IBULL
NEW'

TTN
SERIES*

N.

1

REPORT OF

~AGRIGULTUEAL
AGRICULTURAIJ AND

EXPERIMENT STATION) COLLEGE,7 AUBLURN

MECHANICAL
JULY

ALA.,

1888.

REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT STATION,
s3RwoULTU1RAL

AND MECANICAL

OLLBOB 9

AUBURN, ALA., JULY, 1888.

BOARD OF VISITORS:
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON.

HON. J. G. GILCHRIST,

R. F.

LIGON,

HON.

J. B.

MITCHELL.

BOARD OF DIRECTION:
President. .................... L. BROUN....................... Director and Agriculturist. J. S. NEWMAN ........................... Vice-Director and Chemist. N. T, LUPTON ............................ P. II. MELL.................................................Botanist.~ Biologist. ....... .......... .... ...... .... ...
W.

00..... 0

ASSISTANTS : ISAACRoss........First

Assistant Agriculturist in charge
of Live Stock and

E. R.
L

..........

Dairy.

M. Sc............... Second Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D ............
LLOYD,

W.

WILKINSON,

M. Sc..............Second Assistant
................

Chemist.

T. D. SAMFORD,

B. SC.

Assistant

Botanist

*Prof. Mell has also charge of Meteorological observations. I t To be filled.

REPORT OF J. S. NEWMAN, DIRECTOR.
OUTLINE OF WORK.

The experiment station of the A. & M. College was established under State law in the summer of 1883. An exhausted farm of 226 acres was purchased to be used for the purpose. Much of it-was turned out on the commons; the buildings and fences on the remainder were in a very dilapidated condition. A large portion of the land had been abandoned for cultivation on account of its poverty and gullied condition. Under these circumstances, with only one official connected with the Station, the Director, who was also prof. of Agriculure, progress in development was slow , especially since the funds appropriated to the Station were small in amount Notwithstanding these difficulties, considerable progress has been made in some departments of the work,-especially is this true of the Horticultural department. Field experiments have been conducted each year, and bulletins furnished the Department of Agriculture for publication, as re quired by law. The equipment, so far as machinery and improved impliments are concerned, has been, until now, inferior to that of an ordinary well conducted, private farm. Much time and labor have been expended in clearing up pine thickets, filling gullies, building fences, and arranging for a supply of water under pressure. The only experiment, so far, conducted with cattle, has been that of intense inbreeding with thoroughbred Jerseys-This has been continued for four years, under careful supervision, with apparently favorable results. Besides experiments already completed, a large number are now in progress in field, orchard, vineyard, and garden. The cotton plant has been made a subject of special inquiry, both as to its development above ground, and its root growth. Similar inquiries have been made with regard to the corn plant In both, varieties have been compared, inquiries made as to the fertilizers best adapted to their growth upon the soil of this Station, and with the additional facilities which will now be sup-

plied through the Congressional appropriation, inquiries will be multiplied and carried to much greater detail. The experiment work upon the Station is divided into two general classes: First, The demonstration of facts already known to the advanced agriculturist, but not generally disseminated. Second, Original investigation having for its object the discovery of truth. So far as the study of plants is concerned, investigations will be made first upon the most useful and generally cultivated plants in the Southern States. Feeding experiments will be principally confined to inquiries looking to determining the nutritive value of peculiarly southern. (crops, and their digestibility. Besides the experiments reported on the following pages, inquiries are in progress with reference to cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco, forage plants, groundpeas, sorghum, wheat, and in the orchard, pears, apples, plums, peaches, figs, quinces and cherries. All of these have been planted in considerable variety for the purpose of ascertaining which varieties are best adapted to this soil and climate, as well as to record the characteristics, both as to vegetation and reproduction of varieties. The diseases affecting the different species of fruits and vines, as well as their enemies amongst birds and insects will be subjects of special investigation. Fifty-eight varieties of grapes are being fruited and propagated, sixty varieties of strawberries, and twenty-nine of raspberries. The soil of the Station is principally either sandy or pebble drift, mostly with clay sub-soil generally beyond the reach of the plow. There is, however, sufficient area of clay subsoil within reach of the plow to vary the investigation so far as soil is concerned. The soils of the Station, therefore, represent a large area of the State of Alabama; a portion of which lies above the prairie region extending nearly across the State, but a still larger area lying between the prairie belt and the gulf. In order to investigate the properties, physical and chemical, and the needs of typical soils throughout the State, ten such soils have been collected from the virgin forests, keeping the soil and subsoil separate and replacing them in their natural relative position in bins prepared for the purpose and placed under identical circumstances. Each soil and subsoil is being subjected to chem-

ical and mechanical analysis in the laboratory, and plant analysis in the field. Each soil and sub-soil is divided into eight parcels and placed in as many bins. The cotton plant is growing in each bin. To these has been applied different elements and combinations of elements of plant food for the purpose of inquiring which of these elements are needed by each particular soil. This will be repeated from year to year until a sufficient number of tests have been made to eliminate the variable factor of climatic influences resulting from difference in seasons. Additional barns, silos, offices and working rooms are being supplied, and a complete outfit of improved machinery and farm im. plements has been purchased. It is proposed to test by the Dynamometer the draft of different tools and machines, and manufacturers will be invited, at a stated period each year, to send to the Station specimens of their implements, plows especially, to be carefully and accurately tested, and the results reported in the Station Bulletins. A new and complete laboratory building is now thoroughly equipped for work in the chemical department. A complete meteorological outfit has been purchased, and microscopes ordered for thorough work in investigation of the secrets of animal and vegetable life especially the fungi injurious to useful vegetation, as well as the habits of insects, friendly or, injurious to vegetation. A Creamery will be equipped during the present year, with the best modern appliances by means of which the most approved methods of handling milk and butter will be demonstrated, and, in connection with that department, feeding experiments with special reference to milk and butter production will be conducted. The Experiment Station being in immediate connection with the college grounds, the members of the agricultural classes have exceptional opportunities for acquiring familiarity with its work and of becoming acquainted with methods of scientific investigation. The Station was re-organized under the act, known as the IHatch Bill," to take effect the fiirst of April. It came too late for the inauguration of new experiments in the field or garden. The following results are from experiments commenced under the old organization and completed since April 1st:

8
EXPERIMENTS WITH TABLE CORN.

Object-To compare earliness of varieties. Planted March 7th, except Hickory King, White Pearl and Perry's Hybrid, which were planted March 22nd.
RESULTS.

NAME OF VARIETY.

Hnw

Early Minnesota ..................... Ferry. ..................... Old Colony........ . .. Cory ....... Black Mexican ............... ...... "2 Crosby's Ex. Early Sweet, .... 6. Early Southern ......................... 7. Leets' Early.................................14 ................. 8. Excelsior Sweet....... 9. Perry's Hybrid........................ 10. Boynton's Early ............................
11. 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

May 9.... May 30

..

31

June 18

1 12

May28 June 1

i21
"14

15

i
"1

5

J
"

I 4
2
,"

Landreth's Sugar ................... usnsBy/il)'..

......

