BULLETII NO, 134. DEGEfiIBER, 1905. ALA BAMA Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE Alabama Polytechnic Institute, AUBURN. Corn Culture. By J. r. DUGGAR, Director and Agriculturist. Opelika, Ala. The Post Publishing Company, 1905. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. J. T. M. CARMICHAEI D. SAMrORD.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montgomery. .......................... ............................. ............. . Opelika. Jasper. W. C. DAVIS ....................... STATION COUNCIL. C. C. THACH .......... ................................ President. J. F. DUGGAR........................Director B. B. Ross.. .......... C. A. CARY... and Agriculturist. State Chemist. ........... ........................................ Chemist and Veterinarian. E. M. WILCox......... ... Plant Physiologist and Pathologist. R. S. MACKINTOSH........... Horticulturist and State Horticulturist. J. T. ANDICRSON...............Chemist, Soil and Crop Investigations. ASSISTALNTS. C. L. HARE................................... A. McB. RANSOM................... First Assistant Chemist. Second ....... ........... ............ Assistant Chemist T. BRAGG ................................ I). T. GRAY.... . ..... Third Assistant Chemist. Assistant in Animal Industry. Superintendent of Farm. C. M. FLOYD.......... ........ I. S. Mc ADORY..... .............. C. F., KINMAN....................... Assistant in Veterinary Science. ....... Assistant in Horticulture. L~. N. DUNCAN........................... .. Assistant in Agriculture The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. CORN CULTURE By J. F. DUGGAR. SUMMARY. During the past ten years 52 varieties f corn have been tested at Auburn, Alabama. Among these the most produc tive varieties were Mosby, Cocke, Henry Grady and Sanders. Varieties of the prolific type, "two-eared varieties," afforded larger average yields than did the type in which the number of ears was smaller but the size larger. Early varieties were relatively unproductive. Repeated tests of seed corn grown in different latitudes indicated that with certain varieties seed from Virginia and Tennesee proved superior to that from Delaware, Illinois, Alabama and Georgia. It is impossible to determine whether this result was due chiefly to climate or to more careful selection of the seed corn obtained from Virginia. and Tennessee. It is generally advisable that seed corn for Alabama be obtained either from this latitude or from some other region south of the Ohio and Potomac rivers. Many early varieties from northern grown seed afforded a large proportion of unsound corn. In six tests seed corn from the bottom ear afforded a slightly larger yield than from the top ear and in two tests seed from the top ear gave the larger yield. Subsoiling did not increase the yield of corn sufficiently to be profitabl. The yield was not materially influenced by the depth of the first cultivation. Planting corn in water furrows did not increase the yield. The yield of grain was slightly decreased by. pulling fod der, by topping and by cutting and shocking the plant. The average yield of dry fodder or blades was 515 pounds, of 172 cured tops 473 pounds and of cured stover 1,799 pounds per acre. The increase in the yield of corn due to the use of velvet bean stubble as a fertilizer was 4.3 bushels per acre. Where the entire growth of velvet beans was plowed under the increase in the first corn crop was 12.3 bushels and the increase in the second corn crop was 4.4 bushels. The increase in the two corn crops was 16.7 bushels greater where the entire growth of velvet beans was plowed under than where only the roots and stubble were plowed under. The yield of corn was 8.9 bushels per acre greater when cow pea vines were plowed under than when only the stubble was used as fertilizer. The increase from plowing rinder beggar weed, which grew after the corn was laid by, averaged 5.4 bushels per acre. unWhen velvet bean vines or cow pea vines were der the addition of acid phosphate profitably increased the yield of corn. Applying a part of the fertilizer before planting and a part at the second cultivation did not increase the yield as compared with using all of it before planting., Nitrate of soda afforded a larger increase than did cotton seed meal, cotton seed or barnyard manure. It is recommended that a fertilizer for corn contain a relatively large proportion of nitrogen. ,lowed TESTS OF VARIETIES OF CORN IN 1901, 1904 AND 1905. For ten years in succession tests of varieties of corn have been made on the Experiment Station farm at Auburn under the present management. Bulletins Number 76, 88 and 111 of this Station, now out of print, give the results of variety tests at Auburn from 1896 to 1900 inclusive. In 1902 an unprecedented drought, from April to August, ruined our variety test, and in 1902 rogues vitiated the results. The results obtained in 1901, 1904 and 1905 are presented in this bulletin. 173 All of our tests were made on upland soil characteristic this region, and naturally poor. Only commercial fertilizers were employed, except in 1905, when in addition to commercial fertilizers, barnyard manure, chiefly from catlie, was used at the estimated rate of ten tons per acre. Planting was done at the usual time or a few days later the distance between rows was usually 4 feet 8 inches, between plants about three feet. The distance between ;plants was the same for all varieties. Every precaution was taken to secure and stand, but when this was impaired by bud worms, no correction of yields was attempted. if* andd atn maintain a Yield of varieties of corn in 1901. Variety ________________________ Per et. of stand Yield per acre Rank in yield Mosby .... ............... Sha. ....................... . .... Cocke ... .... .................. Arnold's Cross Bred.................. Per ct. 93 91 100 100 Bus. 35 2 31.9 31 Tennessee White ... ............ 91 Tennessee Yellow .................. 10.) Red Cob, Tennessee ............. 93 Experiment Station Yellow............ 98 Blount........... ..... .... .......... 95 Jones Pearl .................. 99 H ickorv IKi no... 10() .3o.1 8 1 2 3 4 29 9 28 8 27 7 27.1 21 19 6 18.9 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 174 Yield of varieties of corai in 1904. Variety Per ct. of stand Per ct. 88 100 93 96 95 100 87 92 88 92 91 Sanders..... .................... Mosby............................. Cocke...............................91 ........... Henry Grady ... Cocke (Ga.).......................... McMackin's Gourd Seed............. Experiment Station Yellow....... Boone County White (Tenn.)......... Boone County White (Ind.)........... Boone County Special Reid's Yellow Dent.. .... Riley's Favorite......................91 No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agr............. Silver Mine (Iowa) ..................... Leaning Yellow .................. Snow Flake...........1 Yield per acre Bus. 35.5 32.3 29.6 29.6 26.8 25 8 24.2 23.5 22.1 19.6 19.1 18.2 12.9 Rank in yield 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 35.5 33 5 81 94 '19.4 14 15 16 Yield of Variety varieties of corn in 1905. Per ct. of stand Per ct. 97 99 .. 