U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Library 914 Glenn Building BL LLETIN No. 168 DECEMBER, 1912 ALABAMA Atlanta, Geo, gia Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE Alabama Polytechnic Institute AUBURN FATTENING HOGS IN ALABAMA and I.-Peanut pastures compared with dry feeds. II.--Fattening hogs during the winter months on feeds. dry rape, rye, and oat pastures as against 11.-Fattening hogs during the summer and. velvet bean pastures as against dry feeds. fall months on cowpea, soy bean, IV. -Fattening hogs in dry lots on corn, shortsp and skim milk. BY DAN T. GRAY, L. W. SUMMERS, L. W. SHOOK Opelika, Post Publishing Company 1912 Ala. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. HON. R. F. KOLB__. HON. H. L. MARTIN Montgomery Ozark - - -Anniston - HON. A. W. BELL STATION STAFF. J. AGRICULTURE: C. C. THACH, President of the College. F. DUGGAR, Director of Station DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION. BOTANY: -E. J. J. F. Duggar, Agriculturist.F. Cauthen, Associate. M. J. Funchess, Asst. Professor. :J. T. Williamson, Field Agent. -L. J. Hawley, Field Agent. F. Duggar, Jr., Assistant. J. S. (Caldwell,B~otanist.. C. S. Ridgway, Assistant. PLANT PATHOLOGY: F. A. Wolf, Pathologist. HORTICULTURE: P. . CA A. arly,Veeindaian. ay VETERINARY: eraaH. J. F. Williams, C. C. Price, Assistant. Hlorticulturi -ist. M. Conolly, Field Agent I. S. McAdory, Assistant. CHEMISTRY: ENTOMOLOGY: W. E. Hinds, Entomologist. W. F. Turner, Assistant. B. B. Ross, Chemist, State Chemist J. T.Anderson, Chemist, Soil&Crops C. L. Hare, Physiological Chemist T. Bragg, First Assistant. J. A. Dew. Field Agent. ANIMAL INDUSTRY: EXTENSION: L. N. Duncan. Superintendent.* J. B. Hobdy, S. I. Bechdel, Dan T. Gray, Animal Husb sandman. L. W. Summers, Assistant IProfessor. L. W. Shook, Assistant. S. S. Jerdan, Assistant.* J. M. Johnson, Assistant. Mrs. Birdie I. Robinson, Assistant.'* *[n cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture. Assistant.* Assistant.* A. R. Gissendanner, Assista:tn t.. PART I Peanut Pasture Compared with Certain Concentrated Feeds for Fattening Hogs BY DAN T. GRAY, L. W. SUMMERS AND L. W. SHOOK. INTRODUCTION. Other things being equal, legumes should always be made use of when planning a succession of summer crops for hogs, on account of their favorable influence in building up soils. For winter grazing crops, however, many non-legumes, as rape, rye, and oats, can be used to great advantage and profit. Peanuls probably rank first among the many valuable summer leguminous hog crops. Many farmers of the South are already aware of their high feeding value, and they are being used in practically all of the few sections of the South which produce more pork than is used at home. The good farmers of the southern portions of Georgia and Alabama have been using peanut pastures as hog feeds for several years. As the peanut is adapted to widely different soils and conditions, other sections of the State should take advantage of this valuable and cheap feed. As a rule, when a hog-producing section is found in the South, a peanut-growing section is also found. RATIONS AND PEANUT CRDPS. As one of the main objects of the tests was to compare peanut pastures with certain high-priced concentrated feeds for fattening hogs, the hogs were divided into lots and fed various feeds. The following rations were used: 224 1911-12: Lot 1 Lot Peanut pasture Corn-1/ ration. 2-Peanut pasture, Corn 4/5, /2 ration Tankage 1/5, 3-Peanut Pasture alone. 4-Soy bean hay, Corn-1/2 ration. 5 Corn 4/5, Tankage 1/5. 6-Corn 4/5, Cowpeas 1/5. 7-Corn alone. } Lot Lot Lot Lot Lot 1912-13: Lot 1-Peanut pasture, Corn 1/2 ration. Lot 2-Peanut pasture, Tankage 1/5) i2 ration. Corn 4/5. Lot 3-Peanut pasture alone. Lot 4-Corn 2/3, Wheat shorts 1/3. Lot 5-Corn, Skim milk. Lot 6 Corn alone. Lot 7 Corn 4/5, Tankage 1/5. Lot 8-Corn 4/5, Cowpeas 1/5. In 1911-12, the peanuts were not planted until July 12. The intention was to plant them the early part of June, as they followed a winter crop of oats, but the planting was delayed for more than a month by a drouth. The ground became too hard in June to plow. The rows were only 18 inches apart, and the seed, which were hulled, were put in at the rate of 11/2 bushels per acre. The soil of the field in which they were planted was of a sandy character but the fertility had been built up by previous applications of barn yard manure. Never- w. " .. 5 I.l l I - 1_i. 1 il 1 1 ,1_ J i II. 1'11!. I h ., ii_. ,,en. ^rnzed on a peanut p:l w rr 11um l)c-111hor 6. u1.1 .r1 u.u li, anJ tuJ un a Ir.1r1u1 Turn anion as a u Pplc nx nl. 111111117: (his lime I1 made ar. aeerasze doily >zain nl 1.15 pn1, nd "Io nuke IIIII pounds of increase in ,aciglll cost $1.64 "I I corn ul ulo s conidcrcd, +nu! S.i.UB NN hen 6-111 tho corn and the posture aro considered. Ih 1 11 s , 611 ( III lu'I 1'1'1111 1'1111II11, 11( 1111111~ rt-i711 11 1'1111%1 1'5 vv 1 1'1 Ifi r IIIII fill Illlvv II ill III 111- 1'X 11' 111 711'111 11111, 711111 vv Ilu 1111111 11111715 11 711 1'1 . AIIh 11u ; i1 Ill,711'1'1'. 1 1"' 111 VV-71N N1'1 111'i X11; 7111 71A-1'rol-- i' AV- I ' 111 1111 1 71(I11 1 111'V 1'1'71(1V vvn . 111 11171111111 1711... 71 _ (111 (1 IIIIS 111A S VV71s Illil111 II ' va111'111111 11-1 111' I!)I I 1'' %vI I 1111111 IIr71L 'll. 1Ili' 1 1'1111 11 11:1 X 1'1 11!111 V'1 711' i(', I vv 715 111711111 11 1111' 1711 r1' k ill .111111 11I I 1111 h! II I vv h i1'h vv'71? 115111 1111 111'1Ci(1Ils r . T II( ,V AV r1 I& I111 '(I, I' I Iiliz -11. 711111 I'IIIiiV 71111d 71, 1111111111 11 fI 1111 1'rI I 1111 111'1 V iI I II.s r( )\\ I I I 1111 V'1 711'. 1111 1117111/ 7111 I1111IS I17111V 1111 ViIII, AV 571115 f711'1u l'\ 1111 hIr 1171\ a li(I 11r711'lir'7111V 'f lll V 111I11111111' Ili 1171x. IIIm - II1s1 rill 711'l'U IIII1 u l 1'(1111111111'11 mi lls. (111 11(114s V 11', A\71. Allho ii -!h 1111 vvI r(. 1111.11111 11111-1111 1'rlg) ;11111'lllll:'r -_'n. Ih1 h(1rs kli1111 In 111cr(111 \\71s 7111 I111IIswill; r41md 11111. s 1lrw llilll' 1'IV 1' fu ll 11111 1 111I'rI1111 II (1 II 711.1.1111111 oil' 1,A11'N I\ III(, IIIIis ill I111 ;'ruIIIIll. This -pnollin111' r(1I1i11 711111 VA AV715 ("7111=.111 I1 1111' 711'111 1'7lills 111' S 1'1111 1111 1 r :11111 r(1 IIIII_ Ochd1r which vv1r1 f(1IIIIvv111 h\ 1 ,Iri'I1111v wm-Im 711111 Tlwv 1 1s 1111 AA:IV 111 111'111'1111111' Ills' I.xilcl 1li's VV"17111111'. 11r1,1llllrl 171111' shmv iLrl (111711h III 1 y711111, IIIII Ih1 1171171 Id, IIIII, d id 11111 7111'I1r11 I1111.'-111 I's 1'x1111 ~11 ()1111 l 1111' flm fll'sl Y171r's 1'rI111. 711r1 as 1111' hill f' 71s ImII'h h'('d p'l. I11 1911-1-2, 1111 1(1I (11'1111:, L(11. i, Wils ;11VIIII n r711i1111 '1'111 Ilr(1111r 71111(111111 Id h71r 1117111 h71V' !IIIII 1.11x11. 