.. 60.9 62.2 73.1 79.6 79.9 82.376 56.9 62.1 74.5 80.7 85.3 78.3 74.3 54, 65 73.1 79.8 82.8 80.4 74.8 54.7 64.2 71.9 80.7 83.781.475.3 62.6 67.3 74.9 79.3 84.3 83 6 76.7 60.4 (3.3 73.8 79 82.5 77.1 73.5 61.5 66 9 73.8 79.381 79.8 73.2 53.4 63.5 75.2 81.9 84 181177.8 62.2 68 70.4 796178.178.674 54.8 (65.9 70.6 79.2 82.4 80.3 76 59.9 63.4 74.6 75.681 79 51.7 65.8 70.1 79.8802 63.897 14 64.9 57.8 51.2 66.3103 60.4 54.4 65.5102 62.4 52.6 41.4 64 9. 589 53.5 51.1 27 18 22 65.3 52.1 65.6102.5.... 14 8 66.6100 64.7 55.8 44.4 65 9100 67.9 58.4 53.8 66.0101 65 462 79.775.2 "78.4 66.2 106.924 71.2 56.4 54 69.6 54 44.9 66 97.619.2 71.2 58 53.6 25 71.5 60.9 .54 54 66.798.6 54.346.6 62.998 51.2 65497.1 47.2 55.6 63.8 72.7 77.5 79 6 80 77.3 66 44.8 63 498 '15 5 . 8 59.3 57.6 66 75.7 79.9 79.7 79 3 75.7 63.5 56 47.8 65.5 102 13 54.5 56.6 68.7 72.4 78.6 82.7 78.6 71.6 62.3 54.8 46.6 18 21 46.9 54.8 64.4 70.6 76.2 79.5 78.5 75.4 63.9 54.6 59-2 64.399 64.998 M'ans 48.2 52.8 57.1 64.9 73 79 81-8179 9175.3 65.5 55.4 49.5 65.3 MOULTON. TEMPERATURE. . .. ..... 1859............55.82 60.67 73.52............. 1861. .45.00 48.00 51.00 61.15........... . ..... . . 1866.. ........ . 64.67 .... .72.23 80.5 .... .... .. .. 1867... 38.9 5-7.9448.9360.9567.3375.4576.7375.5573.3559).6251.02'48.2060.66 8717 .38.1 45.46 57.68 60.55 66.99 75.60 78.53 74.94 46.81 38.9159.32 9212 1869.. 44.63 44.48 49.62 60.98 66.22 73.40 76.35 78.95 67.94 52.22 47.15 41.67 58.63 9120 1868.. 69.2859-02 44.82-51.15 57.17 64.53 68.03 76.75 78.33 78.50 69.92 62.30 44.30 62.17 9016 1873. . 37.00 45.85 50.10 61.18 69.75 75.69 78.72 77.15 71.32 56.75 49.67 46.75 59.99 90 11 1871... 1872...34.45 46.10148-80 64.78 69.65 75.72 78.47 79.45 72.30 59.2b 45.20 37.3r< 59.30 90 12 1874.......... .......... ............ .......... 1875.......... ....................... 1876 ..n..40 6 47.47 52.63 61.46 68 4 7 . Me 41.66 8 3 52 4 1 60 7 7. 0 6 4 0.19 56.9 548.35 42.93. .0 1 . 6 5 .0 8 4 42 9 . .. 50.25 152 17, MOUNT VERNON BARRACKS. TEMPERATURE. 1 ,.. i 1 i r r - .. CJ h ~. - 1 n~ 'f' i I' Cf2 .11 I '-I.~-- I '-I - I.- ~ i ri z. t O 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1851 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857. 1858.. 1859.. 1860. . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 78.83 74.12 67.65 55.92150.53 50.50153.00 .58.00 67.00 72.25 77.00 50.38 54.70 66.50 67.12 73.00 78.50 76.70 75.50 52.50 50.70 47.70 69.50 75.30 76.66 82.35 78.21 77.51 78.42 81.17 78.16 51.30 53.14 55.73 70.49 73.59 80.08 81.36 81.04 48.93 50.63 61.57 64.18 72.72 76.52 77.43 78.19 47.40 55.02 .57.09 69.99 70.53 77.90 77.0- 77.33 52.98 56.61 60.44 64.50 73.95 74.89 78.22 77.82 53.00 49.86 65.14 64.75 72.50 7690 76.27 79.05 56.30 51.66 61.55 66.61 73.18 7690 79.89 81.61 51.26 57.04 59.12 67.52 74.89 79.83 81.82 79.22 42.15 59.55 64.17 64.42 76.43 79.60 82.29 82.14 47.48 53.84 61.22 70.96 74.31 79.86 78.55 80.41 51.52 53.18 65.24 62.30 74.64 79.17 78.90 81.17 53.19 48.39 .57.85 72.34 78.48 78 981 7884 79.78 39.50 56.46 57.16 68.63 74.18 78.60 81.71 81.33 43.73 61.48 56.48 59.07 71.08 '79.36 79.86 78.65 56.24 .50.69 60.35 66.34 73.73 78.36 81.36 80.17 48.95 57.67 62.42 65.01 75.33 78.65 80.98 79.63 50.53 53.36 60.27 71.14 78.01 86.21 89.79 87.71 53.9 50.2 58.5 52.9 43.7 49.9 44.4 48.1 52.7 50.5 56.3 52.3 57.5 61.5 59.4 49.7 50.5. 63.6 57.1 50.0 65.2 61.4 58.2 66.1 59.3 63.9 55 5 58.5 60.2 60.1 58.5 64.6 64.7 68.2 70.5. 67.9 67.1 69.2 65.4 68.3 70.2 66.8 75.3 76.1 74.9 72.4 71.9 74.5 73.5 74.1 75.4 71.5 71.0 R0.9 80.1 80.7 79.7 80.1 76,.6 81.2 78.8 79.6 79.3 77.7 81.6 84.8 83.0 77.6 82.4 81.6 81.6 80.4 81.6 83.1 81.0 84.3 78.2 80.0 ?8.6 82.3 80.6 80.9 82.2 82.3 79.9 79.0 5162.0 67.1 174.1 78.9180. 266.8 74.60 65'.82 5503 49.05 65.57 78.86 63.61 59.56 49.61 65.38 94' 24 73.97 62.65 57.07 47.40 98 74.30 62.62 53.03 42.53 64.93 99 .5887 57.23 65.75 94 77.60 65.17 71.45 66.30 57.84 47.11 54.58 94 72.76 65.59 51.19 57.98 65.58 92 74.50 64.21 58.90 54.22 65.77 95 18 78.33 66.9( 5557 52.04 66.72 95 26 75.53 66.83 54.79 49.82 66.47 98 18 79.01 70.58 56.87 59.51 68.06 98 9 75.70 65.88 61.10 47.31 66.3u 95 28 79.58 69.17 54.76 66.57 98 24 78.35 63.93 62.99 67.02 102 21, 74.64 66.97 58.68 49.29 65.59 95 13 76.58 60.86 56.99 55.73 64.99 95 10 76.04 70.90 49.97 56.65 66.73 96 27 76.34 65.23 60.98 48.39 66.63 96114 81.76 69-.96 55.69 51.49 69.66 104. 17 63.0 57.1 56.9 78.4 69.0 60.7 55.9 68.8 76.5 65.7 65.2 59.3 67.9 102 78.6 66.3 56.5 51.3 67.8 102 20 75.2 71.9 57.7 49.5 23 78.8 74.6 60.8 56.8 69.4t 80.3 74.1 57.2 54.7 67.8 101 10 77.6 64.7 57.4 50.5 66.0 99. 15 78.8 69.2 57.3 49.3 65.7 78.5 66.5 58.8 50.3 67.8 75 0 66.5 58.5 49.8 67.0 75.2 65.6 55.2 60.0 65.8 ,51.12 155.6f52.8167.2 . 153 MEAN TEMPERATURE AT STATIONS IN ALABAMA. ,z No ofyears. Auburn Bermuda........ ................... Birmingham ......................... Bolling ............................. Carlowville ......................... Carrolton ..................... Centre ............................ . . . ..... Clanton ............................. Clintonville ......................... . Coato pa .......... ................ ,--IDecatur........................... ......... cncEdwardsvi lle............... ............................. ~Erie ..................... Eufaula............................. ............... Evergreen Fayette ............. .............. ....... Euwtaw............................... .. . ....... Florence.......... ........... . .............. Fort Morgan .......... . ... ............ Gadsden .......... Greensboro .............. Greenville........................... ........... Green Springs ........................ Huntsville .......... Jacksonville......................... ................ . . LaFayette ........................... ...... ........ Livingston .......... Marion........................ Mobile .... ..................... Monroeill . . ""." " "0 " 0 4 0e e. pe. p. ee. e. 44.6 50.7 53.6 61 270.5176 79 78.9 74.3 642 53.847.8 62.8 55.2 48.3 533.4 66 :1.3 76.6 78.6 78.5 74.8 63.5 57.7 47 64.2 39.1 41.7 30.1 61.7 69 75.8 79.4 79.2 78.1 68 .49 49 61.7 80 ~078 64.5 47 48 41 44 49.7 64 70 ' 2.7 74.3 38.2 SO0.7 75 1 65.7 .5 48.9 65.2 47 8 52.9 57.3 79.8 76.873.8 63.8 52.4 42.9 61.9 39.7 48.3 52 2 63.1 71.3 77.3 78.5 39 40 48.6 60.' i2.4 <74.5 76.1 73.3 60.1 .50.8 46.9 59.2 . 44 52.9 63.c' 72.6 71.3 78.4- 79.9.... 68 49 47 74.2 77.7 . .77 r73 56 49 51 5 68.2 47.3 52.3 56.4 62.8 70.2 77.2 80.6 82 73.4 66.2 52.4 43.8 61.7 .41.4 35."5 41.3 50 (1 73 78 81.9 83 38 37 43.5 60.7 (S6 76 80.7 79.3 78 62.7 52.3 42 59.7 82.8 48.9 54.5 62.4 65.3 178.5 82.1 '76.1 65.9 54.250.7 66.4 41.2 51 56.8 54.4 73.7 77.2 79.4 79 75.6 69.4 54.4 48.2 64.2 79.6 82.4 80.7 73.7 61.8 50.5 45.2 63.5 41.3 52.2 58 5.7 73.6 46 43.1 56 66.674 76 3 82.2 85 77.8 6 54.9 49.5 64 8 35.4 41.9 53 61-372 79.5 83.2 75 75.9 64.9 50.641 61.1 37.7 40.2 49 61.9 6 K6 74.5 79 4 79-689 60 3 49.9 41.5 (30.9 82.2 81.477 70.9) 60.9 56.8 67.6 55.3 50.3 56.2 65.1 75 38.3 43.2 47 9 58.7 +573 73.6 79.4 76.2 71.5 .58.4 49 37.9 58.4 45.7 50.8 55.5 63.3 71.6 77.3 79.8 78.C 73.9 64 54 348.963.6 44.4 49.7 55.8 62.7 70.9. 76 6 80.5 78-c)73.8 65.4 52.846.1 63.1 47 58 52 9 66.2 73". 77.7 80 9 79.8 77.2 71 53.8 47.8 65.5 6 42.1 42.6 51.3 61.3 67.2- 74.2 76.4 76.270.1 59 5 49.7 41.8 59.7 40.9 45 49 59.2683 75.8 83.3 76.5 74 63.8 50.3 44.8 60.9 .. 57.c+ 69 78 83.5 79 76.5 64 53.3 38.1 54.4 45.8 532.6 65.3 70.1 76.9 X1.5 79.7 74.8 62 52.845.5 63.4 40.9 47.9 54.2 63.6 72 78.3 80.1 74.5 75.8 66 51.5 44.2 61.6 50.7 50.2 60.7 66.7 74.2 80.2 81.7 80.7 76.9 68.6 56.6 47.6 66.2 47.9 56.4 62.8 65.6 73.5 78.3 80 80.2 76.1 69,5 56.4 52.7 66.6 100 96 64. 103 100 10:3 96 96 96 72.4 90 t02 97 98 98 6 75 11 years, .3months. 4 years. 3 years. 2 years. 15 years, 5 months. 5 years. 3 years. 2 years. 1 year. 2 years. 1 year. 3 years. 5 years. 4 years. 00J 22 years. 6 years. years, 2 months. 04 96 102 93 4 years. 5 years. 2 years, 10 months 11 years, 2 months, 24 years, 6 months. 3 years. 1.4 years. 2 _years. 2 years. ~3 years. 4 years. 22 years. 4 years. 103 94 94 43.2 100 92 100 98 101 Montgomery............ ... Moulton.............................. ........... Moun-t Vernon ............. Mount Willing...................... . . . . . . . .. . . . : Newton . ................. New Market ......... Opelika.......... .................... ...... Oswichee................. ...... Prattville............. ... Selma................. ............. .................... Talladega ......... Tirinity .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. Troy................................ Tuscalo sa............. ............ :.. .... Tusc umbi a... .. .. . ................... Union Springs ..................... Valley Head. .. ....................... ............... ~Wetumpka. ........... CA Mean............. .......... years, 5 months. 48.2 52.8 57 1 64.9 73 79 81.8' 79.9. 75.3' 65.5 55.4 49.5' 65.3 106.9; 40.4 48.4 52.4 62.2 68.8175 77.9. 77.4 70.7 59.2 48.442.9. 60 7 years, 10 months. 52.2 56.8 62 67.1 74.1. 78.9 80.8 82.9 76.7 36.8 556 652.8 67.2 104 9 30 years, 8 months. 45.3 52.4 54.1 63.3, 71.8 78 77 79.5 74.9 66.8 54.9 48.2 63.8 102 10 4 years. 50 51.9 57.4 65.5 54.7 79.9 -0.5 79.6 78 70.8 55.952 1 64.7' 99 12 3 years. 41 1 40.8 51. .63.5 65.5 81 78.13 76 59.4 47.7 45.9 90 10 2 -years. 458.50 7 56.9 62.8 68.9 77.7 80.2 78.4 74.8 62.3 52.1 46.9 63:2 105 11 2 years, 7 months. 8 3 years. 41.7 52.6 5.5.2 61.2 74.4 77.3 79 2 77.4 77 3 6 .56-946.3 63.8 97 6 2 years. 40.9 43.3 62V.3 73 6 80.7 77 77 64 50.2 46.1 61.2 96 49.3-52 55.8 64 73.5 79 82 81 74.4 666 55.7 49.3 65.7 98 14 5 years. 77.7 82.2 r11 72 ,3.5 9. 46 48.7 55.3 652 465 63~.7100u 15 2 years. 37.3 44.5 50959.9 70.5 74.9 79.2 78 75 33.4 .51.741.5 60.6 96 16 4 years. 46.9 51.3 58.3 65.2 74.4 -0.5 82.2 80.4 76.6 65.5 57.1 52.3 65 9 104 14 5 years. 45.1 48.6 56663.8 72 78.6 82.4 78 76.3 34.3 .53.5 50.4 64.2 97 4Y6years. 38 343.9 48.6 61.8 67.7 73.6 78.3 74.9 70.9 57-5 49.240.7 58 7 99 14 6 years. 8199 years. 48.6 53.6 58 66.6 75.4 80.6 82.5 80.6 76,8 67.4 56.7 50.9 66.5 98 36.1 43.3 48559.9 66 75 3 76 75.2 68.8, 55.6 47.3 38.6 57.7 98 16 5 years. 94 20 2 years. 46 45 52 ,70 78.5 80.91 79.5 76.5 0..5 .52 49 5 18 '92 11 49 55u 7 1 42 949.2 54.1,63.5(73.3 77 883.9 78 979.9164.8 52.9[46.6( 63.1 20 2. Rainfall data from Stations giving several years observations. ATBURN. PRECIPITATION. ~> 1855 1856.... . .d ~. C. +E 0.25 0.99 1.85 2.28 5.53 1.90 6.83 0.88 1857.5... 5.39 1.10 3.68.... 1881.. 3.72 4.11 7.57 4.87 1882..... 4.47 11.31 9.28 4.34 1883 . .. 8.79 2.46 12.82 1884..... 5.38 4.2010.07 2.9 7 1885.... 9.25 3.59 3.41 2.03 1886..... 7.92 4.31 8.03 4.02 1.887..... 4.05 6.79 2.27 1.59 1888..... 3.13 7.3411,.24 2.47 1889..... 9.48 5.72 2.81 3.73 2.58 1.72 1.89 3.85 5.86 1.64 2.47 5.38 9.3437.52 -0.83 6.47 2.38 4.86 0.58 0.4610.92 4.0045.64 6.79 ... , 4.34 3.731.07..........5.76 0.73 4.25 2.50 6.03 4.11 4.91 5.12 6.3054.22 2.45 2.93 9.18 3.42 7.9 2.14 2.48 5.0965.01 01 1.85 5.47 2.05 6.22 ........ 0.61 11.52 5.38 2.31 0.21 0 57 2.52 4.78 50.52 7.44 3.30 6.92 3.45 5.08 4.70 2.9856.92 3.69 8.15 4.40 5.24 0.40 0.00 5.04 3.9255.12 3.73 * 21.09 4.32 7.16 2.74 6.50 5.31 3.25 4.52 4.90 4.39 4.96 2.9460.95 1.52 2.71 3.75 373 3.42 1.52 6.26 0.6845.13 4.77 0.0813.84 Means... 5.61 4.4c 5.80 3.82 3.17 5.28 4374.20 3.29 2.48 4.49 5.4352.42 *The records were destroyed by fire June 27th, 1887. CARLOWVILLE. PRECIPITATION. . to . Year. 1856 ..... 1857 .... * ° . :................9.14-1.39 4.97 2.10 4.8E 4.88 4.85 6.75 2.05 4.96 6.92 1858 .. 1859 .... 1867 .... 1868 .... ... 6.80 3.99 9.09. 7.68 1.25 5.01 3.10 4.02 1.90 7.75 2.12 6.50 59.21 .. 59.17 .. 1.88 3 39 7.80 6.37 4.41 4.52 2.26 3.72 4.50 2.87 3.87 8.80 49.39 8.63 6.79 3.5'010.46 0.80 2.70 5.60 3.13 8.01 3.50 8.21 4.69 '1.32 .2.24 1.10 0.30 15.60 6.28... 0.85 3.90 3.87 47.44 6.51 6.40 3.44 2.97 0.57 8.66 1.65 9.37 1869 1870 1871 8.30 10.82 5.7010.05 1.54 3.54 5.67 6.63 1.95 2.40 5.93 6.7169.24 5.05 6.75 7.87 2.84 6.9064.86 7.70 62.88 .... .... 1872 1873 .... :... 4.95 12.14 '11.4.E 5.24 6.73 13.00 9-21 0.75 6.04 9.39.1.48 3.61 72.65 1874 1875 1876 1877 .... .... .... .... 6.10 2.51 6.05 11.39 12.8111.17 10.28 1.15 4.90 7.46 4.92 8.04 2.1718.55 2.84 0.48 1.23 6.90 5.08 78.72 4.71 3.90 3.72 5.84 1.85 2.52 2.63 67.50 9.46 5.70 1.49 0.10 1.24 2.75 7.14 65.37 8.07 9.63 20.50 4.08 1.02 1.88 3.31 1.9712.65 1.88 8.72 5.63 79.34 6.19 7.6110.9512.52 4.57 1.76 5.41 2.80 2.05 1.38 3.30 7.33 65.77 5.84 2.36 7.35 15.10 2.15 5.76 2.56 1.56 12.43.... .... .... .... Means .. 5.911 7.01 7.77 7.83 3.77 5.01 4.81. 4.04 4.00 2.33 5.93 5.63 65.19 156 21 DECATUR. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. cd e I v o 1879............3.30 1880 1881.. .. ..... 8.10.... ...... 1.401.601.902703802.80.. 2.45 13.85 8.85 3.75 0.85..4.60. 1.70 4.35 5.75 5.30 3.95 1.30 3.20 3.55 5.55 5.65 44.20 1882........13.70 6 90 5.21 4.85 2.952 00 6.194.811.002,305.151.9557.01 1883....... 7.10 4.60 4.30 5.673.424.04......................... 1.00 1.90 .7.28 8.90 6.55 5.35 0.85 4.25 6.95 2.25 2.40 3 45 5.90 5.10 2.90 2.85 2.75 46.80 1886-......6...70 8.40 3.40 3.95 5.74 1.43 1.54 3.25 0.05 8.75 2.5049.26 2.80 3.152.49 5.20 2.03 3.95 0.80 4.0044.37 1884........ 1885.........7,65 4.10 3.55 1887.........6.80 6.85 Means. . 0.80 1.702.103.7050.68 2.90 5.55 1.25 4.31 1.99 .27 5.00 .6.37 5.003.403.45 3.582.422.13 2.454.533.3148.91 *25 days. GREENSBORO. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. a v 6 1855..... *1.33 1856. 1857. .... '3.52 5.17 2.16 1.44 1.64 0.591.7 3.99L68 6.416.291.45 5.245.7537.60 6.16 3.95 5 23 6.37 1.91 2.750.580.4412.995.7352.23 2.21 3.34 3.43 8.551.71 4.73 2.46 0.841.49 6.04 7.99 47.96 2.60 6.13 1858...... 9.29 3.58 3.15 4.55 3.26 1.11 0.91 1859 . .4.29 6.33 7.00 2.657.20 1860...... 0.91 2.63 1.41 3.35 4.06 11.61 3.90 4.52 3.02 2.88 2.32 2.51 4.41 2.31 5.12 0.36 1.00 4.14 0.58 6.13 4.611.83 5.840.48 2.85 9.15 2.04 3.84 6.79 4.30 6.27 1.96 X3.880.142.'67 3.93 5.521.56 3.19 7.87 43.60 1.95 4.79 53.45 7.77 1861...4.85 1862 .8.39 1863...7.50 1864...2.45 1865....