99 97 Yield per acre Bus. Rank in yield Henry Grady ...... .... Sanders................... Mosby ... :..................... Marlboro ... ....... ....... .. .. ....................... 40.6 39.4 38.9 34.9 1 2 3 4 ..... Local White Cob ..... ... McMackin's Gourd Seed......... ..... No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agr............... Cocke (Tenn.)........ Experiment Station Yellow........... ............ Albemarle . .... ....... ... .......... Shaw Boone County ,Special........ .... .... Red Cob (Tenn.)...................... Cocke (Ala. Hickory King.......... ....... ....... Boone County White (Tenn.) ..... ...... .... Reid's Yellow Dent ............. Boone County White (Ind.)............ Boone County White (Ill.)............. Silver Mine (Iowa).................... Learning Yellow............... ...... ...... Riley's Favorite... Exp't 91 95 99 92 96 81 81 94 84 92 34.3 33.1 32 6 30.9 30.7 303 29.7 29.4 28.9 28.6 .5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sta.) .............. 96 88 85 87 i6 93 94 80 28 26.3 25.7 24.6 22 22 18.9 17.1 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 175 Relative yield of varieties of corn at Auburn, takingythe yield of Experinent Station Yellow as 100. Aver 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1904 1905 age 8 years Mosby............... ................... 91 138 109 92 115 130 132 130 117 Exp't Sta. Yellow.......100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1QA Tested'7 years Hickory ...... 122 72 73 73 80 70 91 83 Tested 6 years Tested King...... ................ Cocke...... Shaw....... ................ ....... Blount .................. 132 Tested 5 years St. Charles.. ....................... l148 7ested years Red Cob (Tenn.) .......... ........ 99 Jones Pearl.......... Champion Vhite Pearl..._-. 126 Tested3 years Sanders Farmer's Pride.............. Early Mastodon.........134 Iowa Silver Learning Yellow ......... Tested 2 years Henry Grady.. _...... 129 87 117 81 99 103 108 95 117 118 118 97 97 109 101 72 83 81 82 98 96 99 80 95 105 90 104 97 79 101 60 48 102 72 96 95 93 74 94 70 104 96 91 57 90 87 132 128 121 97 95 71 55 121 Mine................. 72 61 132 108 64 58 127 Arnold ......................... 113 112 110 112 109 107 103 Gourd Seed...... Renfro........ ........... 86 128 Higgins ................. 72 Boone County Special.. No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agr....... Boone County White..........3 McMakin's '134 88 89 8 96 79 92 90 86 84 83 65 73 106 Golden Beauty . Evans ................... ...... i 836........ 86 81 82 7 Reid's Yellow Dent_...Riley's Favorite76. ............ Tested s year Golden Gianl............... 12512 Cade Prolific................-----124 84 124 Yellow Dent ............. _._117 Marlboro.... ...--......... _. Baden - -------.. . ----. . 117 114 114 ..----- . . . . 113 113 Local White Cob .......... Bra dbu ,y -.---------.-. .--..----. 112 112 112 112 Tennessee White ............ Peabody _. .. ..... ..... 108 TennesseYellow ....... Albemarle . Cary Klondike...-..-...... 110 106 97 97 Strawberry._... Giant Broad 110 108 106 99 99 97 97 94 ......... Grain ........ 92 Chester County Manmo h.. 93 Golden Poor Man ..... ......................... 941 89 Dent....................... 87 79 .......... '93 92 89 Welborn's Conscience... Cuban Sheep Tooth White . Creole ...... ...... _....... Snow Giant 87 79 .... ......... Flake .... 75 74 III I A. - 75 74 4 176 Mosby is one of the most productive of the prolific varieties. Comparing its record with that of other prolific varieties we find that in each of,six years Mosby yielded more than Cocke; in comparison with Blount, Mosby led in five out of six tests. Comparing Mosby with some of the most productive nonprolific varieties, we find that it stood ahead of Sanders in 2 out of 3 tests, and equaled Sanders in the third test; once Mosby stood above Henry Grady and once slightly below. Compared with Shaw, Mosby was the more productive in 5 out of 6 tests. Compared with all varieties tested, Mosbyoccupied first place in 2 tests, second place in 2 tests, third place in 2 tests, fourth place in 1 test and twelfth place in 1896, when weather conditions injured all late varieties. Cocke, though averaging less than Mosby, proved to be one of the most productive varieties when all of our tests, made during the last ten years are considered. In six tests its relative position was second in 2 tests, fourth in 2 tests, and seventh and tenth in the other two years. Henry Grady has been tested only two years, but has taken high rank, namely first in 1905 and third in 1904. Sanders has been tested only two years, but in both has taken high rank. It was first in 1904 (equaling Mosby), and third in 1905. Other promising varieties as regards yield, but which have not been often tested here, are: Bradberry, Marlboro, Arnold, Local White Cob, Tennessee White and McMackin's Gourd Seed. For illustrations of ears of certain varieties, see Appendix. RELATION OF NUMBER OF EARS PER PLANT TO YIELD OF GRAIN PER ACRE. The following table gives the number of ears and nubbins of each variety per plant. It will be noted that even most 177 of the prolific varieties average less than two ears and nubins per plant and that several varieties average less than one grain-bearing shoot per plant. The number of grain-bearing shoots varies greatly for the same variety in different seasons, but, nevertheless, this number is largely a variety characteristic. Number of ears and nubbins per plant. 1900 Sz 1901 10C04 1( 90 z Variety Albemarle..... Arnold...... .......... Blount ... ........ .......... .................... .91 1.86 22 .94 1 1.00 10 ........ ... 9 ... Boone County White .. 1.40 Bradbury........ ..... 1.00 Cory Kiondike ......... Champion White Pearl 1.55 Cocke..... ........... 1.39 Creole .... ............ 1.04 Early Mastodon ........ Evans .................. 92 Experiment Sta. Yellow 1.17 Farmers' Pride......... .99 Giant Broad Grain .1.03 .99 5 ....... 1.11 4 ........ ... ... .. 16 .... .... ;.,. ..... ,. .. . 17 .... . . . . :..... ....... 2.( 02 12.02 ... .. .93 . . .1.43 .... .1.11 .... .1.40 .. .1.39 . 5 ........ .... .... .. . .. .1.04 10 .... .... .... ...... ...... 21 .... .... .... ...... 71.32 7 1.36 3.........1. 3 .. .. 17..... .. ..... .. ,......................... .99 12 ........ .... .... .. ......................... 1.03 1.03 Beauty ......... 1.03 12....... .... .... .. ......................... Henry Grady ........... .. .... .... .... 1.15 37 911.25 381 811.20 Hickory King......... 1.31 6 11 ........ 11.18 .... ... 1.18 ...... . ............................ Jones' Pearl ........... Learning....... ....... .991 171.... ..I 1ll... ......................... .88 :101 1411.10 Local White Cob......... ............ .... ..... 86 211.86 Marlboro ............ .. .. ' .. .. 21 1211.16 McMackin's Gourd Seed ........... 