1117 s11v- uarts Ii. and dturicg Tit, timle mn tdt m as erage dily int of 1.12 tiottilt i t cost $.1 of "AlItn the grains oniy wsert chairgzed ataist the gains. andtt $2.96t 55hen thll cost of thle thundred tltstlil was also included amtong the items of t~pettse. l il Is II X i tt I jl iii I I I7 il X111 II 1I1 II I til ' itr tIIl 1111 li Il 1l III(h ~~ ~ ~ 11 ~ lIl 'II''.1 227 small lot and given a fattening ration of corn, shorts, and green sorghum; the sorghum was cut in the field and hauled to them. In 1912-13, a part of the pigs was purchased of Mr. Pace 45 in all. The others were purchased of Mr. Sanders, a dairyman near Auburn. They were brought tothe Station Farm August 25, 1912 and kept in a small pen and fed a ration of corn and wheat shorts until September 20 when the test proper was inaugurated. The pigs in this year's test averaged approximately 42 pounds in weight at the beginning. The majority of the animals showed considerable Berkshire blood; some were Poland-China grades, and three were grade DurocJerseys. SHED, LOTS AND FENCES. The pasture lots, (Lots 1, 2, and 3) were given the run of the peanut pastures; that is, the hogs gathered the crops themselves. As the sun during the first weeks. of the test was warm and no trees stood in the pastures each lot was provided with a small, movable, and inexpensive hog house. The different areas of pasture were measured and hurdled off by temporary fences, so that an exact account could be kept of the area of peanut pasture grazed by each lot of hogs. This was done so that the cost of the area grazed could be charged against the gains of the hogs. However, the hogs were not given the run of the whole field at one time; small areas. (about acre to 10 pigs) were fenced off and when the inclosed patches were consumed the hurdles were moved onto new places. The pigs which received no pasture feeds were confined in small lots; each lot was 20x60 feet. Across the east end of these lots was a continuous shed which afforded ample protection from the cold rains and the hot sun. The feeding was all done under this shed and in a long trough on a cement floor. Water was kept before the animals all the time, as was also a dry mixture of equal parts of salt, charcoal and lime. 1 228 PRICES OF FEEDS. .70 "Corn, per.bushel.........................$ 86.00 Wheat shorts, per ton ...................... .Soy bean hay, per ton.......................15.00 40.00 .......................... Tankage, per ton Cowpeas, per bushel........................2.50 Skim milk, per hundredweight...................0 Peanut pasture, per acre.....................8.00 DETAILS OF THE TESTS. Peanut pastures Compared with corn and other high- October 6. 1911-12 this yearwas ready to be grazed byJanuary 11 afforded grazing until. priced feeds: As stated, above, the peanut pasture in The crop when the peanut part of the experiment was closed; this was a period of 96 days. In 1912-13, the test was inaugurated on September 20 and continued until November 20-a period of 61 days. rotted very little; The first year the nuts sprouted and during the second year there was a v(ery great loss of nuts as a result of sprouting and :rotting. 229 TABLE 1. Peaniut Pastures Compared With Dry Feeds. 1911-12 (October 6 -January No. Pigs RATION 11) Grain and AverGrain cost pasture Value of 1 acre of age Feed to make to make cost to Peanuts in terms of corn and daily 100lbs. of gain 100 pounds make 100 gains of gain pounds of tankage Lbs. Lbs. .175 acre 134 corn--- 6 -Peanut pasture Corn 1Y ration 1.25 $1.68 $3.08 65 bushels 6 Peanut pasture---------Corn 4 ration 2ation-Tankage Peanut pasture alone---6 1.42 1.00 .126 acre 111 corn 28 tankage .22 acre 778 hay__ 152 corn -- 34 bushels plus $1.95 $2.96 $1.76 4761hs.tankage 62 bushels 6 soy bean hay__ 1 C orn - ____ 2 ration --- 1.07 --_-_ ___ _ 1.10 1____ .38 .33 $7.74 $6.17 $12.81 $9.58 $7.74 6 6 6 Corn Tankage Corn } Cowpeas 1 Corn alone- 353 corn--88 tankage 545 corn__ 144 peas $6.17 $12.81 $9.58 '176 corn--1912-13 (September 207 7 Peanut pasture 1 Corn- 2 ration -Peanut November 20) ----- _ 0.76 .296 acre 113 corn-- $1 41 $3.78 31 bushels Corn ~ Tankage 5_ pasture 1 rto rto ----- .252 acre__ 0.5 0.5 0.75 91 corn ___20 23 tankage $1.60 .405 acre $3.62 $3.24 bushels plus 4761bs. tankage 28 bushels 7 Peanut pasture --$6.45 $4.28 5 5 Corn 3 ___300 0.75 150 221 1.38 Wheat shorts Corn, 1 part-------- shortscorn-- corn-- $6.45 Skim 7 7 Corn milk, 2.3 parts---.____ 505 milk $4.28 Corn alone --5 .3.1 635 corn-376 corn-- $7.94 $7.94 -------.48 7 7 Takg Corn 95 tankage 628 $6.60 $6.60 Covvpeas-__-_ .21 157 peas__ corn-- $14.39 $14.39 230 Greater gains were made in 1911-12 than in 1.912-13, largely due to the fact, perhaps, that the pigs used in the first year's test were considerably the larger, there being an average difference in weight of approximately 20 pounds. In 1911-12, all of the pigs made exceedingly satisfactory gains except those in Lots 6 and 7 where corn alone and corn plus cowpeas (the seed) were fed. The cornfed pigs made an average daily gain of only .33 of a pound, while the corn- and cowpea-fed ones did but little better, they making an average daily gain of only .38 of a pound. The other pigs all made an average daily gain of more than one pound. The pigs which were fed on peanut pasture alone (Lot 3) made an average daily gain of 1 pound, those which received a partial ration of corn and tankage along with the pasture (Lot 2) gained at an average rate of 1.42 pounds daily, and the lot (Lot 1) which had the pasture supplemented with a partial ration of corn alone gained daily 1.25 pounds. The ration of soy bean hay and corn also proved to be, from the stand point of gains, a good feed, as the pigs fed on this combination gained 1.07 pounds daily. In 1911-12, the peanut pastures, the soy bean hay, the tankage, and the peas all saved large amounts of corn, but some of these supplements were much more satisfactory than others; for instance, the peanut pastures proved to be much cheaper feeds than soy bean hay, peas, or tankage. When comparing Lots I and 7 it is seen that .175 of an acre of peanuts saved 632 pounds of corn; or, one acre of the nuts (a little more than an acre of nuts was used in this lot) was equal in feeding value, or took the place of, 65 bushels of corn. When comparing Lots 2 and 5, it is seen that .126 of an acre of nuts saved 242 pounds of corn plus 60 pounds of tankage; or one acre of the nuts was equal in feeding value to 34 bushels of corn plus 476 pounds of tankage. In Lot 3 nothing was fed but peanut pasture, and in this case (compare Lots 3 and 7) .22 of an acre of nuts pro- 231 duced as much gains on the hogs as did 766 pounds of corn; or, one acre of peanuts was equal in feeding value to 62 bushels of corn. Of course, the value of an acre of peanuts depends upon the yield; a poor crop gives poor returns, notwithstanding the fact that the hogs may (and usually do) make rapid gains. When comparing the results obtained in Lots 4 and 7 it is seen that 778 pounds of soy bean hay saved 614 pounds of corn; the hay saved a large amount of corn, but a large amount of hay was required to effect this saving. At this rate 1 ton of hay saved 1578 pounds (28 bushels) of corn; when corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel, one ton of the hay was therefore worth $19.60 as a fattening feed for hogs when used in conjunction with corn. This hay was not worth $19.60 on the market; in fact, it would have been a difficult proposition to have sold it as hay at all as practically all of the leaves had fallen. The column next to the last shows the total cost to make 100 pounds of increase in live weight. The peanut pastures were used to a very great advantage. The pastures were extremely good, consequently the cost of making the gains was extremely low. In Lot 1, where the pasture was supplemented with corn alone, each 100 pounds of increase in live weight cost $3.08; in Lot 2, where both corn and tankage were used as supplements, the same increase in live weight cost only $2.96; in Lost 3, where the peanut pasture constituted the whole feed, each 100 pounds of increase was made at an expense of only $1.76. The hogs in the first two lots were in excellent condition at the end of the peanut period; they were ready to be killed or sold. While the pigs in Lot 3 were in fairly good condition at the end of the peanut period, still they were not fat enough to bring a good price, or produce acceptable carcasses for home use. The hogs in Lots 4, 5, 6, and 7 were fattened either at a loss or a very small profit. In Lot 4, where soy bean hay was employed as a supplement to corn, the gains cost $7.74 per hundred; in Lot 5, where tankage and corn were used, the same amount of gain Ii i4.t,tttt I t444t4 houn llasltlt' 4*, valtiet mI 584.10111 ittI 44n.4 Smll lot on) o444 .10410 044 aio .4t tilta t r%k 4 r il I hi. 1444 l 1. n " Er/c1te')l .,. n .1t r 1 44441 Ot 1.0 l. ilt O44 chat)4% ( it tZ.1444'' oil\ I hrt~ iq i'cr Ir4 hr 1 I Iiiti4 11, ti t ii he lil) " tilt)) Of Inca .tn4 44 w4)c i i t s hent~l ct ol ll. m4(4 i~4t. ;A ',titilai Itich 01 I-Vl ,) I tI4 'r % .33 01 a4Pound44t 'I,4t1' .at ml'- ons o'(44 59.3 aI hundrIt ed. t .4 t_ I ittitt i II. 1'111 til I n .tInul I I71 to4 makiet [(:It1h)4)n4i d 'I1- 11, 1 . 