Landreth...

i

"12

25 2

18

13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

June 5 ... Old Cabin Home...................... May 11. 2d 1st Early Landreth's. Market...it " 29 U. S. Dep. Golden Beauty....................... June 15 Clark's Flour Corn. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............
Stabler's Early.......................... Egyptian ................................. Cory ............................. White Giant Normandy...................it Improved Evergreen.......................it

i," t t .......
Exp't

"

May 16 28 " 10 June 1 May 28
"

[ue9 4

22 May 30 June 21 July 2
15 May, 29 June 18 " 15

22. Livingston's Evergreen Sugar.......... Livingston..
23. Adam's Early... ..............

St'n..
"

23
11

24. Evergreen Sweet.... ......................... ....... 25. New Hickory King. ... 26. Champion Early Wlhite Pearl..
27. Perry's Hybrid.............i"

25., June 2
May 27..."

t-4

i it5 18 "20
"28

22
22

EXPERIMENT WITH ENGLISH PEAS. Object--To compare earliness and continuance in bearing of different varieties-Planted February 9th and 10th. RESULTS.
o 'n

NAME OF VARIETY.

w
. I

w May, Arl3 May June May
" "
" '' "

wo 2 10 7 18 1 2
2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

.................... Ferry's Earliest of all..... .......... ... ... ....................... Minimum......................... ............ . ................................ First and Best ". "... .............. ....... .... Champion of England.. ......... ..................... Yorkshire Hero. .. ,........ ............... .... Bliss' American Wonder ...... Dreer's Eureka Extra Early........... ... .. .. .. ..... .. .. ..
... ............................

.

Ferry. ,.......April 2... April 18 21 ' " 18 < 2 " 15 May 4 16 4 " April 18 " 3 2 18 " .Dreer ,....,.

May
''

It
'" ''

8. Kentish Invicta ................

" '' ''

2

9. Rural New Yorker ......................

..................

2

10. Dwarf Blue Imperial .... :........... 11. Bliss' Abundance.......................................
12. Champion of England ......
,,,.......

...

................
. .............

,.........." " ...
""

15 "t15
15
"

May 8 " 5
7

it 4" it
"

" " " "
" '

5 7 5 19 21 7 5
5

E

18

18

3
"

5

13. American Wonder ......................................... 14. McLean's Little Gem ................ ............................. ........... ,.. ......... 15. Extra Early Premium Gem .......
16. Philadelphia Ex.

...... ..............
''"

17. Telephone.:.......

Early ..........
.....

3 41 3
2

April 18 24
19.

i"
3

25 " 22
"

28 "

"
" '" '"

2 379 10
10

I
"
'' "

22
21

f" I''9

May 9 ' 9 j 12 une 11 May 2.2 " 9 " 9
9 " 29 "24 June 7 May 9

" 191
7 7
7

I
''18

16
15 19

.........

....

..........

.............................. 20. Champion of England .......................................

18. Carter's Telephone..... 19. Abundance,........
Alaska

.................
.........................

"

19
10

May "4
"

14 1

June 2
May 14 " 11

"
"

26
14 17

1une 6

.........
..............

Thorburn..
"44i"10

"
"

."
" "atI"2 "44<"2 "44

21. Carter's Strategem ... .................................... ...................... 22. Premium Gem "..........
23.

9 1ti4
15

i"
"

"
"
"

I"

May

31 14
14

.....................................................
..............................

April 19

6"19
5

24. Bishop's Long Pod..........

"

May

i"

"2 "s7

"

"SI"

16 June 1 18ccy2 5 j 9

"
"

9

161

2

.................. 25" First and -Best..., 26.. Saxton's Earliest of all ....................

..................
...........................

Mar. 30

April 18
19
"

4
5

27. White Marrowfat.......................
28. Extra EarlY Alpha .........................

29. Small's Early 30. Prince of Wales ............ 31. 32. 33. 34.

4t6 French...............................................2:<<<" .................. ...... ...............
..................
"

j

31

April 24
3

May May

:.........

..

April

11
19

11

Saxton's Minimum............................................... .................................. ..... Pride of the Market .......... Day's Early Sunrise.............................................. Rural New Yorker.......................................
35.Tho t.. ... bur '7... xtr ... Ealy ... ... ark ....

.
"it

...

36. Culyerweli's Telegraph ... .......................................
37. 38. American

Everhearing...................................................... Wonder .................. .....................

I"

April
"

3 15 4 Mar. 31
"

"

April 20 May 1 April 18
" 18

1

15
18 2

May 2

i 3, 4 45 t
18 4 "
"

61 i
"

29
11 1,

it 14
"

5

5

"

25
9

it
"

It

10
10 21

une 2
May
"

<

19 «
"
"

9 19 5 19 14
5

21 24 9 21 21
9 23 23 9

1 19 14 19
14 3

"
" "
"

" "

"

4 April 18J

it
"

16
22 5
" "

EXPERIMENT WITH IRISH POTATOES. Object--To compare the yield per acre in bushels of different varieties under identical circumstances. RESULTS.

No.
PLAT

NAME OF VARIETY.

From

Whom
V) U

REMARKS.

.,
0 .0
I'

.0

O

U 1. 2. 3. 4.
a.

U
i

Ji)
t

H

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 20. 21. u

Thorburn.. . 15 75 45 50 50 75 107 62 29 75 25 37 73 50 87 50 28 00 12 22 ........ Early Albino ................... 28 00 53 35 Early Sunrise...................................... Auburn M'kt 56 00 33 25 Early Rose....................................... 133 00 15 75 ......................... Empire State ............. ' T1horburn. . 79 62 95 37 Garfield ............................................. 53 37 143 50 ........................... Great Eastern. 0 00 57 75 May Flower............. ........................... 46 37 106 75 ............. Morning Star... ....................... 129 50 77 00 ........................ New Giant........ 20 12 33 '23 Pearl of Savoy ............ .......................... 55 12 96 25 . .......... Rose's Beauty of Beauties .................. 56 87 71 75 ......... Rose's Wild Rose....................... 23 62 42 00 ,... . ........... Sunlit Star............ ............... 3 50 39 37 The 39 37 94 50 Thorburn's"Late Rose................................ 37 62 127 75 White Elephant............. ........................ 122 50 49 87 I-----L White Star.................... rir\rr ; Beauty of Hebron................................. Chas. Downing.................................... Clarke's No. 1..................................... Dictator............................

18 35 28 23 14 38 42
54 42

37 00 87 62 87 50 00 '25,

14 87 94 49 Earliest-Few

Rotted.
Rotted..

7 00 200 37 19 25 103 24 28 00212 62
6 12 61 21 2nd Earliest-Few 00 Few Rotted

7 00 126 85 16 62 147 87 Few Rotted ..............
14

Thorburn .......................................

25 31 22 25 33 35 22 15 22 25 35 31

00

9 3" 13 2 50 75 16 37 0 25 14 87 24 75 3 75 2t 75 3 1 37 001 7 50 16

00,217

..............

62 226 12 235 6'2 91 62 192 87 2:32 87 101 50 211 50 154 87 103 5069 75160 00 207 62 220

61 36 87 49 74 3d Earliest .............. 49 74 87 Few Rotted........... . 24 12 99 37 49__

NOTES ON RASPBERRIES.

VARIETIE,

0
-n

0k

I

00 k

0

0
0!1.
a E-

Brandywine....................... Caroline.......................... Crimson Beauty.................... Cuthbert.......................... Doolittle......................... Davidson's Thornless............... Early Prolific......................
Florence
.. .. .

Gregg............................ Golden Queen..................... Hopkins.......................... Highland Hardy................... Hansell.......................... Mammoth Cluster ............ Marlboro ............. .... ......... New Rochell . ..................... Ohio............................... Rancocas .............. ............ Reliance.......... .................. Sauhegan .........................