1..1.11 Mosby..... .......... 1.021141.60 2+1.36 31.' 74 311.43 No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agri. . .... j...... 24 1111.05 Poor Man ............ 11.15 8 .... ~.......... 13 11 1.07 Red Cob, Ten........11.011 1511.041 8.... .... 11.: .. Reid's Yellow Dent....... ............ 1.05 711. 68 511.37 21.85 11.49 21.( . .. 1..00 .. . .99 60 611.65 .0. .92 44 Golden .91 1 51 1.771 1....1 51.1 .85 911.1 .98 811.108 111.' 74 411.1 11.; 015 1511.03 Sanders ........ Shaw .............. Riley's Favorite......... ... ... ... ...... 1.45 3.... ..... 11.61 .... 96 10 1 ...... 7......1 .... .. 'Sheep Tooth, White .... 1.04j 201.12 .... Silver Mine, Iowa ...... .... I.. 85 9 St. Charles ... 1.12 9 ..... 1 .... . Tennessee White ...... .... .... 1.221 4........... Tennessee Yellow 11.161 61......... 271 1011.12 .. .. ... 1.04 ................... 99 16 .92 1.12 .......................... .......................... 11.16 311.60 ... .. .. 178 Dividing the varieties tested according to nnmber of ears and nnbbins per plant, we have the following classification: Prolific varieties. Sanders Albeimarle Marlboro Cocke 111 edimn~ B3lount Mosby Hickory King Jones' Pearl McMackin's Gonrd Seed Tennessee Yellow Poor Man Bradbnry prolific varieties. Creole Reid's Yellow Dent Experiment Sta. Yellow Henry Grady Tennessee White varieties. Shaw St. Charles Boone Connty White Local White Cob 7T onproliflc Golden Beanty Ri')ey's Favorite Cary Klondike Farmers' Pride Champion White Pearl Arnold Silver Mine, Iowa Evans Leamning Yellow Tennessee Red Cob No. 77, U. S. Dept. Agr Early. Mastodon Sheep Tooth White Giant Broad Grain The above classification has been made as a means' of secnring an answer to the qnestion, "What type of corn been most prodnctive in recent tests at the Alabama periment has Ex- Station ?" An examination of the yields gives the following table of averages : 179 Aixrage yields 1900-Average 1905-Average of types of 37.4 corn in bushels per acre. Medium. Non-prolific. Prolific. Bus. yield......... Bis. 27.8 24.7 26.6 31.6 27.7 Bus. 1901-Average yield.,........29.5 1904--Average yield..... .... 34.2 yield......... 4 years, average of 34.0 averages. .33.8 31.6 29.9 20.2 26.6 27.0 In three. out of four years the prolific varieties gave decidedly the highest;average yield. It must be stated, however, that the averages for the medium and nou-prolific varieties are low largely because these lists embrace so many early non-productive northern varieties. In the following table all early or otherwise unproductive varieties have beeneliminated and a comparison made between the average yields of the best prolific, the best medium' and, the best non-prolific varieties. Average yields YEAR .PROIFIC of best varieties MEDIUM of three types. INON-PROUF IC VARS VARS. VARS.. Bus. 1900 39. Mosby Bus. Bus. Locke 37. 5 Bradbury i L T 1 l Expt. St. Yel. T7 1 35.9 - Shaw Red Cob Arnold Shaw Red Cob Arnold 1901 33. 5 .h Mosby Cocke 286 Expt. St. Yel. 28. Ten n. White, 29.9 Tenn. Yel. 29.6 (Expt. St. Yel. Henry Grady McMackin St. Yel. 1904 34.2 Mosby Cocke Sanders ( Mosby 1905 36.9 SCocke(Expt. Sanders 34.5 Henry Grady SAlbemarle McMackin - LcWh.Cob 31.6 RdCob e Marlboro Av. 35.9 32.4 32.4 180 The above figures show that the best prolific varieties each year averaged higher than the best varieties bearing a smaller number of ears. SIZE OF EAR IN DIFFERENT VARETESn. Num,'ber of ea-. and nubtins requir#'i to shell ''6 povund. o f grain. 1900 1901 1904 -1905 a Css CD S - Albemarle.............. Arnold.............. Blount .................. Boone County White .... Bradbury......... Cary 78 1221 .. 189 1 15 11....,........ 18...... 1 .. .. 5 ... S141.... f 97 Kiondike ..... ......... ........ ... 141 122 139 Champion White Pearl.. Cocke.............. Creole......... ........ Early Mastodon ........ Evans .............. .... Experiment Sta. Yellow. Farmers' Pride ........ Giant Broad Grain.. Golden Beauty ......... Henry Grady .......... Hickory King .......... Jones' Pearl ........... Leaming .............. Local White Cob... ........ 209 133 14 172 109 1111 120 23 ...... 6.... ... 8............ 10 161 10 .. sit.:.. 12 167 " 10 1541 166 ... ... .......... ... ...... 7 ..... .... .130. .......... ... 1l101, 9 .... . .' 148 . 172 109 11 137 99 113 4 ......... 9................ 184 99 113 21 114 22 .1.126 19 21 220 147 . 20.... . 11 ..... 135 . Ill 160 ....... . .!141 3 . .. Marlboro...... .. . .... McMackin's Gourd Seed Mosby ................ No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agri. Poor Man............. Red Cob, 143 126 93 136 Tenn......... 19 156 6 151 .. . 159 13..... ....... 3 137 4 .... .... .165 Reid's Yellow Dent .. Riley's Favorite ....... Sanders. .. .. . . ..... .. . .... 17...... Shaw......... ......... 97 ... 2 121 171 145 90! ... 90 11 .. 141 161 2 S134 106! 4 120 7 137 10 .147 8 117 6 138 .... 126 102 3 111 9 .. 151 lrk157! 13! 164 S 1161j 172 169 140 6 2.....:.108 135! 9 8 Sheep Tooth, White.. Silver Mine, Iowa.. St. Charles ............ Tennessee White.. Tennessee Yellow.. 5 109 134 41 S136 131 I1361 .....1491 3I..K..I.....:1136 5f..f.. .f..149 181 By means of this table we are able to make three groups of varieties according to the average size of ears and nubbins, that is according to the number of ears and nubbins required to shell one bushel of 56 pounds of grain. A much better showing would, of course, be made for each variety if we should give a table showing the number of well grown ears required to shell a bushel. The figures in the above table are not intended to show the average weight of typical, well grown ears, but to indicate how many ears and nubbins a farmer must handle to obtain one bushel of grain. This, of course, varies widely with the season, as well as with the variety. Large-eared varieties. Arnold Local White Cob Cary Klondike McMackin's Gourd Seed Early Mastodon Red Cob Evans Renfro Farmers' Pride Shaw Giant Broad Grain St. Charles Henry Grady Strawberry Higgins Medium-eared varieties. Bradberry Poor Man's Experiment Station Yelloi Sheep Tooth White Silver Mine Tennessee White Welborn's Conscience Small-eared varieties. Champion White Pearl Hickory King Sanders Marlboro Leaming Riley's Favorite Boone County White Cocke's Prolific Mosby Albemarle Tennessee Yellow Reid's Yel'low Dent Blount Creole Golden Beauty Jones Pearl Prolific No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agri 182 EARLY AND LATE VARIETIES. Grouping the varieties according to earliness when grown in the South, we have the following groups: Early varieties. Blount Boone County White Champion White Pearl Early Mastodon Golden Beauty Golden Dent Hickory King Leamrning No. 77 U. S. Dept. Agr. Reid's Yellow Dent Riley's Favorite Silver Mine Snowflake Saint Charles Late varieties. Albemarle Arnold Marlboro McMackin's Gourd Seed Mexican June Mosby Poor Man's Red Cob Renfro Sanders Shaw Strawberry Tennessee White Tennessee Yellow Welborn's Conscience Bradbury Cade's Prolific Cocke's Prolific Creole Experiment Sta. Yellow Evans Farmers Pride Henry Grady Higgins Jones Pearl Prolific Local White Cob Of course still further sub-division of each class is possible. For example, we might place St. Charles in a medium early group, and probably include Blount in the same. Subdividing the second group, we should have as medium to late. Albemarle, Marlboro, Evans; and as very late, Creole, Poor Man's and Mexican June. The yields of the late and medium late varieties are very much greater than the yields of the early varieties. 