1 '1 t* i L 11V\ 11I 11 1 I( - K, , i I II ''' I I l's 'I I I iII't I 1 1 1111 1111 'liltii1i1 ii 11 I h1~ 11s 'I' Ii I ill 7 II1' "ltt'1"i 44 \ lss St'11 11 i 41, Ii I " II ,11111 l lt' Ill tlt r -ii'u II ; 11 I IV l'- ' 1'' lt'1 It'lt 't VI I i " . tI II tt'l' ltI '1 Itt lii' 1Ii' I lilt' I 'lt l \ it 111 11 11' (11 'i t'1 lit Iii II It V i iiI Ii ". t III~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ius v11111 1515-:.Il1 11-II11. 1,11i l N- 233 the most rapid gains were secured in Lot 2 where the pasture was supplemented with corn and tankage; similar results were obtained the year previous. All of the supplementary feeds, except cowpeas, effected a very great saving of corn and were used profitably, but some of them were used very much more profitably than others. The peanut pastures saved enormous quantities of corn, but, owing to rotting and sprouting of the nuts this year, so large returns per acre were not realized as the previous year. When comparing the results secured in Lots 1 and 6 it is seen that .296 of an acre of peanuts saved 522 pounds of corn; or, 1 acre of the nuts was equal in feeding value to 31 bushels of corn. The year previous a similar acre was equal to, or took the place of, 65 bushels of corn. When comparing the results in Lots 2 and 7 it is seen that .252 of an acre of nuts saved 285 pounds of corn plus 72 pounds of tankage; at this rate, I acre saved 20 bushels of corn plus 286 pounds of tankage. It is further seen that .405 of an acre of peanuts alone (compare Lots 3 and 6) produced 100 pounds of pork; 635 pounds of corn did the same thing; therefore .405 of an acre of nuts was equal in feeding value to 635 pounds of corn, or, one acre saved 28 bushels of corn. In considering the dry lots those lots in which no pastures were employed it is first seen (comparing Lots 4 and 6) that 150 pounds of wheat shorts saved 335 pounds of corn. The wheat shorts cost only $36.00 a ton; in this test they were actually worth $55.83 a ton when corn was valuedat 70 cents a bushel. Considerable money was therefore saved by buying the wheat shorts at $36.00 and feeding it in conjunction with corn. Skim milk (Lot 5) was used at a remarkable advantage. 505 pounds of skim milk saved pounds of corn (Lots 5 and 6 compared). Skim milk is seldom valued at more than 30 cents a hundred pounds, but in this test 100 pounds of skim milk saved 82 pounds of corn; when corn was valued at 70 cents a bushel each 100 pounds of skim milk proved to have a value of $1.03 in terms of corn saved. For some reason not known to 414 234 the authors the pigs which were fed on corn and tankage made unsatisfactory daily gains. Notwithstanding the fact that the gains were small the tankage saved no small amount of corn, as 95 pounds of tankage saved 259 pounds; of corn. The tankage was valued at $40.00 a ton. In this test each ton of tankage saved 5453 pounds of corn; when corn, therefore, was valued at 70 cents a bushel each ton of tankage proved to have a feeding value of $68.16 in terms of corn saved. The cowpeas were again used at a very great loss, as 157 pounds of peas saved only 7 pounds of corn (Lots 6 and 8 compared). The hogs never became accustomed to the peas; they did not relish them. The next column to the last shows that the cheapest pork was made in the lots (Lot 1, 2, and 3) where peanut pastures were grazed. The gains were not made as cheaply as the year previous, but the peanut pastures all showed up to a marked advantage over any dry feed used. Each 100 pounds of increase in weight in Lots, 1, 2, and 3 cost $3.78, $3.62 and $3.24 respectively; tankage was used to advantage in Lot 2 because it caused a saving of pasture. The hogs in Lot 3 made the cheapest gains but, like those of the previous year, were not fat enough for sale or slaughter at the end of the peanut period. In the dry lots (Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) the cheapest gains were realized in Lot 5 where skim milk constituted a part of the ration; each 100 pounds of increase in live weight being made at a cost of $4.28. In Lot 4, where wheat shorts were employed as a supplement, it cost $6.45 to produce an equal amount of increase in weight, while in Lot 6, where corn was fed alone, the gains cost $7.94 per hundred. Tankage effected no small saving, as each 100 pounds of increase in weight in this lot cost only $6.60. Cowpeas were used at a very great loss, as it cost $14.39 to make 100 pounds of gain. Pounds of pork made on each acre of peanuts: One of the factors which controls the amount of pork made on an acre of pasture is the kind of crop grazed; no one expects to make a large number of pounds of pork T .At 1"4 e1, - LO no t; i iu t - t! ti tit en tofoojt,( Jau 1 ii a tout oiil lin IS. 5294 SI ,h tult O itober 6 to ,Iin .tiir 11 I on ia raio l ma corn k f if ul- i l. on W il l a! ind to 1.17 Dinii JI hst In cte ot II~ae -w IIt Ill 116I if) of s S '1.14' t Qofd. It Ik ':6po u o g. make11111nd o itrIas int ei t I'l m c li i IlI 1f tin l and an of cor jil I'II I17 i i u ' . Ilrl prve Ii il' I *\\ 71 i 1,I I II I' ill i .I I IIu Il I f II'' IIIII i t "l I I '('i i 111ff111 l1 1'I . I I 1 7 11 ' t l 1 1I I 236 TABLE 2. Pounds of Pork Made on Each Acre Peanut Pasture. 1911-12 (October , 6January Lot RATION of cost 11) Total value pork Total lbs. Total valpork made ue pork made on each acre on each made.on after deducting of concentrates each acre acre (7c gross)) Lbs. 1 2 Peanut pasture Corn-h raticn --------j_ ration - 571 $39.97 $30.32 Peanut pasture TarnkageTankage _ 1Peanut 9 793 $55.51 $31.85 $40.08 $31.85 3 pasture alone 455 ------ 1912-13 (September 20 November 1 2 Peanut pasture Corn-' 2 ration 20) $18.71 ----------------------ration--- Lbs. 338 $23.66 Peanut pasture - Q 3 Tankage I _ S Cornt4 397 $27.79 $25.07 3 Peanut pasture alone.. 247 $17.29 $17.29 In 1911-12, from 455 to pounds of pork, and the year following, from 247 to 397 pounds, were made on each acre; this was the case when the pastures received credit for certain amount of supplementary gains., In Lots I and 2 the pastures should not be credited with the full number of pounds of pork made. as grain was used to supplement the 793 pastures; in. Lots 3, however, the pastures deserve full credit for the pork made. Valuing the hogs at 7 cents a pound on f ootr each acre of pasture in 1911-12 produced a sufficient number of pounds of pork to be worth $30.32, $40.08, and $31.85 in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively, after the cost of the grains xvas deducted in each case. In 1912-13,. such good results were not obtained; in this case each 237 acre of peanut pasture produced enough pork to be worth $18.71, $25.07 and $17.29 in Lots 1,2, and 3, respectively, after deducing the cost of the grains in each case. the Carrying capacity of 1 acre of Peanut Pasture:-It should be noted again that the pigs in 1911-12 averaged approximately (0 pounds in at the beginning of test while in 1912713 they had attained an average approximate weight of only 42 pounds. rhef wing -table shows both the average initial and average final weights of the bogs in each lot. Of course, the length .weight of time one acre of peanuts carried a certain number of hogs depended first 111o01 the size of the hogs, second, upon the amount and kind, of, supplementary grain, and third upon: the yield of the crop. TABLE 3. Nunmber o f Days One Acre Peanuts Carried 10 Pigs. 1911-12 of ___ (October 63-January Average initial weight of each pig 11) Average Number of finish weight Days 1 acre of each pig carried 10 pigs Lotl RATION Lbs. 1. 