JANUARY 1967

PR

-UFR~

F

V. -mth

',icctcr

Ajb,. n, AI~anj

Ti s p~ublicatioII wxas prepared by stafl m~emb~es of five subiv xersity Agiculturlal Expeiment Station. Contributing sec.tionls of the butlletin fr0o1 each (1epatmnt we re: Agr iulturial Ecot on t.s atd Hu iral Sotciol ogy -J. H. Mcager; Agricultiital Engtncetitig C. A . Roo; Agronomyi adi Soils -L. E. Eiixingit WX.C. Johtnson, and G. \. Buchianant; Iiotainv and Plant P~athology J.A. Lx Ic atnd E. J. Caitrns; atid Lotultt vEntomotlogy -NI. H. B~ass.
ject miatter depatmnts of AuburnI

RECOMMENDED

PRODUCTION

PRACTICES

1. Lime and fertilize acording to lecrti li/er appliedl d ireetix to soybleans or applied ') or .3 inc~hts to the side~ of Whel soy b eans follow crops that w ere

test, fertilizer is not inioculate seed

recot 0met

soil test rccotnl idatioti. should he either 1broadcast seedN if rilled at plat tin g. fertilizedl accordin g to soil dcd for soy b ean~s.
inoc(11lant.

2. If soyhleans hasve not been grossni successfully on the land,
wit ita

commtferci al

.3. R~ecomtoended 5 anetics, in order of matutrity and1( plantting dates, for Alabama are:
Are
N urit 0

Plant/in at(1/

4. Sosybeans sboul b( p~lanted it rowss as narrows as wNeedl cone trol w ill permitt. Correct seed intg rate is abouit (10 poutrds of \ al le seedi per acre regardless of rows wsidtb. 5). For preemergenee herbicides to he cficectis e, soy beans should he planted Hiat. Atoll et atnd PCP~ are recommntnided for prccer getice wseedl control -atinih at rate of :3 poi rds actin c m taterial per acre and PCP~ at 1:3 to 18 pons \ernolatc anti trilu-alias are the preplat hb)icid es recommrendled for ss ed control in SON-heatis. For control of johttsongrasS appix dlalapont at rate of -1 to 8 pounds of actis c material p~er acre. Three (lass after apply ing dlalapon, johnson grass should be plowed uttitlr andt So5 beanls can be planted 18 dax-s later. (6. Foliagre feedin g insects may cause considleralde raborg of leas es wsithout reducing hean jields. How ever, cot trol titeasures are neededi if itnsects appear to he reducing total leaf surface byas mutch as one-third be tss en bloom atnd nmaturits. 7. Sos beans shou11( not be bars ested un til m~ oistutre con tent of beatis drops to 14 per cenit. \ la imamr moisture lesvel for safe storage is 11 per cent.

(.()NTIL i T S

IUi

( ()\[iI

NI)I I)

liHDiC

ION

Pu

XC Iic Ls_

Suiitabhh Soil - _Land Prel~par ation Lime and Fertotil izel
Inola)t,tion lll iA\ Nm V'mla - u~ a

-------

- _ _

9 9 9
13

~ tC
-ti

14N i

Fail \afl
Ea l

Varietiesj

15 ----------- -_ _ _ - 15 15 15 I -- --1t 25
-?

Vi(~ r~oii e a

La te Variteties--JDate of1 Planting R'ate o)1SCediun auid Ho\\ Wi~dth
WEE

(ON

-I

, J0 N

So BIEANS-

Bacteria Ci

i

s a c

-------------2---------

I

iiu

us

Dis)eases

Nem a tod D)is8ease te
SO)i~ mNa
lNM

--- _ --Staids
FoliarCe:3
___

29 :31 :31 33 :34

C Ii

los~ec ts That Dama~hge SHo Ibal Inscts Thbat FeedC
Insects lon SHo lOimi BeansII

[hat

tDamuagc

ill Pods

Sox oet11I Insc u~Control9

1DINC.

AND) S

RI

NG.

1' Sml

i-F

S

-

---- --

- ---

35 39

Lir;Ar ii , CI iI FD Bi

Fiisx

PateN Iam INC

*)

,

\NI

xu

196

RESEARCH FOR SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

on

iL.\N,

though~l not a hnew coitief to Alablamta,

ini r'eet

vieats

has catutgh t the initerest of farmers as a lowx-labor riot e\ ctrop. stcdill it92cp The first contit trcial acreage in Alaam a wxas Itat -all of 3,000) acres. Acreage of harv ested 505 beat s it thte State dlidl niot increase notch unttil 1940, Figutre 1. By 195(6 iuore thali 100,0000( acres wxetc harx estecd. Sit ice thten the acreage has mor~te thant doubled (228,000) ini 1966(, xxithi muoch of the inicrease comintg ini the last viear. Baldwxint, MIohile, anic Escamtbia coitities still prodiuc mtore sox hat s thtan amx other area itn Alabamta. \I ich of the 19(66 intcrease ini acreagei occurtted in thte Black Belt com itties of D allas, (Greeni Sitmiter, M arengi o, and Perrx .\creage ini this wxestern Alab~amia section itncrceased frot 7,500) ii 19(65 to :38,000h acres itn 19(6(. State ax erage iclci of mtore tltat 20 1tshtels per acre wxas first recached ini 1948. Fi elcds per acre itp to 1945 we re 12 butshels or less, miuch tool loxx to be ecottiitical, [tgimrc 1. Itn reen t ears axverag~e Statcx ields hax e 1bedn 22 to 24 1buishels pet acre, wxich are nott greatlx diffe rent from ntiitedI States axverage. Ili 1964. A\labatma ax erag~e Od xas slighitlx ahoyx c that (of, the Uniited jec1 States. Tite xaltue of Alalbamta's 1966 so)\beat i cir)p is estimi atcd at itmo re than 81 2.j mi lliotn. Exports (of sos beans hax e increased as prodi t tion has expan dcd. A lartge polrtiot (f th e State s ctrop is cxo ported( thriouIgh the Port (of Mo1b1ide. \ arketitigs (If sox heat s itn Alabamna ate heax iest itn Nox cmbere. Box iti4 poinits exist wxithtit ntear the tljo or iproucin areas. Presentlx 25 firmis 1)11 soxdbans wxithitn the State anid itn somic cases sox beans are sold across the State litni. Storage, rcceix it pints, amid itiakcts must dcx chop as prtoductioni is expatideci. W\ith expamningt lix estock atnd pimlr itndiustries ini the State, the.

6

ALABAMA

AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

Thousand

acres

250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0
Bushels /acre

30 20 10 0
Million bushels

4.0

1

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

FIG. 1. Increasing acreage, improvement in per acre yield, and growth in total production of soybeans in Alabama during 1924-65 period are illustrated here.

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN PRODUCERS marnket

7

for soy beam oil meal wxill continue to grow.
i

To meet

pro-

eecis for bro1 ilers prcsetl\h produ ced ini Alalam a, it is estimated that three times present soy bwan produ ction wXoul 111 e 1ieedled. this builletiin are e sults of researchi fi Aubuorn Suiimiiarized ini Unliversity A gricuiltu ral Exp)erimnit Station. Besults froth other State Experiment Stations hay c 1been taken in to cons1ide(ration inl making recoimimendatioins for Alabama.
tein feed

SOYBEAN COSTS and RETURNS
So. b~eanis as ain (enIteri iIse fits wxell oin farms that hay c mec hanized production an d liars est A major reason for the rap~id grow\XthI of so' b~eans iniAlab~ama dlirinig receiit sears is that labor recjiiircmenits are relatixl els ow as comnparedi wxith those of other rows cro~ps. Thuis wXith reason al) goodi . ields, retiu-ni s per hou r of labior are gel ierallx fas oralc.l Sos heal s are produiced wXith] albOtut (6.0 n tan hoi rs per acre, as comp aredI xvithi 9.4 hiours for corn. W\ith custoin coiiiiiiiiig, labior 1 requl iredl b\ the farmIl operator is abouit 0.5 in l otinr less per acre. B~ecause of high er wilage rates aind scarcits of farmi lab~or, iincreased1 itiinlers of farmers hiay e tuirnedI to 505 b~eains as a cash crop. lIn addition. sos 1 an s followsin g earl\ harXv estedl crop~s pros ide for dIoubIle cropping and Miller use of the land resource. Net retuins froniu so' bears to operator, lab~or, laid, and manageinit are estimiated to he 835 per acre b)ased oin per acre xield of 28 bunshels aid assi ntied ts pical produ ctini situIatioins, Talc 1.
TAL
1ii .

ExiixoA

L

(Os

x\H

iE

(HN

Pt~

ACR ii

( Of-

0tH PAxS Elit

iN

\A..i. it A1nnit X

Itemn
Ilt-lilpts fromn ',ox leai

Ou,nititx

producetd

28 bu.

$2.25 Eu. 3.5(0/bu.

563.1

EFxpueSe.
Seed -_1An etilizer 0 -11-0 1) i .ming', cui'tom aipplicaitionfl Insecftic ide

1 b. 2_ c~ t. .5

3.5(0
I.

2:35/c
per1 acret

per acrt per acre per acre
per acre

5.88 1.94 1.45

Iialtor
Seasonali

.111d c)mpnit

ittexpenuflxt

7.41
.7))
.412

Ii tck haim,iii
labor

(Apcusc

Cusitomn

comiingl

per acre
xxi

(6.00

Iui.

Fi'lxi

28.00

Since it is assuimntd

that I

toni

of

lime is applietd tx

ti

4 x ars, oilt-foul tE of

$7.75

cos't petonli

is charged.

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

IPticc 1 er ltusheil uised tot tlhcs( calcttlatiois xxas 82.25. D~tiing 1961-65~, A\labama fart lers reccix (N an axverage' of 82~.49 per e bh~iel. out sold as at cash gian woil b11(ab)out c(lall\ profitablic as sox h('at produtction, Tale( 1 if Cotri x icl(I vxas 60) 1)Ills )(r ('('I wxxas about 81i1 pe) butshel. h(racre atid pr ice 1cc es for1(' altld so)o rnAf Based il pt 1rcxaibiu- a\ ('agc \ 1(1115 andic c bccl more profitalel than htearis ilt rec'('nt xrears, s() bicans hax
curi Ott It pe wrc' beelasts.

Prices Received
al-a l (i' cxc11 Prlices r(ccckcd(11t 1)tpodutcers5 liax rcliraiI('( though p)roduc itiotn it Alabamva atnd( thec Unitted States has beet '\palie ( gicatix itn the past 10 cars. Itn th e late 1940's Alabamao d fall11lrs int sotme titis tecci el more1 thatn 8 1 per b~ushecl fot sox 1eat s. Pries (lttt-jty tit(' 1965 season t1 Alabmt tim ax (raticdi 82.50 P~rices receix ed( folloxx a Lait cxotnsistett scason a] patte'rt. Thex aMc (;ctetallx loxw (st it Ithec fall N\ox ('ttie hlxxw(st 11101th al tli hiighcst itt A\pril atid Max, 1'igure(' 1.The seasonail soy bM'au p~riceI ('1111 oe is tiottialix (teatct thati that of, other storabtle gajins. Ptrices it iet(as(( 11 per centt frot ti ox ('cihcer to \ lax as atlI ax cr

FIG. 2. Month-to-month fluctuations in soybean prices are shown here by the average monthly prices received by Alabama farmers during the 1956-65 period.