183 The large-eared group consists of late varieties, except Early Mastodon and St. Charles. The' medium-eared group includes both early and late varieties, the late prodominating. The small-eared group is made up chiefly of the early northern varieties and the prolific or many-eared kinds; it thus includes both the most unproductive and the most productive varieties. SEED CORN FROM DIFFERENT LATITUDES. This series of experiments has been under way for nine years under the present management. The plots for this experiment have always been located on upland soil, naturally poor, on the Station farm at Auburn. The northern or western seed corn used in all of these eight years has come from the same grower, J. C. Suffern, Voorhees Post Office, in the central part of Illinois, in latitude 39 degrees and 50 minutes, or about one degree north of St. Louis. This northen seed corn has been compared with, (1) seed corn of the same varieties grown in Georgia and Alabama and, (2) with seed corn from Virginia, Delaware and Knoxville, Tennessee. Tests of this character are beset with difficulties and results are not easy to interpret, for the reason that other factors besides climate enter into the problem. The soil in which each strain has recently grown, the carefulness of different growers in maintaining the purity and excellence of -their strains of corn, and other factors complicate the results. Nevertheless, the average of a number of experiments extending over nine years and made with four different varieties should afford reliable indications. For detailed tabulated results the reader is referred to the Appendix to this bulletin. In sixteen separate tests, in which seed from Alabama or Georgia was compared with the same variety from Illinois, the yields were in eight cases in favor of seed corn from 184 Alabama and Georgia and in eight cases in favor of seed corn from Illinois. The average difference in yield was only thirty five one-hundredths of a bushel per acre, in favor of northern seed. Thus the seed from the two soirce proved to be of practically equal value so far as regards the average f results with Hickory King, Blount and St. Charles. These varieties may be ranked as early or medium early varieties as compared with southern varieties. Our variety tests show that they are relatively unproductive here, like all other early varieties of corn. It seems that while northern seed corn has afforded as large yields as southern in the case of early varieties, it is advisable for the southern farmer to give the preference to southern seed corn, for the reason that he cannot, in the North, obtain seed of the varieties that are most productive in the South, the season there being too short for our best southern varieties. Comparing seed corn from Illinois and Delaware we find that each led in one test, the difference in their average yields being very slight. In each of three tests seed grown in Virginia proved decidedly more productive than seed of the same varieties, (Hickory King and Blount), grown in Illinois. The average difference in favor of Virginia seed was 8.5 bushels per acre. In three out of four tests, using the varieties Hickory King, Blount and Cocke the yields decidedly favored the Virginia seed, as compared with seed from Alabama and Georgia, the average difference for the four tests being 4.9 bushelis per acre in favor of the seed corn from Virginia. Using the same three varie i1s just mentioned and comparing seed grown at Knoxvi Tennessee, with seed from Alabama and Georgia, we. finci ti tt in each of four tests the advantage was with the Tennessee seed, the average difference being 2.3 bushels per acre. Thus on the whole there was some advantage in using seed' from Virginia and from the more elevated region of Tennes- 185 see, as compared with seed of Cocke, Hickory King and Blount grown in Georgia and Alabama. Are these differences due to climate, or are they due to more careful selection and greater purity of the seed from certain regions ? A positive answer cannot be given. The writer's own opinion is that the difference is chiefly due to selection. If this be the correct view, it follows that the only thing needed to make Alabama seed corn the equal or superior to that from any other part of the country is to improve it by careful selection. Methods of thus improving corn will be dealt with in a later publication from this Station. In view of results here recorded and of observations made elsewhere, the writer's conclusions relative to the source from which we, of the Gulf States, may advantageously draw our seed corn may be stated as follows: Varieties of corn from north of the Ohio river usually give smaller yields in Alabama than corn grown further south. Seed corn from the northern corn belt is sometimes useful in the Gulf States as a means of securing a field of early maturing corn, especially when the local corn crop of the preceding year has been poor. On such early ripening patches we need not expect as large yields as are obtained from corn maturing at the usual time. Corn from the northern corn belt has often given, in Alabama, a very poor quality of grain, which has often been too poor for marketing or for making meal. For planting in Alabam.,. seed corn of late and prolific varieties may safely be ob ned from any locality south of the Ohio and Potomac ri rs, and perhaps slightly above this line.1 Seed corn from about the same latitude as that in which it is to be grown appears to be as good as that from further north, provided it is as well selected and maintained as pure as the imported strain. Local seed corn, when pure 186 and well improved, has the advantage of permitting the grower to select it in the ear, the condition in which it is desirable that all seed corn, whether local or from a disance, should be received by the farmer. Corn brought south from higher latitudes becomes later and later each year for several years after its introduction, the plant grows taller, and generally thq proportion of grain betrashy, weevil-eaten or otherwise unmarketab comes less than during the first year of growth in the South. e TOP VERSUS BOTTOM EARS. To ascertain whether there is any difference for seed purposes between the lower and the upper ear on plants bearing two ears, tests were made in 1903 and in 1905. The results in 1903 with St. Charles White corn were as follows, in bushels per acre: From upper ear.................25.0 bushels per acre. From lower ear.................22.8 bushels per acre. In, 1905 five pairs of plots were used, planting seed corn from five different plants of the variety Experiment Station Yellow. Plots 1 and 2 were planted with upper and lower ears respectively from the same plant, plot 3 with corn from the same plant as plot 4, and so on for each pair of plots. Yields in 1905 fromz planting upper and lower ears from the same plant. Plot Seed-corn ftrom Top ear....................... Yield per acre from Top ears Bottom ears. No. 1. 