2 Lbs. Days Peanut pasture Corn-4' ration------ 56 6017 177 975 159 46 5 -----Corn 15Tankage Peanut pasture Yrton__ 2aio 6 3 Peanut pasture alone- 61 45 1912-13 (September 20 1 November 20) 42 94 ____ Peanut pasture Corn-3ration- ---2 41 2 Peanut pasture Cornf -Tankage ration. 42 43 100 88 42 32 3 Peanut pasture------- t4 1 L<() 1' ; gained P., tori I i . at 1 iilo i i . .Ian ll it . i' I ilct Ic ( ,lXrii,, ti l n Ill l r .33o(f a1 pou11d dail, whS itle one iot , Lot 2 sb1ih hid a goodii fetd iliie , 111 peitt pa~sture eaiiied at the as el.iLe rate of I 12 ploundls tiailS 'A hen coI~rn is S:uc 1101eli it Irl s!it cost S (.38 to make 11111 tpounds oif gain ~tNcet . fI I I I -I-_. II IIIS (I I ; ( 11 II il;, . i, I I 11 11 I-) 11 I.I? ; I -ifi I, 71 1 :I ('1 r lI III uhfII IlY ; ~ii 1lll . pigs for 41, Il' 12, and '32 diaN-:, is lln,' I cr lIll, l'Qsp)( ll tiv('I. ul l iII, p It is posile' l'plr ll fint11 I Ili thr c mi Part IH. Fattening Hogs During the Winter Months on Rape, Rye and 0at Pastures INTRODUCTION. The farmer who carefully studies the business of making pasture crops" for hogs experiences very little difficulty in providing suitable and satisfactory crops for summer and fall grazing, as the South is abundantly supplied with summer-growing crops. Howeer,' if entirely satisfactory profits are to be made on the hog .business, winter grazing crops must also be provided; when winter crops are neglected the possible profits are often very greatly reduced during the cold months on account of feeding an undue amount of high-priced concentrated feeds. Many farmers know that it is not as simple and easy to establish and maintain winter as summer pastures, nevertheless grazing pastures can be provided throughout the cold months; as a matter of fact, our best farmers have been doing this for many years. As far as the authors know, there is no permanent system of pastures which affords grazing in Alabama for twelve months of the year, but animals need not be deprived of grazing a single day in the year when permanent pastures are supplemented and assisted by certain temporary grazing crops. Rape, rye and oats are all temporary crops which, if sown or planted during the fall of the year, afford a temporary grazing crop between the frost killing period of the fall and the early grazing crops of the spring. Other temporary winter crops may be used, but the work reported in this part of the bulletin has to do with only the three temporary crops mentioned. 240 EXPERIMENT A. Rape Pasture for Fattening Hogs OBJECTS OF THE WORK. It is not always practical and convenient for the farmer to fatten his hogs during the late summer and early winter months. Very often pigs are on hand which should be fed much later than December and January. As the hog business of the South develops and the farmers insist on obtaining two litters each year instead of one it will become more and more necessary for some of the animals to be fattened during the mid-winter and early spring months. Instead of carrying the fall pigs through the subsequent summer, many farmers are coming to believe that it is more profitable to prepare these fall-born pigs for the following spring market. When this system is adopted it becomes of especial importance to provide a green pasture crop for the fattening period. The work in fattening hogs on the winter crop, rape, was therefore undertaken with two objects in view: (a) To compare dry-lot feeding during the mid-winter months with a grazing system of feeding with rape as the crop to be grazed. (b) To determine the most profitable amount of concentrated feeds to use in conjunction with the rape pasture. THE FEEDS. The 15 pigs were divided into three equal lots and fed as follows: Lot 1-Corn 2/3 drylot. in dry lo. Wheat shorts 1/3 Lot 2 -Corn 2/3 ration. r Wheat shorts 1/3, Rape pasture. Lot 3-Corn 2/31 ration. Wheat shorts 1/3,} Rape pasture. Both the corn and wheat shorts were purchased of a local dealer and were of good quality. The corn was 245 ground into a coarse meal on the Station Farm, mixed with the shorts, and the mixture fed to the hogs as a rather thin slop. In all the financial statements the corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel and the shorts at $36.00 a ton; these valuations are somewhat less that present prices, as the price of feeds at the present time is probably abnormally high. However, the prices adopted fairly accurately -represent the average farm values of these two feeds when a number of years are taken into consideration. The rape pasture was planted September 19, 1910 on an exceedingly poor and sandy piece of ground. A good crop of soy beans preceeded the rape crop. The ground was thoroughly broken with a two-horse plow, leveled with a smoothing harrowx, and laid off in rows 18 inches apart. In these shallow furrows the seed were.planted at the rate of 10 pounds to each acre, and covered by dragging a smoothing harrow along the rows. Many authorities recommend the use of no more than 6 to 8 pounds of seed to each acre, but as these rows were close together it was thought that it would be wise to be liberal with the seed as they cost only 6 or 8 cents a pound. As the soil was naturally very poor, a small application of phosphoric acid and potash was made; 140 pounds of phosphoric acid and 60 pounds of potash were used on each acre. On November 9, or 51 days after planting, the rape pasture was ready to be grazed. At this time the plants were from 6 to 8 inches high. This kind of a crop can be completely and quickly destroyed by grazing too closely and by turning too many hogs on at one time. It should be remembered that the rape plant will grow slowly but persistently throughout the winter months if the plants are not eaten off too close to the Sground. In this test only 5 pigs,.weighing approximately 45 pounds each at the beginning of the test, were turned into small lots which contained an area of approximately two-thirds- of. an acre. This-small area, however, furnished grazing until spring. When man's labor is valued at 80 cents a day, a team with a driver at ~83.00 a day, 242 and seed at 6 cents a pound it cost exactly $8.00 an aore to plant and cultivate the rape crop. This cost can very often be very greatly reduced; it is not always necessary to break the ground before the seed are planted especially when clean cultivation preceeded. When a crop of cleanly cultivated peanuts occupied the ground the summer preceeding it is usually necessary to only stir the ground with a disk harrow before planting the rape seed. THE PIG. The pigs were not pure-bred animals; they were the average of the county, and were purchased from a neighboring farmer several days before the inauguration of the test. Two of them were grade Chester Whites, while the others were, grade Berkshires and Poland-Chinas. Several weeks before the animals were brought to the Station Farm, they had been grazing a pea field, so were in an exceedingly thrifty condition when the test began; they were not fat, however. At the beginning of the test