*. 4.85 13.09 1866...... 3.05 7.05 1867...1.86 1.67 1868 . 1869.... 6.21 9.76 9.51 1.75 7.16 1.29 3.70 1.93 1.74 2.74 1.32 7.73 13.18 1.79 6.36-54.81 6.11.5.90 1.02 1.37 2.14 ,..... 3.87 2.58 49.93 0.53 3.09 43.16 2.85 7.39 54.62 6.315.20 53.62 2.94 8.44 55.90 2.77 5.1147.94 ... 5.22 2.74 2.08 2.73 7.38 7.36 6.313.06 5.22 2.74 2.13 4.413.78 55.22 9.55 5.67 3.85 4.52 3.06 ............. .... 5.222.74 1.92 ..... 7....65 ....... 9.80 3.74 3.05 6.70................ . 4.505.90.... 1884.......... 1885..,.8.94 1886...10.15 3.33 2.92 3.17 5.88 4.00 2.51 5.34 11.72 6.97 2.86 6.73 5.95 2.23 1.84 1.37 ,. .. 6.09. 7.32 5.33 48.84 4.53 2.11 65.61 1887 ... 3.36 4.90 1.04 2.58 3.37 4.29 3.09 3.45....... ............. . 1888...4.38 4.38 11.20 x'.16 2.35 4.14 3.37 9.29 7.93 4.40 3.13 2.15 49.00 7.31 0.54 1.50 1889.-0..5.40 2.00 1.52 6.62 0.61 3.37 4.52 2.98 1.91 0.37 4.13 2.19 39.68 Means.. 5.36 5.00 5.02 4.48 3.13 3.92 3.16 5.27 2.99 2.18 4.815.52 50.84. 2 157 22 GREENE SPRINGS. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. 1854 .. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1866.. 1867 1868. 1869... 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 18;6.. 1877.. 1878. 1879....,. 1880.. 1881.. 1882... 1883.. 1884.. o - 0 1.09 1.20 2.91 2 65 4.12 3.64 8.69 6.48 4.17 7 87 2.12 4.90 1.70 1.38 11.04 3.03 5.96 9.16 4.77 4.74 5.95 7 90 3.45 4.80 4.87 7.78 4.55 6.02 4.92 5.50 3.89 5.09 6.21 5.66 2 82 2.52 5.56 4.68 0.95 4.03 6.45 5.10 7.36 5.35 10.47 5.00 7.76 6.48 -l 1 1.19 5.87 2.74 3.59 8.00 0.40 1.30 4.61 4 416 12 6.94 3.45 5.64 2.29 3.222 277 3 60 3. 12.26 3.13 3.13 1.20 4.98 4.41 6 16 1.80 6.62 4 57 5.56 3 88 6.36 8.81 2.79 1.64 2.20 4.50 1.001.35 0.00 4.29. 5.45 1.25 2.67 2.82 0.87 7.11 4.93 9.52 4.68 6.39 8.95 2 16 7.50 2.66 4.93 8.70 5.19 36.01 55.57 50.19 50.59 55.40 597 3 02 8.77 4.01 5.29 2.84 5.00 3.51 7.274.40 5.88 5'. 33 3.25 8. 22 0. 97 1.73 1.38 5.65 2.760 50 3.75 7 38.35 13.305.80 4.43 2.95 7.06 4.28 4.10 7.70 10.00 4.85 2. 57 5. 58 5.65 2 90 8.79 14.59 2.31 5.18 2.65 8.85 4. 19 2. 19 4.72 3.13 5.25 10 25 7.18 4.2S 7.60 5.50 9. 63 2. 31 3.13 4.89 5.20 5. 70 4. 09 8 36 2 50 1.22 5 905.86 6 84 4.50 10.76 10.154.59 4 21 2.00 10.00 5 031.96 3 87 1.73 7.15 8. 18 2.01 2.45 7.02 3 56 5.131.62 4.10 2.57 9.17 5. 181.18' 1.57 12 02 -I I Ii -f 4. 791.-75 4.37 4.99 2.1.0 1.77 1.38 3.83 2.41 40.48 3.72 3.66 7.17 4.17 4.19 58.37 2.32 1 672.50 4.30 5.90 47.36 2 55 0. 400.30 7.35 5.13 45.28 4.76 1.105.05 5 05, '235 66.93 0.16 3.50 0.05 2 30 6.70 54.34 1.86 4.11 1.00 1.19 1.25 43.70 1.48 2.67 0.79 1.06 3.42 53.51 3.15 4.35 1.00 3.59 7.13 52.73 4.22 2. 152. 15 0.52 3.18 55.76 2.31 14.11 4.85 5.05 4 75 68.40 8.32 2.55 2.32 2 81 7.11 54.30 5.08 0.989 85 4.09 5.55 60.11 5.45 5 005.12 10.54 8.28 71.03 11 06 2.983 90 5 43 4.75 62.20 7 0s 2.263-80 3.55 4.30 60.51 6 95 10.682 20 4 53 5.99 52.80 1 04 1.2512.41 2.0215.39161.47 -I Means. . 5 0715.041 6 l1 6.1313.4814.7.514.4114 551 2 99 54.83 NOTE.-Capt. J. A. Wright, of Livingston, makes the following comments in regard to the tables of rainfall and temperature for Greene Springs. W. 97[2-941 4.4914 -I 1 -( I GENERAL RESULTS-The temperature table shows the average temperature of our three winter months is 47 deg. ; spring, 63 deg.; summer, 79 deg., and autumn, 63 deg. The rather curious and interesting fact follows, that our average temperature for April and October, as well as for spring and autumn, is the same as the annual average of our climate, as obtained in these observations in twenty years observations) -that is 63 deg., and this 63 deg. would be the numoer on a map with Isothermal lines for our part of Alabama. The range between our average for winter and summer (79 deg.--47 deg.) is only 32 deg., and this is the very important element by which climates are compared. The range of temperature between the coldest monthly average, 45 deg. (January), and the warmest monthly average, 81 deg. (July), is 16 deg. The greatest range between the coldest month here recorded, 37 deg. (uecemher, '76), and the warmest mouth, 84 deg. (July,. '75, '78, and '88), is 47 deg. The extreme range of temperature.in this part of Alabama, from the warmest to the coldest hour'ever properly observed and recorded since t1854, with standard thermometers properly protected from direct and reflected rays of the sun, is a little more than 100 deg. That is, positively the highest ever so that was before the 104 deg: in the shade, observed by Prof. Tutwiler and myself very carefully etf Greene Springs. Only twice, since 1854, has the mercury, in properly placed thermometers,. (21,900 war-was observed-and ever our in from 'mercury stoodbeon105 deg.range ofdays, climate in Central Alabama,past, have2 ceg. below zero. Tbis shows the extremecoldest our anydifferent localities,years zero, to theI last thirty-five during (35) years, to Never, at time for thirty seen the thermometer, when properly shaded, as high, as 100 deg. in our part of Alabama, nor do I believe it has been seen so high by any one else, with a standard thermometer properly placed. I wish to place my testimony on record here, that the mercury very rarely, even on our hottest days in July and August, stands above 96 deg. in the shade, and that any record up to or been -. observed lower than 4 deg. (chat is, 4 deg. above zeto). In January, '84 and '85, the above. 100 years, is merely an error. Heat accumulated by roofs and walls and streets in cities may deg. for our part of Alabama, as a normal temperature for the last twenty-five 158 23 show a higher temperature, but can this he properly called normal? For the last three winters, our coldest temperature has been 20 in December and January, and the mercury with us very rarely falls below 20 deg. The rain table proves that March and April are our most rainy months, while May, September and October are our dryest--the least average rainfall occurring in October, while the averages for May and September are nearly the same. It shows that our heaviest rainfall, any one year, has been a little more than 71 inches (in '80); and the least, 437 inches (in '73). It gives the most rain in one month, more than 14 inches (Apf'l, '74 and September, '77); while the least rainfall, during any one month, was one-twontieth of an froh (0.03), in October, '72. It is worthy of remark, that the average rainfall of each of the three summer months, is between four and five inches, and of each winter mouth between and six inches, 'here was no month entirely without rain. The unusually small rainfall recently for six months, from December, '88 to May, '89, in clusive, furnishes a very interesting confirmation of the theory of Herschel other emi nent astronomers, that our years of maximum and minimum rainfall correspond with years of maximum and minimum sun-spots-periods of ten or eleven years from maximum to maximum and minimum to minimum. During the six months named, we had only about half the rainfall of our wettest yearsthe latter amounting to thirty-five or thirty-six inches, as in'83-84 and '71-'74, as can be seen from the rain table. Fhom Prof. Charles A. Young, of Princeton, who has made the sun and its spots a life study, I learn there were scarcely any sun spots in the six months from last December to May inclusive. Another period of minimum rain and sun spots was the winter of '77-78. It seems very reasonable, that the fewer the sun spots, the more light and heat we receive from the sun; the diryer the earth's surface and atmosphere becomes and consequently the less rain falls, and vice versa. N. B.--All annual and monthly averages in these tables of temperature and rain correspond so nearly with those at the important Signal Station,lMontgomery, that they may be safely used for Central Alabama, in general, %g. five and HUNTSVILLE. PRECIPITATION. 5. Year. w N .- , a t ' O Z o 1831... 6 71 234 4.26 4 164.30..66 1832....2 1833...... 7 7 3.46 1 93 5 6.87 11.4510 80 4 543 4 16 457083 1834..10.41 8.24 2.91 3.32 4.15 4.84 7.06 4 03 5.85 3.05 7.62 63.14 1835....4.86 3.19 6 10 12 30 3 18 6 37 1.67 4.961.52 60.29 1836....4.85 3 05 5.82 5.16 6.53 3.60 8.40 "6.131.2512.221.386.3654.75 905.918 60 2.15 00 3 tL66 3.741022.14 840 2.00 4 84 5 90 6.761 5.46 1.653602.2243.46 6.65 2.22 4.712. 5.57 46.33 2.49 2.04 3.82 2 90 4.6167.67 27 1837... 1838...:5.53 1839.....'2.63 1871..:.... 1.52 4.02 5.32 3.322.49 7.03 1 66 5.55 4.015 2.87 3.18 2.77 4.02 6.08 3.95 0.69 3.19 1.80 2.08 4.00 5.54 2.64 1 80 2.22 0.00 028 3.74 1.94 . . .23 3.053.88 47.08 9.12 5.1248.32 2.2129. 01 46.000.384,401.10. ., ....... 5 50 1.90 .. .. 10.50 2.45 2.4(= 0.85 .7.50 . 1873....... 660 8.50 3.50 1.40 4.10 8.30 3 80 3.40 4.30 5.05[.:60 4.7154.76 1872e.... 1874....5.47 1875....... 1876....5.93 . ... 5 5.94 .6-0510.46 2.61 4.55 9.03 17.39 2.00 6 6.40 1877...... Means:. 6.50 542 1131 2.831 20 9.90 9.603.71 613. 03 6 71 10.157.853.475.183.1981.02' 5.40 8.15 2.35 5 66j 5 64 5 79 3.98 5.16f 001.95.1'203.3058.26' 5.50,2.08....... ...... 64 2.93 3:284.'7154:1'0 5.931.831.226.228.12-58.25 4.55 4.88 .5.12 159 24 MOBILE. PREnCIPITATION. F.4 be 0 Year. 1840... 1841... 1842... 1852... 1869... 1871. 1872.... 1873.. 1874. 1875. ... 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879... 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883... 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887 .. 1888...:. 1889.. 64 4 4 G 0 z Q 5.59 3.87 6.50 3 69 4 16 2.48 5.79 3.14 6.30 4.57 i 6.401 8.211 6.601 4.411 2,461 4.5513.94162.65 5.33 6.68 1.01 61.58 2.77 5.65 3.70 68.18 1.85 3.23 2.97 68.61 0 00 2.04 4.17 56.36 2 32 3 063.01 62.66 0.37 5.36 7.18 58.60 6.15 4.76 5.99 68 74 4.84 6.31 7.64 63.47 5.15 4.79 3.38 57.33 7.39 3.71 3.25 7.36 9.15 90.97 8.29 2.67 .5.84 74.67 0.84 2.57 58.50 5 36 4.12 5 10 67.57 1.19 4.83 5.00 54 98 0.13 3 36 1.97 56.18 2 45 0.44 7.02 51.59 2.48 .2 46 0 08 6. 78 ).52 49.67 5.131 9.76 2.93 6.18 6.17 4.24 3.70 3.95 8.00;12.76 4.35 3.78 6 33 13 37 1.67 2.11 3.15 3.86 0.88 11.47 9.87 8.75 10 35 8.07 2.72 10.57 10.92 1.23 5 69 10.21 3.79 2 54 7.15 8.32 7.51 1 46 2.45 4 001 7.07 8.52 4.32 8.01 3 88 4.32 3.35 5.38 11.53 1.76 1.40 5.94 8.40 1.68 7.07 3 74 4.69 12.68 3.40 4 33 4.09 4.90 6.60 2.98 9.95 3.86 0 78 1.99 5 94 6.42 3.56 2.35 11.17 10.54 1.33 1.18 5.73 9 41 2.99 5.62 5.08 4.92 4.75 7.04 7.62 8.00 10.41 9 21 1.44 4.85 2.77 15.22 11.71 6.77 4 54 5.13 9.92 6.78~ 2.40 9.52 8.96 4.05 8.80 3. 63 4 21 7.25 8.51 9.42 3 31 5.88 0.96 7 4C 5.01 11.53 5.54 8.48 7.01 4.98 1.26 1 78 11.95 2.85 6.36 5.24 3 27 4 18 3.81 6.07 3 23 6.19 4.16 14 62 5.86 1.27 5.94 6.59 3.55 2.69 6.62 3.65 1 93 2.84 8 91 4.31 4.31 6 21 3.2C 10.33 7 24 3.39 7.30 13.56 5.36 14.35 3.04 5.07 4.64 3.48 1.65 2.78 5.35 9.55 2.80 6.97 f E 1 6 r 3 3 41 4.38 7115 40 4.611624I 7.24 6.7314642.824 Means... *Office, instruments and records destroyed by lire N4ovemnber 17, 188u. MONTGOMERY. f Ci l 2xI15 AC) 3299 I IIIIIIII L~II~7/1111 I ~~I r\ O c3 PRECIPITATION. v I I 50. .0.4 ~~-'1 84 i fII~ Year. Oct. 1858 to Dec., 1874.... 1872.......... 1873.......... 1874........... 1875......... 1876.......... 1877.......... 1878....... ... 1879.......... 1880... .. ..... 1881.......... 1882......... 1883.......... 1884.......... 1885.......... 1886........... 1887........... 1888.......... 1889.......... Means......... c V o 6.047. 48 37.29 5.75 4.791 7.28 3.23 1.91 1.12 4.979. 97 4.51 5.571 10.25 3.696.57710.66 9.45 2.03 6.717.86611.56 3.54 1.67 3.70 5. 07 77.33 10.99 6 55 10.36 0.82 6.672. 68 5392.59 2.64 5.91 4.06 2.062 14 12.68 4.50 3.90 1.65 6.11 19.26 6.42 7.07 3.58 7.0555.45 4.52 1.41 4549.27 6.92 5.03 2.94 7.20 2. 00 3.61 8.16 2.62 4.82 4. 80 9.50 3.08 1,18 9.72 3.68 32.93 392 8.92 6. 69 4. 10 6.86 7.38 2.95 5087.47 70.72 1.18 2.84 4.127.67 11.51 1.08 5.19 6.703.49 32.95 3.13 1.28 37.17: 2.10 4 65 3.38 0.53 5.73 11.0815 17 2.56 3.06 0.68 4.58 4.31 3.87 1.25(0.39 1.97 2.60 1.94 0.99 2.14f8 13 1.68 5.90 96 4.85 6.24 X3.05: 1.61 0. 3.42 2.94 3.43 1.07 4.07 251 3.75 2.55 3.49 3.92 5.85 4.59 )7.676 3.22 5.21 4.54 1.12 10.20 1.47 2.66 4.06 0.90 3.17 4.411 3.04 2.18 5.06 4.49 2.72 4.56 3.98 6.29 3.41 4.18 2.40 1.91 5.02 0.87 2.08 0.22 2.00 1.70 10.26 2.80 3.05 0.58 1.87 2.67 4.32 1.54 3.93 4.83 2.3813.59 8.61 3.37 5.37]1.12 0.03 6.72 3.31 8.56'2.04'2.03 2.47 0.79 4.82 3 86,6.51 5.73 5.39 3.38 4.02 3.70,6.33 4.35 0.01 6.17 5.26 56.90 4.08 2.61 5.14 51,93 6.04 38.16 5.97 59.74 4.79 30.26 6.74 35.40 7.42 18.46 5.68 34.22 9.75 33.81 3.88 54.75 4.23~ 39.71 11.00 48.61 3.13 58.89 3.05 36.25 8.25 44.74 2.13 61.39 0.49 44.62 5.5916 4666.77 5.64 4.33 6.06, 3.58' 2.58 2.08 2.27 4.19 5.06 54.61 1tbo 25 MOULTON. PRIECIPITATION. YEAR. r 1867... 1868.. .. 1869... 1870... 1871. .. 1872. .... U2 0 44.01 ................... 44.23 ................... 46'.30 44.78 44.24 4265 36.57- 1873...x. 1h74.. Means... . 3 64. 1.5716.41 3.4813.84 3 .2512.141 3.29255 2.'692 93 43.87 MOUNT VERNON BARRACKS.~ PR~ECIPITATION. Year. a 4 U bb 0 5.73 1840. S~lS 12.84 4.86 9.28 4 65 7.23 4.60 1841. 1]842. 3.81 5.90 9.22 5.17 0.72 16.67 6.11 2.18 3.49 5.04 6.2711.89 76 38 1843. 5 92 9.38 5.113 1844. 8.29 0.98 2.90 11.30 8.37 4.52 1.79 2.54 2.19 2.73 6.48 5.40 11.87 4.99 6.3468.52 1845.. 6.82 5.31 5.63 11.51 5.49 5.57 9.42 4.74 2.12 0.40 3.75 4:6.65.36 1846. 6.83 7.70) 6 45 3.77 3 94 4.05 11.92 7.39 5.8.5 0.42 4.10 °9.01 7143 1847. 3.90 5.17 3.50 2.78 2.15 6.35 3.10 4.39 2.99 1.54 X7:94 5.74 49.55 1848. 2.89 2.44 1.36 3.06 6.11 9 25 14.56 11.15 0.65 13.00 10.54'4.22 79.23 1849. 1850... 9.59 4.81 2.09 4.22 6.72 2.01 0.44 5 13 0.15 0.85 2.32 .5.22. 49.,55 3 89 7.26 0.77 1.14 3.44 5.35 1.84 8.69 4.42 2.07 6.99 2.91 48.77 1851 ... 1.92 1.95 1.52 6.24 6.75 1.56 1.92 9.64 0 70 2.40 9.74 7..5 51.49 1852 ... 11.18 8.110 16.45 6.59 5.34 2.00 12.64! 8.95 11.09 8.44 2.70 13.09 106.57 1853 ... 1854... 11.01 12.83 6.22 1.96 4.45 6.72 6.13 2.29 6.82 0.81 2.34 0.73 62.31 1855... 0.45 1.16 1.17 1.52 0.20 2.22 9.85 12.59 10.03 2.17 10.78 7.62 59.76 1856... 