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

9

i.ge for

the 10(-x car period. 10956i-(5. Tbhis xx 25 enits pcr huishe1 as

N ox ci iicr pr ice of $2 . 1 per 1)1islicl(. Storiiig sox itas makes possible ii creased piofits fromi the crop. loxxv ( eXpei 5(5 and pijossible losses in ceiiiction xxitli (x potenitial price winis. storage shiould hbe conisideredi ablong xxitli Sec section. 1r\ iiig and Storing of Sox l)eais," piig.e 35.)
increase o\ (V the ax era g

PRODUCTION

of SOYBEANS

Suitable Soils Sox leaiis cain he groii siiccessfiillx ill moist sectioiis of the State and on a xx idec iranie of soil tx i(es. tisi all\x beaus start sox floxwecing iii august xx hen iinistiire is ii(ecssar\v for p)od set anid xxc 11(1 liiirht is miost likchx to occur. Ihec forc, soy beanls aire lbest adapted to areas that iisiallx hax e goiod rinifall ini lait( siiiiii ir aiid to soils that luaxc g~ood iiioistiire relation s. IBecaose of loxx imoistiuiei satisi actorsv xiecis caiit h e e\ hecte(Ic oni deep siuuids and crocld clax s. Land Preparation

od~ stainds of sox xA preparedl seedibed is i ecessarx fo oi n c(ll beans. If sox ])eans folloxx small gaiin hai x stecI for graii pr oper sececie [preparationi iiaN be atproilcii, . spcciallx oin fii c tc\tir'ec soils. Thie lbcst miethiod of haindliingt the stiil is time oinc IIc tiat xxill moist likely ( irse atstandc of 1 iauis at tie earliest dlate. lihe folloxx iig mietihods oplnigatrsmllg i arc 1 eiii(r

iiscdL i\ (i oxxers: (1 tuirnium" stile( amid diskiii, 2?)dhisking~ stiii)i)le, (3) hiurimnmg stnii)lc andc dliskii . anid (1) numlh or trash planting ini Stui)i)Ic xx ith special cqiiipiiit. Sin ce ])iitiug (he strox s Naliialc orgaii matter, it shoulhbe used otix as a last
resort. Lime and Fertilizer

Sox beans irespoiid less to dhirect fertilizer applications tlhaii doies cottoin or simall grains. Like iiost crops, hioxx cx (r, sox ibeains rctliea fertile soil for miaxiiiiii m icldhs. 'Ilime data ili "Kahl ? shoxx the respoiisc of Sos )caiis to l iimi, phiosp)horus, aid piotassiumli 1 xx lien groxx in i a rotatioin of cotton-xxii tcr lepoiiii i corn. aind~ oats505 heai is. (:ottoim reccix cc 200 pound(s each of lI( aind( K-0,) ).. buit no phiosphorus orf potassiuim i xxas applied to the other crops ithe rotatioii. Plots reeck ii m lime xx (rc treated xxithi do~lomiite

10

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

ON

a

Lnix~n

l L
I
II

%%i)

Sit',i'

\1 AlNI

8i SNkliN

AtlitiN \

Ai, ki(1(1'

tillile and(

Per

iir

i

elds

I ii

andi tall d ss iii

t-l

-)OtL---

1.7

asnx andll~tl~l( phophru so1et3.8 ttite~ iisht]ajIo 4.Lit(I phshs andtptaium~ oxii lopini 39.7tse( i~ 0 tahsihirni ahe (oaspuse tol17e.tth akli hoxsad oil xst-l Lae, thos tatd potaitn ('Iato s oht to aitu e.tits I~inappre eonute( in b\ie sotst edlts l a t20 beach teeflittlen poxd
01

O ap liie ltalh oS)tnt t ilptsitt .l

X

ingtx

I

i

The tnllre plt ha ah 1\aof phoseoru ad ap1otiit L\ (ltot e)ov( snt) t\)ee.she Lattsan Thaspo lieto lintic t)1.2ttd. r libme.1 \1tniti a tctit lho thatotlxath at osth locaXtill). ltt \\ astal v act little3 sTtot reaultas1reported4.in Teblot3seov
at gil
sisl

inxalalile 1)\
tei

~tet.

4.8iafnd

Iuctitttd totsBrx tste

or u

it3

Iiona

ph

shou Ipotlitt,'

and

tttit,

(I)itn

\(1

1 t

I

N

oil

so(i ls

ficsa 1.1).

i\la)

at th

Breto

Exeimen

Field had ai p

2.1)00

:.

.11

I m(1

25u

31.1oots 1 \An~~so 31.2ssr e ar

1 Lillie( and fct0ic p4.r ace34.8s

2.11
3,00

11 10
11)1itii u0o

11 1(00 IoI ollot lull
1 00
iiI(

31.1.3 303.8 225ti~lot
33.4t

.:3.9 Itt3.7 3 .7ttI
33.4tidltmto

3,0t0 (2, itc

il

3ttt

1)1

i

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

husels 1(1.imiied :35 iilshels. lResults fr-ou earlier exp)erimlenlts ill as Alabamna also showedr less response5 of so\ 1 eains to limi e th an vvX expected (7). Un Iless p~otatoes are m or()XXiot rotation wxith sox beans. lime) is recomllleuded for so)X ieans on soils with a PH beEivcnI thouglh limep and fertilizer needls arc met, Nt)X ican X ieldls mIaX lhe loxw becauise of m)oisture shortage at a critical time. Sex

eral w ars ago ant e\perimrenlt wxas ilegti at sex eral locations to maxiiifh I x ields of sox bloans a nd other crops w hic (leteriucll gowni at ani extremielx hIighl fer~tilitx lexvel, Table .1. Oti ther \lexandoria Experimtenit Vield, x ielols x arieni front a low- of 10) bushels ithl to ia high ot 40, wX a If)y c ar ax cragre of' 2 1bushels. The experimlenlt at tihat location wXas oni an eroded ph ase of D ecatur silt loans, wxhich is contsideured a (It ogltx soil. The It1- ear ax erage 1(1el1 at Brew too oin a Kaltiia fine sandyl loami wXas :33 bushiels.
Brewxtoni is near outgh to the Gulf C oast to haxve good sujitiner rainfall duiring or )st x ears.

Appl\ itg lisle anid fertilizer for sox ibeats accoring to soil test es ilest results. Sox ilalts grown itli rotation wxith crops5 that ha e ibeent fertilizedl atnd limfed accorlinig to soil test usualix do ntot need additional fertilizer. For examlupe, if beans arc( to followx wXheat, the soil test recommiendatioins for xxheat xxoulid he as folttiX

1' Low

ti Lotw
Medlim

N 111 1(00
100l

P4)O: 9(0
60

K,() 9(0 6(0 4(1

MIediumn
Ihigh

H1ivI

41

11ftihe foregointg recoitmndations are followXed. it would11( not b~e niecessarx- to fertilize the so\ 1lalt crop folloxxing w~heat. Where sox bcalts dho not foiloxx a XXelI fer tilized crop, the folloxxare reconmmennded ibasedi oit soil test:
ing~ rates of' phlosphrults aind potassium !'
L owv

K Lotw

P-0, 8(0 0

_O
8(0

1 igh

I lh

0I

Ivmii: 4.

luuun mr Solar.,,

(:HOPS

A-r

A

III(-H

VIAM1.11)

IF\H- f:u:ur :Ai

f.uc:vrlo\,

Location and soil t\ pc

1955

19561

19157 1 IU

1958 Itt

1 t59 :31

19601 10t

1961I
20

19(62 16 2(i

1963. 1tt 21 1tt

19(61

19(65 34 1I II 21

I )c odi

it

rnun

Field,11

22
3, 1(1

'INtt A(Illuru

oil Is~ilt
Cit

lt
ricc

11(
f1ile111 011

19 1.5 14

I5 7 3(l

:38 2.3 13

16 24 .38

21 1.5 16

4.1 6 3(i

:30 :35 :37

27 Itt .33 2S 1I1

17
14 25 1
:36

3I
27 2[ :34.
.53

2(i
21 :)

°2
0I

(11111. lamlXhit111

11

1:

Sofficicot lime and fertilizer NPere applied to remove fertility

as a limiting factor lot production

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

13

Placement of Fertilizer

Sol bea seedl an, (etsll\ iijIll((1 1)> I (rtilizer salts, as illustrated Iv. Vipur 3. intus. aix hirtilizer applied clireectl> to so> 1 n ~ shoul bI1 1br(oadca~st or placed int tlte' drill 2 to :3 incllts to the' side e and lelows thte seed. Ini no case slioiuldi fertilizer be placed ini tihe crill w5itlt the seed.

I

.-

FIG. 3. Effect of fertilizer placement on soybean stands is shown by these research plots. Fertilizer was drilled too near seed in the plot at left, whereas the plot at right had all fertilizer broadcast. Rate of fertilization was 400 pounds of 0-14-14 per acre to each plot, applied at planting.

Inoculation

I itotlatutit is 1)1ohlM\~l not ieecessars if SOS iealis has t btcein gi-os I stieessfitills ont tile area to be platnted in the last :3 or 4 sYears. I losse, ni ness landc or xxhere tite pres jous crop of sosIteatins as not satisfactors , seed should he ittoetilatecl wxithia coututtercial itloeuilatit p)rep'a-ed speeifieall> for so> beans. Whlen prop)erl\ iilodullated sox beans start fisittr nitrogent 3 or 4f wxccks after entergette. '[his nmeains that ont fertile soils itnocutlated sosheatis do tnot need coli ntreial nitrogen. Sand> soils ofh loss ertilits max tequtire an applictn of about 21) 1 )oiitts of eoinunereia1 nitrogeni per acre to take (are of the platit's requtirents unttil ittrogen fixation hegvits.

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION

liesearchers in Geogi an d \MIississippi hax c reported s0onic respontse to 1110)1 bdleiiin vv lien app lied to sed at platiitg timei. 1 (n (li'\perimi t wxas condu1 ctedl ini :labai i i at se\ en locaton1s ini 1964 to dleterinl e respou sc of soiy b cao s to seedl-appi ed inolx bhe plIof the soils ratiged fromi 5.U to .5.9. Sic hno ye(1(1 t. Spot se wvas obtained, it is apparen t that addition al tools hdetit is not rtojiireci for proper nliiilatioti of sos beans ill :Alabamia soils. SOYBEAN VARIETIES
\arietx tests hay c ilecli colinltcte(I 1) the _Ulauta Statiotn ini cooper)QIatiotn xxith the USDA Soiuthieasterni Iegionial Smulbeanl Lab-

oratory, Stotiexile, MIississip~pi. MIiich of this resear-ch has had to (do wxith cx aitatitig niew breeding lilnes. I loxx c r, oil. sarietics released anid mitied are iniclud~ed ini tis rep)ort, Tab~le .5. Thierc are mnlincruts av aiable v arieties that are tnot iniclided ini the regonla test. and these hax ( ibeeni cx alnte(d ill another v ariets test s('ries.
oni resistalice
Sarieties

V arictal recommiet ndatiotis are liasednitot ouiis 01 i ieldl butt also) to dlisease, niemuatodes, shuatteriuig, andl lodging. ill
recoiumietnded are siumilar ini oil conitenit, ratiging fromt

B11 V en carix

Bu.