26.3 BuS.Bus 27.7 29.4 2. Bottom ear..... ...... 3. Top ear.......................30.0 4. Bottom ear 5. Top ear....................... 32.9 ...... 6. 7. Bottom ear ..... 33.1 Top ear....................... 28.5 29.4 S. 9. Bottom ear ........... Top ear..................... .27.1 28.6 29.6 .7 10. Bottom ear ............ Average 5 plots top ears..............28.9 Average 5 plots bottom ears..........Increase from bottom ears over top ears 187 Viewing the six tests made in the two years we note that the yield was greater with seed from bottom ears in four cases and with seed from the upper ears in two cases. In 1900 the average number of ears and nubbins combined and their average size or weight were almost identical from planting upper and lower ears. This evidence is not sufficient to justify the conclusion that the bottom ear is better than a well developed upper ear, or the reverse. SUBSOILING. A tract of level rather poor upland has, for ten years, been devoted to continuous experiments in subsoiling, using different crops each year. The surface soil is made up of flinty stones and of rather stiff reddish loam. The subsoil is a very compact yellowish sandy clay, which in winter is usually too wet for the subsoil plow to do effective work. A regular subsoil plow drawn by two mules is run in the furrow made by a one-horse turn plow, giving a total depth of from 10 to 12 inches of loosened soil. Subsoiling is not done every year. but every second or third year. The following table shows that when the land for corn was subsoiled only about six weeks before corn was planted, the yield was slightly less on the subsoiled plots than on those not soiled. When sub- subsoiling was done two years before plant- ing, this operation resulted in a slight increase in hant ediate and. third year effects n subs-)iled 0 0 yield. ~ q of subsoiling. o 'r q Yield -, per acre When 1901-Never subsoiled........... 1901--Subsoiled Feb. 13.8........ ........ 1903--Never subsoiled.......... 14.5 .... 1903-Subsoiled Feb. 1901 ................ Average loss from subsoiling :......... 1901.............. 13.1........ ........ "11.2 B!.I Bus. II Bus. IBus. ........ ........ .7 1.9........ 61.... 188 Subsoiling should not be condemned simply on this showing. The figures, together with slightly better results on the same land with some other crops, should emphasize the fact that subsoiling done within two months of the time of planting may have an injurious effect. It is believed that land of this character would be helped by using the subsoil plow during long dry periods in the fall when the subsoil is dry enough to crumble. DEPTH OF EARLY CULTIVATION. In 1900 on rather stiff reddish soil, with flinty stones, there was no injury from making the first cultivation deep with two scooter furrows per row, all subsequent cultivations being shallow. In 1901 on gray sandy upland the yield was 23.6 bushels on the three plots cultivated shallow and 23.4 bushels on those given an early deep cultivation with two scooter furrows per row, the subsequent cultivation being shallow. Thus in both experiments there was no marked advantage in favor of making the first cultivation deep. However, it should be noted that in both tests the first cultivation or "running around" was given when the plants were only a few inches high. If cultivation had been delayed as late as sometimes occurs, the injury from early deep cultivation would doubtless have been appreciable. When land is in good condition there seems to be no need for deep early cultivation. Possibly when clay land has been plowed early and has become badly compacted there may be some justification of "running around" the young plants with a scooter. But in general the danger of injury to roots, of excessive drying of the soil if dry weather follows, and the slowness of this process, are against this primitive method of cultivation. PLANTING CORN IN WATER FURROW VERSUS ON A LEVEL. On light sandy lands farmers frequently plant corn below the general level, or in the water furrow. This method was 189 compared with planting on the level flushed field, both in 1900 and in 1901. In preparing to plant corn in the water furrow the land was thrown into beds with a one-horse turn plow, leaving unbroken until planting time a narrow balk where the corn was to be planted. When ready to plant, this balk was thrown out with a shovel plow and seed and fertilizer placed in this freshly-stirred soil. Likewise seed and complete commercial fertilizer were applied on the same day in the furrow on the plot that was planted on the level. In both cases the fertilizer was mixed with the soil before the seed were put into the ground. The yields in bushels per acre were as follows: 1900 1901 22.2 16.5 Planted on the level .................... 16.5 Planted in water furrow.................19.0 In 1900, in which April and June were wet months, there was a loss even on this porous soil, from planting in the water furrow. In 1901 when there was abundant rain from time of planting until June 15, but a drought from the middle of June to the middle of July, the yields by the two methods were identical. METHODS OF HARVESTING CORN. The ordinary method of harvesting corn in the Gulf States 4consists in stripping the blades while they are still green, a practice that is expensive in labor and in the decreased yield of grain that frequently results. In recent years in many southern localities a number of farmers have cut and shocked the plants when the shucks have colored, afterwards passing the plants through a shredder to remove and shuck the ears, and better to prepare the stalk for food and bedding. Rarely the tops are cut, bound into bundles, and cured. An experiment covering this point was made in 1904, to secure data additional to that obtained in our earlier ex- 190 periments in 1896, 1897 and 1900. as follows: Yield per acre The yields in 1904 were of corn and forage from harvesting in 1904. different methods of Corn Forage per acre. CO lbs. 360 lbs. Method of harvesting per acre Only ears harvested.......................25.7 bus. 26.1 bus. Tops cut and ears harvested .............. Entire stalk cut and ears afterwards harvested............................25.4 bus. Blades stripped and ears harvested........25.5 bus. 1980 lbs. 415 lbs. In 1904 there were practically no differences in yield at- tributable to the method of harvesting. The table below sunmmarizes the yield of corn in four experiments made at Auburn, the results of the earlier years having been published in Bulletins Nos. 88 and 111 of this station. harvesting. Yield per acre of corn from different methods of Corn per acre Methods of harvesting (C C 1896 1897 1900 1904 m (D C Bus. Only ears harvested...... ..... 