they averaged approximately 45 pounds in weight. The accompanying pictures show their general quality and appearance at the close of the test in April. SHEDS, LOTS AND FENCES. The pigs in Lot I were fed at the barn and had a good ,shed which protected them from the cold winter winds and rains. Those in Lots 2 and 3 could not come to the barns so simple and inexpensive hog houses were provided, one being placed in each rape pasture. The houses were placed with the open end to The different areas of pastures were the . south. measured and hurdled off with temporary fences so that an exact account could be kept of the area of rape pasAture grazed by each lot of hogs; this was done so that the cost of the area grazed could be charged against the gains of the hogs. METHOD OF FEEDING. Each lot of hogs was fed twice a day. The corn was 4VC r. fed cornt and whewoi shorts, :s m d ue ant lies P icture tatkcn at clos of test. The I~ F)I. to It c ost Stmlt$ nmake 1 age datily gaini of 84 of a pound during; thte ssikil perioid itf "7 day, pound,1 of incre:tsi in live ssuit "volIf I i iii t i f a iNlr 11wla In ft ifl a d s Il iicifoi it I In, it tir was 1lii Id wx ils 11w I11 -1,11 to I akf a i iii l u i l of y a i ,hl i aoanf si i !ww' I ti i i t fiftl(a I Ilt it a lIin sit p and llo iii ii > t ii i, 111 lxxii ituli. All 'fllt i, uoo i flu, 'ee 1l it i was gi et ttI Iiulilt so ke orii sli as'lIi s lt p ta li TIx I s.W 11(.it It hods xilil G tillp xx t I iii ii iiiiro i. li ty i*1i i. Stilve l it 11w horfiis 11xii1 i e iI l w isi hI'o iwil shorls I 11w ob-I)jt tFI wethr litli 1i1i iii xx t i wwi r itt ii till 'liii 11w liteitrt info i ilstts ti inche igh. ili iii an i li tIvix !ttcf us' mlit l I pnsiis Asi ont i ofi ts wlas 11) jltils most profiIiI x iledtlll tlrin Tih is g aite ailit Ii Lo 'i iwoponsfgri 244 The amount of feed given the pigs confined in the dry lot, Lot 1, was determined by their appetites. No feed was left in the troughs from one feeding time to the next. The aim was to give just enough feed so that the troughs would be clean within 30 minutes after feeding. If the ration is a palatable one, dry-lot-fed hogs will consume daily an amount of grain equal to about four per cent of their total live weight. DETAILS OF THE TEST. As stated above, the rape crop was planted September 19 and the hogs began grazing it November 9; fifty one days, therefore, intervened between the time of planting and the date of inaugurating the test. Rape is an unusually rapidly maturing crop. TABLE 4.---Rape Pasture vs. Dry-Lot Feeding, and the Most Profitable Amount of Grain to Use With the Pasture. (November 9-April 5) (147 days.) Grain cost to Lot RATION Average Feed to make 100 daily gains pounds of pork make 100 pounds of pork Grain plus asture cost to make 100 lbs. of pork Value of 1 acre in terms of corn and shorts Lbs. 1 Corn 2%3 Lbs. 320 corn Wheat Shorts 2 Corn % Wheat Shorts (1 _ 1_ .84 .71 160 shorts.. 172 corn 86 shorts .15 acre rape110 corn--- $6.88 $6.88 ration) Rape Pasture 3 Corn % _ $3.70 $4.90 $21.20 Wheat Shorts 13_ (14 ration) .54 55 shorts .22 acre rape_ $2.37 $4.13 $20.49 Rape Pasture The daily gains were not large in any case, being only .84, .71 and .54 pounds in Lots 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The gains in Lot 1, where corn and shorts were fed alone, were satisfactory when the initial size of the pigs is considered; they averaged approximately 45 pounds in pt tis it' iad it, t , ii, l:t it. til' '. it' 1 , -il o .. Iut i oil i till" to St 1ii ii.i tem1 fzritlitt iiitst t'l ii 1o(n iio make til 00 (fre it c,51 iti. fed :itun. ititttl Ionds. Its l bm l 'S ini Iot I SNit s lendort ' iti'l I ill I' i Il llrill2illl ofl ll l it itslilt i' lms i III ci rso 111l Ii 1'il i Iilsi vi 110 'l\ i i'li ii II large iil jI riSll ' cI 11 it iiil hit~ iiiiI 11 ii1 Il mii, l l I.i i li, h ll i llt It t l ill I ill ii ill it-'1i Ill 1 ilt I ~ lit -li ii till i l lt ii tN t oii t,hi illi llro~ i I p il'\' i11I IIls tJi 11111 i l 11 luit iii' iii 'i it ll' I lii lll U11 1li Il I v Ill~ ;ii s 11111i lTht if 'l o 1 111111 isjms- ihliii 111 l i Is i l i l 'Ii ls. i \ i-i l Ii tl ii ill i lilt itt'u ii Iii andi Ibs(f sli. iii T I 1 11 I till t L ids i' ill lii ll ti \1 r 'I l it ii sn li 246 493 pounds of shorts. When corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel and shorts at $36.00 a ton one acre of rape was actually worth $21.20 in feeding value. The expense of planting and cultivating this acre was only $8.00. Almost as satisfactory results were secured in Lot 3. In this lot .22 of an acre saved 210 pounds of corn and 105 pounds of shorts; or one acre of rape (approximately the area grazed in this' lot also) saved 17.0 bushels of corn and 477 pounds of shorts. When corn and shorts are valued as above one acre of the rape actually saved $)0.49 worth of corn and shorts. In the lots where the rape pastures were employed the cost of making gains in weight was very materially smaller than in the lot where dry feeds alone wee fed. It cost $6.88 to make 100 pounds of increase in live weight in Lot 1 where corn and shorts were fed alone. In Lots 2 and 3, where rape pastures were grazed, the ,grain cost to make equal gains was reduced to $3.70 and $2.37 respectively. When the expense of planting and cultivating the pastures is also added to the cost of the pork (see column 6) the total cost of making 100 pounds of increase in live weight in Lots 2 and 3 was raised to $4.90 and $4.13; the hogs in Lots 2 and 3, therefore, were fattened at an entirely satisfactory profit, while the ones were finished on corn and shorts in a dry lot were fattened at a loss, or, at least, at an unsatisfactory profit. It is of great interest to the farmer to know just how much grain to feed along with pasture crops. Feeders are not yet agreed as to the proper amount of corn to use with a pasture. Some 'claim that no grain at all should be used with a good pasture; others claim, that better results are secured when a full ration of corn is used along with the pastures. Of course, all agree that the amount of grain fed depends upon the kind of pasture used and whether the animals are just "being carried Every feeder along," or are being rushed to a finish. which are being fattened on agrees, however, that hogs a rape pasture must have some additional grain. Rape alone will produce little, if any, gains in weight, although which 247 dry ,a rape addition of anymaintain grain.breeding good pasture will kind of the sows .without The above work was outlined to determine the proper amount of corn to use along with rape pastures when hogs were being fattened. To do this accurate accounts were kept both of the amount of pasture consumed by each lot of hogs, and the cost of putting in and cultivatting the crops. It seems clear that several points must be taken into consideration before one can determine the right amount of corn to feed along with pastures when hogs are being finished for the market. A definite answer cannot be given to the question, How much cornshall I use with my pasture? First, the condition of the hog at the end of the feeding period must be taken into account. The hog which has received a light grain feed along with pasture will not be in as good killing condition at the end as. will .the one that has received a heavy grain feed, notwithstanding the@fact that the former may have gained as rapidly as the latter. The first hog is not worth as much as the latter to'the butcher. For instance, the hogs killed lout of Lot 3 (one-fourth grain ration) dressed only 68.6 per cent, those killed out of Lot 2 (onehalf grain ration) dressed 71.2 per cent, while the ones