13u.

1311.

13i1.

1311

1311

Hil
Ilarl.

Doma

2-5 9-28 1.3

22.3 33.01 17.5 18.8

25.5 25.6

28.8 29.10 34.4 :34.1 37.4 ; 4.4 -4:3.4 .34.3 35.6 14.2 12.0

25.5 25.9 :3.5

Lcc

fod9-29
i dsceason

.3
35.7 32.7 :34.9

3:3.1

Ii110-21 lauk~oI Latt'
RItL\

i1-25 11- I:)7.
10-27

44.1 :37.5

26.1 285

37:3
3.3.3 :36.4
:39.:3

illtc '\trtcc

IaI ti otti I lu he
ituitt

:3S.6

:19.9

11-4
dtet

36.7 for cc tix
rtl

38.8

37.S

varictics at Rclle

Alina. :Alabama; all

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

21 to 22 per ceint. tIhe ceii1111ti scrilbed lOXiiiatiritx (ronps.

recoonueide(I

\arieties

are( de-

Very Early Varieties
too eiirl 1for exteisixc pl)aiit\labaoia. l IUXwXv cr, thoere moaX 1be situiationis XX lor a 10 to0 :30 per cenit rediiction inii jlti naxy be juistified for carix harp ('5t. 1.1 tir i(o ci rci iistai ces shoiuld( these X arieties be planited betfore \IaX 1 or after limne I in northern Alahama or atter Juiie 1.5 in the inig ini

i)orinan ani1 I lill are considleredi

,ouitlerii part of the State. Early Varieties
'I1lm(, 'ark \arieties mati ir ii inmid-Oc)tob er. Lee and 1od( are 1( reeoinueiided in this uaturitN grrouip and both are atdapted througThouit time State. I IoXX eXr, siniee Iloodi is 10 to 12 dax s earlier thano Iae, it is better spiitedl for uise in northeri Alabania anid Lee for uose ini time soiutherii area.

Midseason Varieties
Thme niiiitseasoioix arieties are atdaptetd to the southen txx o-th irds of .\labati. 1'recfuieitl\ time' mature luefore frost in miortlmeri \laharua, but the risk oft frost tiamnage to sox beaus of this luatuirit\ is too great for recoindeitation of their gou eral Ilise. beecouu iiieii(ed X ic(ti('s are liragg aud jatsoni

Late Varieties
1(itfratest \ alui( ini sottlern Alaaia. icitics ini tis matur litX (Troup artc IMeii Ilailiptoli-266, ando I tartee. Of these three, I Iaiipton-266 is earliest: it is also i (eouiuiieded for use ini centrail Alabamaiii peciallX X heii p)lantinig is late.
arc o
iecommii einded
X

[Late NX aitics

lTme

ille, the
es-

Date of Planting
Stud(ies to de(terin e 01)tiiiii l i lti gdates Xw('ter c oictetd at I I locationms ini Alaba;uma duirim I19.53-57. Data frim thuese c'\ periiieuts (5.) iniciate that \La\ is (felueralX the lbest inith for f)Ial tilig iiiriiost (of the State. I owe' en, plauitiug ini Baldw~in and M obile' com1ii (s shoud 1 ut1 )( X cks latter, Nim 15 to Juine( 15. RX NL 5oil teumperatuire is uisuualh high enlogh for food geruta ii at (ion. higarotless of (hat', hoXX eensoX beans shou ld not he cr
'

16

ALABAMJA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

plianted unless' ti In
ge'rlllilnatilH.

t

is sufficienit Soil

moI(isturfe for

immedQ(iate

1 dLelay in 1)lailiti wXill reducec the . elci of all soX'b ilau \arictics. "Ilie redcliitioii is Hot the salle for all \ arieties, lhoX ( ern as s1oil\ lIn 01-cills of a :3- c ar experinintI at the ( ulf Coa~st Sub stationi, Fairliope, Alabama, Table 6. Imu this test, four adapted \ arieties rcpreselltingc a ram ire ill Iuati IIit\ f rom X (rX earlX to X Irx lae X.ere each pIlantedi at ap )ro\imIatclx X-X (ek ilutcrX ils fro)1h 1 \Ia\ 1 to Jill\ 15. 'Ie( v arieties arc 1listedl ill the tablle in order of ii Itllrit\.,x ithi 1100(1 11i(11i approxinlateix I XX eeks earlier than B11iX ille. No \ariet\ XX as significan tly influmen ced Im\ plalntiHIw date prior to iid-I iiiI(. :After tis date.,IX hoeX r, thiere wXas a mtarked dlclincm in . ield amid also a reducI~tion in plant height and hca plaememt. "The dm01) iii icld X as at the rate of afpfroxiX matchX I. ~lshel per dax for each clax s dcelax ini bu plamitiiiig after Jimoe 15. Thie rei hictio1I XXas most scX ('1Q Oi tihe earlX \ arictX

T . IIE PEk

)tN :A.1c0

MBI A /IIl:rIS IS

11141\ PI

ED

-S

Il I

,

S

F

0 EICO1

nI

kI o

I)106

\ln \L1\ 1a
link 15

45 45
41

2:3 18
22

1
4

lls 1 lii' 15

:30 15

16 16

.3 :3

\la\ IS ln I c himc IS fINl I fll~ 15 \lvI \v1.5 In 1 1110k I5 us 1 1 lIt 15 Bk-us ills \ ix 1 \Iax 15 Iun 1 11one 15 lls I flub 15

---

1.5 44 45 4:3 32 .3S 44 46 41 42
2'

37 3-4 21 26 21 42 42 40
:35

8 6 6 4 4 12 12 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 4

:35 29 :39 :39 36
:3I

4:2 45 46
12

39 21)

2.55 24

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

17

l lood. Latest planiting dates fir rcasonahie chance of success are Inlx 1) in soutlhern and central Alaama andI .1i e 20) in northern Alabamna. _ltliou gh tnese resu lts are from1 sot theri A labamii a tests, the same tren ds lhaxe boeni ibserxo throun'~iighot t the S tate. Actu allx time of 1)lai ti] Ig affects v arieties more in northern Alabania hecaiuse of the shorter season and the greater change in dav length. IDaxlength is significant because it larrelx deterines the tine a gix ci xarietx xs ill start floxx(ring aid lerefore xxill mnatu re. ith It max be desirab le to plaint xarieties of dli feren t i athi rit to extend~ the harve(st season. Also, p)receedtin g crops 0or adv~erse wxeather imia\ delay plan tin1g. Ini anx case, xarietx selection is inp~ortanit. \hiil panitiing inl 01'oearhx June (ither early or late I imatuiriiig xarieties are suiitabile, Ibmit oiilxlate miaturinig v arietie's are satisi actorx for late planting. E. treineh earl planitig shot ild also be axvoided. Sox lcarns plai ted before NI ax I wxill often make short p~lanits wxith beans p)laced close to the grounl~. Not oiilx is y ieldl reduicetl hut mny 1beam s are left ini the field becau se thiex are set too close to the groundit to be harx estedi. Lut'hennore, extreiiil carh\ planitings are more subj)ect to reduocedi duiality b)\ iiicreasedl purpIle stain aind rottinig in the pods. "Ihese effects are mnost serious oni the ocarix xvarieties. Rate of Seeding and Row Width \ sorx ex coinduictecl lb the N atitil al Th\ lbean Crop Iniprox Co011niil in 1955 shioxwed that iimost oil x ait ies of sox beanis are planted ini 36- to -12-inch roxxs. l loxx tx r, results of Ne ~ork Yx stuidies (10) showxedl that decreasing roxw wxidth from .32 to S inches Hicreasedl xieldls 20) to 30) per cen t. D)ata f roimi foumr Co:rn Belt States (9) slioxx rowxs spaced 21 iinches ap)art gax e slightly higher x ields thai i7 14-. 28-, :35-, or 42-inichi roxws. lIn contrast, stiudies in the South('astern States n ot shoxx n ani adv antage, froiil roxx-spacing l(ss than aboiut :36 inches (4 ,). M ost of these stiidies haxve heen conducted xxitlh plantings made at the optimum dlate'. Since latc-planmted becains, suich as thojse plan ted afteri somall gr aiins wxheoi xweather dlid miot petrmiit planting ini earlx *Jiiie, seldlomi rt'ached suifficienit sire to completely cov er the grounid, ii idicationis wxert that an adx antage might be fot ndit frot imrising closer roxw spacings. This theorx wxas inxestigatedl ini stiidies bx the Agricumltuiral Experiinit Station. Riesuilts gkixci ini Tahle 7 are tromni a3-xyear stiidx at the Plant
ii ieit
haxe

I \ia.r -.

I.rrrc i m

lim) A1urru, Sr: r:uc c H I]. vvn A ",iurn ()\ lsr;s.i) ur 'I Pc.:\sr Rstr:rni i. ('iii. Stand ait hanc\ ix
Viai ct

it p Srnlitc 195 1-.5(i )i i
pe11 iici

s,

S -vm

Luv\I.

xx How,

8

linuL

Xx. fui

Xx. foii

1S)54

1955 11"t. 83 9) 89 99 95 99 95 1001 91 763 99 88 96 82 99 91I

I195(3 Pct. 96 82 1001 911 97 88 98 97 87 99 97 98 9:3 98 100(

Xx . Pr/.

9.54 Bu. 19

19.55 Ric. 411

1956i flu -7 1.1 40) 5,5
(1)

LI) In. June I planting :301 :)
:30 :3(1
:310

Pct. ILcc 4.5

I?I

13t).

Iru

35
:3.5 :30 :35 3:3 26 26 29 28
_7

301 (11) 60)

17
18 2.3 1:3 11) 16 15 15 113 14 18 1:3 1:3 14 15

44
31 29 36

87
76 86 I iIso I lie iil 57 82

40 41) 41)
40)

30
:30
(I

27
29 32 :34 :32

60)

42 :34 :39 :36 35 :38 :38 :38

Jule I pl antin g I
3(0 :3(0 .30 411 401 :3(1 601

Lee.

:32
.31

28

6(0
:3(0 31)

29
26 24 25

28 25 25 2

4(0
40I

601
(4)

Lcc Iii kslli I.e
Ia killl

28
28 27 24

:32
:34 :35

2.5

1m xIili

8. 1", P1 1

I

Mi liuxx

W\IIoii
LO\\L,

SELINI

lixii
INI.