5.46 3.16 5.33 3.53 3.41 9.26 3.19 5.74 1.25 0.70 11.25 5.87 58.15 2.65 2.00 4.50 4.78 9.17 2.60 3.85 9.33 0.17 3.33 10 05 6.39 49.82 1857... 1858... 10.62 3.12 5.21 2.02 1.42 4.80 7.31 5.89 4.38 7.73 3.98 7.87 64.35 6.07 8.49 10.821 6.42 2.97 6.47 5.57 4.53 6.48 2.41 1.80 2.91 64.94 1859 ... 1860... 2.38 10.80 1.68j 1.58 2.56 3.45 1.25 6.98 5.10 6.93 4.40 3.50 50.61 3.25 4.40 3.50 .. 1873... 1874,....... 7.85 12.75 12.9512951.8013.05 8.80 4 05 3.25 0.15 2.04 5.95 85.59 6 00 10.81 1245 3.892.00) 3.37 2.46 3.85 7.81 4.90 3.70 3.283 64 52 1875... 5.13 8.32 579 3.25 7.48 8.94 2.51 1.94 0.50 5.80 5.33 59.74 1876 ... 5.88 8.41 4.98857 37914.54 11.26 1.79 2.26 0.68 5.88 74.55 1882 ... 1883... 3.22 4.1911.188.23 14.24 3.27 1.67 0.07 0.57 2.64 3.1 62.89 7.75 5.61 4.98 1.11; 5.76 4.73 3.10 69.37 1884... 4.76 14.68 5.615 3.52 7.89 815419 6.79 4.07 4.20 5.05 1.35 4.32 2.77 61.88 1885 ... 2.37 7.59 7.11253 7.41 6.50 6.90 0.76 0.00 7.03 1.43 56.75 1886... 6.93 0.93 0.67 1.12 6.17 6.01 3.37 4.84 4.06 1.18 9.92 49.69 1887. 1888.. )10.37 11.67 150 5.78 7.86 2.67 8.66 2.64 5.10 2.92 3.77 65.33 3 2 62 3.14 2.47 2 62 1.98 7.91 1.13 6.36 0.23 36.89 1.63 44.07 1889... 7101. LII5 -79 5 92 Means .. 1600 648 4733.91 6.14 6.33 I 0.101 I)-1- - I 3.45 ~ I3.721 -- i.::5221 ,5;12 63 14 161 THREE MILES NORTH OF UNION a4o SPRINGS. PRECIPITATION. Year. a .o 0 1871............. 3.876.35 6.82 6.47 5.519.76 0 34 5.91 1.941.581.611.55 54.71 1867...................................8.38 1.55 2.30.. 7.30 3.60 5.704.93 1.25 1.34 1870.............3.18 2.61 6.35 7.780.382.42 2.77 1.50 2.27 0.00 5.64 6.38 34.27 2 20 1868.............. 1869............. 5 80 4.90 3.00 5.40 3.35 0.25 6.50 2.221.16 4.00 46.51 2.59 3.79 2.88 0.53 0 45 4.47 4.65 41.79 1872... 1873............... ...... 1 57 5 95 6.20 2.97 3 431.26 5.96 1.63 0.97 1.97 5.03 10 9110 481.12 676 5.69 4.3412.32 1.90 2.37 4.71 1874.......... ... 1875............. 1.375 13 2.85 3.46 6.38 5.83 1876..o............ 1877.... ......... 1879 .............. 1880 .............. 306t..752.47 3.20 1.011.30 0.86 2.09 2.38 36.38 1.63 1.10 5.15 1.25 2.37 0.92 3.08 4 67 53.71 2 39 37.56 2.92 2.90 4.96 1.24 4.313.4:749.43 .5.115 4.75 2.42 6.76 1878.......:...... 3.461.87 2.99 7.83 1.07 3.55 3.88 4.413.77 3.44 831.10 3.792.43 0.431.74 2.27 5.84 37.52 1.83 1.44 3.80 2 22 4 87 2.66 43.20 3.28 5.321.67 1.92 7.32 4.23 44.32 7.05 5.02 0.47 4.63 0.80 3.64 2.03 4.00 3.63 6.00 47.76 1881............ ,. 5.13 2.86 4.26 6.43 6.614.3 71.851.75 4.33 53.01 1882......... ..3.676.09 1883..............7.22 1884............. 3.03 1-023.87 2.17 8.32 7.(2 0.55 5.30 34.40 1.541.21 2.94 5.74 1.83)74 3.17 5.91 3.54 2 641.63 1.45 5.25 2.35 3.60 2.92 3.95 38.13 3.010. 75 1885.............7.183 15 3.19 2.787.583.27 4.642.705.674.223.133.1050.66 00 5.19 2.77 48.50 1886............... 6.72 3.97 6.59 4.95 1.02 8.73 3.95 3.66 0 0.67 2.82 10.52 '4.66 A. 231.071.651.031.3 754.43 4.00 8 3.67 2.83 8.43 0.58 3.713,740.000-002.53 3.0841.40 73.05 43.27 1887.............3.634.85 1.992.665.0915.773.075 950 03 3 121.87 7.83 55.49 188.......:...... 3.45 6.57 13.48 2.08 3.37 5 87 1.33 4.156.988 534.082.3162.60 Means..........3.64 4.27 5.92 4,873 06,4.15^ 3 75 3 402.44 2.83 3.37 3.86 45.5.6 162 PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, AT STATIONS IN ALABAM~A. CdA $:L, 3.413 3.401.72 o Period of Observation. Auburn........... ......................... .................... Bermuda ................................... Birmingham. ............ *Calera-.......................................... 3.803-31 5.61 4.48 7.07 2.591 Carlowville.................................. 5.91 7.01 Coatopa ............. Carrollton. .. .... ........ .................. ..... 5.40 4.930 5.5 3.98 7.27 5.00 Decatur............................... ip Elyton......................... Florence............. IDemopolis .............................. SEdwardsville............. .................. ........... ... 7 335.48 3.94 4.40 ........................ Eufaula...... ...... ~evergreen. .... .................. ............. *Fort Deposit..................... Fort Mitchell....................2.29.5.52 Gadsden............... ................. Greensboro .......................... *Greenville.................................. *Fish River ................................. ............ ..... .......... ... o5.94 4.64 2.22 3. 83 3.49 2.00 06.06 4.34 o5.77 :3.77 5.36 5.00 7.054.22 5.17 5 04 Green Springs............................... 6.54 Havana...................................8.66 5.42 4.55 ......... .......... Huntsville.... .......... Jacksonville ...................... ... ...... 5 69 3.00 tLivingston................................ Marion ......................... Mobile.............................. ........... 3.22 4.25 2.50 5.00 5.39 4.38 5.80 3.82 3.17 5.40 3.86- 1.7s 11.51 7.76 3.06 . .4.45 2.91 7 777.83 3.77 6.60 3.00 4:0$ 2.25 5.35 4.99 6.37 5.00 3.40 . .6.20 1.81 4.76 1.9C. 6.7h 8.28 1.12 1.87 3.15 2.46 2.13 8.58 355 1.88 4.28 .. 1.00 3.95 2.30 4.57 .. 9.9E 4.68 4.61 6.70 6.30 3.47 1.80 5.84 5.02 4.4E 3.13 3.63 7.83 4.64 6.01 6.1,' 3.48 3:76 8 52 2.90 3.98 .4577.19 3.1E 6.03 1.54 5.06 7.87 3.48 5.50 7.10 8.92 4.61 5.46 5.28 4.37 4.20 3.29 2.48 4.49 5.43 52.4212 years. 58 3 03 44.90 4 years. 4.79 2.45 5.15 4.39 ... 3.40..... 5years. 4.28 3.07 3.84 6 years. .. . 6.09 2.76 2.58 1.87 0.49.. 5.01 4.81 4.04 4.00 2.33 5.93 5.63 65.1913 years, 4 months. 5.80 3.70 [.35 2.25 2.80 7.00 5.80 52.65 2 years. 45.45 4 years. 3.21 3.44 3.55 2.65 2.30 3.32 48.9' 7 years, 8 months. 3.45 3.58 2.42 2.13 . 2 years. . 7.60 4.44 5.36 1.76 2.66 5 19 4.84 3.74 2.68%1.702.254.5249.67 2 years. 3.75 3.25 4.00 46.32 2 years. 4.00 3 87 4.44 3.27 6.97 4.34 3.25 1.88 5.08 2.12 44.23 4 years. 7.72 2.43 50.43 4 years. 5.72 7.37 3.38 5 years. 3 02 5.69 7.52 5.23 0.89 2.33 3.32 ..... 4.20 .5.83 2.78 2.86 5.96 2.58 4.66 46.20 5 years. 4 years. 3.87 3 31 2.32 2.18 1.50... .... 1 year, 3 months. 7.08 [.75 4.28 [.22 5.22 3.76 3.52 2.48 2.40 3.51 13.44 47.9- 4 years. 18 years, 8 months. 3.92 3 16 5.27 2.99 2.18 8.89 4.66 32.33 1 51.7.39 2.35 58.10 6 years. 4.75 4.41 4.55 2.97 2.94 4.49 4.99 54.83 28 years. 0.66 3.16 3.24 4.59 6 35 3.45 5.08 56.92 2 years. 5.16 4.8S 5.12 2.64 2.93 3.28 4.7154-10 16 years. 3 years. 5.82 4.19 2.16 .... 1.69 2.6S 3.03.... 3.71 3.62 3.151.815.732.066 06 48.08 47.72 6 years. 2.74 3.37 2.56 4.81 6.24 7.24 '6.734.242.824.294.1562.9924 years. 2.45 4.53 2.7615.42 3.43 4.94 1.77 336 0.11 3.86 1.4845.20 4.81 5.5250.84 14.24 2.00 2 .60 4 years, Monroeville.... . ........... Montgomery.......................... Mount Vernon Barracks................. Mount Willing.. ................... ...................... Moulton. .. Newton. . Oswichee.............. ...... *Opelika .... ......................... Apple........ ................ Prattville........................ *Pine *Scottsboro ........................... Talladega................................. Selma........ .... Troy................................... 7'rinity................................... Tuscaloo sa........................ Tuscumbia * .... . ....... .................... . Uniontown.............. Union Springs............... .... ....... Valley Head............................. Wilsonville ........ ........... ......... Mea ..................... 3.68 6 69 4.65 5.52 7.04 5.59 6.46 6.77 5.64 4.33 6.00 5.92 6.48 4.73 3.91 8.59 6.28 1.47 4.87 5.2E 3.66 4.10 5.57 6.41 3.48 7.03 4.98 3:57 4.45 4.39 5.76 4.21 7.43 2.16 2.35 .. .6.48 9.08 6.13 2.67 9.17 3.69 1.87 2.44 7.25 4.31 6.43 8.74 6.55 2.16 3.63 7.5 2.17 1.9: 5.70 7.28, 5.98 x.995.38 4.60 4.77 .68 11.14 6.36 3.5 3.27 1.73 6.99 9.71 2.70 6.02 4.84 2.74 2.31 5.45 ..7.7:E . 3.64, 4.27 5.92 4.87 . 5.33, 0.44 12.78 3.72 . 4.08 3.36 6.384.87 -i 4.95 6.89 7.30 2.74 1F.56 5.72 4.15 60.89 35 years, months. 6.016 3.58 2.58 2.08 2.274 195.06 54 .61 122 years. 6.14' 6.33 6.10 3.72 3.45 5.24 5.1263. 132 years. 2.50 2.92 2.28 1.42 3.30 6.86..... .4 years. 2.93 43.87 10 years. 3.84 3.25 2.10 3.29 3.49 5.26 51.53 34 years. 2.45 3.82 8.08 2.61 8.36 5.08 6.55 1.21 3.80 2.90 5.45J54.26 2 yars 5.20 6.97 3.93 2.52 3.30 3.14 4.44. 8 years. 6 years. 3.46 3.86 2.44 1.24 1.33... 6.50 3.99 3.06 0.0(! 2.44 3.15 6.73 50.29 .2 years. 4.18 4.16 3.7r 2.20 2.50 4.97 5.93-55.91 13 years. 4.60 5.59 3.57 2.41 2.91 .573 6 years. 4.09 2.31 :3.82 5.57 2.33 2.08 7.20 49.84 2 years. 7.02 4.37 1.99 0.95 [.68 2.06 .578 51.08 3 4 years. 4.95 4 80 3.55 [.81 4.19 4.68 61.85 5 years. 3 33 2.71 2 06 2.05 2.61 2 34 1.36 41.75 S6 years. 5.78 5.07 2.52 3.77 2.46 3.25 5.1649.37 years, 1887 incom1.97 3.93 1.80 4.50 1.16 1.38...I 2 years. [plete 3.06 4.15 3.75 3.40 2.44 2.83 3.37 3 86 45.56 21 years, 3 months. 4 04 10.55 2.57 6.4212.22: 2.42 3.52 5.39 64.40 5 years. 2.79 56 3.85 3.91 2.61 3.203.4 3.50 48.62 6 years. 5 2-91.60 1 T4 14 5.3614.671 5.76 5.12 _ __ _ 3.95 4 804 404.01 2.74 2.4713.8414.49 51.89 jE t Two years' observations at this Station were made by Captain J. W. A. Wright, and two years by Observer of Belt Station. *Stations of the Cotton Belt Series.-The Observers at these Stations report only during the crop season, April 1st until November 1st. viz: Cotton From 30 The chart on the opposite page shows in an interesting man ner how regularly the mean maximum and the mean minimum temperatures follow the average temperature of the State. The extremes are not great. The high maximum shown on the chart occurred only once during the period covered by the diagram, and was recorded at .the signal office in Montgomery in July of 1881. The reader must understand that this does not represent an average for the State, but is an abnormal temperature observed only once during the period of twenty-one yerrs. 166 Cf I - ii UK ii I I I I I - za 33 3. YEARS OF DROUGHT AND WET YEARS. From special Bulletin No. 1, issued by the Alabama Weather service and compiled by Capt. W. H. Gardner of Mobile, the following extracts are taken concerning the con- dition of the weather prior to 1830. From 1830 to the year 1890 the data mentioned in this bulletin, came from the Reports of the Smithsonian uInstitute; Reports of the Department of Agriculture; Reports of the Signal Service; Patent Office Reports, and reliable agricultural and scientific journals: 1711. There was a severe storm and high flood in March on Mobile Bay which overflowed the newly organized town and caus, d its removal to its present site. 1746. A destructive cyclone visited the Gulf coast, which laid waste the plantations and totally destroyed the rice crop. This article was used in most families as a substitute for bread. 1807. The spring was wet and the water courses were high. 1817. A year of constant raing in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. 1825. A dry summer. 1829. A year of continuous rains in Alabama and Mississippi, and poor crops. 1832. A winter of heavy rains and extraordinary floods. 1833. A winter of heavy rains and great floods in the rivers of Alabama. The Tombigbee, above Gainesville, was higher than ever known prior to this time. 1840. The spring was dry and cool. The fields early in June presented a bleak and barren aspect. Famine seemed imminent. The summer was also dry and the farms were thoroughly cultivated. The Warrior at Tuscaloosa was very nearly dried up, resulting in the death of a great many fish. At Montgomery there was a slight rain early in August, and no more until late in October. The Alabama river was too low for navigation. An immense cotton crop was made, perhaps the largest yield per acre ever known in the State up to this time. There was no bad weather to prevent picking from August to the following spring. The total rainfall for the year at Huntsville was only 29.08 inches, and at Savannah, Georgia, 25.98 inches. 1843. The spring was late, with continued rains in July and August, throughout the cotton region. This wet weather acted so injuriously on the cotton that a most favorable fall failed to produce as large a crop as that obtained in 1842. 1844. The summer was dry and the season generally excellent for the growth of cotton. The crop opened very early and was large. Cotton picking was general August 1st. 1845. The spring and summer were exceedingly dry. 1846. A memorable year in Alabama. The cotton caterpillar made its appearance for the first time in the clay lands north of the Black Belt or the Cretaceous formation. The damage in central and south Alabama was fearful. Boll worms were also abundant. The rapid multiplication of 169 34 these insects was caused by the unusually wet summer. The cotton crop was 25 per cent. less than that produced in 1844. 1847. A wet summer, and insects were very numerous. Scarcely any cotton opened on August 27th. All the southern rivers were very high from the heavy rains in December. Rainfall for the year at Mobile was 71.43 inches. The season was unpropitious and backward. The spring opened late and the frequent occuirence of destructive hail storms and the prevalence of northeast winds, accompanied with chilling rains, until late in May, exercised an unhappy influence on the growing crop, placing it back three or four weeks. 1850. The winter and spring were so wet and the land was in such bad order it could not be well prepared for the crop. Much of the soil was ploughed up in wet clods that had not pulverized when the season for planting had arrived. Cotton insects were numerous. 1851. Excessive rains and very high water in April. The summer was dry and hot and there was but little rain from May 4th until August 10th; resulting in the poorest corn and cotton crops on the sandy and clay lands ever made. The drouth of seven weeks parched up the gardens in east Alabama. It also cut off the oats, except the autumn crop. About the middle of August, after an exceedingly dry year throughout the cotton regions it rained generally over the country. The fall continued warm and dry until unusually late and afforded to planters double the crops they expected in August. 