34.41 31.0 IBUS.1Bats.I Bus. IBits. Tops cut and ears harvested . Entire plant cut and shocked .... 30.2 29.2 26.1 32.5 2.0) 29.2 29.5 44.3 25.4 32.1~ 2.4 45.9 25.5 .... C 46.91 44.31 Bus. 25.7 34.5... Blades stripped and ears harv't'dI ......... .Seth** This table shows that the average loss of grain. per acre where the tops only were saved for forage was bushels, or where the plant was cut and shocked, 2.4 bushels per acre. Both losses were greater than in most of the experiments. at other stations. As to the effects of pulling fodder, we have data for only two years. The average of all experiments at all stations show that generally stripping the blades reduces the yield by several bushels per acre, but. that under some conditions (probably when the stripping is late), no material reduction in yield occurs. 2 191 The following table shows the amount of forage d,,tLived from "fodder pulling," from topping, and from shocking. Yields of cured corn tops, stover and blades. Yield of for age per acre 1897 i1900 1904 Avg. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. ra 1896 Bus. Lbs. Only ears harvested Tops cut and ears harvested Entire stalk cut and ears afterwards harvested Blades stripped and 34.5 ..... 32.5 32.1 312 2103 ........ ..... .. ... .. .. . 509 1355 711 1759 615 360 1980 415 473 Tops 1799Stover 515 Blades ears harvested ............. It should be noted that the average amount of cured blades per acre was 515, of cured tops 473 and of cured stover (leaver and staks) 1799 pounds. It is evident that (leaves we can expect less than a ton of stover per acre on southern uplands when the yield is thirty-five bushels or less per acre. When only the ears are harvested, partial utilization may be made of the weather-worn blades, and of 'leaf sheaths and tips of stalks, by pulling the ears early and turning cattle into the field. Where labor is scarce, other winter forage abundant, and a shredder not at hand, this may prove to be the most practicable method. Considering the cost and usual injurious effects of fodder pulling, this method of obtaining forage must be condemned. This Station is accumulating data relative to the feeding value of shredded corn stover, which may throw further light on the advisability of shocking and shredding corn, the method that is usually regarded as the best. Assuming-in the absence of a sufficient number of exact experiments in feeding tops and stalks,-that tops are worth 40 cents, stover 30 cents per 100, and corn blades 60 cents, we find that one acre gives a value of $1.80 in corn 192 tops; or of $3.09 in corn blades or "fodder," and of $5.40 in stover. Cutting and shocking can be done before cotton picking begins, a merit that will be generally recognized. Moreover, the cutting of the stalks leaves the land in better condition for plowing, and enables the farmer to begin the plowing for small grain at an earlier date than is practicable when the ears are allowed to cure slowly on the living plants. The removal of the stalks is somewhat more exhaustive to the land than is burying them with the plow, but this on most soils is probably counterbalanced by the greater convenience of preparing and cultivati-ng land that is free from stalks. LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AS FERTILIZERS FOR CORN. Velvet beanv stubble vs. vines as fertilizer for corn in 1901. In 1900 velvet beans were planted after oats in feet rows on certain plots of light sandy upland adjacent to the land on which for a long period our fertilizer experiments with cotton and corn were conducted. On certain other plots corn was grown in 1900.The velvet bean vines were cut for hay on a part of the area, yielding 3332 pounds of hay per -1 acre. In 1901 corn was grown on all plots, using on all acid phosphate at the rate of 100 pounds per acre. The object was to note the comparative values as fertilizer of (1) the entire velvet bean plants plowed under late in winter, (2) the stubbie of velvet beans, plowed in at the same time, and (3) as a check, corn stalks of the preceding corn crop. acre Bus. Corn following corn ........................ 13.6... Corn following velvet bean stubble..........17.9 Corn following velvet beans, entire growth plowed in ............................... 25.9 Yield per Increase per acre Bus. 4.3 12.3 The increase attributable to the plowing in of the entire growth of velvet beans, grown as a catch crop after oats, 193 was 12.3. bushels per acre, this increase being worth; at 70 cents per bushel, $8.61 per acre. Doubtless there was also a considerable residue of humus and nitrogen left in the soil to increase the crop of 1902. The cost of growing the velvet beans consisted chiefly of expenditures for 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre, for the seed, and for a small amount of cultivation. By using the' entire crop of velvet beans as fertilizer the yield of the first crop of corn was nearly doubled. The plot on which only the stubble of velvet beans was used for hay afforded an increase of 4.3 bushels per acre, and lacked 8 bushels of giving as large a crop as the plot on which the entire growth was plowed under. Hence in deciding which was the more profitable use of the velvet bean vines we have on one side 8 bushels of corn and the saving of labor from not harvesting the hay and on the other hand the value of more than one and a half tons of hay. As recorded in Bulletin 111 of this Station, (the issue of which is now exhausted), in 1900 on a similar and adjacent soil, the increase in yield of corn after plowing in the entire vines of velvet beans of 1899, as compared with plowing in only the velvet bean stubble, was 11.9 bushels per acre. That year the yield of velvet bean hay was 2800 pounds. On the same plots in 1901 on all of which corn was the preceding crop, the residual fertilizing effect of the 1899 crop of velvet beans was 4.4 bushels greater where the entire growth of vines had been plowed under than where only the stubble had been plowed under. Here we have in two years a total superiority of vines over stubble of 16.3 bushels of corn per acre, which may be weighed against 2800 pounds of velvet bean hay, less the cost of harvesting the hay. Cowpea stubble versus cowpea vines as fertilizer for corn. On a poor reddish loam upland soil cowpeas were sown in drills June 13, 1900, following oats, and fertilized with 150 pounds of acid phosphate per acre. 194 A part of the cowpea area was cut, yielding 1648 pounds of hay per acre. On another part of the area the peas were neither cut nor picked, but the entire growth turned under. In 1901 corn was grown on both areas, and was fertilized with 100 pounds of high grade acid phosphate per acre. The yields of corn in bushels per acre were as follows: After drilled cowpea stubble.................11.4 bushels After drilled cowpeas, all plowed in..........20.3 bushels Excess from entire growth of cowpeas as compared with cowpea stubble............ 