-NLI1 \IIIL L' ON

'LIiiiU

1'tS1I1o \N

(.
at

1il

ILLSSL.

r

\

ML 1\L :P.\LL) I'i 1955-56 1. \l~a.

iix

I)

8O'LLLL\N,

KALIxIi

5SNI

:kNm) 1938
A.
"A\ .

RowXX scI& 111
II0
10

IE NIrlct\

Stand1

lix

ic.t

cld pc1 acre

for

Av. for
width 11(

195.5

1956

1958

A\. Pci . 1001
97

19.55 1311 26 27 501 12

1956
I3II

19.58 1311. 38 10 36 71

rat

LI).
210
724)) 1c

Pct. 99 9.5 84 72
100

I'd. 100)

PHt 1001 100 I1001 19(1 10)0 100( I10 100) 1001 1001 1001 10)0 100( 1001

B3u. :39 41

Blu. 40 55. .36 I) 3 :3,5 :34

1311.

53).

97
97 85 100 97 97

56
.7

I10

61)

10
20 211 201 201 30) :30) .30) :3(0 4)) 41)

60
120) 121) 6)) 6)) 91) 91) 60 6)) 6(0 6l)

lackor
I ,cc

94 86 100( 96i 98 9.5 1001 97 100( 97 1(0( 97

54
.57

59 4.5 41) .51) 42 411 44 :38 41) 36 39

IS

29
29 29 30 2.1 .33 24 .32

:37
4(0 42 5(0 37

:37
:36 4(0 41 :34 41I 32 38 ?33 :36 :38

I .ckson ILee Slcks.on

90) 96 87 99 94 99 91 100( 94

97
10

97
10)0 10)0 1001 97

4,5
35 4:3 .37 14

:3 34

27
26

20

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

B teccliu( UnIit. T all assce, ((Implarin ei~(arl, anluLtii-platctd bcalls al)out Jnne I and Jlb 1) ili and~ 10-inich rows at :30- and~ 60.30po1(1 sedlill rates for Lee an d jacksonivxarieties (T). These dlata slhoxx at 3 to 5-bushel adx atitaaec for 30-inclIv sx ox er -10-inih roxxs. Th'le sait a(lxa itage prex ailel fo 11111 Ju peI 1 lanitinigs m\(1
Jul I plaimtitigs. There xx Ii))(lfcr is ('tieletwee 30- and 6(0(c ('' f)ottti sed~iti rates or' bcI ('el ic ties. 1(4w D~ata in Table 8 are those of atstud,1 cotiiparitg 10-, 20-. :30-, antd 10-inchl tox s seeded at 60( potinds per aere, and 2-10-, 120-. an d 90-p)ound seedinIug rates onl 10-, 20(-, atnd 30-inch rows, respcetix cl.. Tbhis stud1l show ed at m arked in erease in x icld front deecreasig romwxxidthi. F~ieldls lutriti the ~3 ears wxere highest x
whe .. ui' h. e('(tttg ra~t(' xas 60 pomiids per aere, axera~yiii 34 bosh('is per acre ini 10-inchi rows atid '55- h cls ill 1(0-itch roxxs. Thcese stnicis shiow that otil ld (1not Ic iea itnfested xx ith xx (('(s or

Nd le(re wccd('(s are cotntrolled1, beatis fplalitcd ilu tiarrow roxs sro (Ii highier \,ieldls. te Based oti these results, it is teeouilitieilcf that sox I('ais be fplititcl iti I'o\\s as tiatrrow as wx(e(I(0 l)1 wxill p~ermiit. Iliis is c'speciallY itmiportant for late platintg. Sccdti~ rate should be aIbott (60 1)111 s of x ialc seedI pcr acrte regardfless of trow xxidthi.

WEED CONTROL in SOYBEANS
hp icldls of good)( (ttalit\ S1\ b~eatis artc( tot possible( uttless iittal Nvcd t'e olatd "ra55('5 are (cotitrolled. \ot otnl (10 dense

statnds of xx('c'(s (cotipete for ax ailahie tittric'tts atnd tinistutre, thiex also ititet-fere xxithi hat'x (stit0 4 . In addition, the ptresetiee of i sotiie wxecd seeds nma\ lower(' the p)rice of Sti-1 eat s or n (eessitate tedl(atin, xx iel xxnl It'ter treducte profits. tl(I MIechaical xxwc'ei cltrotl is alt effcetix c tuethold of eotttollitu wxeeds itn soxbeat s. l('eau tsc sox b)(atns are fast groxxit i plan ts that rapidll\ shade the soil iti :3 to 5s xxeeks ), curbx seasoti xxcc co0nttoil is tiost imipotrtan t. Ilic rtunr hoe is ati (flicietit tool fotr carlx scasoti xx eed cottol. Cultix atioti wxith rotat' hoes shottld atre 4 to (6inichi(s tall ot' miitil it xxmtttld ('atts cseessi e' itnttt'x to thie so\ I ats. Injurx cant b( redutted b\ Iwxxotkitg dti'tg the mid~(lie (If the day wxhen soybiean s are slighitlx xxiltcd . I1he ro~tat\ hoe is tsuualx ttotre ('fleetix c after light raitis. wxhich formnia light crust (mt the soil suirface. 0t1ic toI two cI(ulltix xxithl swxccps is t sttaItiots

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

21

0P

A\N\c-A\

(.,1-

,

AN \111oL)0\I

i

-

w

I 'FL

IS

SOi~i vS, 196:3-(59

S163 Pct.
Vi eolate 2 lb.

196

196

166

Pct. 100) 100

V\cuxolat, :3 11). \ (illolate, 4.5 l1b
inbn Ih. nliben. :3 lb.

97 95 18

Pct. 92 1001 56

Pct I 56 90 1001

19-63 It. Pc 69 92 65

I19(i4 Pct. I 801
60(

1,I965

1966

ct. 93 96 87

Pct. 86 8:3 87 81 81)

rniben, 6 lb. PCI, 1:3 lb. P'CP, 161lb.

88
717 68 5? _93 98

95
161) 85 61 91
MI

73
9(0 8:3 89

Trifluralin, 0.5011). 1111ifiii, 0.75 1b6

911 85

Althou ghl mechaic al control of wxeedis ini soy b eans is oftenIsIuccessfuil, it is nomt foolproof. Earle suii millsi 1 that fax or 1eii -1ilndtlion and~ growxthl of xx eeds illaX also) pr ohibit or delaN mechanical cl I tix atioi . Con ditionssuMch as tiles)) den aili other m1 eans o5(f weedCC coiltrol, and~ mn farmlers are tlfillinig this dlemndiC \Xith Thec

a(l\

('lt

(It

1

)eeifl(rg(c('c

herbicides

has

necessitatedi

chngs llmchos

1herbicides, soobIeal s sides (It the fllrnox used to

soX lbeau s. Beforei) preelnergenee wxere comilllilik plainted in at f roxx w iI xith f ec 1wex

latinig

eds dhiring p~lowxing. For p~rem'lier celle he(rb)icide~s to b e used'C etlectx , ,l 1beall muI (lst he plan ted flat. This redutces leach in g oIt lherbIic'ids in the area to aroundlc tile sodw )Call seed wx11(11 feax x raillis ((cciii shoIrty. after appl ication (thtie herbicidles. Plan tiig f I~on thet lev el also reduies tlhe poss5ibil ity (If treated soil bejin w Xashied from1 side's ofI the fuir.So,

row-,X

lg ullntrC'atedl soil [1(11m XX 1ich XX(('(s can g(.Inthe greatC'r p(Issilbilit lof leach!iInt, this is morIIe important ill sanid" soils than inI fine textilred soils. Eflectix econI trol (It wxeeds wxith her'bicides perml its greater
in ate and1( growx. IBeealisC of

thr

1)v ep

freedom ini planlting cl tix atilol Ivr \Xe('tomlctel\
at row\

patterins. If the
to Illxill

re(llir('licit for1 n (challical elilnllitcd, sIIX heam s could he planted
11\ield5.

spacinlgs

(I cIIIuciX

At presit. atilen and~ PCP ar' lecuclfliIded folr 1 )reemergeulce wxeec ontroIl in sox beaun1 in *klab amia, Table 9. Anlil)Cn is applied at 3 poun lids activeC material per acre and(Cthe ~'sodilui 1 salt (It PC(P at 1t3 tol 18 pound 111 e aC re. Each of these materials has~

22

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

gi\ (I satisf actorx results xi]tell mloisturte wxas adiequtate. I lowex cr. (~ce55iX e rainlfall (all decrease the (4effti (ess bx causitng leach-

ing of the h~erb icide.
(jitate coverag~te

cast or ini a b~and ox cr the

"These henlicicles are app)lied~ eith er 1broad(ll ini etI()tgl xwater to etisutre adceSoil sill-face.

oIf tihe

Txwo pre-planit herbicides that reytuirc inceorporation, xerti()ate and trifitinalini (T1refiall), are also recommtlend~edi for wxeed ionltrol in sox ieanis.

Vernolate

\Veiial)

has

((j\n

ex(cellenit conttrol of

most atittial grasses. Ill s011me wars it has caused conisidierabie (ark\ te tipjorar\ iniltlt andc stand~ r((itction,. and~ iii one of the thlree experinuet ts ini 0-66 x(ii 1 olate cea a itredac ttion ill x ieli. Vertiolate applicationi rate is 2 to :3 potttids per acre of actix e mal
terial (htiher rate for finer textured soils), itieorporatci iprior to

Trifitiraliti has consistentlx (rix(n exceptiot alk goo (1trass (ong trol in sox ibeants xxhent applied at rates of 0.5 to 1.0 pouitd of actix e material per acre. For satisf aetorx resut ts. tri fit ral in shou11d be ineoriporatedi itntiiediatel\ after application. Althloughl trilutralii ihas cautsedl statnd redhtctiotns iln soitc areas of the Sotutheast.
tnonte iias ibeen tioted in Aiaixoiia.