1852. There was a frequency of rain in July and August that produced a too rapid development of weed in the cotton plant, and multiplied the injurious insects, that resulted in considerable damage to the crop. 1853. The March rains were heavy, while in April there was no rain of consequence. In May it continued excessively dry in the same districts affected in April and the drought was very severe. In July the rains became abundant and even excessive where the drought had been severe. These rains began early in the month and continued and were profuse, giving at the end of July 7.00 to 11.00 inches of rainfall, or nearly twice the mean depth. During September the rains were heavy, as much as 15.00 inches falling at Pensacola. Some damage was done by these rains in retarding the development of cotton bolls, and by flooding bottoms. The annual rainfall at Mount Vernon Arsenal, near Mobile, was 106 57 inches; the largest ever recorded in Alabama. The rains of September and the generally wet character of the latter parts of the season, together with the early drought, that lasted about three months, seriously reduced the yield of cotton. 1854. The weather of spring cold and dry and the wheat and oat crops were cut off. The severity of the drought was unprecedented, affecting more or less the entire country. Even the low lands, that heretofore gave large yields during dry years, materially failed in 1854. In the month of September the rains were abundant and damaged to a great extent the opening cotton. The grain crop was also seriously injured. 1855. A mild winter with considerable dry weather. Rivers were not navigable. Cotton that was planted in April and May did not germinate for want of moisture. Late in May there was sufficient rain to bring up cotton and late planted cereals. The summer was dry but cultivation was perfect and the cotton crop was very large. The yield per acre was the 170 35 largest ever realized except possibly in 1839. Total rainfall for the year at Green Springs was 39.27 inches; at Greensboro it was 37.60 inches, and at Auburn, 37.85 inches, or a deficiency of nearly 20 inches. The summer rainfall was well distributed and the deficiency was not so severe on the growing crops. 1857. No rain fell in East Alabama during the months of June and July. The year was distinguished by abnormal conditions of both temperature and rainfall. The deficiency in precipitation was fully 16 inches. 1858. During this year occurred great spring floods. August was hot and dry, except in East Alabama where the rains were continuous. The fruit crop was abundant and cotton and grain crops excellent. During the months of August, September and October little rain fell, and the cotton opened rapidly and early and the season was most excellent for gathering it. A large crop was saved. Oats were destroyed by rust. The corn crop was fair and there was an abundance of fruit. 1859. Another spring of heavy rains and destructive floods. The summer was seasonable, and the fall was like that of 1875 and 1876, and like those years an immense cotton crop was gathered in very bad condition. Picking was continued until March, 1860. 1860. The planters of Alabama made enough corn to do them. In a few localities of the State such was the length of the drought, and the intensity of the heat the crop was cut a little short, but in other sections more favorable there was enough corn made to spare. No rain fell in East Alabama from June 5th to July 27th. In this part of the State the effects of the drought were exhibited by the dried up creeks, stunted cotton bare of fruit and the forest shrubbery dying for want of moisture in the earth. There were two equinoctial storms-one August 11th and the other September 15th. 1865. The rivers were all high in April and May, but the summer was dry and fair crops were made. 1867. Continuous spring rains and the rivers over the State very high. The crops were replanted early in June, and by September promised a fine yield, but the cotton caterpillars appearing in large numbers, and no fruit having developed by that time, the crop was seriously damaged. 1868, The summer was moderately favorable, and the cotton plant was well fruited by July 10th. Continuous rains from August 20th until September 10th developed both boll worms and caterpillars which inflicted great damage, reducing the cotton crop on the black lands fully one half. 1870. A dry spring, particularly during May, The weather during June and July was favorable for cultivation, There was a late frost and the cotton crop was very large, 1871, March and April were very wet. May cool, with frequent rains, and June was showery, July was dry and favorable for farming operations, but August produced heavy rains. September, October and November were favorable for gathering the crop but the yield was light. Caterpillars did great damage in central Alabama. 1872, A year of moderate temperature and favorable distribution of moisture, The cotton crop was very forward. July and August were very warm with light rainfall. Cotton opened very rapidly, the fields being white by August 24th. The yield was large, 171 36 1874. January and February were pleasant months. April was wet and May was dry. Heavy rains in June. [Caterpillars did considerable damage in central Alabaima. 1875 April and May dry, Poor stand of cotton, There were general rains about the middle of June which gave healthy, vigorous growth to the plants, the lands having been placed in fine condition during the dry weather of April and May. Jul; and August were very dry in middle and southern tlabama. The fall and winter months were continuously wet and the very large crop of cotton was gathered in very bad condition. There was no frost of consequence until December 8th. 1876, March 19th a very heavy snow storm swept over west Alabama, ,resulting in a heavy rainfall at Mobile. Caterpillars were more generally prevalent than ever known, but coming late did no material damage. 1877, An equinoctial storm swept over the State on Septemb r 18 and 19, in which the wind was not high, but the rain fell on the north west limits of the storm in torrents. At Tuscaloosa 14,00 inches fell in two days, The Warrior river was 63.6 feet above low water and destroyed all the corn and cotton crops on the rich bottom lands between Tuscaloosa and Eutaw. The rain fell without intermission. 1879. The season up to May 20th was very favorable for planting and farm operations. From this date until June 5th there were continuous rains and but little plantation work was done and crops became grassy. July and August were showery. The autumn was mild and comparatively dry. Picking season was generally excellent and the crop was large. 1881. During March rains were very heavy and the rivers were higher than in 1865. The months of April, May, June and July were quite dry, The corn crop was cut down to save fodder, as the protracted drought pre vented the formation of corn. '1883. Prolonged and unprecedented drought continued during August and October. The weather during October was hot, dry and unhealthy, Crops suffered for rain, and in some locadities, wells dried up. 1884. The remarkable features for the year were the unusually heavy rains of June and Juiy, followed immediately by a prolonged drought, that lasted nearly four months. The rainfall was about four inches below the average. S1885. The summer opened moderately cool and slight damage was done to the cotton, but by the beginning of July the weather turned off very favorably and the outlook for a fine crop was encouraging. The abundant rains that occurred during July and August developed the cotton insects and rust, and the cotton plant was retarded in its growth, During the autumn the weather was so wet the cotton sprouted in the fields, and this trouble, together with the numerous insects and rapid increase of the rust cut off the crop considerably i886. The spring opened with extensive and d:amaging floods. The rise in the rivers was greater than was ever known to occur before. During May the rains were so frequent the crops.became badly choked with grass and weeds. The rains continued throughout June, damaging cotton very much.--During July the days were fair and the fparmers cultivated the lands so well the crops recuperated wonderfully. The fair weather of August and the dry, sunshiny days of September opened the cotton so raipidly a very 172 37 fair crop was gathered. The weather continued dry until the close of October. 1887. The spring was dry until May, when rains occurred so often as to place the young crop in good condition. On the 24th of June the Central Office of the State Weather Service, with all its records, was destroyed by the fire that burned the main building of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and no bulletins were issued until September, The fall was remarkable for a continued drought and high temperature. In some portions of north Alabama the thermometer ranged as high as 100 ° in September, and before ° the close of the month there was a fall of 50 . Crops of all kinds suffered on account of drought and hot weather, 1888. The spring opened wet and cool. The rains were contin uo u throughout August. The autumn was unusually mild and roses were in bloom at Auburn on December 10th. 1889. The spring was quite dry and farmers complained very much about the dry condition of the atmosphere producing withering effects on the crops. The rains were frequent in north and west Alabama during June, but in eastern and southern portions of the State the farms still suffered for want of rain until the close of the month when copious showers fell. The weather generally during the summer months was favorable for the crops. A good cotton crop waq gathered and the staple was in excellent condition because of the fine dry weather during the autumn months. HEAVY RAINFALLS PER DAY. 1880. Gree Springs, April 19 and 20, 3.82 in 9 hours. 1881. Mobile, august 3rd, 6.20; 4th, 3.10; 5th, 3.56. Mobile, November 6th, 4.50 in 10 hours. Montgomery, December 14th, 2.93; 21st, 3.45. 1882. Montgomery, February 8th, 3.01. Auburn, February 8th, 3.56 in 14 hours. Auburn, February 28th, 2.33 in 9 hours. Mount Yernon, March 9.30 p. m. 26th, 4.81, from 7.15 a. m. to AUburn, March 26th, 1.58 in 1 hour and 30 minutes.. 1883. Auburn, October 22nd, 2.15. 1884. Birmingham, April 15th, 3.50. Auburn June 28th, 4.00. Carrollton, July 28th, 3.10. Wetumpka, July 28th, 3.50. Prattville, December 14th, 3.50. 1885. Clintonville, January 23rd, 4.07. Tuscaloosa, April 30th, 5.25 in 3 hours. Pine Apple, May 30th, 5.30. Trinity, June 12th, 4.90. Tuscumbia, September 29th, 6.33. Marion, November 6th, 600. 1886. Greensboro, January 3rd, 4.57. Russellville, March 29th, 9.75. 173 38, Tuscumbia, September 14th, 5.16. 1887. Fayette, January 23rd, 5.00. Auburn, July 27th, 7.37. WET MONTHS. 1867. August, 13.55 at Fish River. 1881. March, 11.74 at Tuscaloosa. March, 7.57 at Auburn. August, 15.22 at Mobile. 1882. January, 13.70 at Decatur. February, 11.31 at Auburn. June, 14.41 at Birmingham. July, 16.37 at State Line. July, 14.54 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. August, 11.26 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. September, 10.25 at Troy. 1883. January, 10.47 at Greene Springs. January, 10.30 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. April, 12.83 at Auburn. April, 11.22 at Birmingham. April, 11.18 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. April, 10.65 at Opelika. June, 14.24 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. June, 10.28 at Greenville. 1884. January, 12.94 at Clanton. January, 11.52 at Auburn in 15 days. July, 12.02 at Greene Springs. Thunder storms occurred almost daily. June, only 3 days without rain in some parts of the the State. 1885. May, 12.96 at Bolling. 1886. January, 11.00 at Newton. March, 18.25 at Newton. June, 12.41 at Lineville, 18 days rain. Noveniber, 11.55 at Mount Willing. 1887. July, 21.09 at Auburn. December, 15.95 at Mount Willing. 1888. January, 11.50 at Selma. March, 13.48 at Union Springs. June, 13.56 at Mobile. August, 14.35 at Mobile. DRY MoNTHs. 1882. June, 0.10; September, 0.31, Talladega. June, 0.13; September, 0.32, Calera. October, 0.29; Talladega, 0.37, Calera. 1883. September, 0.07, Mount Willing; 0.16, State Line; 0.22, Montgomery; 0.25, Uniontown; 0.48, Pine Ap- ple. 174 39 1884. September, 0.00, Prattville; 0.00, Wetumpka; 0.0( Troy; 0.00, Tuscaloosa; 0.00, Evergreen; 0.00, Selma; 0.00, Fort Deposit; 0.00, Calera. This was the dryest month on record. From 33 reports only 5 gave 1.00 inch and over. The average for the State was 0.40 of an inch. October. The following stations reported a fall of rain less than 1.00 inch : Eufaula, Union Springs, Jacksonville, Edwardsville, Summerville, Auburn, Opelika, Fort Deposit, Calera. The mean depth of rainfall for the State was 1.48 inches. 1886. September. The following stations reported a fall of rainfall of less than 1.00 inch: Centre, Selma, Greensboro, Birmingham, Auburn, Marion, Carrollton, Tuscaloosa, Livingston, Fort Deposit, Mount Willing, Oswichee. October. Tuscumbia, Fayette, Florence, Trinity, Selma, Auburn, Montgomery, Marion, Livingston, Eufaula, Union Springs, Newton, Fort Deposit, Mount Willing, Mobile, Bermuda, Oswichee. The average for the State was 0.58 inch. 1887. March. Lees than 1.00 inch. Bermuda, Marion,. Montgomery, Union Springs, Mount Willing, Tuscaloosa, Troy. 1889. $ay. Less than 1.00 inch: Bermuda, Livingston, Greensboro, Columbiana, Uniontown, Centre. October. Tuscumbia, Union Springs, Mobile, Livingston, Greensboro, Pine Apple, Uniontown, Selma, Average for the State 0.98 of an inch. 4. DESTRUCTIVE STORMs. 