from Lot I dressed 81.2 per cent. The .increased amount of grain had a beneficial effect upon.both the carcass and the conformation. The hog which receives a small allowance of grain, in addition to a pasture, comes through to the end with a big belly region and a rather small deposition of fat; this causes him to dress a low percentage of marketable meat. For this reason the buyer is compelled to deduct from the price of the hogs which have received the small grain ration. Although he may gain as rapidly as the animal which received a heavy grain ration, still he is not in as acceptable killing Second, the condition as the heavy grain-fed hog. amount of corn at the disposal of the feeder must also receive consideration. When there are large amounts of corn on the farm to be disposed of, there is no better 248 way to market it than through hogs on pasture, so the problem may resolve itself into a question of finding a good and high-priced market for corn. When this is the case, it is no doubt a wise plan to feed the animals liberally of the corn so that the supply may all be used before the spring months arrive. Third, the amount of available pasture will have something to do with the amount of grain to feed. If the area of pasture is small for the number of hogs on hand, it will pay to be liberal with the grain in order that the pasture may be extended over as long a period of time as possible. The grain will save the pasture, as the above figures show, and all of the hogs will have a greater opportunity to get the benefit of some pasture. That is, it is no doubt better to save the pasture (when pasture is scarce) with an increased amount of grain, than to graze the pasture down rapidly on account of withholding grain. Fourth, the amount of grain used depends also upon the length of time the farmer has to get the animals ready for the market. If the animals must be killed or sold within a few weeks it may pay to use a heavy grain ration with the pasture, as the hogs will gain much more rapidly upon a full than upon a light grain ration. When prices are low, and there is a good prospect for an advance, it may be wise to simply carry the hogs along on the pasture, plus a light grain ration, until the prices advance. If hogs are selling at a good figure, and there is danger of a fall in prices, it is the part of wisdom to finish rapidly through the liberal use of grain. Carrying Capacity of the Rape Pasture:-The pigs averaged approximately 45 pounds in weight at the inauguration of the test, November 9. At the end they had attained an average weight of 137 pounds. In Lot 2, where a half ration of grain was fed along with the pasture, the 5 hogs grazed .79 of an acre of rape for 147 days. In Lot 3, where only a fourth ration of 'grain was used to supplement the pasture, 4 pigs (one pig was accidently shot on the 52nd day) grazed .76 of an acre for 147 days. That is, the above area, less than one acre, V it -i'll '3 * Ii"'' i'ii' L t'd alone ffi1e '5 '1 LO 1 I'' Pic ttIken aIt ((i~e oft test. These piti's Ssee fed on13111 acltIttri it pluitt ve5ry nil 1'i 9 toI Apil 5, smaialo jfk,' ,o -it t n ltti d wh ;leat shtorts. T hey "r t l he'' ape from'11 No; ;in I, ciagefC diiii !ln oIf .51 of It ptittil. In terms; of :rail t c ost $2.37 ynd Clllring~ tils 111tim mae cprtese ilns 'eight;iln ternms of thll tost o(Ith1 thl' .1. 11111m thet Iasture it io make Ito 111,1 d ofii i ltI'tis 01, 21I3 to maIke Ilii p11Ions of galin Ias compitared to $.8811 int 1ot I wherle co n an shor. we re Cl ,,it f l' i ll t\X fifls 111 til r;Ii"I-, 11i0t lll t kwf Iht a XfiSv II11 l w Il ~ "1111ll' i 1 Iwl. l' ' ('ii ill'i'fli i was. (its SI ll'i I' flit ti ll I'fhill's l Iiil XX fil f 2ltISl etcuif 1111 Ii if (f11w tlll't' rilt':1 tilil u\ Ir tiN'1.111il ;I11 wi0 (il IIf itfltfil~~fi tIllt til ~imil/v tff'w ~ilt111, ll''ISlt noces'h i3 lfflltfigl this tetes ivY' (o' tlINsu' cr ii The X 'INl fli 1 fri 1IlfvflP o i luvit' ctI 1 lt lift it cai S('i i 1) his 1 i' 'l hc s, ils ille f ll o~ Xllwich 1 lf'l fbIlt' tllXill it liu hI il' t i flfl iltll Stff gl'l'fl I -- hleI Ift- wl'its' tif iAlfLlt.,o P11119u/ _ wI flaIL (3ff Acr ketch of ' (f :/ . RATION T otal pountis of ptork. made ont each acre L~bs. ITotal value' pork Total1 made on each acre value (f afte r va~lu o cornt of pork made ont and .shorts is deducted 7 cents dross) each acre Corn1 Shorts I : ration 667 fration Rapte pasture Corn 21; Shorts L3 Rape pasture $46.69 $22.04 455 $31.55 $21 to 250 In Lot 2 there were 667 pounds of pork made on each' acre of rape; only 455 pounds were secured on an equal area in Lot 3. Of course, the grain part of the rations assisted in producing the increase in live weight; the rape pasture did not do this alone. But when the cost of the grain used is taken into consideration and deducted from the total value of pork made on each acre it is seen that each acre of rape in Lots 2 and 3 is still credited with a value of $22.04 and $21.10 respectively. When measured in terms of pork made each acre of the pasture was exceedingly valuable. This return was secured, too, during the winter months-just the time of year when the average farmer makes no use at all of his lands. FINISHING THE HOGS IN DRY LOTS AFTER THE PASTURES ARE EXHAUSTED. The following extract is taken from bulletin 154 which was issued from this Station in 1911: "The majority of the farmers of the South who make use of green crops for fattening hogs sell, or slaughter, the animals when the crops are gone without finishing them upon grain for a short time in a dry lot. It is the' usual custom in Alabama to shut the hogs up in a small pen when the fattening time arrives; this is not a wise practice as the preceding figures show. But there is a time when the hogs should be penned up in a dry lot and fed grain alone, but that time is not at the beginning of the fattening operatiofns.. They should be inclosed in a dry lot and fed grain alone for a short time after the grazing crops are exhausted. There are two reasons for following this plan. First, the hogs after coming off the pasture are in just the proper condition to make gains rapidly and economically for a short time. The table below illustrates this point. They are in excellent health. and, as a rule, their frames not covered with as much fat as they should carry. The pasture, being a feed rich in protein, has tended to develop the frame work and' muscles at the expense of fat, especially if the animals are 251 young. After they are fed in a pen from 21 to 28 days they look better, and are better, than when they came off the pasture; they are worth more to the butcher, or consumer, as they are fatter and dress out a higher percentage of marketable meat than if they had been.sold directly off the pastures. There is a limit, though, to the length of time hogs can be fed in this finishing period; they soon reach a stage where the gains are made at a heavy expense. Second, when hogs have been grazed upon peanuts, soy beans, and several other crops, the meat and the lard have become soft. (Rape, however, does not have this undesirable effect). This makes the carcass objectionable to the butcher as well as for home consumption. The soft meat is hardened very materially when the hogs are fed upon grain for only a short time after the crops are exhausted. Some feeds are better than others during the hardening period. The longer the animal is fed upon a finishing feed the harder becomes the flesh and the lard, but, of course, the feeder must give due consideration to the question of economy, so cannot extend this period over a very long period of time." The following table shows that the hogs are in