\ mnajor xxeakt iss of 1)oth x(rnolate at ( trifhtraliti is that tieitiier gixves ad(ejtate conttrol of tilam of the mote trottlclsotite b~roadileaf xxe(ed(s. Sickl1(p)o(. ec ekleli- r Fl ioridia 1)g 4arxx(((i pricklb sidia (irO] ix ecd atd (mortning-giory are somc 1broadiieaf
xxeeds that are ('itlier tiot cotoled or are p)001l\ cotitroileti xxith x etiolate or trifltiralitnt. I loxx ex cr. sonic( broadleaf xxeeds, sucih as

carpctweedi, pipxxeei, and~ Flo ridia pttsie\ lpt i slatte), are fairlx xxeli con trolled xxith either (Ifth ese hlerb icides. Bo th) herbicides off et exce'llent cotltrol (Ifmot(st atititai rasses, such as g~o50)gritss. crablgrass. croxxfoo(tgrass, atid ibartix ari 2rass. Trifioraliti also cottrols Texas millet xxhickl istiot cotrolledi xxitih x ertolate; iioxx ex cr. x entolate oix es 50ome cot trol of to tsedge. ( otse p tei itl a com~in~tatiotn (If thes( he~rbiie s taiight beI ap)~)opriatc if' mtajor tile xx((( probilem) xxerv Texas m illet atnd iii tsedge.
TiI(re ate sce ral I mthodit~s (If1)re iat It inicorportation, 1

Iut

onel

or tx o diskitngs xxithi a (dottilesectionl diisk iiaroxx has gix cii good restults xxith iIoth triflitnalitn and xerti(ct. if a secoid dis~king i, tihe fitrst. D isk be1(1i( pcrpnicllr to the diirectiont (If ttsed, it siol sh otutld 1e set to Iit co rporate tihe hetrbicidle I toI2 in cihes (deep). O tihet satisfactorx mteatns oIfitncortporationt ittcludte poxxi (I takeolff (Itixr rtotarx tillers. hoes. andc ctltix atotts. Begarilss of, iticor(

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

poratioo me(th~od, care sh)li

1)((\(1iscd( h1(

to enlsuri that plan tinog

('(11i1)O1(It difoes nlot 1)ril ir ltreatON soil to the siurface. 11clati\ c ('f ((tiX (me(s of see cral helrbicideQ comin atio1s for wced2( conltrolI inl soX 1 )ans is r2corded2( inl lahlQ 10. There are twXo mlajor da(1nta('cs of a combination OX cr a siiorlc herlbicidle: (1) a

b)roader spectrim of Xeed is conftrolled, aird 2) the requlired (' 1 am~oun t of any sill rle h2VIicid(' is reducede~ therelmix recreasii ( the f)ossliiit\ of herbVlicide( resicillcs accunillatilig ini the soil. 1uldicioils selectioni of hierbjiides cou11d p)ossily reduce the cost for chemrical XX e(( c~oiltrol. The coiiiation of (I PC and aiiluci has (01 sisteiItIX (rig em c\(eII(lct (rrass control and oodl 1broadhleaf (1 vv c 1 (c01 trol, I'iii iie 4. CI1PC anid I)(CPA ha ci eii exce'((llent (Yk
CHFC~

FIG. 4. Effectiveness of a combination of herbicides, bottom, is shown by contrast with check plot thot is completely covered with weeds ond grosses. Plot at bottom was treated with 3 pounds of CIPC plus 2 pounds of amiben per acre, applied as a 14-inch wide band just after planting soybeans.

24

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

Ith

ii(I( raI

ai.ic

IM5
Pct

19Wi6
Pc1l. 91

19(65
Pct.

1Wi6
lit.

(61
85 e?
II

97 \ (:1I' 1 lb. +l)( I' :31lb. (:1C. 1.5 ll. -1l)('l' 4.5 lii. (:11I(: l? fl lx'\ (i b. C11'(:, 3 . )\bI', 3 lb. ('IP' .5lb. NID\
P . lb.

9.5 66b
9'(i

53
86

'99
8(6 75

632

76
94 59 817 8(0 93 88

.
92

93 58i

(11(3 11).+ NI_ 1 11b. II I.3 lb. idiplcuimi(d 3 Ih. (:1I'C, 319. + liuii.n 2 lb. I iii urln, . 1). -i ruiinllil . 1.5 lb, Ilii ln.m 1 Ih. 'crnoilat 311).

55
: 93 8.5
98

66b

(.1ass and( broadlcaf wcc ('71conltrol whelnl applied at 2 aud 65 p011111k

percre rtesp)ctixc~ . Weed con)1trol (ft ((Aixecs I(5x

th othe er-i

b icide coitbjitatitois is suillarllti/(l in tFale 1(1. :Althtough jpr( It~rgi.eflex C(1 con~trol comblline iti xith mechanI ica1 ltlltix 'tioit is tislialix satisfactoryx, theCre, is ofltent a nIFeed for potexxg c (ycCL contrl. (hlroxroI (eoi'o) has ijxcn con)1trol of many broadileaf weds i C.Isu I ch as pigxx tcd, sic.klep~od,
coc)klebur, xxe(eds, aind looiii-glory,
)VX

o

app(1t 1 jliedl

po st~lertgicec

as

chlororoiloit shld(be ap)plied xx hen xx ee(s arc smuall. I
tor

\

ri~

CF1)i (

tt.iii

Sui

Ii'\, 96.5-6u

xiiila 1965S
Pct.

trus

I999
Pct.

I 9(11
Pcit.

19991 Pc1.

Ciiloriii.

lb. '_ 65 89 55 869 99 1001 92 9:3 4~5 (62 :38 .5(i 68 251

liiiix

n. 3 lb.
6Xli lb.

lIo nac

817

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

25

to 2 inclies ini hit0t. (;llolo~llroli is iiffeojis c
liiial

L(4lilst IliOst

aii-

grasses.

.Iololisomi .ass is also at mlajor 50o lieani 55 ccd probilemi in so11 areas of Alabama. The jolinisongrass problem is agtgrasatecl lce cause this gr1ass is ofteni ciiltisatecl as a la\ (c0op ini areas Mithre 505 itals are (frow ii. Thien, is no hierlicidle that call be used prcellir~rcec to conitrol estalulislieo johiisongrass rhtizOoes. I)alapoii isthe mi st eli ectie p )stel I &r-cl ic heri cide. It is applied at 4f t to 8 poundi~s 1pe1 acre of' actis c illatcrial to x onilg actks (l gross iiig joliliongrlass \\ lhen it is 8 to 12 inchtes tall. Of ten ait earls IMoM jg 55il1intcrease the n hller of1rhiizomes that hav e inlitiatedl regro)5 tit. thereb'h) iltcrea silg the Ituiloler of planlts recei\ it lherbiig cidle. All carks Imm in5 \s also fI -lthier g ill deplete food resrers 5in

the rlii/omcis ando incerease the kill. Three da\ s aifter llerlicidhe application,. jolilisol grass shld~~ lhe 1055 ((nlndcl and~ so5 beams caln be plal tedl 18 dha\s after p1os iliO. sinic( (alalioi has iio 1 )reenulgelce aictl Its,a htericide suhl as trifliiraliit. \ crtolatc. alililteli or PC(PJ shold~ be ulsedl rouitiniels to con tirol se(dl illg j ioii ograss. AlthIi(ngh this procediir is tot I100 per elnt effectis 0, it will permiit soy heal produlction ill johini

"mligrass infested areas.
SOYBEAN DISEASES

Thcere are iltoit 5) dilseases known to affect 505 beans ini this I coiiiitrs, cauisod In bacteria, flingi . 5 irises. and~ niemiatodes. _Anmiial losses fromii these dliseases has e n eti stimnatedI at 12 per cet oif, the total crop. 1)iscasc-free sos bean fields are rather rare, anid it is niot oniconunoii to find fields ssith sex cral (diseases present. Initeiisits (if disease anid alnooll t of' crop loss are dlepcl dcn t on such cond(itionis as teiiipirattir-e and I iiiiiits . Y~ield reduictionis are not usualls large eloughi to lie obsersc (ircetks d( b the
(flo -er.

Sonice sos 1ean d (iseases are Iov oss(0 trolled cff octis els bs use of adapted, resistanit 5 arieties. O tlhers call li( coitroillcl hs (roup rotaitioni fall pi)ssW nse of (disease-free se0(d, anid seed treatlu
1iiit.

Bacterial Diseases Bacterial liiglht is mil 1)1the miost \6ioespireao diseases of s0heai s. It is mtost comimn anid colis1 )ielols oh leas es, although it Ilis appear on stewis aiid p)otls. I leas s inifectiont 1m11 cause (he-

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

foliationi. It is like]x to he miost seriouis duirinig periods of cool wx athcr and f rei flcut rai

'The b acteria that cau se 1)il it are seed-bornll e, bu1t thex can il from onie g~rowin seasoni to another. ailso suir ix e ini dead lcaeax( plalnts or rep)laltinlg seed rotsex crhdiesd Byplnin ee
ini illfested fields. this disease beomles ('stab~lished~. Thltis, the use of dliseas('-fre'( seed( qid crop ro)tatioli ale good disease conitrol p)ractices. Sulseeptilit\ to the disease varies wxith sox bean varieties. sonice degre( in mi ost sox bealiIn the South it is mole lmliforl\ sex tie xx 11(1 suIseeptib le x arieties ale gro xxn. The podis niax becomle infected, bu1t the disease is uisuiall conlfined to the leax (s. The 1)nstll 01n leaf anid tlhe ab~sence of1 at xet appearancee before the spot turns elloxx distingu4ish this disease fromi b acterial lihlt. Bat3ia puistule h as cau sed losses as aihis2 pcr el t The disease-produig 41acteria are seed-1born e an d ox crxx in ter iln dliseased leaxves. b Vaiieties like I larIce. I liii I lood, it 1 Leet are resistanit. oxx ilig al eas.

Bacterial pustule is p)resent to

Wildfire occurs oli xxwr hil1lacterial puistl( is found sincee the xildhire 1bacteria il i ade ol lx leaxks ilnf ected 1b\ the pustutlc bacteria. Th e b~acteria are seed-horn e, an d mi lix t for 3 to 4 Imol ths ax ill (lead lcax cs at the soil su irfaee; hoxxeverI tliex are killed iln a (xx x (ks xwhien cox cee xxith soil. This disease can be con trolled readlilx 1b planIting x arieties resistant to hacterial pu1stiule.
Bacterial wilt. long recog4nized as ill imiphortalit disease of g4ardlen b eanis, has b een 101 nid ill recen t x ears to 1 e xxidelx distr 1 ibuted in suix 1 an fields ill the Uniiited States. M ost comiil ercial seed are con tallminated, an d seed of somi vi rieties ap~pear mnore sex erelx eolitaliilated than others. No resistant x arieties are kiioxx il t there is at coisidherahle ranige ini5 sseptibilitxy. Thie I ee x arictx seems less suisceptil le thai i others. Soy beans from sev erely diseased fields should neN er lbe uised for sedt. Loxw tecmperatures, pool soil c01ndition s, an d heax raiins soon after plantillg( incerease inlfIectioul sex eritx . "There is no elff ctixc m2i etho d for

conitrolling4 xxt.
Fungus Diseases
llomvi

Sex. serelx

mildiew is onie of the loust etullil dhiseases ill Amierifected leaxe fall prematrcix.Aga funlgus

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

27

l.someitim)es called ild~ew,. deX el(ps oH the lowXer side of these dliseasedl areas. The tili gi s (fros XXitbin the plait, invades the pods, andl c(IX (1 somie seedls wXithi a XXlute crust.
(fro~tx

Reenit research ihas shoe-]i that 26 races of the miiildewX fungus exist. ThIese are vv idIeh distibuiited thronIgilillit the coiitrVX hil\XeXci. nminialiX onl onuie or tXoocueci n i aix field. Soy heani planit; resistan t to all kiio x i races of the fiiigus haX e heei from these, resistat tXarieties are 1eling deX celoped.
ini

foiiid, andt

Brown spot has in creased greatX ini seX ritX ai 1 occuirren ce i recenit X ears. It iliaN cause (1rio1s dlefoliationl aiid reduictioin in yileldl. It is seed-lborne, and the (disease iocci irs earlX ill the seasi on boith leaf suiifaces as simall, reddish-rown , m(ore (I less an~gular spouts.
in~g

Seed fromu heaN il's diseased1 fields shouldl not he u~sed for plant1becai ise seed treatm en t doles Hiot gTiXc satisfactory control.I G;reatest damage occu(rs XX here soyx beans are plan ted eX erx X ear' in the saiie fieldh. SIIX lcati Narieties X arx grat in amunit (If (lainage f romn this disease. Pod and stemn blight is priiiaiX a disease oIf stems and~ pods at HlatiiritX. ft is ideiitified bX the m~am small, black friitiing bodies appfearinig oni these plant parts. Seedlings (heXveloping from ill tectedl seed (diclbefore ei ilrgece.c or so(11 after. The dlisease is seed-blornle, aiid the foiins cani (IXeVXX iler oni dliseased steims ill the field. liiiis, uing; disease-ftree seed,. p)O loig uiider cro . refiuse compiflctel\ andii rotatiniig crop~s are recomniiided as coritrol measures.
.