8.9 bushels Beggar weed as a fertilizer for corn. On June 24, 1899, beggar weed seed were sown on certain plots on a poor hilltop, where the soil is a light gray sandy loam. The growth that year was only medium and the stand poor, but some of the plants matured and shed seed. The entire growth of beggar weed was plowed under during the winter, as was also the stubble of drilled velvet beans on adjacent plots, and all plots planted in corn in 1900 and again in 1901. After cultivation of the corn ceased in 1900 beggar weeds sprang up , reseeded the land, and this volunteer crop was plowed under as a fertilizer for the corn crop of 1901. As compared with the plot where velvet bean stubble was left in 1899, the increase on the plots where beggar weeds were plowed in immediately preceding each corn crop was 3.1 bushels in 1890 and 7.6 bushels in 1901, an average annual increase of 5.4 bushels per acre. Doubtless this increase, especially in 1900, would have been considerably greater could the comparison have been made with some plot on which no legume had recently been grown. Acid phosphate as a fertilizer for corn grown after velvet beans. In 1901 acid phosphate containing 14 per cent. available phosphoric acid was applied to corn on poor gray sandy up- 195 land. No other fertilizer was used, but on both plots the entire growth of velvet bean vines had been plowed under late in the winter. The yield without any phosphate was 21.5 bushels per acre; with 100 pounds of phosphate 25.9 bushels. This difference of 4.4 bushels of corn per acre represents the effect of 100 pounds of high grade acid phosphate when applied in the presence of abundance of vegetable matter. Likewise in 1905 a test was made to determine whether, after plowing under a luxuriant growth of velvet bean vines, it would pay to apply commercial fertilizers in addition. On level sandy land in good condition a very heavy growth of velvet bean vines was plowed under with a disc plow February 27, 1905. On the adjacent plots on either side there was plowed under at the same time and in the same way the stubble of drilled sorghum which had been cut for hay. Two of the velvet bean plots received no other fertilizer than the vines and two of them, besides the vines of velvet beans, were also fertilized with 40 pounds of muriate of potash and 240 pounds of acid phosphate per acre. Average results for two plots in each test are given below: Yield of corn per acre fertilized with velvet bean vines alone......................21.3 bushels. Fertilized with velvet bean vines, potash and phosphate ........................... 27.3 bushels. Increase fromn potash and phosphate.......... 6.0 bushels. In this experiment it was profitable to employ as fertilizer for corn, muriate of potash and phosphate, in addition to a mass of velvet bean vines. The gain from this mineral fertilizer, when used in the presence of an abundance of vegetable matter, was 6 bushels per acre. A crop of velvet bean vines turned under gave practically the same yield of corn as did a very heavy applicatioQ of the best grade of barnyard manure, applied on adjoining plots, at the estimated rate of about ten tons per acre. 196 FRACTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER. It is a favorite plan of some farmers to apply only a part of the fertilizer to cotton or corn before planting, and to apply the remainder after growth has well begun. After the publication of Bulletin No. 111, in which it was shown that corn had not responded very freely to large applications of commercial fertilizers, the writer received several letters suggesting that the results with fertilizers would have been much better if a part of the fertilizer had been withheld until the plants were one or two feet high. To test this matter again eight plots were employed in 1905, located on fairly good upland, where the soil is a reddish loam, containing many flint stones. The fertilizer applied before planting was drilled in the planting furrows and mixed with the soil March 7, and planting was done March 29. The portion of fertilizer withheld was applied on certain plots May 15, in the siding furrows of the second cufivation. 197 Fractional application of fertilizer for corn in 1905. CD~ 'ERTL1ZER CD seed meal .... K00iCotton 11200Acid phosphate ..... ll at T plantin 51... 1 40 JMuiate of potash .... I 200 Cotton seed meal .... V2 of fert. atpnig 2D200cid 40Mr~uriate phosphate of potash .0 .... 1/ of fert. at2ncut 31 OOJNo 4j200JAcid 200 meal .... (I phosphate......All at planting.........20.1. 4olMuriate of potash .... 200 Cotton seed meal .... x/ of fert. at planting 2 seed Acidphsat, 200QCotton fertilizer ......... ........ . .. . . . . :.(.. 610ooJNo fertilizer....... .......... J200JCotton seed meal ... ffr.atpatn f fert. at 5 l2001Cotton seed meal .... 2001Acid phosphate .. .f.....pani........22..... ......... 4 200 Acid phosphate ....... All atpln j4olMuriate of potash ... .12offr.a2ncut of potash.. fet.a 40OMuriate Sphosphate............................2.. of potash .... I!'/2 of fert. at 2nd cult. . 1 . 40Muriate ______ 240... 19... .1 . 6100JNo fertilizer ............ ................. I Av 200 Cotton seed meal .... . ff.. atplanting. 7,, 200(Acid phosphate.......... latig.........24.0 ..... ___4ojMuriate of potash .... o et t2dcl AvI200JCotton seed meal .... 11/Allft planting...251 at 8I,7200lAcid phosphate .. .. ...... I40 Muriate of potash . .. . 1/-_o______t_ 35 .zr ndcut Wherev~o ertilieriie19semlye at__therate of20po omltefri prace wsusd Teavrg s results show a difference of three-tenths of one bushel per acre in favor of applying the entire amount before planting. 198 In favor of this method is also the greater convenience and saving of labor. The corn receiving the entire amount of fertilizer before planting made a much better start than did the other plots, but the difference nearly disappeared late in the season. The increase due to 240 pounds of a complete fertilizer was only 4.1 bushels when all was applied before planting, and only 3.8 bushels when applied in two doses. COTTON SEED VERSUS COTTON SEED MEAL AS FERTERLIZER. In 1901, 200 pounds of cotton seed meal was compared with 434 pounds of cotton seed, these amounts containing equal quantities of nitrogen. The cotton seed was scalded to prevent germination and all fertilizers were applied in the drill April 8. Acid phosphate at the rate of 160 pounds per acre was used on all plots. Increase from 200 pounds cotton seed meal. 2.8 bushels Increase from 434 pounds cotton seed........2.3 bushels This shows a slight superiority the first year for cotton seed meal. An experiment made in 1897 on similar soil, comparing 200 pounds of cotton seed meal with 434 pounds of cotton seed, all applied when corn was planted, April 7, also resulted in a slight advantage for cotton seed meal. In 1904 and a in in 1905 on the same plots a comparison was made between the following nitrogenous fertilizers: Cotton seed meal, 200 pounds per acre; cotton seed, 434 pounds; manure (unleached) from feeding steers on cotton seed meal and sorhulmn hay, 4800 pounds; 100 pounds of nitrate of soda; and a mixture of nitrate of soda and cotton seed meal. To prevent germination the cotton seed were scalded in 1904 and ground in 19095. 