condition for making relatively rapid and economical gains when taken off green pastures, confined in small lots for a short period, and fed grains alone: TABLE 6. Finishing Hogs in a Dry Lot After the Rape Pastures are Exhausted. Ration during Lot finishing period Ratinn during period preceding finishing period AverFeed to age make 100 daily pounds of gain gain Cost to make 100 pounds of gain Lbs. Corn 1 Corn Wheat shorts 3Wheat shorts 2 Corn Wheat shorts Corn -_ --- _ ration t..5 .81 Lbs. 438 corn 219 shorts $9 42 $8.99 Corn . _8418 Wheat shorts Rape pasture Corn Wheat shorts -... corn shorts .80 209 s 278 corn 3 Wheat shorts 1.05139 shorts -- $5 98 Rape pasture- 252 EXPERIMENT B. Rape and Rye Pastures for Fattening Hogs During the Winter Months Experiment B was also carried on during the winter of 1910-11. On account of the fact that the rye crop was late in reaching the grazing stage the inauguration of the test was postponed until December 3. The grazing part of the test continued until March 29 when the hogs were taken to the barns and inclosed in small dry lots for a short finishing period. OBJECTS OF THE WORK. This piece of work was undertaken with the following objects in view: (a) To determine the value of rape and rye crops for fattening hogs during the winter months. (b) To determine the relative value of rape and rye pastures when used -for fattening hogs. THE FEEDS. Corn, tankage, rye, and rape pastures were fed in various combinations. The 15 hogs were divided into three equal lots and fed the following rations: Lot 1-Corn 4/5 i in dry lot. Tankage 1/5 Lot 2-Corn 4/5 1 Tankage 1/5 j /2 ration, Rye pasture. Lot 3- Corn 4/5, / ration, Tankage 1/5 Rape pasture. The corn was ground into a coarse meal, mixed with the tankage, made into a rather thin slop by the addition of water and poured into long, flat troughs. The feeds were not soaked or soured; they were fed in a fresh condition at each meal. The pasture crops were fenced off with movable fences and an exact account kept of the area of pasture grazed in each tot. The pastures were planted on September 19, the rape being a part of the I (] I I. 1010 I Itcm it Il 1 Cot I'irl c tit . lc \f Aiii Iit.i cl e ii ?tt tesi. n1i.iit 'iIit 01r1 an tnk (it ' led'& n :rationl of I lustc hoes. g,. of IIl of at pou11 eto maide: a .sragt daily gin ,s tin, ~r I1; -i fill \\ -i %vIs c \ l I.'h ;! II;:III id 'il F A*l I1I sII l li-tI t\ sf il A :i11l1 i I l II ft i'-1t\ I I)i ' 1. \ 11 AV it \'I h thv"'. hr-iIi II i v, ;II - I I1 V1I il ' h I \ I l III I ii 1 ittl'1III II Ilii Ih I 1 1 \ II Ii I 1 I ; 1I f ;1 ' ' ' II ' i 111 f II n f f fIll ;I It If IIIit Ii1 I'. 'I It'I %7ll ItI :1 !fi II l .21 t ll ft Ill 111 1I ; I';L lcl , l'li 11 1 1 1' ;I tilll I iii I I '1 ;iI'l i i 1 i ii Ill 1v 1 f 11 111111I Ill'x I11';I. I I I '.t't t if till _ 11 v1i i I II I i'; i t Iu '':ll' I1 11 11 I l i u I :i I ii I1111 I tll II t I .11 -. i11' i 1 (.1 Sl ' I tI~ tll1 \\t i. vt it tI ill Ill , Al llI it ; luix t liii 1.'ii Iw '-'- . '' 01T 2. Pitre' taken tcls of losi.t . t I he,,,> '4 :.t4 ' 4 r.444 3 cemer' , o Mar ti 29, and dutring thiif ltit' ;ained 4 i,, ,rak I At w 4. cost 54.3 to r r., IrI4.t pounds of it t ,sin e 444 ,l4 .I4U I4i.'2I it II~ i ill4 l l ;III -)4 1 t4 l N 4 i 42 4 iI 4 i I A I. 44 I '44 __ ''t'I ' l ' !- I 'II 1V I II .I ~ ' I I !1 I '4 f 1tS Ir' li,'u li:'-. ' 444 II 1 II :42 1-' l .y ; j l-ll '. 44l ill I ll44' '4I4 4.1I ill ~ It i m l A 'I' ll lu ll '.' Ii+ 44 % 4 II4' .I!''I'. ir ' vv4iI. ~~lII' '44r n 4. r'u 4I4 .' '44444 'Ill 444.1 ' ;11 lll ' 41 z !). 4.44' (ill 4'l 11) ta'i?1l"IP.) 114.' Il44I V lt \\'1I1 \ ill'I] A> 141:4 10414114 ' 4444 4'li In ' I 44l' . ''I 4444 242 '14 v. l 44"' ",4 (4 I! 4 144 1'4i.44ilv ' l id 11I o4 114 111i111 4'. 44 it I4'll 444l1 44 :m l '4 I '\ '4! ' 4.'! I t I'l Iu 1444r' ' 44 1r IJ Ill wl !i;1 '' A' 4'. ;III ' 144441 ' 14!t~ I'.' 41il ' 444 ltI441 44 o44 l i w hil144'4 44 444 I tl 1 ' 11L.'ll flu-1i14 ' ' 1' , li I 141 ' 2' v "! t1 ' ' 14 1'rI41 it ' ,I: It rll!14 lll eiV l'l!4v lIi i l' 1 I\ 's i ''44 ' Ir'loI t II ii)I' -d .' li71'V ' (444444 4'Itt f',' I:4I14 I l. 255 TABLE 7.-The Value of Rape and Rye Pastures for Fattening Hogs During, the Winter Mc-nhs. (December 3 March 29) (116 days.) Lot RATION AverGrain cost Value of acre in Feed tonwake to make age daily 140pounds 100 pounds of gains of gain of gain corn and ______________________ _________ ___ _______tank age teims I Lbs. Lbs. 1 2 Corn Tankage -4 - .91 63 334. corn tankage $5.86 Coin ___ rtbon Tankage 2 Rye pasture_.36 Corn -__11230 Tankage 1 iation- 248 coin 62 tankage acre iye coin 58 tankage .13 acieape $4.34 $4.21 3 * Rape pasture $4.4 $14.01 The rape and rye pastures were not exhausted when the test closed on March-29. On account of the warm weather they were, in fact, better than they had been at any time during the test, but it was necessary to plow the field for another crop, so the grazing part of the test was brought to a close. - On account of the fact that full and complete use was not ide of the pastures no column is introduced into the above table show the cost of gains when the cost of the pasture, as well as the cost of the grains, is charged against the increase ill live \veight. It would not be fair to the cost of the, pasturcs against gains whlen thle rye pasture, if per-- to tile milledl, -wvould have grown after the bogs were taken off. charge When feeding began tbe pigs averaged approxi-miately 60 pounds ill live weight; when the inlitial size is, considered it is seeu that the daily gains were only fairly satisfactory. However, no attempt made to secure large gainus, especially ill Lots 2 and 3. In these two tile muain object was to coey cl tlle animals to make much Luse as possible of tile chleap pasture crops. Largergains could have been easily secured ill Lots. 2 and 3 by- the inlto almost a full rye crop~ was lots, as. inereasillg the anmounts of corn and tankage, but more, beeni made at an inlrapiel gains would probably creased expense. Although nothing like full use was made of the pas- have 256 tures, yet .36 of an acre of rye pasture saved 86 pounds of corn and 22 pounds of tankage (compare Lots I and 2); or, one acre of rye pasture saved 4.3 bushels of corn and 60 pounds of tankage. When corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel and tankage at $40.00 a ton, this represents a saving of $4.21; or, each acre of rye pasture was worth $4.21 for grazing purposes, and was capable of making practically a full crop after the period of grazing. When Lots l and 3 are compared it is noted that of an acre of rape saved 104 pounds of corn and 26 pounds of tankage; or, one acre of rape pasture saved bushels of corn and 200 pounds of tankage. When corn and tankage are valued as above one acre of rape therefore saved $14.01 worth of corn and tankage. The rape, unlike the rye, was not capable of growing into a useful crop after the grazing was discontinued. The above figures do not, however, represent the full grazing capacity of an acre of rape pasture; when the hogs were taken from the pasture much rapidly growing rape was still on the ground. When, however, the expense of making the rape pasture is also charged against the gains in weight, the total expense of making 100 pounds of ,13 44.3 pork in this lot is brought up to $5.08. In this connection there is an important practical point that the farmer should get, namely, that rape pasture has a very much greater carrying capacity than rye pasture. It may be noted from the above table that .36 of an acre of rye pasture was required to assist in producing 100 pounds of increase in live weight, while only .13 of an acre of rape pasture answered the same purpose. Five hogs were given the run of 1.3 acres of rye pasture where only .5 of an acre of rape pasture carried an equal number of similar hogs. FINISHING HOGS IN DRY LOTS AFTER TAKING THEM OFF PASTURE. On March 29 the hogs were taken off the rape and rye pastures, enclosed in small, dry lots, and fed dry feeds only. It usually pays to finish hogs in this way. The following table shows the result in this particular test:--- 257 TABLE 8.