Target spot affects leaX es, stems, andi piods, particuIlarkX dui ng prolouigid periods1 (If XX Xwea1ther. The X arieties Bragg, Ilain et tonl-N)() Halrdee, and Jackson hiay e a high degree (If resistaiice. Ini add~itioni, the use (It disease-free seedl aind cro~p roltationH arc recomnlied

as con(tirol measurecs.

Frogeve leafspot causes circiduar, graX spoits XXith dark blrowXn borders onii laX es ainid stemls and C( lark spots on pods. fleaX ilX spolttedI leaX es fall premuatui . The ft us suNiv es oil crop ii X ' 1 refuse aid (oil seed. heconiineu led doi(trill bmeasires inlu de plantim ig good lulp alitx , disease-f ice seed (If' Xarieties XXith soic resistai ce, such as 13 iIXil I, I lamiptom -266, 11lardlec, and Jackso n.
and
groXX iilg ill riltation1 iwXith grains, gasses, or (cotton.t

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

Southern stem b~light (sclerotial blight) is
rot at

cliaracteri.ecf

b)

a

here uisualix a dense whilte 0)01(1 appears. The dlisease seldlomi causes lieax \ losses biut it is almost alxx a s preseint, particoiarl\ dui ng hot xm (athcir, and1( kills plan ts at ran cloii thrifi(hollt a fieldl. Siiicc the fu1104s attacks a wxide xarietx of cropsrotationu is of slight help ini conitrolling the dfisease. I)ecp turin g to prox ide ia 4-in ebcm) er of soil OXc ro (1 debris m11 ax prNc helpful ini disease conitrol.
\\

base of the plant

C:harcoal rot is a disease of roots aind( stemns. Wheni the h~ark is pCeled Iront diseased areas, small 1black structures (sclerotia) max Se seln Tl is disease oeecurs 01 lx xxhei phiant groxxth is retardled bx hot. dix xxeather, poor soil, or other iiiilax oralc conditions. Seed decay and seedlinig root rots affect seed of p)oor (i al itx particularx if the soil is too cool or too xxet for rapid gcrniiiiatioi. There are numerous soil-lboru( fiiiigi that cani adx erselxv affect seedl1ini us 1 v cau sin g a xxaterx rot of roots ai id loxx'er stems or a 0 dixN r-eddisl) m11xi rot of the samie tissues. H1igh qi ialitx seedl xwith ig cl in ation 1 oten tial iuarkedlx reduc seed (feeax aind p ie seedlllin d~(iseases. For) sCCed that gerliilate lcloxx 85 per cint, a seedl pi-otectal t ch eical s c-h as B~rasan 50, captal ( Orthocide) or Paiogeii PX should be used.
Virus Diseases 1T1 recduic x iCrs disease prolleils. ligh gnlilitx seed shoul( be used. Also, jisects aud xxeels should lhe conitrolledf arounud bean fields sinc ini sects cam tranm it x iruises an d wxeeds arc. host plan t

carriers.
Soybeani mosaic occuirs to some ('xtei t ili all soy 1beau -proding i areas. Vi ri s-infiected plal ts arc stiin ted ad leax Cs are i arroxx ci and (deeper (r('('ui thui uioriial. Leaf s\ ilptolis resemiiblinig mo)saic o)1ten are cau sed byi 2,4-1) ai d related h erb~icides.

Bud b~light ima cause some damiagc to so\ beans ill this State. 5 The te rniiiial buids of x 01110 planits blti aid cirook slharplx doxxnixxard becoming (drx and brittle. The leaf just bcloxx the daimiaged 1)1ud usuLlxI is rusth aid br1 oinied. P~lan ts affeeted i uar floxwerinig are dxxarfed aind dex clop fexw seedI. The pod(s xwill beCcoileI purpile-l lotelied and fredueuitl\ drop. "Ihere is n o effectixve coiitrol of 1)ud( blihiet.

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN PRODUCERS Y ellow mlosaic

29 thle sam1(

is cauisedi 1
Ileanls.

\ ill s-in dulcilg

\ ellow

Yo01110(1.r leax cs of in~fctCd ailh sho1W a xelo ('Oolnttling,. As the lca\Cs nuature. spots de(lop(1)1 in thle . (loWdareas. Inifectedl plants are ahkll stunltCed. Thie \ iris is not seed-ilorile. idisal l m~osaic of Wardel

plants uisurusty de~ad not niotie\i (do(s not

Nematode

Diseases

Th plant parasitic nellatodes of imoportan ce to sox das are theC same tillx soil xxori s that are (llnagil g to othe~r crop,. garden, an d inrscr plants. These nemnatodes attack oly~ plants andl an, Ilsuallx in localizedl areas, bult thcx arC distrihulted xx idelx in thle Unitedl States adl othe ( coun901 tries.

Life evele of thmese tine Iwxorms is in sc\ (Ira] stages: tl)C C(g fouri larx al stages, and adult male and fell ale. ThIe life cx cle tront (u,(to adullthllood is ab)out 4 xxeeks. Lark1 111111 lrsofois call l)e produl~ced l)\nlCmatodes5, and the p~arasite popu)IlationI can Harc I v\ itli i a gr()x ingf season. ThIC n emlatodles callIo\ (r\\ i ter Cp in theC soil or wxithin theC roots. Nemnatode damatwe to sox beans is mllinkl h\ iniu-lrto tissu~es of the roots, ilsualix resllltillgF ilifexwer ioots aiid 1ilailts and reduIcinlg CaliaCit to take tip xxater and soil nultrien~ts. Th is ill tilll 1
call reslt ilnstunltiu~g.

ltilitxxx iltiuig to
calse

foliage xehloxx ing. anld a (rCater slnsceptidllrilg (lix periods. D~amiagC to pilant tissuIes is b5Cl feeing actix itiCs of nlemfatodIes, pat tillidarix at tie (C wh ich are tile sites for feeding and1 root-tips inlitial enltrx dceloping feed thme roots slirlace, lblt root tip) dalllage canm stop the roots b scrx atil Il in the field of

Not all imIlportan t n emlatodes species enItel the roo ts: soic
0oil] at

groxxtil.

Nemiatode dletectionl 1 egi ns xx ith1
round1( spo(ts Illof a polrtionI of a roxx 1lolilll xxiltillgr.

wxhere planlts are n ot groxxinlg

hilex

lild\

he stinlted, oft-coIlr, or1 more1 Cpron1e toi shoxx l)C notedI to (\1)dl ill siic

These

pamrticular ar eas Illax
Wc akec ld

cessix c x cars.

phlIts

lnlax

1e

mCIore ssce1tillc tol othler

dlisease agwhnts or p)ests.

ox eIrlooked
latel-x tonls is

iiiss
01il

Th Iin ellatodiC as all illitlial Cause is (asilx a s(oil aid Iroot c~xalil atillI is mlade. U 11(11tul

the thle

roo~t-kinot Ilellatlod.

nxhemaitode that produ~lces Basilx (letel illned sx 1111 Althloughl (julitc liportanlt ill \La.

30

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION

kalia it alone itof

se\ (Tal imnportanlt t' steenI root-kinot, or root-gall s\mlptom.

pes produl ces the read ii

Spread of nematodes lxbox nuelfelt through tihe soil is lim~ited to a fewx iincies per xear. I Ioxxex er. n ematodes are w\idch'l sp~readl in soil an d in fected plant parts thiat 1becoe ' iadxerteil x distribui tcd. \Nematodes of sox b ean s ai e not seed-b1ornie.
Control of nemnatodes of sos lins is piossible ill 5 ariouis w ax s. emijals iiia\ be too eriineiisiS ( as a gelleral ractice for entire sos lwab fields, bult it is the biest solutioni for treatinig knwn infested spots in a field to prevenI t in crease aid i spread of the niematodles. Sovblcali xarieties are niow ax ailablc that are resistant to certainm iieinatodes, anit d(he(lopmiient of additioiial rt'sistanit aiid b~etter spited v arieties canl ibe expected. Exact ideiitificat ion of kinds of ncienilatodes presenit is a retjiireniit for effectiv e list of resistant arieties b~ecause resistance to oiie nematode species dhoes not iieam resistaiice to all thme others. Some cultural pralctices reduice niematode populations h) p~lantinig inl timfe to alloxw the so\ bean planits to g~et their root sx sten s well established. Established sos 1 anms gel eralix are tolerant to moderate amonlts of I iematode inf ection . "Th erefore, anyi practice th at c-alli rediuce populations ill earlx season canl Ihe h elful. D~r\ fallow, particularlx xwithm repeated tuurniiug of soil to expo(se infected ro)ots andt ncnbilatodes, is tiffectix e againist all niematocles. Sexveral imoniths of hare tallowy prior to planitinig c-an help. hut all p~lanits inlilig xweeds shiould be kept to a inu. Boot-knmot nclelatodes proball art' the iiost imoportanit nmeimatode pest onl sos hmabis iii Alabamia. TFhe galls produedt Im these imiatodes are easilx distin gu ished from th e ben eficial niitrogen fixiu ig bacterial nodules th at appear as attachI iie its to the roots ind easilx 1biroken off. 'The are iemlatode kn ots or gallIs are root sw~ellinigs anid c-a liot lint reioom ed wxithouit breakinig the root. Somie of the small roots niax cbud in atgall anti appear- cluibi-shaped. Nemiatode dlamage to sox icaiis xvaries tdep)nin~g on tolerance of the x arietx , tile degree of iieinatode ibnfestationi, andi the sup-) ply of soil nultrienits anid water ax ailable to the plants. Hetduled yieltd of seetd tabli sonmetimeits be c-on sidlerable, alonig wxith retduc-ed stemn aint foliage (flbabtitx.

U'sing iieiatoeidal

Sting nematodle is knmowxni lse here ini thme Sothl as an iminportauit pest (of sox beans, hut it is limited to sabicix soils. This rnema-

RESEARCH todie

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

31

is

t014id

in)somie .\labama

sox iwcan prolems4101

locationis wxith sandyi soil, andc are anlticipatedi whI erev er thlis nemoatode ex ists.