1740, September 11th a most destructive hurricane swept the Gulf coast; from the Mississippi to Pensacola. It began about 1 A, M. and lasted until 12 M, It blew down several houses in Mobile. Half of Dauphin Island was carried away and more than three hundred head of cattle were drowned on the island. On the 18th another violent storm visited the coast of Alabama, It came from the N, N, E,, and was accompanied by heavy rains that caused an overflow of all the rivers by which were laid waste all the plantations of the Indians from Carolina to Mobile, Much suffering resulted from these storms in and around Mobile. 1772. From August 31st to September 3rd a storm visited the country around Mobile much more destructive than any before experienced. Vessels were driven into the heart of the town and the violence of the wind forced the salt water over the ground, destroying all vegetation. All the houses were filled with water several feet deep, The sea was driven over the islands along the coast of the Gulf in mountainous waves, The wind ranged from S. S. E., but further west the storm was more violent and the wind come from N, N, W. It is stated that during this storm the mulberry rees in Mobile lost all their leaves by the force of the winds, and after- 8 175 40 wards put forth a second crop of leaves, blossomed and produced fruit within the brief space of four weeks, 1794. A destructive tornado in August, The locality visited was not mentioned in the record, Such a small area of the territory between latitudes 210 and 41°, in Alabama, was occupied prior to 1815, we have no record of the tornadoes and violent storms which generally produce such terrible havoc in the months of March, April and May, 1819. August 25th to 28th a destructive cylone prevailed on the Gulf coast, A large brig was stranded on Dauphin street in Mobile, 1852. August 25th produced an equinoctial storm of great violence, causing the highest flood ever known in Mobile, except that of 1772. 1878. March 27th a tornado passed through Hale county, prostrating trees and small houses, 1880. March 18th a tornado passed across the southern portion of Pike county, during the evening, causing great damage to timber and fencing. The storm passed about three miles west of Smilie's bridge on Conecuh river in an easterly direction, and in a distance of ten miles greatly damaged fourteen plantations. 1881, On February 18th a tornado passed through Tuscaloosa county. Its direction was northeast and extended a distance of fifteen miles, Another storm passed a little north of Sumterville in Sumter county, at 5 P. ,. on the 23rd-of March, that was very violent in its effects. This storm was also northeast, and its track was about forty yards wide. 1882. September 9th a destructive gale visited Marvin on Saturday night. Another began in Alabama on the 10th, and passed across Georgia and South Carolina. This storm swept over the section aroue and in Auburn, prostrating trees and small houses. The gale continue with unabated force for five or six hours. 1883. On April 22nd a violent tornado occurred in Alabama and passed through Talladega county, killing one person and destroying considerable property. Another storm passed to the north and west of Headland, Henry county, on the evening of May 20th, that destroyed some farm buildings. On October 16th a heavy storm passed near Williams' Station, but no material damage was done in the immediate section, 1881. February 19th tornadoes of great violence passed through Montgomery county on the afternoon. At Montgomery the wind blew at the rate of 32 miles per hour, The wind veered from S. to Nw. during the storm and the temperature fell from 80°.9 to 470, Storms also passed through the following counties doing considerable damage" Calhoun (8 persons killed); Cherokee; Coosa; Elmore; Jefferson (destroyed most of the town of Leeds and killed 11 persons, wounding 31. The storm was accompanied by hail with stones of unusal size); Perry, 1884, March 11th tornad'loes passed through the counties of Greene and Pickens, And on the 24th at 2 A. another swept through Barbour county that was accompanied by unusual alectric displays and torrents of rain, Its track was about of a mile wide. Several persons were badly injured, and one man wasikilled. On the 25th a tornado passed through northeast Alabama continuing on into Georgia, doing great damage in its track to property. Another on the same day swept through '., tne-quarter 176 'beat 41 one in Chambers county, five miles north of Fredonia. It destroyed everything in its path. April 2nd a tornado passed through Springville during the night. This storm swept in a northeast direction into Tennessee, and about 60 miles southwest of Chattanooga seven persons were killed. The track of the storm was one hundred yards wide. Eleven miles east of Huntsville a strong wind demolished a farm and killed three persons, wounding four others. At 4 P. M. on the 14th considerable damage was done by a storm at Frankfort in Franklin county. Another tornado passed through Cullman county on the 15th, and also one swept through Elmore county on the 16th in a northeast direction. Another on the 15th through Henry county, and also through Morgan county. Three miles south of Auburn a tornado committed considerable havoc over a distance of eight miles or more, This storm originated four miles southwest of Auburn and passed over into Georgia. In that State a number of persons were killed and thousands of dollars worth of property destroyed. December 12th a violent storm of wind and rain passed through Mr. J. W. Harris' plantation ten miles north of Auburn, sweeping everything in its track; eight houses were demolished. The width of the track was about 100 feet, and the course of the storm was northeast. The initial point was supposed to be near Mount Meigs. 1885, January 11th tornadoes passed through the following counties: Lamar, Fayette, Cullman, Blount, Marshall, DeKalb, Greene, Hale, Bibb, Chilton, Coosa, Clay, Randolph, Macon. These storms carried death and destruction in their paths, The general direction was northeast, Immense ticks of forests were seriously damaged, and the largest and best timbers in the course of the storms were prostrated and piled together in tangled masses, The storms were most violent between 5 and 7 P. April 30th a storm of considerable violence passed over Summerfield, Dallas county, The tornado came from northwest and was accompanied with rain and small hail stones, May 6th a severe storm passed over the section of the State in the neigh. borhood of the towns of Plantersville, Dixie and Randotph at 4:30 a, Newspaper accounts fix the loss at $10,000. November 6th-The storms of this date swept, across the State about 11 A, a. The following places were more or less damaged: Fort Payne, Decatur, Florence, Greensboro, Livingston, Marion, Mobile, Montgomery, Opelika, Selma, Orrville Station, Coatopa Station, Plantersville, Tuscumbia, The damage resulting to crops and property over the State was very great, and in some localities persons were killed by the violent winds. The aivers rose very rapidly and soon overflowed their banks. 1886. March 27th a tornado did considerable damage near Grove Hill, The track was a quarter of a mile wide and came from the west. On the 29th a storm passed through Smith's Station from the southwest, doing considerable damage to timber and other property. On the 30th, between 11 A, as. and 12 a., the northeast portion of Bullock county was visited by a tornado, The track was about one hundred yards wide, and its direction was N. N. E. 1888. March-Heavy precipitations occurred on the 26th and 27th that fiamaged property over the State to a considerable degree. All railroads M. P, 177 42 were more or less injured and trains were stopped for several days. The local wind storms accompanying this rain were quite severe in some localitiesunroofing houses and prostrating fences and trees. This cyclone lasted for two days, and the temperature was high during the entire period. From the above notes, it will be seen that the heavy floods and strong winds occur most frequently in Alabama during the months of March, April and May, TORNADOES IN ALABAMA. The following interesting account of tornadoes in Alabama was taken from the American Meteorological Journal, and was prepared for that journal by Lieut. John P. Finley of the United States Signal Service. The map shows only approximately the directions and locations of these storms. For 'a more detailed and accurate account, refer to the tables accompanying Lieut. Finley's article: Period of observation, 67 years, 1822-1888. Total number of storms, 112. Year of greatest frequency, 1884-19 storms. Average yearly frequency-1.6 storms. Year in past (10) ten years no report of storms-none. Month of greatest frequency, March-28 storms. Day of greatest frequency, January llth-7 storms. Hours of greatest frequency, 6 to 7 P. M.and 7 to 8 P. M. Months without storms, July, August, September and October. Prevailing direction of storm movement-Ne. Region of maximum storm frequency, north central por- tion. 178 TABLE II. --A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and movemnent of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888. Month and County. Day. April 16 ... ..... .. . I2irecYear. Time. tion. Form of Cloud, Funnel...2640 Width of Path in Feet. Morgan....................... ................... Chilton ......................................................... Morgan................................. 1822 5 p in...NE. 1823 9 p in..NE..Funnel...3960 .: 1823............. E 10° N .............. 2640 Tuscaloosa............. ............... CJalhoun...................................... Morgan............................. Blount.......................:...:....... Etowah................................................. I-'Jefferson........................ .................. April 6 .... :............kApril 25 ....... .... ..... ...... ""Mobile............ Tuscaloosa ........................................ Lee.............................. Pickens ................................. Blount...................................... ................... .......... 12...... ..................... . . ...... May 1.........1830,... .... Funnel...1237 4:30 p in...NE June 16...1834 1840"............ E20°N........... ........... :............. 1840............ E20 N. .............. Funnel...24 March 10..1840 6 p m....E..... 1320 About 6 p in.. NE ................... March 16..1840 165 to 660 7p in... S..880° E.............. March Tuscaloosa......... ............................................. ................ Cherokee.................. ........................ Lee..................................... Cleburne.......................................... ...................... Cleburne .................. March 4...1842 March 7.... March 12..1855 24...1840 1843 6a in....NE................ ............. E 450 .............. N. Inverted Cone. 600 l8541lpin....NE......... ...... ....... SE...................... 900 ....... . May 24. .. 1857 ............. 15.............188 . . 18611l p in...NE........ . l863 11p m 1864 Midnight. 1866 NE.... ............ ...... Lee. :..................,...... November 30. NIarch 4 .. December 25 ... ....... ... NE.................i1320. ........ 600 to 900 60 to 900 NE .......... NE................:........... ..... Cherokee................................ Talladega Cleburne.................. Cleburne ............. ............... Calhoun.......................................... Tuscaloosa ........................................ Cleburne ' ......................................... Clbre..........96:.: ........................ April 16..l May 6.......866f8p 86611p . . ........ min .. E 40°N ....... NE................ E10°N.......... . 1320 ..... 600 to 900. m ..... ... February 15 April 29...1867 May 4....... May 26....... ......... .E100.N.... a mn..E 20 N. Funnel........ ........ 600 to 900 1867 Midnight...NE......... .. ... 1867...... 10 :...................................... 1867 8 p in.....ENE.. . ......... Ferar.2..863p . E.... ......... Funnel...600 ,...60 to 900 t90 Tarr II1.-A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and move-J ment of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888.-Continued. Month and Day. 4 'Direc- COUiNTY. _____ ___ __._-- Year. If Time. - tion. Form of Cloud. Width of Path in Feet. Tuscalooaa.................................. Clay.......................:.... May - 8.. Pickens .......................................... ... .......... Calhoun............ .... ............ Talladega........................................ GZ Calhoun.......................................... Cleburne....................................:.....: ... :......... Jackson and Calhoun.......... ........ iHale....... ................................... Colbert ......................................... Shelby............................................. .... ............. ..... Dallas.............. ...... Cherokee............... ......................... Lamar............................................. Pike............. .... ............ Coosa and Tallapoosa ........... De~alb............................................ Etowah.... Marshall.......................................... . January 29... April-.. May 6 ... 'January . April 23 December 24. . November 16.. November 22.. November 22.. November 22.. November 27. . February 24.. March 20.. [March 20. May 1... Lee...................................... ............. ,...................... ,. .................... Hale........................ Chilton........ ................................ ............... Chilton............................ Barbour................. ......................... ....... ,April 23 .. ........................ 'December April 25.. 23.. Pike Jackson.......................... ............. 'February February 13.. March l .. 'March ".............................. 18.... Blount..............0ates,""""." ............ . .. .. . . ... . ". Cherokee..... a. April 25-.. December- 00" e.... 0..... 6000 60. . 1868 1869 8:30 am.. 1869 1869 1870 1870 8a m... .1870 1873 Vp m .. 1874 1874 Afternoon.: 1874 6p m... 1874 :Midnight .. 