.

Vigorus.: M ediumn Roundi sl hRedish.... Good . N't V ig's . Small... Black..Good ... Deep Poor.. Medium Very Good. Vigorous.. Large. . Oblong.., Red. Mediu m Round... *Rlack..-" Black..... Poor.. N't V ig's . Small... Purple. .. Very Good.. V igorons. . Medium Yellow ... " Black. Good ... Oblong.. Yellow.... Best .. hBlack.. Viit Large .. Ronud islun. Red.. M edium Round isl h Red...... N it ... Viit N't Vig's. Large.. Round. . .Black...... Very Red.....Poor.... M edium Rnd Crimson..(Good ... Black.... ,Good ... Small... N'it Nt Vg.s Red..Poor.. Small...
C(

Red.

Not Prolific. F&MMay M Prolific...
Not-

<<

Prolific.

Prolific... F & Prolific.. Not Prolific. Prolific.... F Prolific... F&M Not Prolific.
Prlfc.. kt

M M

412 Black 4
4

4 23

8 14
7
8

Red Cap. Black Cap Red Cap.. Cap

Red Cap..
ccG

-"

,CC

Prolific.
Ot

F&M

M

17
15

-Good

Good..

F & M ~E~ounditF M F Not Prolific. ........
No Poifc

12 21 11 21 Black Cap 29 Red Cap. .
G

Black Cap Red Cap.. Black Cap cc Red Cap..
GG

M

it Prolific.

F F F &M

t
cc

8

11-

Shafer's Colossal.. .. . . .. . . . ....... . Superb............................ .
Tyler ..... .... .................... Thompson's Early Prolific...........
-"

edium Vigorous... Small... Not Vripes... Large.. . Meiu nVigorus
M edium

SM

Ro

Red....Good

..

Black..Very Good..

it
M

18
11 5

Black Cap Red Cap.. Black Cap Black Cap Red Cap. . Black Cap
GG

Crimson..

Red.....Poor...

Good ..

it
".

Not Prolific. F&M F
1

15
5 8

23

Black..Very Good.. Red..Good .. I\ II II 1~1 r~TI 111

Pride .............
N't Vig's..

Welch ............................. n I~ -r
YCI~Ct!

il Yr

Red Cap. .
L

i

G G GCG

NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES.

VARIETIES.

f

1

1

1I

I

................................... Atlantic. Agriculturist. ............................... ............................... Bidwell...
Boyden's No. 30. . ... ..........

Not Vig's. Medium Vigorous.. Not Vig's. " Vigorous.. No test.... No sample.
Not

Big Bob.:.................................... Champion................................... Chas. Downing........................... Captain Jack................................. Cornelia...................................... ......................... Continental......... Crescent. .................................... Crystal City .................... Cumberland Triumph .......................... Dan Boone................................... Early Canada.................................. Finch's Seedling.............................

Deep Red.' Good... Ded.Red Best. Oblong.. Good.. Round Conical. Round Best... Good..

Prolific.. ]Roit

Firm . April
DcEE

Soft
cEE

Vig's.

Small.....

.. . .. ......... ...... ... ......

Oblong .. Light Red Red.. " Medium... Conical " ." I Not Vig's. Small.. Round... Round... Light Red Vigorous... "

May Soft.. April Soft... Not Prolific. Firm.. May April Not Prolific. Prolific . . Soft.. Not Prolific. Soft.. Soft... Firm.. Soft... Firm.. Soft.. Firm..
.

Oblong. . Deep

Red.
4

Round... Vigorous.. Large.. mLight Red Not Vig's. Small..:).

it

Glendale-..

...................

Conical
. Vigerous.
Not Vig's.

.Red...

"

Golden Defiance............................... Harris' Mammoth...... ............. Henderson .............................. Indiana..............................:......... James Vick.................................. Jersey Queen .........................

Medium..
I

Vigorous..

.

Small.. Oblong.. Red. Not Vig's. no _sample.

i

Deep Red. Oblong.. Deep Red
Round

.. itcGood.
Light 'Red. Best ....
I ,
. . . . . . .

.

.

.

.

a

23 24 24 27 31 10 18 21 6 21 18 27 26 24 19 26 ~ 21 C 28 24 30 25 8

May

Jewell............

........
. ...............

Vigorous..

''

.t

Jucunda.....

Jumbo.....................Vigorous.. Kentucky.....................................Not Lacon.............. .......................... Legal Tender..................................Not Longfellow ................................... May King....................................Vigorous.. Manchester................................... Miners.......................................Not Monarch of the West. .............. Mt. Vernon.......r...........................Not Mrs. Garfield..................................Vigorous.. Nig's Superb..................................Vigorous.. Old Iron Clad
Parry... .......................

...

................................
. ....... ... :.............. .....

Large.. Vig's. Medium. . Vigorous.. Small .. Medium .. Not Vig's.. Small.. Large..... Vig's. Mediums .. Vigorous. Vig's. Small.. Large... Medium..

Not Vig's Small....

Vig's.'

Not Vig's.

no

Very Good. Not Prolific. Light Red Good..... Poi...Not Prolific Deep Red Very Good. Good. Very Good. Very Good. conical Oblong.. Light R. Good .. _.. Prolific. Round .. " Very Good . Deep Red. Good . . Not Prolific. Light Red Good.. Deep Red Very Good., Prolific.... " cc Re4_. " Good.. Oblong..Red .. Very Good.. Not Prolific.
Round Deep
...

Red.

"

11 4424
27

2 Soft. Firm.. April 28

Soft.
Firm.. Soft.. Firm..

it

20
"

44 18
"4 "

25
26

44

Soft.. Firm..

Firm..
Soft...
.

Soft..

"

K
" "

..

....

........

...........

sample

21 25 28 23 23 25

Piper's Seedling..............................

Vigorous.. Medium

President

Prirno.................................." Prince of Berries.............................. Sharpless....................
Triumph de Gand...............................

Lincoln................................

It
Not

no

test... .

Oblong.. Light Red Good .... Oblong.. Red. Good..
Conical.. Light

Not Prolific . Soft
Prolific .Soft.
"

"23

medium

Small. .

Round...

Red-

Vineland Seedling............
Warren....................................... Wilson.........................................

Windsor Chief................................. Wonderful................................

Vigorous..
___

Vig's

........

Lai ge.... . Oblong.. Medium Round... Deep Red. Oblong.. Light Redj no test.... Medium.. Round Red.. Very Good.. Deep Red. Good.. no test....
is ..

Not Prolific... May -1 Very Good. Not Prolific. Firm.. April 25 " 33 Prolific. Soft. . Good.. " 23 Very Good.. Not Prolific. Soft. .

'Not Not Gd..Good..

Prolific.

Prolific.
Not Prolific.

Soft. .
Soft..
..

"

"
" " "

Prolific.
Not Prolific. Not Prolific...

Firm..

I lIIY

I \C-

Soft..

27 25 21 23 30
28

"

I.........