Soybean cy st nemnatode has l ot Set 1b)e1n 10111( ini Alaam kit )1 cxeitiiaill appear. it is now5 founid ini localized areas ini Arkansas, Illillois, KclltiIwk\ Mississiii Mlissourli, North (:arothis Ilia, Tenunessee, and V(\irginia. 1'ield1s ii lested1 wxithl nem1 atodle
Illa

id(er (ji 1:1:41t ii i. ijesistallt sox lcall lilnes has e b)een fo4111d alld tranisfer of tihe resistancee to coo lulerejali souitab~le xvarieties is iln progress. A successfuil crop rotationi that iniclud~es lnolstlsceptiible p~lanlts requ~ires 2to 4I xears. ( :ottoll is a satisfactory rotatio14cr0o). Legllllcs are likeix to he hosts f or tils nlemlatode andc should1( be ax oided. Soybiean growe (rs iln Alabamoa should( aide b)\ (flarantille regullationis of, ililestedi areas to help) assure coiitimiie( ablsence of this pest in thle State. :1ysouspicions (diseasedi site, if soonl elloughi
found1(

t1(' placed

and reord

call beteaeji

h

cl:a1)rtill(

au thiorities

to ohtaini comp1lete ('radlicationl (I this unw~xanited pest.

Other nemnatodec pests (of potelntial conl cern as soy 1 ean s behcom le growli ill Alabamlla are species of1 the lrlliforml nlemlatodle, the spiral nemlatodles, andic tile r(ot-lsionl nlematodies. These have b)een fo1411d ill association W xithl 50\ea i):14 )altings ill
IIIore coIHIIOIiXl tile State. lnemlatodie is knlowxn ill a fexx places in Aiabamia it cau ses sex ere diamage to (cotton Spiral n emoatodles has e . b~een 1fo111( ill 74 per celnt of1 soil sailulples fronm soyb)( aln pianitings inl Aiab~amla, G eor(gia, and~ nolrthlern Florida. Tile root-lesionl li atode has a wxide host ranlge andc dlistribultion,. and~ is likeix to be Thie rellif()rll wh iere

p~resenlt ill corn pian tinigs. I lI\estigrations onl tile ec~omic p)ortall( (of tihe relliforln and~ sp)iral n~ematod(es to 505 i(alIs ullnderw ax at AIiill

iml-

are

SOYBEAN
InIsects that
(iamlage sox

INSECTS
ill

hals

1lalIa

ina\

lbe grou~pedi as
iniseets

1folloxxs: (1) in sects thlat dlamlage s0o 1bean stand4(s. (2) feed oni foliage, amid (3) inisects that dlamla)e beansll
Sexc
(f oI

that

illthe pod(.

thei

mo1st imlportalit

onles arc shlown inll inrc 5.

Insects That Damage
Cutr ms are tile

Soybean Stands that
fix at Inight.

larv ae

cif sm1li moths Ilearix

Whien species

foill

groxxii the

iarx ae are

2 inchies

ionig.

Sex eral

32

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

1

4

6 3

FIG. 5. Here are seven of the most important soybean insect pests in Alabama: (1) cabbage looper, (2) fall armyworm, (3) corn earworm, or podworm, (4) blister beetle, (5) stinkbug, (6) Mexican bean beetle, and (7) 3-cornered alfalfa hopper.

attack 5()\hlcaiis, lbut all arc fat, ciad:-ioloredl, aiid greas,15 lokiiig. llle hlide b~eleathi the soil suirfae dulivi i the das aid (ii ei at iiglt to feedi. (.ilt\ orms iusually f(eed on portin~is of the stemi rath er than foliage. \ licel results inl cs heinig clippedi or plants leax
Ileinig cut. TIhe three-cornered aulfalfa hoppecr is a g((ii.n trian guilar shapi~ed treelopjpe that iilly anditlheni takes flig(ht wh t len tisti iilbet. Both n iiphs and adulI ts suek ic frm a in iber of plaiits. 'Iliex fyeie (fot t occur iln .hiagii i ntilnlhers on sox 1 aus. Then iiuiiphs are partiel ar] \ d(l i agilig b~ecause thie graiiahll work)1 thir wxax aroiiid the steilis as tliex feed]. This girlesl~ the plant andt (itlier kills it oitright, oi xxuakeiis it so that it later falls m05(an diiies.1( TIhe grirdliiig takes lace" near groiiiid lic cl.

Insects That Feed on Soybean

Foliage

Blister beetles ar( (101 igate. soft-xx iligetl I ietlcs that are abouit 2 5 inceh long. 'I hexari eisuallx black and \ellox strip)ed, 1 ilt 1( nl\be hlack or grax . Thiee occuir faiirlx Ii eqpentlx ant1 large, popu1 lationis max oeiir ini isolated parts of a sox beaI field. This geiieral foliage feeder is (asilx seeu nd ot ani he collected Imhx andii or xwithi a sxxeep iiet.

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

3

The fall
\\ 0111

arrnvworm is simnilai inl appearaiiee to the corn earIt hais at mo)th. and~ is tihe larx a of a smlall, nlight-fli lg

rmls are white, invxertedi Y on its hleadl. FlI anmyox gei era1 fol iage f eedlers, and1( are easil x seen andit collected. Thiei r locellrlelcc is sporadlic. prn~lllent,

The f alse cabbage looper, uist ally referred to as the calbbiage the mlost serious pest of soybieanls in Ato loope, is probiabbl 1 amia. It is thle lalr a of a small, (lark drax n igiht-fxlig mloth. This loxma is a fat "cailiage green. xx 11m that floflms loops5 or in~ches lng. humpl~ts as it craxx s and wxhell full groxxni is I to 1 It feedis onl foliage andt is mlost oftenit pest fro11 late Aulgulst
tillough4

Septembi er.

The Mexican b~eanf beetle is frequtenltly a pest oif sox i(ean s ill I his beetle is at destrucetix e tihe (Gollf Cast Are(a of \lahallla. in~sect of1 tile ladx ihectic familx anod re(semhiles tihe other ladix bieetles ill shape. Thle aduilt is hlem~isphlerical, xelloxx, and hasl~l16 lock spots onl its liack. lotih adlt ts Uimd( larxae are foliage feedf( ers and are sl riouls piests xx I ere thex occu r.
ltot

a smlall nIigiht-flin g Adullts tihat loxerxx iltcrs ill thle tropics andl~ solthlernl ilolria. alnd b~eginl lax ing eggs onl ill d111 l or Jl mligrate ilnto AlaibamlI

The velv etb~ean caterp~illar is tile, l~Irxa of1

TIhe xwormns (larx ae) are slenlder, green, anld hax e fain~t xx yIito' stripes. 'I'hex' are sonl eti ties serious1 foliage feeders.
soyb eanls.

Insects Thot Damage

Beans in Pods

011in soybiealls. The corn eaIrwxorm, somlletimles call((d thle podxxon that flies at dulsk. is the larx a oIf at small ibroxx Iisil xelioxx Illthl 0h1 I lie larx ae x arx ill coior f roml Iigi t gre((n to brolwn an d ihax( i and1( dark stripes 111 Iliiug lewrlthxx ise omn the biodix. Thex are aliout 1 inc(les lonlg wheits flli grxx iI. Th ese cater pillars (Inter podis

andt eat

tile beanls.
ihlI

Stinkbug i~1nue sex (rai slileld sh apedi lirllx or g)~reets dlepiendinig onl the species.
adl~ ts stick jice~ frllmi sllx

s that

Bothl

lI\ lupls

mie axbe andt

of' tie le(axy pohliilatilons of stillkl-lgs Illax occur ill isolated parts oif at sox bean field andti 111 less fields ale eloselx examlinedi, Stich1 infestationls lilax go tm-l nloticedi. Deanls ale sllsc(ptille to stillkillg (famllge lup to mla-

at

p)1 lods caulsin g dfiscolIationl

h~earls andt

slllbseluelt reduictionl

ill grde

tt lritx.

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

O tber fbests that lla\v attack so- 1beans are: ( t) 1 a1 ld eccu1mbler beetle, (2) b~ean leaf beetles, (3) gardien wXebworm (lN grape 1) 1 colhasp is, (5) green clox erXXOrm. (6) grass nppers, (7 lesser corn-

stalk borer, (8) spidier miites, (9) 12-spotted cu cumb er b~eetle,. 10) thlrip~s, and (11) v (lloXX strip)ed arl l\ orn111.
Soybean Insect Control

Insects that aflect so'dwlall standcs ale Ilsnalix a probleil only (arlX ill tihe season. TlleX shlold. le conltrolledi am time tileX are presenlt iln large lnmbers. ( lltXXorom are (difficlt to control iln so\X leanls, hilt toxapllene at 4 pollllds per acre or TIDii at 2 po0111ds per acre is 1151 a11 X ffeactX(. T1e three-co rn ered alfalfa ho1pper (all le con trolled wXithI Ilalatbiol,I. pound1( per acre, or almollst

insects can caus cons.01idiele r)(IagginIg of1 IcaX es actu~allX redulcing blean ield. 1 part icuIlark\ if the feeding occrsbeore looml or alter beal I Ilatlil it\ . If foliage leedling inisects appear to h~e redcinilg total leaf su~rface iln tihe field I)X as muchlel as oneI-tird etwce 1( eeloo 1)1an1 an nl11I I it\, con trol latI II lastures are ju st ified. Blister 1beetles call b e contllt Ided XXiti 2 pou)l0ds DDlT, 1 pound1( mlaatiliol, 2 po)0Ils lIcto)xX ch~lor, 1
Xithoilt

I'oliagc feedlinIg

caribar 1 I o:3.5 pollnds to apilell per acre. h1a1l rnlo all be conltrolled XXitlh 1 poUIIti(abar\ d 1, 2 pomilds 1)DT, 2 pounds 1i)L. or 2 po)1ls meth1(41o\ clilor per acre. The false cribb~age looper is ibest Jon trolledI Xwith I to t poulnd per acre of lllethX I parathionl or palilthionl. lxcellen~t control of tihe MIexican 1bean ibeetle is olbtainled XX ithl 1 pound11( callbal 1 per acre. ( th iwteilsthtarcef(fleet ive againlst th is I eet le, at specifiedi per
pound1(
XXor 11

acerates, inllcId(e 1 poinid( nlalatiill

2 pounds

llIetll)x'

ch1l101

and 2 pounnds TI) F. Tihe X eIXetbcalii caterpillar call be con~trolled Xith the( lllterills listed for uise ag~ain~st tie fall arilX XX0111.
Pod-lelilng in~sects arce gelalL moreW (lalagilwg thanl foliage leedlers sinlce tlliX feedI directlX oil till mlarketablle prlodulct. \\icu onle [)0(IXX 1fo1)111d per :3 roXX -feet con~trol nileasi ires shou)ld lbe s11 hUlldertakenl. Treatillg Xwithl I 1)11 11( call ar\ 1, 2 p)ounlds ll)L 01 2 poullds DT per acre h as pro0X cd effectiX e. W11(1 large 11(111hlers of stinkbugs app ear colntrol call ibe obitailled XXithl one (o1 the 1 f ollowXin g: 2 pollllds caribar\l II I po111 (s Ilalatilioll I" pound11(
lletil\I p)arath~ionl, or I [) ound(. p1 iatiliol per acre.