1874~ 1.875 1875 3:30 p m.. 1875 2p m... 1875 1871 10 am.. 1876 1876 1878 p m... 1879 1880 1880 Evening. 1880 Evening .. 1880 Afternoon ... 1880 1881 Funnel.. NE. NE. NE. SE .. NE.... Funnel .. E lOS.. H 30 N . NE.. NE.. NNE.... Funnel... E~20 N. NE. INE... NE.... SE.. 1320 450 300 to 900 1320 40 360 to 600 [320 300 to 300 about Tuscaloosa. ....... Perry ..... .... :.... . February 18.. . Mfarch 22.. Mfarch 23.. February k28.. March 27.. March 27.. ........................ February 26.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... ..................... Rlandolph.. Sumter .... Madison.......... Barbour. .................. Dallas.............................................. Henry .................................... Lee......... ...................... Washington ............. .................. .... .......... .................... ..... .............. March 27 . March 27 April 2 ... Etowahl..... ................. Choctaw .:....... J efferson ... .. Jeff erson. Blount............................................ Cherokee. ........ eea*.. ........................... ..... ....................................... .. .. .. . . . . . March 27.. April 2... April 22... January 16. April 22 ... ,April 22 . April 23.. January11l. February ~Fayette............. . ~Pickens .. ... Cherokee........................... ............................. ................... .......................... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ............. Talladega and Calhoun.............. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Marshall Jefferson and St. Clair .......... Cherokee.. .......... ............................. Tuscaloosa.......... ............................ ................ . .. .. .. February 19.. February 19.. February 19.. February 19.. March 6 . March 19.. 11. Pickens......... .......................... Marshall. ............ ....... ..... . Greene............ Jeff erson ............................. ............................... ............................... .............................. Cherokee...... .... Lawrence and Jackson............................ St. Clair.......... .... Blount and Del~alb........................ ................... ...... . ....... .... March 11.. March 11.. March 11. March 25. March 25.... April 1.. April 1.. Lawrence........................................ Lee..................... .April 1.. April 12 ... December 12.. 1881 Afternoon..NE .. NE .. 1881:Midnight .. 1881.lam........NE..... 1881 1882 11:45 a m..NE.... 1882 night......... ..... 1882 night........ ...... .. 1882 9:30pm...E 1882 night........ ...... .. 1882 2:30p m...E NE.. 1882 NE. m 1882, 1883 NE.... 1883 NE.. 1883 ....... 1883 10:30 p m.... .. p m..NE 1883 1884 6pm...E... NE... 1884 12 m... ..... NE. . 1884 11 am... .... NE. 1884 2pm 1884 9 p M....... NE.... 1884 1:20 pm 1884 4m......... NE. 1884 10:30 pm.... NE .. 1884 7p m..... 1884 7:30p m............ 1884 8p m...NE. 1884 2pm .. NE.... 1884 8.p m NE. 1884 6pm ... NE.... 1884 Midnight. .. NE..... 1884 .... NE.... 1884 2:30 pm.......... 1884. night .. .. .0...NE .. 5pm......NE..... .... Funnel.Narrow. . . . . 300 Funnel ...... ............. Funnel...80 to 120 Funnel...900 5280 . . _ . ... .. Funn.................. .... 900 ... ....... 4 .... u. ...1320 .. 132... 90 0t .. . Funnel1200 Baloo. Funnel .. 4:30 . 1600to24 ... . Funlonl..300 to 90 to.12002 . 300to24 Funnel. Fun.............. . . .... Funnel900 to 120 Funnel................. ... . 100 ..... . TABLE IL-A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and move ment of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888.-Continued. Month and Day. 11...1 11... 11... 11... January 11.... January 11... February 20. March 28.. May 6 . November 6.. January January January January Direction. Form of Cloud, Width of Path in feet. COUNTY. Randolph...................................... Macon Year. Time. 1885 1885 1885 Coosa and Clay............... .................. 1885 Lamar, Fayette and Walker...... ............... Greene, Hale, Bibb and Chilton................... 1885 CulIman, Blount, Marshall and DeKalb........... . 1885 1885 Coosa.. ................... ............ Marshall.................. ........................ 1885 ~Madison........................................... 1885 .................. OOSumter.................. 1885 bLamar................................ November 1885 Dallas .................... ....................... November 6.. 1885 April 25.. 1886 Hale..... ............................. March 29.. Elmore........................... ................ Washington............... ... .................... . January 13... 1887 April 18... 1887 Jefferson ............... ......................... April 22.. 1887 Lamar.. .......................................... 1888 P'ike .. ..... .. .. .. .. . ... ... .. . . .... . .. ... . . ... June 26.. ... 1888 June ~-~1~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ .......... l ~1 ' ..... ~ J--- r--r 26.. r ~~ ~ -r -v ~I lip mn... 9p m... 5P 6:20 pm..... 7p mn.. 5:30P m.... Afternoon .... 6:30 p in.. 38p in.. E 20° N E 100'N Funnel.. E 150 N E 30° N E 200°N Funnel... NE. Funnel.. Funnel... Fun 6.. -1886 Talladega................... N 45° E NE.. lop in.. NE. 3:30p m.. ENE. Afternoon NE.... Morning . NE.. Morning... NE. NE. 6p n... NE.. Afternoon... Easterly Afternoon ... Easterly 2640 1320 to 2640 1320 to 2640 900 to 1320 600 to 3960 250 300 Narrow 1320 300 to 2700 300 to 2640 1320 Narrow 900 Narrow Narrow Fu 3-am.... Funnel... Funnel... Funnel... Funnel.... m...... ne.... el.... TABLE 3.-Relative frequency of Tornadoes by Months and Days, for Alabama. The italic figures to the right of the dates show how many times Tornadoes occurred on that day of the month. (-) signifies date missing. The blank MONTH. January............ DAY or MONTH.y. No. of ofTotal No. tornadoes dy.per month. 5 10 18 11 6 2 5 4 1 - February ......... . March ............ April.............. May............... June............... ,-November.......... CoDecember.......... Blank .............. -.- (11)7, 13, 16, 29 and (-) .. ..... ...................... 12, 13, 15, 18, (19)5, 20, 24, 26, 28 and (-) .................... (4)2, 6, 7, 10, (11)4,4 12, 15, 16, 18, (20)2, 22, 23, 24, (25)2, (27)5, 28, 29 and (-) .. (1)3, (2)2, 6, (12)3,. (16)2, 18, (22)4, (23)4, (25)3, 29 and (-) .................... ............................................ . (1)2, 4, (6)3, 8, 24 and 26 ... (26)2................................................................. 16, 16, (22)3, (6)3, 27 and 30........................................... ........................................... 12, 24, (25)2, and (-)......... ....... :....... I (1)9 ................. -i Total...............................00000 ................. 0 0000............................00001 -----. . .. .. .. .. .9 " . . z.................................................. 11 14 28 24 9 3 9 5 9 626 1 112 LAUDERDALE Ati1 AKD Fl I aL I TI CO BE I "2' i& MADISON~1 Scosoro' ' / Frailfurt -I i F RA N KLI Ni 'G( Moii/, n WAIO WINSTON Hon Iooi ORA , sr /-- p w MAIN CUL T- Gad ( '° /- uur Vron YETTEAI C U ' - roiniigharvyr/" TCA OSA S - %CL oiii Cii na C ILUTON C/!trcil iiiS -( "O - Lan e GREENE I Liii~s jtn SUMTER (E/wA EI L ~F~i Greensboro- PERR _ P - lno CO ociiford I O a?$MBERni -- - -UT UG Pratt ii/Ic I"RY -, \RUSSELL E -' - - ELMOREK 1 ~ Matrion -'- n iin WrtCp Ti deeoMoiitqiiiiiri MACON i Sere - S~y(neiile D MARENO L L DA LA LO( N -r, -CO.-MAR NG *p revle S RA.O BDuU Rr CUTLER MONROE : I Claroyi ~ / Elba ~ Ozank a -5 SCONECUH 1-- Anidalusia? 'COVINGTON E S CAM B IA Pollard ---t , G E/n V A _ Gnu - - II MfOBILE - -- - - WEATHER MAP OF 7 = - - -- - P.1bi~e BALDWIN Daiphoiey TRIACKS OF TO'JXAJ)OES. 51 5. REMARKABLE COLD WINTERS AND WARM SUMMERS. 1748. The winter was so severe that the Mississippi river at New Orleans was frozen thirty to forty feet from the banks. 1768. Another cold winter that froze the Mississippi River at New Orleans some distance from the banks and killed all the orange trees. 1772. A winter like those of 1746 and 1768, followed by a summer of tropical intensity. 1779-80. The winter was exceedingly cold over the South. The extreme cold begantabout November 15th, with the forest foliage still green in many places because the autumn was very mild and gentle, and some trees and shrubs were putting forth new growth. Through the winter until the middle of February there was not sufficient warmth to cause even a temporary thaw, but there was a constant succession of snow storms, which so obstructed the usual methods of travel that the ice on rivers and large creeks was used in the place of the ordinary roads. The winds were so piercing that wild turkeys were frozen in the woods and domestic fowls fell from their roosts. The deer sought shelter from the blasts around the cabins of the settlers, and all kinds of animals perished in the forests for want of food, which ws buried beneath the snow. 1783. July and August were so cold the colonists had to resort to winter clothing. White frosts made their appearance in the beginning of September. On the 15th of November the cold became intense. There was a constant succession of spualls and the wind blew with great violence from the north and northeast, and from the south. The variations of the weather were such that several times in six hours Reaumur's thermometer fell from 200 above freezing to 30 below in a closed room where fire was kept. 1793, 1794, 1796 and 1799 were very severe winters. 1807. February 7th was very cold and was called the "Cold Friday." On the evening of the 15th the weather was mild with light rain about night. In a few hours the rain was turned into snow that covered the ground about six inches, The snow was immediately followed by a northwest wind storm of great violence. The cold became more intense as the night advanced, and on the morning of the 16th the frozen sap expanding caused the bark of trees to explode. 1816. This is known in history as the year without a summer. January, February and March were mild; April and May were quite cold. It is stated by a traveller on a boat from Mobile to New Orleans, he saw on April 16th the spray that was blown from the waves freeze on the rigging. June °. August and September were 8th there was a killing frost in latitude 33 quite cool; October and November stormy and disagreeable; but December was mild and comparatively genial. There was frost every month as far ° south as latitude 340 . 1823. This year marks the lowest temperature recorded in Mobile. At midnight on the 16th of February the thermometer was down to 50 above zero. 1825. This year should be known as the year Without a winter. About September the cotton crop was supposed to have been irreparably damaged, and large speculative purchases were made in Charleston for shipment to Liverpool. During September there were showers which revived and invigorated the plant, causing new growth and fruitage,which, in the absence 187 52 of cold and ifrost matured a large crop, resulting in a ruinous decline for the speculators. 1827. A killing frost on the 27th of May throughout the cotton States, greatly damaging the cotton crop. Early in December the weather became intensely cold. The ground was hard frozen in Alabama until March, 1828. 1832. A winter of great severity. At Huntsville the thermometer registered in January-9 0 . There were destructive hail storms throughout the State; but fair crops were made. 1833. A cold winter. This year is remarkable for the magnificent meteoric display that occurred on the night of November 13th-and that is now so well known in history. Many rustic hamlets and log cabins became extemporized confessionals; and "old citizens" yet hold to the opinion that more vows of reformation, more promises of amendment were made that night than ever before in the same space of time. 1834 and 1835 were cold winters; and February 6th and 7th, 1835, were ex° ceedingly cold, the temperature at Mobile was 6 at sunrise. The cotton crop for 1835 was very large. 1846-47. The winter was unequaled in severity by any since 1835. In ° middle Alabama the thermometer registered 10o to 22 above zero. 1849. 4Fabru ry and March were mild and spring-like. Vegetation was more advanced tban ever noticed before. Wheat was ripening, and cotton had four to six leaves; corn was waist high and the leaves of the forest trees about grown by April 15th. Ou the 16th ice formed on all still water and the ground was frozen half-inch deep and everything green was killed. It became necessary to replant both corn and cotton. 1852. Thermometer registered 8 at Mobile on January 20th, Marking ink froze as rapidly as the brush was withdrawn from the marking pots, causing the suspension of work in the cotton yards. The spring was cool, inclement and late; but the summer was seasonable and crops of corn and cotton were large. 1855-56, The winter was the coldest since 1852. Standing water near Mobile was frozen hard enough to permit of skating, a most unusual sight for that latitude. 1857. The spring was unprecedentedly cold and backward. Nearly all the fruit and advanced vegetables were cut off. There was no cotton up on the 20th of April; and the wheat that was jointing in central Alabama was killed by a frost on the 5th of April. On April 13th it began snowing and was the largest for 15 years, but the ground not being frozen the snow did not accumulate more than three or four inches in depth. May 6th a severe hail storm swept through central Alabama. The summer was cool. The corn and cotton crops were poor. While the winter was not unusually cold, the low spring and summer temperatures reduced the mean for the year about 20 below the average, while some stations showed a mean lower than those for 1823 and 1835. The peaches, although few in number, were very large and unusually fine. 1874-5. The winter was mild and there was no frost of consequence until December 8th, 1875. 