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

16 MULCHED AND UNMULCHED STRAWBERRIES. To compare the production of mulched with that of unmulched plants. In the early spring of 1887 two hundred plants of the Sharpless variety of strawberries were planted in fertile, pebbly drift. One hundred of the plants were mulched with oat straw and one hundred left unmulched. During the spring of '87 the flower stalks were pulled from 50 of the mulched and fifty of the unmulched plants for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of this treatment upon the production the next year. During the fall of 1887 eleven of the unmulched plants died while only one of the mulched perished. These were carefully replaced with planty of the same age from an adjacent bed in order that the final test of productiveness might be made upon equal number of plants in each case. Last spring the following notes were made: viz. The unmulched plants commenced ripening their fruit April 18th, and the mulched April 24th. The mulching therefore had the effect of retarding the ripening of the berries six days. The patch was divided into four plats as follows: 1st. Fifty plants, unmulched which were allowed to ripen their fruit in 1887, the first season after planting. 2d. Fifty plants, mulched which bore fruit the first season. 3d. Fifty plants, unmulched from which the fruit stalks were removed the first season. 4. Fifty plants, mulched from which the fruit stalks were removed.
on

Z

RESULTS.

1
4.

50 plants unmulched allowed to fruit in 1887..............
" "
"'

2. 50

3. 50
50

mulched unmulched not"
mulched not"

4"

8%

3

"
"

. "
"

..

. . ......
..........

"
"

"
"

164 4 10%/ 24 4 14

Qts "
"

Mulching increased the yield several quarts from fifty plants, nearly doubling the yield. Removing the fruit stalks the first season did not pay. Twenty-five selected berries from these plats weighed upon the scales in the chemical lobaratory, one pound; and 22 of them filled a quart measure. The unmulched being earlier than the mulched plats, sustained grearter loss from late frosts. The extent of this could not be ascertained.

REPORT OF N.. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST, During the.year ending July 1st, a large amount of work has been done in the Laboratory by the chemist in charge and his;assistants, Messrs. L. W. Wilkinson and B. S. Burton. Since 1st of April, Dr. J. T. Anderson has been employed as. First As sistant Chemist of the Agricultural Station, and has been en. gaged on the anal rsis of representative soils of the state. The work of the year has been mainly in connection with the State Department of Agriculture, of which the Professor of Chemistry in the Agricultural and Mechanical College is made by law, "the official chemist." He 'is required "on the application of the Commissioner to analyze and certify the analysis of all fertilizers, samples of which are furnished him," also, of such other materials as the Commissioner may direct. The Director of the Agricultural Experiment station is also authorized to have such analyses made as may be necessary to carry on the experimental work under his supervision. The variety and extent of this work can be seen from the fol. lowing tabular stat'ment of the number and character of the quantitive analyses made during the past four years. It is scarcely necessary to state that in the analysis of fertilizers, only those constituents have been determined which are required under the law, viz : Water soluble, citrate soluble and acid soluble phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash.

the

NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF QUANTATIVE ANALYSIS MADE IN THE STATE UNDER THE LABORATORY DURING THE PAST FOUR YEARS, GENERAL SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AND THE DRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION.

Number of Analyses.

1884-85. 1885-s6. 1886-87. 1887-88, Acid phosphates with nitrogen and potash
Acid phosphates with potash. ..
.

13.

24 18
3

79 41
11

Acid phosphates........................6
Natural guanos.........................3

65 3 52
8

Phosphatic rocks and deposits.......

.. . .. .103

27
19
4

3
5
1

Maris and calcareous rocks.... ...........

Mucks........

12

9
2 3

.............. seed meal........... Cotton seed hull

Cotton

Cave earths .......... ......... ................... Composts...... ......... :...............5 Kainit and potash salts.... ............ .. 2 Feed stuffs.. ............. ............... Nitrogenous material...... ............

ash,................................1
15
4 2 3 6 5

..... 3 ..................

3 6 3

W heat ............
Cane juice and begasse......................

10
6G 1 4 2
7

..... ............. Coal........... Iron ores. .................... ........ .4 Clays............................................. Waters................. .................. Soils ........................... .........

2 1 4

12

4 2 10 3 4

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS

REPORTED

BY DR. N.

T.

LJPTON,

STATE CHEMIST, FROM SAMPLES
TO JULY.

FURNISHED

BY MANUrAC

TURERS AND OTHERS, FOR SEASON OF 1887-88-SEPTEMBER

Bywhom reported.

o

Name of Fertilizer or

Chemical.
Name.
®

.0

o

Address.

o
,*

S

a

0
25 29
22 18. 21 21 21 21 26" Cts 14 84. 52 90 00 21 26 75 23* 85 20 ~59 23 85 23 56 22- 69 17 22 ~73 22, 30 42 07 21 18 22 71

826 842 851 856 857 864 865 866 875 876 879 881 889 893 894 895 896 897 900 902 908

Acid phosphate . ....... Palmetto Acid Phosphate................ Ga. State Standard Acid Phosphate. Furman's Acid Phosphate............... Adair's-Acid Phosphate................. Acid Phosphate No. i.................. Acid Phosphate No. 2............... High Grade Phosphate .......... ..... . Ashepoo Acid Phosphate....... ........ . Eutaw Acid Phosphate .......... Acid Phosphate.......... ..... .....
Royal Phosphate........ Stonewall Acid ................

Ga. Chem. W'ks Augusta, J. Steiner Son Greenville,. Ala Co Savannah, Ga Ham'd, H. Adair, Bros.& Co Atlanta, Ga...

&

Ga..

&

Ala. Fertil. Co.. Montg'ry, Ala. Troy, Ala. Ashepoo, Ph. Co Charlest'n, S.C
Troy Fertl.

Co..

Magnet Acid Phosphate............. ....

Chatham Phosphate............. Dissolved Bone ... .................... Pomana Acid Phosphate................. . Patapsco Acid Phosphate........... ... W.F. Beard... Soluble. Bone..... .............. ... Columb's Fer Co Etiwan Dissolved Bone............... . Etiwan Ph. Co.. Stern's Dissolved Bone. ... . . ..... Malone & Col'ns

Acid

Phosphate,..............:

.

Montg'ry, Ala. Troy, Ala..... Davis, Mar.& Co Mobile, Ala... Coin.-Guano Co Savannah, Ga.
Marks &

Gayle.,.

hetn11'42

Troy Fertl.

Co..

aer13

15 41 1315 11 04 10 75 109a*4 13 44 13 05 15'64 14 20 14 78 11 80 12.67
10

r 45
1 61 1'52 3 56 3 66 0 57 1 09. 1 20 0 97 1'93 3 23 4 96 1 31 1 44 1 63 2.--78. 0.07 2 52
2 70

13 82
1334;

75

Troy, .Ala. Columbus, Ga. Charlest'n, S.C Geneva, Ala...

12 19 12 09 1488 12 86

0.60 2 62 0 76 0 76 1 15 1 12 0 44 0 38 0 32 0 38 1 66 1 66 0 99 0 96 1 02 1 16 1 08
0 54-

o

47

1 42

2 06 0 22

72

-962
965
972

910 Stern's Acid Phosphate..................Malone & 917 X X Acid Phosphate No. 1...............Vandiver & Co. 918 X X Acid Phosphate No. Fertl. 919 Phosphate.............................Troy 920 Sunny South Acid Phosphate............Pike Co. Gu. Co. Wando Acid Phosphate..................N. W. E. Long.. 922 924 Lister's Plain Dissolved Bone............D. L. 938 " Ammoniate Phosphate"................A. C, Williams Phosphate.........Pike Co. Gu. Co 939 Grand Imperial 947 Southern Acid Phosphate................So. Ac. Ph. Co 948 Sunny South Acid Phosphate.............R. S. Williams. W. C.,-&-Co 950 Acid Phosphate........................0. 951 Wando Acid Phosphate..................L. W. 952 Grand Imperial Acid Phosphate...........Pike Co. Gu. Co H. &'Co. 959 Acid Phosphate.......................Ham'd 958 "Fertilizer" (Phosphate)...................D..K. 961 "Fertilizer" (Phosphate)..............,.Folmer & Sons.. Scott's High Grade Phosphate.............Freeman

2.............