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

35

The flow~xing restrictions should be observed with inlsecticidles used on sox beans: l)o not feed forage treated -with toxaphene, IMT,1 or 'TI) I' to (lainy an imals or animals lbeing finished for slaughter. lo not apply the following1 insecticidles within the indIicatedl (laxs of harNest: carlbarx 1. 0; malathion, I; methylI parathion. 20; p~arathion,. 15; nietloxx hlor, 7; DYL)' 21; T1)l,; 28; and~ toxap)hene, 21.

HARVESTING Proper iautd pir(ptattti is the fir st step ini mankitng sure that liarx tstitig wxill not lhe a problem. hTrraces shld~i~ he dlesiglied wxithl cothnime operaition s ill tindi~. I larx (st should stat a soon ats is Iheapts reach a nmoistuire cotntett of' 14 per cenIt. If bleanis arc too (It\,rxessi\ e shattering nmax resuilt The cuitter lbar shld~i~ be rim as loxx as possible to get bean poo that set loxw oit the stalk. Speed at d height of the reel sh oulid tls be adLjutsted to prex (lt beans fronm beinig kntocked to the grountd. ( otinti dlatiage of sox hat s is atsoiiree of loss to grumx ers. Broken ileauis and splits rednce tmarket grrade itttd price. T1e arniouitit of splits cant bte redclued ltx ltarxestitig beans at the proper mioistutre content and l)\ reducitig c hitider speed or intcrealsintg spiaee letxxeeni cx liticer atnd comuiax es. Variationi in mistiure cotnditioti Ituiitg the dlax nta recfitirc comin e adji sttnetits to courrect for titstitre chanttges.

DRYING and STORING of SOYBEANS
Notrma~lkx, sox lwatti are htarve stedl at it tmnoistuire cotitenit too 1igb fot safe stotrtg attid muist be dtriedl before farm stora~ge is possib~le. Prttstnt V.S. stilandatrds speci f\ a nmoistiure cotntet tnol htigher thtan 14t pr centt for gratde No. 2 soyblcamnS anid no higher thantt 1.3 per centt lot grade \o. 1. In storatge tests (2). sodbeatns xxith tmoiisture cotntents of 13 per etnt xx ere it xac htlxlb Aspergillutts Iiopoihilictts. A. rc striclll and~t1 A. rcpeoiis, xx t iteacomtpan i tg inc~reas5(s itt fat ateidIitxx alme (FAQ\) Itma~sion Ix storage ftitgi andi~ FV \iticreatsed its tnoisti re cotntetnts xxen t frotn 1:3 tot14 per c(int. The (fleet of these itncreases tot I ufalit\ of sox beamts xxats tiot (deterinued. but inecresitng FAk\ eouild be ex pectedl to b~e accomtipanIiedl b\ sotne recli ttiot
tnti ualitx.

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT

STATION

Mlel) of the amtittal storage losses call l)e attrihltetcl to storing~ \\ it]) a iiioistin-c conltenit of noi more tlhan I per c(lit aboxve the saleC lex el I1 .Tie llasimin iioistiire Icy cl recoilnnder lix ['SI). for safe ',torage of' soy beani is 1I per cCInt or less.
l)eanls

Storing( healrs at 11 pcr enft Iiuistiire flocs not assu re ti at it wxill remiaini at this dlesired lex el. Iiireases of moiistilre (,lex s ini 1 stored soX lwal s arc calus5Cd h)\ tei Iiferattlrc differen tials wxitini thle storage hil1, wh ich caluse xxarlii and~ mioist air to migfrate and formi damp~f spots ini the stored1 beans. .mAiothier cause of incereasedi mioistuire conitenit is ab~sorption of mioistiire I rOlm the air. Beads 1 stored at 11 per celit moiiistuire ini ali atmiosphieric coliditioni of 75

prcelit relatix e lllliiritx and 7 I. xxill ab~sorb) enigh moistuire frolh the aii to raise the lloistllre hex c to I1:3.08 p~er cenit. liepol ts of other e \perili ei ts () shoxx th at diriedi sox b~ean s xxill
r eachi a lmdxiliiiili mioistuir( lex (1 of 10 pei ((lit ini albout 74 (lax s 1 if stored ini still air of (i2 per cenit relatix e liiiiiritx. \\ leu storedi

at 9.3 per cenit relatix c lmiiiliitx, the beamis xxill reaelh 17.1 per cenlt mloistu~re ill 74 dax s andr coiitim le op to 22 per ((lit iln 1.50

If moliist air of 90) per cenit relatix huloii is 1 loxx Ii througli b~eal s, a iioistimic coiiteiit of 20 p)(r ceiit w\ill lhe reachied ill 19 dax s. It is appareint, theref ore, that forced anr at 90) per rent relatix c huidrity Iraisr's the iioisture coniteint of store e)aris to about 22 per cCInt ~3time iC as fast as still air at 93 per Cr1ut reltix c
It is assumned that sox bealis harvxester1 iii Alahamia are usuiaflx ahox e the reconliinelrlder safe stiorage lex el of 11 per c('lt ilistre: therefore, the h~earis shiouold le dlriedl before storing i(8 ). T'here are sex (ral factors to conisidfer ini the r ilig operatiol is Initial mioisture coniten t. fiiial iioistuire rointelnt. \oliilie to he dfried,. use to iie iradr' of beauis, aid egth of storage p)eriodl. irl Thr iniitial mtoistr-e conltenit xxill affect Iri gth of dix ii g tiime. (lrx ilig telilcrratiire anid leiigth of time the beai s rali he heldf before (Irn ing( is startedh. ['or hiigher iiuoist ire cointeints, a lioingir (fi ilig periord is nieeded~ anir rr imiy iiust he started earh to precult heat froim huilrfiiig up iiithe beans. If' hearis are to be used for seed, the folloxwinig is a goord guiide (>3
IS per cent 90o F.
100) F.

-hv

IS to 10 pcr centi

RESEARCH

for SOYBEAN

PRODUCERS

Ilh beioasiiiim air t('llp(ratille for drx iing beaiis to lbe iisedl
o iiiiix puirposes is 140) to 150( F.

1o

\ ollil of, beans to driied at olie timle vv ill cl(teriii ti: size of drlin g hiii arid size of fani andl heater. The b)in should he feet, wxithi ilik enoullghi to periit a dli ig dlepthl of not ox cr 1(0 :3 feet lbeii(2. preterable. It the batchi is not dried xx itiil a 24-boor peiriod, mold( il (lex c'lopI ini tie 101) laxyer. Thle fani should he larkenugh to (li\ IT at least .3tubic feet pcr iniiiite (C'F\1 per l~hlhl (If b eains to be difed. Thie heater should be larke (11(11gh to raise tilldo ng air tei iperatuirc tllpio\iliiatclx 40) F. lix Lacl
storiage andi( mleet tile capacitx
I c(pi ii

b~e

dringii~ inistallationl shol 0111le dlesignied d 1h a partiular operation.

to

Sox llaiis miiust 1e cool(01d after drx in g lx forciing (Irs (001 air tilroiijl themi or ihx ix( ilig tiiem from (oiebin to anol(ther l coiy til tiux lhax reached th e ouitsidIe teliperati ire.

l Ioxx exer- earefolix it is doiie. dix iulg is of little x done iliess b~eains are storedI properhx . Propeu storage mieaiis keeping tlieim as drx and( as (001 as possible throI Ighout tile storage periodI.

11h

most

p

tool drx xxeather. Siiiee beans at 1 I per ((lit inistiii e xill ab~slor 1)loistlireIiroii tbe air xwhen1 relati\ e liuiiiditx is ailox c 6S per ieint- it is iiot a(Ix isahlce to aeralte storedI beaiis xx 1(1n tile hiuiid~itx is ahioyx e (is per scu1 t iliess hot spolts (85 to 100) I.)dex (lo)p ill heaiis. Beaiis aeraltedl Iaider these cond~itioiis shoiluld lhe ceede( fuiyeiitlx to iialke ill (leteliol ,tioui is tain~i g plate. A Ilu ilistilt Inax lbe used Ii to keep the fan fBroiii operating xwhen iuiid(ities are too igh or
xx ithiii storage

c inii

icalmethiod to

p)rex (iut
dluriilg

ioisttui

m igr(ation

is to aerate th~emi

duirii g peiiodls of startedx lhiu

irain.

the teullpeatin- inii stored blains m ax be ouitsidle aoir tclipc~ratulre is 101 to 15 F . b~elox thait of1the xxarmiest p)ortionio(f the stoiedl beanls. 1T1his aeration shildl
Acration t(o cquliize conltinuoe as lier as xx tather is fax orailie or until thie tcrnleratur

RESEARCH for SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

39

LITERATURE CITED (I)
(2)
Bi-/,

Soils,.

\Ioistui Stonhi4( \Vol. 1:1, 1960(T. 21. p.
Hi. C.

1/Ael CriticuI for So\ IanboA

(Tops

gi

(Amw \AI N C. '11., gym) l)Oimmmio C. E. Inflounc Of \Ioistihle Contnt. 'Femopcrature, a11( 'lime of u IasionI of Sodwn h Sto :1(4 i 1411(4. 1P1i atlolo4\ . \Vol. 5(6, :Apr. 1966. pp. 112-41. top

~Im

(.3) II AOIN IM- )7_. N.
V1ol.

1:I

Oct.

H. I1)60.

lill11oo1 11111c of I)nin(4 Seed. pp. 16- IT

Clops ad

Souls.

()

foii\.Ou, rictics.

.
lobll

C.

la1(tui(4 'imo
'i . X

A(4l . [Npt. Sta.

Affects Pe forimoice of Soya 1 \a-11 I Iili(4ltA of Ar Hoes. V ol. 13.

\o.

1, Sf/oilw

1966.

(6')

i,i, BI. Vv . M~oistbre Content, Mold I mijoii and( Seed N ialiilitA of Stored Soy booans. 1,ix toptholon. Vol. 51, l.x 1961. p. 771. I Sta. ( Ir.
t'DSI)\

1:35.

1961 .
Reooi1port \o.

1:ketin( Resarc

ITS.

1960.
'

(9)

\\ vio 1, (. I. . Farm( Sc~ince ?
ofSox heu

V) lsA. NI Wl

It1):10-) 1.
1. Anoi
.

Lets APosAh lip SIXc~ 1)11 19-I8.

.

hlA,

ImlaX

Plints.

Soc.

of

\A(4onomoA

:31:.31

-:3)

1.

19:30.

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 373 January 1967 Research for Soybean Producers

S31
.E2 no. 373 Bound separately; also a copy bound in the Alabama Room on the first floor