1876. March 19th, a very heavy snow storm over West Alabama. April and 21st, a frost occurred in latitude 330 which killed all young leaves; 20th 188 53 and on June 8th the temperature was near the frost point in Central Alabama. December 30th, a snow storm began that proved to be the fiercest ever known in Alabama. The cotton crop was very poor. 1877. The Bigbee River was frozen over at Colambus, ississippi, the first week in January. The ice was thick enough to support a boy's weight. This is the only time in this generation where such a freeze occurred. The °. temperature at Columbus was 00 1884-5. Five cold waves passed over the State during the month of January, 1885. Comparatively few days were mild and the temperature was 50 below the normal. The month of February was decidedly colder than the same period of time for a number of years. The average temperature was about 6° below the normal. But little farm work was accomplished because of the frozen condition of the ground. The fall oats were all killed, and the farmers were compelled to replough the fields and sow them in spring grains. The average temperature for the winter was 5° below the normal. 1886. The severe weather of the month has rendered January the most remarkable season recorded in many years. The oats that were growing finely at the opening of the month were totally destroyed by the cold wave that began on the 8th. Considerable stock were killed where proper protection was not given. The temperature in north Alabama was as low as 70 below zero. On December 3rd to 5th, throughout north Alabama a snow storm occurred that covered the ground with snow to the depth of 20 inches; in middle Alabama it reached a depth of 16 inches; and as much as 12 inches in some portions of south Alabama. This fall of snow was unusually heavy for this climate, and in some sections was the cause of marked comment, because such a sight had never been witnessed before,. especially in the extreme southern part of the State. 1887. The month of January was very cold. The average temperature for the State was 60 below the normal. 1889-90. Mild spring-like weather continued throughout the winter, and. vegetation came forth with well developed leaves before the 1st of March. 6. YEARS OF GOOD CROPS AND YEARS OF POOR CROPS. The following years produced good crops and in abundance: 1823, 1825, 1835, 1837, 1839, 1840, 1842, 1844, 1855, 1858, 1859, 1870, 1872, 1875, 1878, 1879, 1885, 1886, 1889. The following years produced inferior crops: 1817, 1827, 1838, 1843, 1846, 1847, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1851, 1867, 1868, 1871, 1876, 1884. 7. THE WINDS OF ALABAMA. It is a fact well known in meteorology that the circulation of the air, or what, is commonly called wind, controls the conditions of the climate of the country over which it moves. It is an old saying that the winds are variable, but 189 54 a number of years of observations, carefully taken, will furnish data from which average conclusions may be drawn. Dry air in passing over a surface of water or moist. object will absorb a large amount of vapor, that it will hold so long as the temperature of the air remains the same it was when the water was absorbed. But in sweeping across the country it must come in contact with currents varying in temperature to its own. Air from more northern climes and cooler coming in contact with the warm, moist atmosphere, the vapor will be condensed and rain will result. The question may be naturally asked, can the conditions of the weather be foretold by observing the directions of the wind.? This is possible with considerable degree of accuracy. Whenever there is a low pressure in Alabama, the air from the surrounding territory will rush in to fill in the partial vacuum. The particles coming from the south and south west and east and south east are generally accompanied with vapor caught up while passing over the Gulf and Atlantic; the air from the west and north west is generally cool and largely emptied of moisture in sweeping across such a wide stretch of land. These currents striving to reach the centre of the depression will cause a whirl around the trough and rain will result on the outer rim of this whirl pool. It is also generally true that in impinging on each other the northern and southern currents will cause minor eddies that electrical and will frequently result in violent local storms-tornadic also. By a careful observation of barosometime meters, well located in different portions of the country, the unequal expansions of the air may be accurately noted. If a low pressure passes across the State rain or cloudy weather may be expected, and fair weather will almost certainly accompany a high pressure. After many years of observations made under the auspicies of the Smithsonian Institute and the Signal Service the following table has been prepared by the chief signal officer concerning the circulation of air and its influence on rain and clear weather : 190 55 I 1r MONTHS. WINDS MOST LIKELY FOL- WINDS LEAST LIKELY FOLLOWED BY RAINS. LOWED BY RAINS. January........... February.......... March.............. April.............. May......... ..... June............... July ...... .... ..... August............ September...,.. October ............ November .......... Decembe~r........... South or East. Northwest or Southwest. Southwest or. Southeast. North or West. Southwest or Southeast. North, Northwest or West, Southwest. Southwest or Southeast. North or West. Southwest or ;Southeast. Northeast or Northwest. Southwest or Southeast. Northeast or Northwest. Northeast or Northwest. Soutth or East. South or East.. Northwest or Southwest. South or East. or Southwest. Northwest or Southwest. South or East. Northweist or Southwest. South or East. Northwest The following chart has been prepared dicates by a diagram the average directions of south plied by the observers of the State weather service and from data supthe wind for in- each season of the year. The. service began operations March 1st, 1884, and hence the winter of 1883-4 is left blank. The arrows fly with the wind. The diagram shows that the average direction of wind in winter is from the east; in the spring it blows from the south east and south west; in summer from the south east and south west, and in autumn from the west and south west: 191 D~iagram Showing= the Annual Auerage Direction of wind in Alabama from 7884 to 1889 ______N WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN EUP EUU 4 EUe NOE--h arosfl / hth id SEPT 59 SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. In studying the mass of material given in the preceding pages, much that is valuable can be obtained concerning the climate of the State. At some stations the observations were conducted so long, satisfactory conclusions may be drawn concerning local climatic conditions. Alabama is so situated in relation to the parallels of latitude and the difference in elevation between the southern and northern portions that many of the plants necessary for man's sustenance and pleasure may be successfully grown within her borders. Her climate is so varied, without great extremes, that most of the plants peculiar to tropical regions, are grown in the belt bordering the Gulf; and the cereals and forage plants common in the north and west are successfully cultivated in her mountains and upper valleys. The health of the people of Alabama can compare favorably with any other country on the globe. Violent epidemics are very rarely found within her borders, and whenever, after long years, yellow fever or cholera find lodgment on her soil it is due entirely to immigration and the disease soon spends itself in the locality where it it first finds foothold. The thermometer seldom goes above 1000, and only now and then in years does it range a degree or so below zero. It is considered to be extremely cold.when the temperature reaches 100, and intensely hot when the thermometer records 100 ° in the shade. Not more than two or three days in the year give such high temperature, and only a few localities in the State. The atmosphere is moist enough to produce a cooling sensation on the skin when the breeze passes across the heated person as it sweeps in from the west and north west. The average rainfall for the entire State is only 52.12 inches, and at no place does the normal precipitation run above 65.00 inches. By a glance at the table of normal precipitations found on another page of this Bulletin, it will be noticed that the least annual rainfall is 41.75 inches, and the greatest is 64.96 inches. It is thus seen that the atmosphere is neither too dry nor too moist for the most luxuriant production of vegetation and for the best condition for the health of the inhabitants of the State. The highest normal average temperature is 82.02 in July 195 4 60 and the lowest is 43.01 in January, giving a range of 39.°1. The winters are seldom very cold and the summers are not excessively warm. The last frost in spring occurs on April 15th, and the first frost in autumn comes on November 15th, so that the farmer is blessed with seven months in which no cold occurs sufficiently severe to even nip the most tender bud, except at rare intervals already indicated in the previous page of this bulletin. It is a fact well known that because of this long season for growing and maturing plants sometimes several crops are gathered on the same body of land in the same year. The cold weather does not begin until December, and only one month in the winter is really disagreeably cold, viz: January. The winter is usually mild and snow seldoms falls heavy enough to cover the ground more than two or three inches. As a matter of interest in this connection the following tables are given of maxima and minuma temperatures to show that the climate of Alabama is not extreme either in heat or cold. The stations selected are those that have furnished records for a series of years: MONTGOMERY-aximum ; Series extends from 1872 to 1890J F M A M J J A S 0 78.5 81.2 86.3 90. 99. 105.5 73.3 76.9 80.8 86.8 93 5 97.1 The year of extreme heat was 1881. 106.9 98.9 103. 96 3 98. 93.2 96.1 86.3 N 83. 79. D 79 72.7 MinimumJ F M A M J J A S O0 N D ber, 1839J F S9 7 S5. 14 25 30 44 48 60.8 59 40 31 21 8 19.3 245 33.2 40.5 50.7 61.1 69 .65.5 52.7 40.8 29.1 22.8 The year of extreme cold was 1886. HUNTSVILLE-Minimum; Series extends from January, 1831, to Decem- M 8 A 13 M 31 J 36 J 51 A 54 S 39 O0 29 N 13 D -7 11.4 12.2 19.5 34.8 45.8 51.9 59 58 45.2 34-6 The years of extreme cold were January, 1832, and 1836. 21 15 4 Maximum-Series extend from January, 1831, to December, 1839. J F M A M J J A S O0 N D 75 75 84 86 90 92 95 96 91 88 78 68 68 70 80 82 86 90 92 90 86 81 72 67 The year of extreme heat was 1838. MOBILE- Minimum temperature; Series extend from April, 1840, to December, 1889-J F M A .M J J A 'S 0 N D 33 31 44 55 51 68 70 60 42 36 27 24.3 30.8 37.1 43.6 52.9 63.4 63.1 68.4 53.6 44 31.5 26.2 The year of extreme cold was in 1873. S19 196 61 Maximum-Series extend from April, 1840, to December, 1889J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 76 79 80 85 92 96 98 96 96 94 85 91 78.1 72.8 97.4 95.3 92.8 71.8 74.8 79 8 81.9 87.7 89.8 The year of greatest heat was in 1873. MOUNT VERNON ARSEnAL-Series extend from August, 1840, to December, 1889; Minimum-J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 9 13 23 33 48 58 61 57 46 32 24 14 The year of greatest cold was 1852. S78 J 80 Maximum-Series extend from August, 1840, to December, 1889 F M A M J J A S 0 N 84 90 . 95 102 100 100 104 98 96 88 The year of greatest heat was 1860. D 84 AUBURN-Minimum ; Series extend from February, 1881, to December, 1889-- J F M A M 1 4 11 24 27 45 13.6 19.7 28.9 37.4 50.6 The year of greatest cold was MaximumJ F M A M 86 93 76 76 81 69.6 73.2 75.9 83.5 88,6 The year of greatest heat was F M 24 29 MaximumJ F M 75 80 84 J 8 A 40 A 85 M 48 M 95 J 46 58 1886. J 60 64.2 A 61 62.3 S.O 46.5 32 52.2 38.2 N 18 24.7 D 14 20 J J 97 100 92 95,7 1881. J 70 J 94 J 74 J 103 A 97.5 93,2 S 95 91.3 O 94 81.8 N 81 77.2 D 74 69,3 CARLowvILLE--Minimum ; Series June, 1856, to September, 1877- A 70 A 98 S 52 S 90 O 32 0 88 N 30 N 76 D 28 D 78 The first figures in the above series represents the max- ima and minima temperatures at the stations named. The second series of figures represents the average of all the maxima and average of all the minima. These latter figures are more important in studying the question of effects of heat on plant economy. These averages will be reached each year while the first series of figures may not be reached by the thermometer during several years. For instance, at Huntsville the minimum temperature during nine years was -90, and the thermometer registered this degree only twice within that period. At Auburn the maximum temperature was 1000 in nine years, and this record was made only once during those nine years. It is not an unusual occurrence for the thermometer to register at Huntsville 11.04 in winter and a maximum of 920 in summer. And at Auburn 13.06 may be often reached in ten or twenty years, or 95.°7 in summer. These average maxima and minima may therefore be properly termed plant temrperatures 197 METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Compiled from material furnished by Observers of the State Weather Service. 1884. DATE. 1885. DATE. - 1886. DATE. " Mean barometer........................ Highest barometer and date............... Lowest barometer and date.............. Mean temperature'. .......... .............. Maximum temperature and date........ -#--I Minimum temperature and date............. Greatest monthly range................... Least monthly range.................... Mean temperature, spring ................ " summer . :p 29.979 30.089 30.504 December 19.... 30 64 January 3. 29 53 March 1... 29.386 February 17... 67 3 Jul.... ........ 