Colins Geneva, .Ala.. Ala..
Montg'y, Troy,

Co

Ala....

Roberts..
Lawler..

Acid

Hurtshoro, Ala Savannah, Ga. Talladega, Ala
Troy,

Ala. ...

Atlanta, Ga... Wet'mpka, Ala Oxford, Ala. Montg'ry, Ala.
Troy,

966
969

970
977

978
990

*991

Savannah, Ga. Clayton Ala.. Troy, Ala.... Alexand'a Al a Troy, Ala... High Grade Eng. Acid Phosphate.:........ Folmer & Phosphate.............. H.c -M.', s.c.D.,z.F. Opelika, Sunny South Phosphate....................... ... A. F. Pruett... Guerryt'n Bradley's Patent Acid Phosphate.......... J."M. Hurt.... Auburn, " H. Henderson, Bingham, Acid Phosphate............................0O. Waverly, A. Mc mnt yre . ........... ...... Eutaw Acid Mc Queen Smith Pratville,. ............. ... "Fertilizer" ...... Ag. Stat'n" J. S. English- Acid .Phosphate .................. .6494Ai.Popae............. reverted..:......... . .1"N.ev Eng Acid. Coatopa, N.Lev. 994 cidPhophae..................

Thomas..

Ala....

&D...

Acid

Sons..

'Phosphate

phosp.

Newman...

12 92 13 05 12 67 12 86 13 52 12.28 13 90 4 03 9 03 10 17 2 20 12 47 9.02 4 03 11 90 4 X99 10 75 10 36 11 82 3 45 4-60 12 67 10 56 9 02 9 98 12 17 0.00

1 23 1 88 2 52 1 06 2 49 3 03 1 07 6 72 9 50 5 03 9 13 4-17 5 54 10 01 3.45 3,04 2 86
3

0 1 1 0 3 0 5 4 5 4 2 3 4 0 0 2 3 2 4 3 1 2 2 2 0 2 8

o 20

25 77 47 28 23 19 76 13 53 69 56 10 96 29 22 14 00 04 69 96 76 84 11 43 26 35 28

2
3

9265

6 72 12 94 3 23

2

5698

5 83 2 58
9 55'

21 22 22 20 24 22 22 16 20 22 16 24 21' 21 23 12 20 21 21 15 26 23 21 18 23 22

22 39 72 88 01 96 45 1230 80 99 96 84 06 02 041 41 42 70 25 31 85. 18 44 71 12%

6 12

*Same as 990 with adddition of one-fourth its weight of lime.

Phosphates -With -Potash
858 Farish Furman Formula..... ....... 884 Farish Furman Formula............
.. ....
..

.

Adair Bros & Co Atlanta,.Ga...

I9

-""j

79 9 40

10 54 213

1 47 1 23

4 13 4 13

19 21

62 42

Phosphates With Nitrogen and
BY WHOM R SEPORTED.

Potash,
/ 0

0

Name of Fertilizer or Chemical. Name.
Address.

.-

828 Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer...................... 830 Ammoniated Guano......................Rasin Fert. Ga. State Grange.......................Baldwin Fert Co 843 B. D. Sea Fowl Guano................... J. Steiner & Sons 844 "Bradley's Patent Phosphate ".... 850 Farmer's AmmoniatedDis. Bone............Hm'd, Hull & Co 852 Ga. State Standard and Supr-phosphate.... " " 853 H. H. & Co's Pure Am, Bone 11. G..V2g. Ft. 859 Adair's Am. Dis. Bone..................Adair Bros & Co 860 861 862 863 867 868 877 878 885 886 887 888 892 898 904 Furman's Amd. Soluble Bone..............

Co. Columbia, Ala Baltimore, Md Savannah, Ga
Greenville, Ala
Savanah,

Ga.. Ga...

Atlanta,

1 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 2
1

68 24 1752 17 86 79 02 45

8 92 6 43 9 02 9 69 8 83 8 05 8 83 6 81 960 9 60 7 10 5 95 10 27 9 79 9 60 9 79 9.40 7 68 6 04 6 04 8 44 9 60 7 39 7 10

0 97 4 57 2 37 300 2 32 2 25. 0 42 1 151 09 0 61 1 73 3 12 0 61 1 03 224 1 12 1 16
2

1 72 2 44 1 85 180 2 48 1 12 2 36 1 06

299 1 69 208
1

23

o 44
1 79 2 30 5 37 0 25 0 31 1 02 1 95 1 53 0 72. 3 85 1 31 0 15 0 51 0 25 1 0-

1 89 1 52 2 596 60 0 40 2 41 3 57

24 26 27 27 27 24 23 42 25 21 24 23 25 26 30 28 27 25 24 30 28 28 26 24

37 92 31 28 08 22 44 01 98 93 06 34 60 98 65 31 24 86 04 52

1 86 Atlanta, Ga. 1 82 Planter's Soluble Guano ................. 2 .24 Homestead Guano.. ............... 2 38 ... Troy. Fertl'r Cc Troy, Ala.. ............... Perfect Atlanta, Ga... 2 52 Furman's High Grade Guano............ .Adair Bros .... Ashepoo phosCoI Charleston, SC 2 38 Ashepoo Fertilizer ................... 2 31 Eutaw Fertilizer...................... Adair Bros & Co Atlanta, Ga... 1 86 Buffalo Bone Guano...................... F. G. McElhany Auburn,. Ala. . ..... ... Eddystone Soluble Guano . 1 89 4 36 .. ............ Formula No. 1........... Montgomery.. Montgomery.. 2 94 1Formula No. 2. .. . . ....... " Columbus F'r co Columbus Ga., 2 45 ......... ...... Home Davis, Mar'11 co. Mobile, Ala... 3 15 Soluble Guano,... 3Magnet Bone Vegetable Grower................... Currie Fertz'r co Louisville, Ky.j- 1 55
Bone. Guano .... ..............

Buffalo

08

2

65

Guano....'....

..

it t

&Co

N. H. Holmes..

Mixture....

2 44 2 54
1

3

351
74

6...............

02

0 80 3 17

0 55 1 47 3 07 267 2 40 3 57 200 0 80 0 77 2 88 1 79 3 25

I70
135 165
28

906 No. 1 Stern's A rd. Raw Bone Superphosp'te 907 Crown Guano................ 909 No. 2. Stern's Am-d. Raw Bone Superphosp'te 912 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer........... 913 Soluble Pacific Guano................. 914 Golden Grain Guano.................... 915 "Fertilizer".........................
916.1
".

Malone & Col'ns Geneva, Ala... Treadw'll, A.&co Atlanta, Ga.. Malone & Col'ns Geneva, Ala.
Adair Bros & co Atlanta, Clayton (20 Clayton, Ala..

C

Fr WHooper &co Selma, Ala...

Ga...