199 Cotton- seed meal cersus cotton seed, nitrate stable mnanure. FERTILIZERS PER ACRE. YIELD PER ACRE. of soda per and acre from tncrease nitrogenous fertilizers. Am't. per acre. LLbs. I KIND 1904 190'5 Bus. 1 irs. I 22.9 18.9{ Av. Bis. 20.91 1904 1905 Av. 200JCotton seed meal1....... I 24OlAcid phosphate ........ 48 Muriate of potash ...... f 434ICotton seed .............. 240lAcid phosphate........1 481Muriate Bus. 1.8 Bus. Bit. 2.21 2.0 1 I{1 {1 24Acid 48JMuriate of potash ...... I 20.21 17.11 18.71.............. 100litrate of soda, 2nd cult.( I{ ( ( 240jAcid phosphate........1 27.3 21.1 24.21 7.11 4.015.6 of potash ...... phosphate ........ I 0178! .8 21.0 19.11 ___ .81 I .71 .8 (_ I _ 48l(Muriate of potash ....... 100{Cotton seed meal ...... 1 50lNitrate or soca ........ I 48,4uriate of potash ...... 1 25.21 21.21 23.2 240jAcid phosphate ........ I I( 33iNitrate of soda (at plantgl r I ( 240O(Acid phosphate.......... 29.31 24.41 48lMuriate of potash ............ 48001Manure from steers fedII cotton seed meal and 1 24.2 22.3 hulls or sorghum fodder { 67lNitrate of soda, { 5.0 {I 9.11 4.0 (I 4.11 4.6 2nd cult { {I 26.8! 23.5 (I I 7.31 8.2 5.21 4.6 This soil did not respond very generously to any of the fert ilizers in either year, although had been rather exhaustively cropped with silage corn, wheat and sorghum, and had borne no leguminous plant f or at least two years before the beginning of this experiment. it It is obvious that cotton seed' meal was more effective than cotton seed ; that a mixture of cotton seed meal and 200 nitrate of soda was still more useful; and that nitrate of soda was more beneficial than any other fertilizer. One pound of nitrate of soda afforded a greater average increase than 48 pounds of manure made under shelter by feeding steers on cotton seed meal and coarse sorghum fodder. Unexpectedly there seems to have been but little cumulative or second-year effect from either cotton seed or manure. This experiment is being continued on the same plots, using wheat as the crop, and we may reasonably expect that as this experiment is continued we shall obtain some cumulative effect from the manure. There was an advantage both years in applying one-third of the nitrate of soda with the other fertilizers before planting, instead of reserving all this for use at the second culltivation. Nitrate of soda is believed to be the only fertilizer which can be applied to corn with as much advantage after growth begins as before planting. A number of fertilizer experiments have been made with corn. But these will not be published until some of these tests have been further repeated. In general they point to the conclusion that corn, growing on average upland soil in Alabama, usually requires a fertilizer rich in nitrogen, and that the application of very large amounts of commercial fertilizers for corn is not very profitable. The following fertilizer formulas for corn are suggested: (A) 100 lbs. acid phosphate, 50 lbs. nitrate of soda, (both just before planting). 50 Ibs. nitrate of soda, at second cultivation. (B) 100 lbs. acid phosphate 200 lbs. cotton seed meal, (both before planting). Credit is due to the following for participation in the experiments detailed in this bulletin: T. U. Culver, formerly superintendent of the farm; C. M. Floyd, superintendent of the farm during 1904 and 1905; and L. N. Duncan, assistant in agricultur.e, who has prepared most of the tables in this bulletin. 201 APPENDIX Seed corn fron different latitudes. Increase Yield per acre Variety Seed from acre from per 0 Seed S e1 s from SGulf - Region. Bus. Bus. 2.8. 15.6-3.7 Bus. 1896 Hickory King Alabama do do do do Illinois 19.3. 16.5 ... Delaware..- 1896 Blount Prolif Ga. (South) do Illinois 14.2 ...... _ 1897 Hickory King Alabama .. , dI _do Illinois 14.3 ... 12.1 ....... -2.2..... 897 Blount Prolif Ga. (South) ddo H ickory do do 18.9 11.4 -- --. 2 1.0 ... K ing~ G a. n(N orth) Il i Illinois. 911898 10.4.... . 1898 Blount Prolif. Ga. (North) do doIllinois .10 . ... ... 11.0 _..._ .... .5 ~ut~l,* 1,99 1899 Blount Prolifi. Georgia Illinois do do 17.1 152 1899 St. Charles.. Alabama........15.3 Ilinois .... 16.1 do do 1900 St. Charles.. do do do do do do Ala.(1 year). 33.1 Illinois .. 34.2 32.2 190Blount Prolif. Ga. (South) IllinoisVirginia 341 I ( 32 6 38.4 38.6.)38. I 368 2.7 -4.6 - 5.2 .. 1900 Cocke ProlifG.(Suh;J Ga. (South; A.) ---do do do do Ga. (INorth) do do Virginia.-.... . -- 41.7 l900Kiug Hickory Virginia ....... Delaware do do I 29.8 3'?0 4 202. Seed.corn from dilferent latitudes. (Continued). - ~ -Yield per acre inJcrease per acre. VARIETY O' t. o0 v0 , 005 (D o 0s c P 1901 Blount ................... do. Blount.... 19Ol1JSt. do. 19O3JHickory do. (Hickory do.I Hickory ISt. King Georgia Illinois. Alabama .. .22.6 27.3. .... .... .... 18.9.... f....J.... ... 471..I.. .1.. _.I._.._ Charles White........ Charles White ... ............ Illinois King............ King.......Illinois Tenn. .. Georgias..20.7 24.6... ..... I -5.71l.. ... ... . ....... .. 20.1 . 61...... 24.3 .... -3.6 4.2 4l... .1. ... .... 7.2 ..... . 19031ISt. Charles White ........ Illinois do.I St. Charles White.......Alabama 1904 St. Charles White....... Illinois do. 1904 do. do. 1904 St. Charles White ... Cocke......... ... "....... Cocke .. .......... Cocke......... ... :...... Hickory King ............ . 23.5... ..... .... 23.9 .... I 20.5.......... .... . .. Alabama, .... 27.7 . . do. Hickory King............ Illinois . 19.9 do. Hickory King............ Delaware ..... do. Hickory King............ do. Hickory King North North Ga .... Virginia . ... Tenn. .......... Virginia I..... ~ .31.2(.... 31.7 ............. .8j... 130.4 .133.41J.. 2.2j.... ... . .... .... ....... .... ... .1 -10.7 11.8 2. 22.0 -1.7 2.8 -1.01 2.1 do. 1Blount Ga..21.0.... Tn. en........... ... . .. .... 1.1 .... .. ........ ........... Vrii 14.3.. ...... .d.IlutIllinois l9OSICocke ................... do. ICocke .......... Alabama ... .... 1.... 11.9 .128.61....1........... Tenn.............30.91... .f-2.S1.... Y" S - " .4F'° . F F'ir;. 1. 0. 1 an(on II G;, Icid hUI ii (JnIIrtij WIitc 3, B.Joonu' ( omitiq Yellow a-Irt 7, No. lotca kSflrir .Niue; Th Iickofl 1, 77 1' SN* /Ihpt .]gr.; 8, King. Iij III,i.I&ilex/ Eu corit(; 11, I]Ip6'rinl nt Station 1 fll'HC 12. Sandrs; 1:1, illJakIau Uurd Nt'ed; 14. l~ocal Go ~11, i C ob ; fi, 11ru rl (Grady' 16,. 1Isbi/; 17, 7)! iIfi/ SI(I iv, rlor , 8 .ll~lMO PI.oq'ockf_ 1 F'ig. 111. 20, CGoo'H'x; 21, Shan; 22. A lbe- sA I z t''I j';~ 4rI' 1__ IIf I ." II- I I /I fI II IIf i 'l 1f If',' fI ff, If I a ' A> R liIi,. I I ll,/, f'ill I,, I/I ff ~I fflnl f' ' i IIf I Pig. V7I. Rainfall chart in inches' for growing seaso~n, A uburn, Ala., 1901-1 905.