61 3 105 June........ 104 December . 1 6 February. Jan. and Feb. . October . 66 66 13 14 July.. ... July.......... 61.2 65.2 76 9 79.3 - 1-1 - 1-1 - I 30.067 30. 702 February 5. 28.955 January 3.. 61.4 August....... 103 0 December . 72 February.. June and July. 19 62.1 77.9 64.4 41.9 27 March 1]. ~."........... 90.5 May 28-29... June 19... 62.4 97.7 August 16. 28 November 19... ...... "....... . Coldest day spring, mean minimum......... Warmest day spring, average for State....... Coldest day summer..................... it " autumn.............. winter................. 66.3 . . 61.9 . . . . . . 29.3 92.7 57.1 95.4 . Mac . . . . 22-23.. . . Warmest day Coldest day autumn summer.................... '.............. June 1-11. . . .. . May 86 ... . . . .. . . . . . . . 44 5 24.9 7 March May 25........ 23. 63 ... .............. day autumn. ...... Coldest day winter. ... ..... Warmest day winter.................... Rainfall in inches............................ No. cloudy days....... ..................... ~WarmJest .... .. . . No. clear days .......................... No. fair days . . No. days of rain......................... No. months wind from north and northeast... . . .... ......... "south ;. . Average direction of wind......... ........ Itit it " south and southeast and southwest.. August 1. . November 26.. September 17.. . September 15... 91.9 December 3.7 January 9, 1886. 10.5 Jan. 3, 1887.. Feb. 18, 1887... Feb. 23, 1886... 78 74.7 December 22.... 65.9 54 63 40 35 51.49 126 100 130.3 122 87 117.8 117 118 116 9 94 7 81 109 S E. S. E. N. W. 1 0 0 5 8 3 July 1....... 30 94 4 13.6 August 29.... 96.3 November 25 .. . 28.7 October 89.7 . ............ . .. .. 7. .. 19....1 .. " west and northwest.. 1 3 3 6 3 3 METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Compiled from material furnished by Observers of the State Weather Service. 1887. 1888. 1889. -_A__ _ _ _E.DATE.__DAE._ ...................... Mean barometer.... ........... Highest barometer and date...... ............ Lowest barometer and date....... Mean temperature............................ Maximum temperature and date.................. .... Minimum temperature and date.............. Greatest monthly range....................... ................... Least monthly range...... Mean temperature, spring....... .............. "< 30 13 30 126 30.800 January 3. 29.26 October 19.. 63 6 June. July, Aug. 102 January .. 1 69 November. 6 July........ 64.1 79 3 62.9 47 4 ............. 30.72 April 26 . 29.00 August 11. 63.1 100 July.. ....... 30.102 30.68 December 1. 29.43 Jan. 27, Mar. 18. 32.8 summer......... ...... c " " autumn....... winter..................... Coldest day spring, mean minimum .............. Warmest day spring, average for State............ Coldest day summer.......................... 31 90.6 59.3 97. 33.6 78.6 32 5 47.9 March 29... 28.8 r .. 9 62 19 February ... January.... 101 7 June....... October. June and 16 -July.. August... 32 2 77.2 32 3 63 May 17...... ............ .2 ,91 March May 27........ 23. 45.5 29.7 . 20 ............ Warmest day summer.......... Coldest day autumn............................. 20 Warmest day autumn............................ . 95.9 17.9 Coldest day winter............................. 74.5 Warmest day winter............................ ........... . 47 83 Rainfall in inches ................... 110 No. cloudy days................................. ....... . 139 . No. clear days............... . 116 ............. No. fair days ..................... 74.6 ..... ....... Np. days of rain 55.6 95 July 19 ...... November 28.8 September 15... 88.5 January 19, 1889 17.9 January -6, 75.6 June . .... .... 14.... .... ..... June 4.. ....... ...... 21... .... ............. 1888. .... August 2. November 28.. . September 11-12. Feb. 7, 1889.... Feb. 17, 1889.. 89.8 43.8 94.8 10. May 1... June March 17 ... July 24........ .... 23 93 26 6 77.4 45.58 November 30.. September. 15... December 1.. December 15... . 58.83 122 ........ .... . .. 115 128 Average direction of 64 it96 cc "6 . N.months wind from north and northeast " south and southeast........... c" . ", " itsouth i wind............ .......... and southwest........ west and northwest ........... S. W. 1 1 96.5 S. E. 3 4 2 3 ... 108 137.4 119.6 79.9 N. W. 1 1 3 ... . 65 FARION M Host on CLMRAN w 'Pievll -i ulma -- aser---4 ER ,/"" -. lunsul/ ETOWAH BLOUNT -adsden ' -. Cetr IL RCIWALK y ),yernon -Fayette I ,ry((,Y 7svll CALHOUN' w pppppYTTE-,-,ST.CLAIR / j- --- EFFERSON Irminojham -" /... Ca - ull4o TUSCALOOSA PCENS I \ SHELBY Cs/mhan (PAshland Ov -- Tusoa/oog6 AV JCL° 1If ---GREENEEutaw --- CetI.nB i/t Cent C/anton COO/SA ockford -- I L P O 0 O 'etHAMBER HALE L_ PE i - /~nqst n MTR Greensborov R4J----rAL) Mae/on° Linden ELMORELEE Prattvi//e Wego Tcs Mon/gain MACON Aubur RUSL S i lD AL tIma MARENO i AW A SH( neu///eELL _, c\ Cnee. - 1 eno_-// a -I O4 . F J" BULLOC -UnoSp . RsiJ UR Groue Hilt! ---- C/BA Ron 2MONROE yEvergreens ITroim/ba N C H Andausia?) COFFE COVINGTON:- / OEara DAL I/ eil - yQC HENRY WEATHER. MAP OF re BALDWIN-- AM_ Daphny 1NORM6AL TEMPERA TURES. [Prepared for Bulletin on ('limatology lyv 1, T1. 11IIP-' of Alabama, I 'U E D L I AiMns MADISON .JCKC IFlo.-ence / I C OLB E RT I U 4-~ ; / Franfort-i j FR A N KLI N 1 I Dectu Mou/tifl MORGAN W I M S AO I:O> O HoustoLnCUILLMAN Scottsboro --*i u'nterso,//e / Q 'y Lebenon , w W MAION I /ASA j;--- ~ Centre lCu//man seer--A L K ER" -,Ii . lountsvill ' ETJWAH BLOUNT-Gd\r, IL JAR I J--weI F YETTE f--J Tcsovf Ashville Aasono/ NST CLAIR 0 I inn I CALHOUN -P -ai y - - JEFFERSON /rmingham" "-. / "' Carpal/ton PICKENS I I TUSCA COSA Toaog ~Ashland \ ,-~r j 0y o-C SHELBY ~ O LAY = K Co/urn/lana, COOS La get -- / L/iingt n I GREENE' Eutaw HALEGreen sboro' I _--_ [erute E(x - 7_ -Imay C/ato HLTON G9 ockford IHAMBER -- ' Prat/ ille * - ORE _ / SUMTER I Marion° IEL A UTA U GA -Wetamph! I '." LE E 'Auburn - LidnS Tuolgee, --- - Lide i Montgomery MARENGo' D AL A SH( 0K MACON RUSSELL _-__-- Sea 'e_ Bu/rBULLOCK J7HOCTAW CVhi WLCOX GroveH/llo LR E --CLARK " r- . T I ,J 3 Co J Lj P IK E -/ Wo/Unon'Se~rbo - IBUTLER MONROE 'CaytBOUR( )Cltlt O ° - - l O oSCONECUH ~ Co I_ Mon eu/lle Ever green --.. E SC AM B IAGN-V w - .1buil -Elba N: nausalCOFFEE COVINGT I Ozark, IDAL HENRY MOBILE WEATHER BALDWIN Daphoeg MAP OF i ~b~ .A-. Z. PRECIPITA TIONS. by P. 11. NMFLT NORMAL [Prepared for Bulletin on Climatology of Alabama, 1 APPENDIX. Soil Temperatures.-Observation" taken at Auburn during the years 1888 and 1889: The set of thermometers belonging to the soil series range in length from 1 to 96 inches. There are three groups of ihstruments so arranged as to give the temperature of moist soil and as near as possible an average dry, sandy soil. The first set consists of nine thermometers, viz: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 inches respectively, that are buried on the banks of a running stream of water in bottoqr, sandy land. The other two sets-one, consisting of the same number of thermometers as above, and the other the same number with three additional, viz., 72, 84 and 96 inches-are buried on the top of a hill in sandy soil that is often stirred during the crop season. The smaller set on the hill was originally placed in a grass plat with the intention to leave the grass growing around the instruments as a means of comparison with those in cultivated ground, but by mistake the grass was removed by the workmen on the farm and some time elapsed before the grass recovered, so that results were vitiated. The first of the following tables give average results of soil temperatures for the year 1889, obtained from readings made three times each day at the hours of 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 7 p. m., and compared with average temperature of air and terrestrial radiation. The second table shows by comparison with the maximum and minimum temperatures of the air and terrestrial radiation the fluctuation of maxima and minima temperatures as depth in soil is reached. 205 70 Table showing by comparison the maxima and minima temperature of terrstrial raliators, air and soil thermometers. da - Max. Terrestial Thermoneter........ Max. Air ......... On hill. Maxima 3 inches..., Maxima 6 inches ... Maxima 24 inches.... Maxima48inches . Maxima96inches .. In bottom. Maxima 3 inches.... Maxima 6 inches.... Maxima24inches .. 510 6605 540 620 63° 7407305720578 670750 76 60 60 59.5 82 89 91.598. 92.593 82 76 74 63.569 73 5 82.592.5 96 61 76 568 89 92 52-557 58.567 76.580 53.553 56-.563 71 575 59 556 556 60.5 62 5 69 579.5 101.595 96 584.569.569 98 92.592 582.568 565 86 82 79.579 73 101 89.574 84.5 74.569 65.560 65 60.5 73 576.574 570 96 96 92 -60.567 58.565 33.532 51-548 Maxima 48 inches ... Min. Terrestial 'Ther. 21 80 5 92.595 5 79.5 88 91 54 57-558 67.5 76 80 54.5 54 57 64 71 75 66 69 97.593 85.582 84.571.569.5 82 69 65 82.5 74.566 60 79.5 79 Minimum Air.... 23 16.5 30 38 45 46 67.5 63 48 38 24 On hill. Minima 3 inches.... 37 48.552 52 71.5 69.5 54 5 45 35 Minima 6 inches.... 35 534.5 39 50 55 55 73 5 48 37 Minima 24 inches.... 46 5 44. 49 .58 64.5 68.5 77 78 72 62 5 52 24 32 79 75 37 43 43 60 62 48 36 61 22 30.5 68 29 50 570.557 75 35 37.5 56.5 Minima 48 inches .. Minima 96 inches ... ... ... In bottom. Minima 3 inches Minima 24 inches Minima 48 inches Minima 6 inches.... 39 56.554.554 5 54 60 35 5 35 41.547.555 38 44 51 50.5 56.5 63 69.5 74-577 74 67 58 65.5 69 55 73 73 570.5 64 34 62 34 70 5 56 5 45 '52-550 5151 48.5 46 52 59 58 76 73 60 49 37 58 565 69.5 77 78.5 72.5 63 5 57 16569 5 74.5 77 75 67.5 59 36 52.5150 57 206 Aver:-age soil temperatures, at Auburn, Alabama, during the year 1889. Terrestial. i Air. 0 1 0 3 _ -i 6 _ 9 12 24 36 . .f_. _a 1 48 -I- 60 '7296 84 " "i -i 1 January................ February............... March.................. April.................. May.................... 39.7 36.8 43.2 55.6 57.2 June.................... July............ .......... August.................. September ............... October .................. November.............. December .. _. ........ 70.0 67.5 65.2 . 49.5 42.9 , 45.5 47.3 47.3 46.8 46.7 49.2 48.2 3 46 ~47.247 48.2 47.9 45.8, 50.8 47.7 46.8 46.7 46 46.1 46 7 46.3 46.7 49.4 62.5 53.4 56.4 35.8 54.7 53.51 54 1 34.6 53.8 53.8 54.4 67.1 36.5 65.5 63.9(62.6 46.2.34 (16.8 36.6 64.5 63.8(62.6 76.7~ 76.1 75.3i 73.9 71.6 77 75.5 74.6 73.7 71.1 81.9 81.3 80.1 78.3 76.1 82 31.5 78.7 76.2 86.6 36.3 85 83.3 80.9 62, 3 86.7 86.6 X4.5 80.4 80.9 81.6 81.4 80.7 79.3 53.1 7. 82 32.5 81.1 .80.5 79.1 79.7 57.845. 78.4 78.4 80.8 771 77.8 78.7 79.2 78.2 77.6 78.1 68.5 68.1 67.2 67.1 68.7 38.8 67.6 67.8 69.5 56.2 36.3 56 56.2 59.6 55.9 56.4 56.2 56.3(60.2 57.9 57.3 56 55.2 56.7 I I57.7 57.1 55.8 55' 56.9 7. 533654. 7 55,9157.5 Thermometers 50.8 '52.5 Thermometers 53.4 34.6 48.9 50.3 51.652.4 53.4 55 50.2 51.6 32.6 6 .on 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.3 54 54.8 > 33.9 54.3 54.2 61.1 60.9 39 583 58.2 58 60.9 60.6 39.3 69.3 66.7 35.4 64.2 63.3 62.4 67.4 66.3 35.3 74 72.5 70.6 69.3, 68.5 67.2 73.8 72.4 70. 78.7 77.2 74.7 73.3 72.5; 70.8 78.1 76.6 74.2 78.3 77.5. 76.4 75.6 75 73 3 79.2 77.7~ 76.1 77.2 77.1 77.8 75.6 75.1 73.875.4 76.2 75 71.2 72.3 72.3172.2 72.2 " 70.7 71.9 72.2 31.6 63.5 64.7 65.7 66.6 67 " 33.1 64.4 65.9 57.5 58.7 60 60.5 61.5 62.9 57.7 58.9 60.1 4o7 in it.on bottom. hjl. on hill. it it in bottom. hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. in bottom.. on hill. in bottom. on bill. in bottom.. on bill. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. 72 The observations of soil temperatures have not been taken long enough to produce normal results, but it is interesting to note some features in the accompanying tables. 1. The average temperature of the soil in the bottom within two feet of the surface is about one degree higher in January than it is on the hill. The two places in February produce practically the same results within a depth of two feet. In March the bottom is slightly cooler. In April, May, June and July the results are practically the same. In August and September the bottom is again nearly one degree warmer, while in November and December the hill soil is slightly warmer than the bottom soil. 2. There is a gradual increase of temperature in the winter months from the surface to the depth of eight feet, averaging 7."3, greater in January (10. 1) and least in December (3.( 9 ). In the spring months there is a decrease in temperature to eight feet, averaging 8.'3, least in March (1.09) and greatest in May (13.°7). In the summer months the stratum of earth at eight feet depth is 12.°7 cooler than that of one inch below the surface. It is 15.04 cooler in July and only 7.07 cooler in August. In September the eight feet stratum is only 4.°5 cooler, while in October it is 3.o3, and in November 10.°4 warmer than the one inch stratum. 3. In the middle of summer the eight feet soil thermometer registers an average temperature 9.°9 cooler than the average temperature of the air, while in January it is 10.°6 warmer than the atmosphere. 4. The difference between the average January temperature of the eight feet soil thermometer and the July temperature of the same thermometer is 13.'3, while the difference between the January and July average atmospheric temperatures is 33.'8. The chart on next page represents graphically the fluctuations of three soil thermometers 3, 48 and 96 inches during the year, and the comparison with the maximum and minimum temperatures of the air during 1889 at Auburn. It is interesting to note how closely the three soil thermometers register in March and October, and how wide asunder they are in January, July and December. 208 Oiagram~ showoiny Auerage Temperatures of the Soil for each Month in 1889, at Depths of 3- 48 and 96 inches. Also Maxins: and Minimum Temperatures of the Atmosphere during the samie period. FED. IMAR. APR. I MAY. JUNE. JULY. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.