1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
2

89 73 86 10 65 68 15 88

0

78

6 72 706 7 68 7 68 6 91 8 44 6 52 11 .7 S59 60 0 41 9 60 8 31 10 17 9 03 5, 76 7 29 3 72 4 60 8 53 9 40 8 83 6 14 9 40 9 79

5 3 2 2 2 2 1 3

62 84 43, 47 40 48 60 24

3 3 f 1

1 31 1 28 0 99 1 66 196 3 07 1 71 0 65 0 70 0 80 3 74 3 58 2 81 2 46 2 78 1 79 1 85 2 65 2 33 284 1 53 1 31 256 2 36 0 57 2 33 1 88 2 31 0 99 0 84 1 53

1

77 45 03 37
82

1 1 1 3 2 1 0 1

16 25 27 10 72 37 90 38

18 27 22 26

24
22

24 26

13 73 75 54 27 00 34 900.1-

925 926 927 928 929 930 937
940

941 942
943

944 945 946
949

955 960
963

964 967 968 971 974 979981

Lister's Amd. Dis. Bone...... .. Lister's Harvest Queen.. Lister's Celebrated Ground Bone....... Lister's Standard Phosphate... "High Grade"......................... Aurora Fertilizer........ Amd. Phosphate....................... Guano C.o Guano........ L. & R. Guano.......... ......... Pike County Guano................. Eddystone Guano..... Southern Amd. Dis.-Bone.............. Samana Guano....................... Old Dominion Guano................... Ga. State Grange 'Guano.............. Soluble Pacific Guano.................... Old Reliable...... .................... . L. & C. Dissolved Bone................. Scott's Animal Amd. Guano.............. . Eddyston Soluble Guano........... ...... Soluble Pacific G(uano................. ... Hinton Fertilizer........... B. D. Seafowl Guano ................... . Rock City Superphosphate .............. .
Gossypium Phospho.....................

D L Roberts.... Savannah, Ga.

22,

Cow et-a Frtl'r co Newnan, Ga.
N A. H
HI.

147 2 94 2 52 2 17

1 95 3 ( co~ 03 .1-65 708 3 28 1 22 1 86 2 59 1 61 5 71 6 95 2.32 1 67 0 45 4 13 4 20 1 39 1 92 4 45 4 16 3 94 2 09 1 51 209 3 63 1 85 3 54

2 02 2 23 1 45 2 57 1 71 2 48 2 :33 1 89 3 16, 1 65 1 35 1 62 1. 70 1 90 104 0- 92 1 58 2 51 1 88 1 08 1 78 2 31 2 95 1 33 1 99 2 83 1 85

2

24

Holmes..
Rainer..

Montgomery.. Troy,

A itHRainer..... itcc i So. acid phos co. Atlanta, Ga...

Ala...

Frank S Roberts Mobile,

2 13 2 10 1 40 1 82 1 681 82 2 31 2.59 1 82
186

Ala...

806
8
16

Ham'd, Hull &co'Savannah, Ga. Freeman& Du'g's Alexandria, Ala
Murphy, F Opelika, Ala.. Frank S Roberts Mobile,

D,&

1 89 1 54 0 98 1 82 0 35 1 96
2

WGHinton &S Pickensv'le Ala
J tiner

Ala...

6 14 656 806 8 25 7 69 6 13

Ala WCoope.Oxford,Ala...
& sons Greenville,

Collins.... Fayette, C. H.

988 Complete Fertilizer....... .............. 989 Farmer's Standard Phosphate ............
992

W.G. Whitman Young'boroAla. .
JS'Newman.. A .Station,Ala

2

2403

Gossypium

Phospho...........

1 75 1 40 2.31

8

52

5'95

25 31 26, .90 69 21 61 30 77 I 25 252 27 aW 11 27 23 404 20 70 89 25 52 24 71 22 27 25, 7237 72 23 47 24 75 25 24 25 82 24 92 23 14 3 65 25 26 38' 91 23 45 23 0424 25 108

Natural. Guanos, Cotton Seed

Meals,'Mals,

Etc.

By whom reported.
Name of Fertilizer or

Chemical. Name.

I

O
Adrss

993
855
880 899 901

Cotton.Seed Meal...
«"it

...........

Swan Island Guano .................
"14."

............. J. S. Newman. Frank S Roberts
I

Ag. Station, Ala Mobile, Ala.

6

ft

" "

"0

0 42 42

821 2
0 32

1 15
OM
0 25 0 30 0 97 0' 38
12 65 166h7 14 02

1 93
0,41
;57

649 .092
5 66

66

954 976 911 923

is"
"t"«" "

0-58
"< "0 "0

"

Virginia Grain Currie. Bone Meal......................:.....

Fertilizer. ..................
",

.

...... . .....

Jno. 0. Martin.. Eufaula, Ala.' Currie Fel'r Co. Louisville,. Ky

38 28 0 49 0 08

16 14
8 02

678
7 32 6.88 0 38

0 30

14 90 6 94 0 58

0,37
0 30 0 07

982
984

Swan Island Guano.......... ....................
Cotton Seed. Hull Ash ............ .........

Frank S Roberts Mobile, Ala
"

4 27
0 41

1 :01
0 22

16 08

J

S Newman ...

Iron and Al. Oxides 14.00 995 Moisture 13.;12-.; Organic matter x2.00 ; Insoluble matter (Silica) Magnesia 6.59;; Carbonic acid 9.56 ; Sulphuric Acid 1.71 ; Potash 25.93 ; Soda 3.86 ; Chlorine 3.00,

6.88; I A g.
"

1572 022

5 18

Station....0

28

17 28 7 86 Phosp. acid 9.60; Lime 2,80; Total 100.03. 0.20

0-41

Natural Guanos, Cotton Seed Meals, ManlesfEtc..
By 0 0 :U Name of 0

'whom-.,reported.

Fertilizer, or

Chemical.

S4
bIJ

1

V

0

Name.

Address.

0

U
1 1 r .

Io i
o 14
6 79 1 78

829 Marl.:.............. .............. :........... . R. M. Parker.... 831 Limestone.. .. ......... ,................. A. Coleman A. 833- Shell-Marl......:................................ T. A. Craven.... 841 ...... :.................................. . S. R. Weaver.. 931 No. 1 Cave Earth.................. ............. . R. Nicholson..,. 932 No. 2. Cave Earth......................... . 933 No. 3 Cave Earth................................ . 854 Cotton Seed. meal................................ . So. Cotton Oil co ...... ... . F' M Pennington 891 Natural Phosphates (a)................. 891 Natural Phosphates (b) ........................ 891 Marl.:.......................................... 891 Shell. .......................................... 891 Shell 905 Kainit........................................... IMalone Colins 975~ Cotton Seed Meal.................................I Southern Oil co.

CoQatopa ,Ala,.. Greensb 'o, Ala

1 05 1 34 trace 1 27 0 38
0

Marl..

3 35 Midway, Ala.. 41 98 Fort (i'ines, Ga 7 52 Collinsvlle, Ala Montg'ery, Ala Troy, Ala....

61. 95 73 98. 50 70 85, 65

22

05

44

............................................
.. ..

2 24 24 05 2214« 0 06 0 51
0

&

,_

Geneva, Selma,

i

Ala....

Ala..

51,

1 34

13 89 7 00 1 37

24 The methods of analysis used are those adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists at their last meeting in Washington and published in pamphlet form. In soil analysis, the methods published by the Department of Agriculture at Washington have been strictly followed, and great care has been taken to secure accurate results. While soil analysis has, of late years, fallen somewhat into disrepute, on account of hasty conclusions drawn from imperfect data, and a want of thorough study of all the conditions of plant growth, it hasan important value in the scientific investigation of the productive capacity of soils and the means best adapted to restore fertility'and to prevent exhaustion. In accordance with the plan of experimentation agreed for the' Station, representative soils with sub-soils from different portions of the State have been collected which will be analyzed ith great care, and their productive, value with and without fertilizers; determined by carefully conducted and accurate exerimuents at the Station. I mportant conclusions, it is believed, will be drawn from these results, not only of general scientific value,

upon

but of practical utility to the agriculturists of Alabama and

states. The results of soil analysis thus far Completed

other'

are as follows :

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF AIR-DRIED SOILS AND SUB -SOILS-SOIL RECEIVED FROM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. VIRGIN SOIL.
i

Cul'd or worn s'il
SOIL. SJBSO'L

SOIL.

SU

Soil

marked.......
mentsat te Stt:

Station

number......................
...................

....

........

I

1(a) 1(b) 2 (a) 1001 1002 1003

2 (b)

1004

Moisture.............................
Insoluble Silica....

Hydrated Silica....................... Soluble. Silica ................... 3.............. Sesquioxide of Iron, F,
3....... Alumina, Al Phosphoric Acid, P 2,

823 686 2 253
131
0

1 535 0 981

88 718 89 713

............... 0 5................. Lime, Ca.O...........................
Magnesia, Mgo Potash, K 2,O.0........................

2, 0

0

....

.........................
3.................

0..................... .. S0 Chlorine, Cl .......................... Carbonic Acid, C 0 2 ................. Matter...........
Soda, Na. 2,
Sulphuric Acid, Volatile and Organic

1 434 3 028 0 059 0091 0 058 0 062

194

.
.

0184
0 101 0 009 0 180 5 838 99 308 0379

.
.

0 512 91 602 2 173 1 909 2 161 0 115 0 307 0 067 1 505 0 813 1 028 3 140 1 867 2 590 0 093 0 056 0 060 0031 0 086 0 0341 0 023 0 072. 0 012 0 090 0 034 0 092 0718 0 440 0 281 0 041 0 0561,0 021 0 011 0-015 0 014 0 058 0 106 0 095 2.064 3 208 1 112 99 681 0 253 181.3 81 87

Total .................... Nitrogen .,........ The Air-dried soil contains Coarse Gravel........
Fine

........... .....
.

100 315 99 663 0274 0 293 22 11 26 18 77 89 73 82

Material...................

31 20 68'80

25 REPORT OF P. II. MELL, BOTANIST. So short a time has elapsed since the organization of the Experiment Station, but littletcan be said of the Botanical work. An outline of some of the plans proposed, however, may not be amiss here. The investigations in this department were intended by the laws establishing the station to cover the entire state. In other words it is contemplated to write in popular language a botany of Alabama that will be equally intelligible to the farmer and valuable to the scientific student. This will not be the work of a few months, nor will it be accomplished by one person. But it must be the work of years and through the combined efforts of the earnest farmers of Alabama and the officers of the Experiment Station. As we look over the field before us it seems best at present to divide the work as follows: 1. The Classification and determination of the relative econom. ic values of all wild plants useftil for forage and other like agricultural purposes. 2. The classification of all noxious weeds and a discussion of the best and cheapest methods of eradicating them. 3. The medical plants of the State. 4. Trees and shrubs that are suitable for lumber and building interests. It will also be a matter of importance to examine these wild plants while under a state of cultivation and thus prove their adaptation to the wants of the farmer. Valuable assistance in the prosecution of this work may be rendered by the farmers of the State if they will send specimens of plants to the Station carefully collected in the following manner: 1. In the case of an herb or grass the entire plant must be sent including roots, stem, leaves, flowers and, if possible, the fruit also. Select fifteen or twenty vigorous, well grown specimens and place them between sheets of thick unsized paper, taking care to spread the leaves and adjust the flowers so that the smallest proportions of parts are not folded and bent out of shape. Place a pressure of 30 or 40 lbs on the paper and place aside to dry When the plant is too long for the size of the paper, bend the stems until reduced to proper proportions.

26 2. Take careful notes of the plant surroundings. The characacter of soil, whether fouind on up land or lo' lind, moist or dry land, foreest or open field, time of flowering and seeding, etc., height of plants. State whether the plants are in large or small nnmbers. Are stock known to eat them, etc. 3. In case of large trees and shrubs it will be best to take sections of the trunk and collect the leaves, flowers and fruits. The sections must be cut ten inches long and the bark left on unbruised. These specimens should then be numbered and carefully packed in strong boxes and shipped by freight to the station at Auburn. Notes must b* taken concerning the tree, where it is found, kind of soil, common name, if known, and if it has been used for any special purpose. Place a number on the note corresponding to that on the section. Send the notes by mail to Auburn. The leaves must be pressed between paper as already described. 4. In sending specimens through the mail or by express do not,' roll the papers but pack them spread out as they come from the press. Lay the sheets containing the plants one on top of the other, place at the top and bottom of the package stout paste board. Wrap all with strong paper and address to Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala., (Department of Botany.) In every shipment send notes, name and post office. The grasses are best collected between the first of May and the first of October. Many plants mature their seeds by the first of June-, and they must be collected early in the spring just as soon as the flowers are formed well.

AVERAGE PRECIPITATION, IN

INCHES,

FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA.

Auburn:..........................................:.........14 Birmingham ...... ... .......................................

Calera*. . .

....................................

an. Feb. Mar "Apr M'y June July Aug Sep Oct. Nov Dec Year Peri'd of ob'vati'n 456 588 408 285 234 944 493 152 384 2653 5 " 7 07 2 59 1151 77'63 064 283 073 843 401 72. 340

,91

3

45 6

61,lyears,
6"

...

4 45 291 609,276 258 187 0

.......... C arlowvil le ..................................... Coatopa..................................................... ......... Carrolton.................. ......................... Decatur. ................................ .................. Demopolis ............... ...................................
Edwardsville

.. 5 83 6.85 9 5 40 4 906 5 55 3 982 7 28 5 08 6

09 768358501453434450229563563649616" 60 3 004 055 803 701 35,2 252 807 005 80 52 65 2 " 25 5 354 993 213 443 552 652 302 765 4245 464 " 37 5 003 413 453 582 422 132 454 533 3149 019 t
6 201

49
66

3 Elyton...................................................... ....................................... 5 Eufaula.... Evergreen*.................................................. Fish River*..................................................3 Florence........................................... ........ 5 Fort Deposit* .............................................. 5 .......................... Gadsden .... ...........

........

..

................

.............

7 33 5 48 4 76~ 1

94 4 40 8 28 874083874443433'753254004635 2 94 4 64 3 15 2 462 133 276 974 343 251 885 081 1244 234"
5

1121

906 785 194 343 742 681 702 254 5249 551 885 727 373 384 941
77

817

60 4445

361 762

2
67 2"

4"

Greensboro.,...............................441
Gum Springs ...................... Havana ................
Huntsville....................................................

Greenville* ...................................

1 003 055 697 525 230 892 333 32 49 2004 28 5" 1 91 5333 54 5402 434 312 173 414 6646 264 " 94 4 02 3 9 964 683 873 312 322 181 50 4" 77 'S 77 3 47 1 805 845 223 763 522 482 403 516444798'4 " 521 4874 493 343 943 065 227 742 084834 5050 6920 "

14

..............

783464

.. ....................... ....................................

.................. ................. Livingston ............. .............. Marion.................................. Mobile................. .. ...................................

Monroeville ......

5n 17 4 85 8 66 6 54 5 47 4 55 3 22 4 25 2 5o 5 00 5 57 14 46
3 68

6623 74404 464 572 792 954 594 9354 3628
8 522 900 455 0856 92 2 284 71 54 0516 5 72 3 985 164 845 122 5 067 873 623 151 81 5 732 066 0648 08 4

894 663 302 331 51 663 163 254 596,353

6

8 923 482.564 814 242 743 37 2 002 6047 72 6" 5 644 265 725 936 755 153 264 434 7263 6222"
5 52 7

7113

652 933

"

............

..............................

6 69
57 88 28 10 98

Montgomery........... .................................. ............................ Mt. Vernon Barracks.. ........... .......... Mt. Willing.................................. ...................... Moulton ............................... Newton..................................................... Opelika'....................... ..... .......................
Pine Apple*..........
.......

5 40 5 6 51 5 859 6 366 4 7 03 4

4 933

5 77 3 83 5 (04 06 3 44 2 68 2 56 3 91 5 77 54 21 21 y'rs.

044

95 6 897

30 2 74 1

56

72 4 15 60

89y

5m.
C

33 64 3130 5 996 236 41 6 193 4 50 2 86 6 252 103 292 552 702 9343 8810 4 45 4392 26 5153 4

875 262

413 483 843

922 281 423 306

66 3,50 275

4

4503828 082 611 603 495

"..........

.....

Prattville.......... ...................

....................

-648908520697393252330314444 8" 6 132 673 463 862 441 241 33 6 9 17~3 69 1 87 2447'256 993 06000,2443 156 7350 25 2

503

Scottsboro*.....................................................I
Trinity..*.................

Sem:...............

..................................

4316

438 7416 552 733
5

164 184 163 782 202 504 975 9355 9113

634 605 7013

59 3

572 412

90

6"

Tainiadega.................
Troy.............
Tuscaloosa ..................

........................... .....................................

.....
. ......
. .....

.......................
....................

72898993846200704719910918 1 95374670 1983 204071450 918
4775 3 271

20678588
2 8

68111146 363 574 956 35 4803

27850 "
" .

.........

Tuscuinbia ....................

Uniontown* ..........................................
Union Springs .................

.............................

6024

*These stations comprise the cotton-belt stations and

...............................

only report during the crop season. 741 6

46 3 25 5 16 49 37 4" 315 78 5 2" 501 1611 38 7 731 9713 7319 13 4 08 3 39 2 0811 91.3 3.814 02 5 64 4 96 3

I

842 742

736 999

712

45j5

322

712

934 804

072 523 7712

0612 052

55~ 80 419 468 613 241

3641

6185

5 95 6

3313 93146

"

30
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA BY P. H. MELL.
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH FOR THE STATE. ALABAMA COMPILED FROM

WEATHER SERVICE REPORTS, FOR FOUR YEARS (84-88).

January................. February ................. March..................
April....................64

43 8 deg's. 48 6 " 54 3 "
5
"

May ...................... June...................77

71 9 6

" "

deg's. July....................81 78 2 August........... September..............75 1 October.................64 2 November..............52 3 2 December...............45

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE STATE.

69 7 deg's. Spring ................. Autumn................. 63-9 " Average for the State .........................

Summer...............78
Winter.................47

9
5
"

...........

65 deg's .

AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR SEASONS FOR FOUR TEARS

1884-88).

26 inches. Summer...............3 90inches. Spring................4 11. Winter................5 7 77" Autumn............... 56 Average precipitation for North Alabama.....................49 46 Average precipitation for Middle Alabama....................50 Average precipitation for' South Alabama......................54 22 88 Average precipitation for State.............................50 16 ................................ Yearly average clear days.........
"

inches119 126

"

fair days. ................... cloudy days . ................................

AVERAGE BAROMETER FOR THE STATE FOR EACH YEAR. PORTS FROM ALABAMA

COMPILED FROM RE-

WEATHER SERVICE.

1884, from March 1st, 1184, to March 1st, 1885...............

........

:..30

089'

1885, from March 1st, 1885, to March 1st,, 1886 ....................... 1886, beginning January. 1st................................

1887...............................

.............................

30 081 ,30 087

30 144

130' 1888, -January1st, to June 1st......................................30 Maximum Barometer, 30,800. Observed on 3d of January, 1887, at Livingston. Minimum Barometer, 28.955. January 3d, 1886, at Auburn.

First killing frost in fall in North Alabama occurs between the eighteenth of October and sixteenth of November. In Middle Alabama it occurs between the twenty-fourth of In South Alabama it, October and twenty-sixth of November. occurs between November seventh and twenty-fifth.
During a period of seventeen years (1871 to Livingston on the sixth of June,

recorded summer temperature was 109 degrees, which occurred

1885.

1888), the highest, at

31 The lowest recorded temperature' during the same period was seven degrees below zero at Gadsden, on the eleventh of January,. 1886, making an absolute range within the seventeen years of 116" degrees. These were exceptional periods, however, because,. comparing one year's average temperature with averages of er years. we find there is only a range of 2.8 degrees, thus mdicatinig that the climate of the State is mild and uniform; no very great extremes.

oth-

SOIL TEMPERATURES.
MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL, AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS, FOR UP-LAND, ON EX-

PERIMENT STATION, 1888.

The data in the following tables represent the averages of observations taken three times per day at ':30 a. p. m. and. 6:30 p. m.

m,,2:30

SET I.

Depth.May. 1 inch...........................................74
3 " . . ..... . ..... . . .. . . .74

6

".......

9 ........... 12" .........
24
36 ".... " "...... "........... ...

6.

.......

.

.................................... .... ..............
.

74 72 5 ... .. .. ... 5" 71
.

..

deg's. 81 i"80
.

Months. ,June.
deg's.
5 0

i 5"

"

7 785"
765

...

.

.... ...

.715 ...

"
"

48 60

.

..

.

.

."............

68 66 5 .65 5"

74

"

72 70 5

"

MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFEERENT DEPTHS ON UPLAND ON THE EXPERIMENT STATION, 1888.

SET II.

Depth 1 inch......."....................................
3

6

6.............
"................"..72
.. . ..

Months. May. June. 73 deg's. 79 5 deg's.
....

73

."

80

c

5
. . . . . . ... .. . . ........... .... . .72

4"79

9 "........ ".... 12.."".

71

24"

6
67 66 65 64
a

i" 4"
"

5«

79 78 7"5

i

5
5

...... .. ... . 36 ". 48"........................ ........ 60 .".. . .... .............. 72 .................... 84 ". . . ..... ".".".."....635 96 ".................................62

.

....

"
'.71 ''70

73 67 5"

4

...

"

67 5

5

"66-5

32
MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS ON LOWLANDS. RIMENT STATION, 1888. EXPE-

SET. III..

Months.
Depth. 1linch .

May.
................
. . .

June-

.............. .................................
...

.............
....

3"..........................73

6".......

73 5 deg's 80 5"i80 "8 74
.715

deg~s 4
f

0

"...

12

"..
"
.........

24

1.......................68 ,.....................67

I........71
...

i"
f"f77
"75

78

5

5

3''
48'. 00 '

.........................................

:....67 5"
5 " 65 5"70

5

73 5"f
72 5

5

.......... ................................