--Finishing Hogs in 0ff Rape and Dry Lots After Taking Them Rye Pastures. (March 29 April (28 days.) 26) Average Cost to daily gains Ration during Ration during period nre- during Feed to make make 100 100 pounds pounds of ceding finishing period short finLot finishing period ishing peof gain gain riod Lbs. 1 Corn Tankage Corn Tankae 1 1.10 Lbs. 362 corn-93 tankage 440 corn___ 110 tankage $6.32 2 Corn Corn 4 _ Tankage _ Tankage Rye pasture Rye pasture Corn -------~~ .01 r $7.74 3 Tankage 5 _ Corn 4 398 corn-$6.96" rtf Tankage Rape pasture----- 99 tankage The results secured in this finishing period are not in harmony with those secured in former work.* Heretofore hogs taken off pasture crops and finished in dry lots for short periods of time made more economical gains during this short period than those which had been fed continuously in dry lots. In this test the results are reversed. That is, the hogs in Lot 1, the lot which was fed continuously on dry feeds, made cheaper gains the finishing period of 28 days than did the animals, ing dur- in Lots 2 and 3. This is very unusual. SUMMARY STATEMENTS. EXPERIMENT A. 1. The 15 pigs employed in this test were. divided into three lots and fed the following rations : Lot '1 Corn 23. Wheat shorts %3 Rape pasture. Lot 2 -Coin Wheat shorts Rape pasture. 23. 1 ration. 1%3 *See Alabama Station Bulletins 143 and 154. 258 Lot 3.--Corn 2.rations Wheat shcrts 3 ations. Rape pasture. 2. The rape crop was planted September 19. It was ready to be grazed by November 9, so the test was inaugurated on the last date. The test continued until April 5, covering a total period of 147 days. 3. The pigs, which averaged approximately 45 pounds in weight at the beginning of the test, made average daily gains of .84 of a pound, .71 of a pound, and .54 of a pound in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 4. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight rquired 320 pounds of corn plus 160 pounds of shorts in Lot 1; 172 pounds of corn plus 86 pounds or shorts plus .15 of an acre of rape in lot 2; and 110 pounds of corn plus 55 pounds of shorts plus .22 of an acre of rape in Lot 3. 5. When the cost of the grain alone was charged against the gains, it cost $6.88, $3.70, and $2.37 to make each 100 pounds of increase in weight in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively; but when the expense of making the rape pasture was also charged against the gains in live weight, it cost $6.88, $4.90, and $4.13 to make each 100 pounds of increase in weight in the respective lots. 3. The rape pastures proved to b exceedingly valuable as hog feeds. It cost only $8.00 an acre to make them, but they were actually worth, in terms of corn and shorts saved, $21.20 an acre in Lot 2, and $20.49 an acre in Lot 3. 7. In Lot 2 there were 667 pounds of pork made on each acre of rape; in Lot 3 only 455 pounds of pork were made on an equal area. The rape pastures, however, should not receive credit for all of this increase in weight, as some corn and shorts assisted in producing the gains. But when the cost of the grain eaten is taken into consideration and deducted from the total value of the pork made on each acre it is finally determined that each acre of rape in Lots I and 2 is still cnitt 1 cmhi l X.i P timeiitit 1 r t3 ist oii lit. Iwr Itlt' a Sit ,S o ilt ani kit' all i ti li it ' t n ell I ' tiu dilti ItitI an gr c i tll ti r, i~l i tO cciii jioiit n of : I p-1u. akpizs d lIii ii lt~ it a0 I ii~ t ti t (tl'11t1)cgli tilt tof it t1it . Uurieas 1-1 tilt t is e~ ~t i il of .iii t ott iiit pound 3 it h I the IAcst' wa lo liieo th i tit c '''~ Ii ticI to $5.0S. as co i pae i toli 5.R6'in I vscI c r n 1.1lw 1 I lI I I I vIIIlIF I vI~ 'IIIIi.I II 1 1i i it il Iii'i I I , . 1 1A 1 '111 1 t' (, ii 'ii 11 illlii " \\l ,ii 'll i "1 i 111 i jilt '111 I~' I. i- lii " I I i. li' X iit i 260 pound, and .68 of a pound in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 4. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight required 334 pounds of corn plus 84 pounds of tankage in Lot 1, 248 pounds of corn plus 62 pounds of tankage plus .36 of an acre of rye pasture in Lot 2, and 230 pounds of corn plus 58 pounds of tankage plus .13 of an acre of rape pasture in Lot 3. 5. When the cost of the grain alone was charged against the gains, it cost $5.86, $4.34, and $4.04 to make. each 100 pounds of increase in live weight in Lots 1,. 2, and 3, respectively. 6. Neither the rye pasture nor the rape pasture was completely consumed. For this reason no esti mate was made to show the cost of the gains when thecost of the pastures were added to the cost of the grain. In fact, the rye pastures would have grown into almost a full rye crop after the hogs were taken off. Notwithstanding the fact that the pastures were incompletelyused, each acre of rye pasture saved $4.21 worth of grain and each acre of rape pasture saved $14.01 worth of grain. 7. Rape pasture had practically three times as great carrying capacity as the rye pasture. 5 hogs were given the run of 1.3 acres of rye pasture; only .5 of an acra of rape pasture carried an equal number of similarhogs. Parti11. LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK. The last session of the Legislature made an appropriation of $27,000 to be expended under the direction of the, Board of Trustees of the Alabama Experiment Station to study methods and make .tests and experiments "for the advancement of agriculture and to prepare the farmers of Alabama for the coming of the boll weevil by providing for local agricultural experiments in the several counties of Alabama, to ascertain the best methods of producing cotton profitably in the presence of the boll weevil and of the black root disease, to determine the most effective methods for controlling the boll weevil and the other insect pests, to determine the most profitable field crops for each soil and the best system for growing and marketing them, to ascertain the grasses and clovers best suited to each soil, to ascertain the best varieties of fruits and vegetables and the best horticultural practices, to determine the best means of growing, feeding and marketing live stock and poultry, to investigate other agricultural problems, to provide for agricultural extension work, and to make an appropriation for these purposes and to prescribe how, these funds shall be expended." Of the total amount appropriated, $4500 was set aside for the authorities of the Animal Industry Department to make experiments along the lines of feeding and breeding hogs, beef cattle, and poultry. A partial report of the beef feeding Work has been recently published as Station. Bulletin 163. A partial report of the poultry work is to soon be made. The following pages embrace an incomplete report of the tests which have been made with hogs. Later reports will be made from time to time as information accumulates. The portion of the swine work herein reported was done in cooperation with four of the District Agricultural Schools. Sufficient funds were not available to in- 262 raugurate the work with all -of these schools, so those representing the four different corners of the State were :selected. Experiment A. Hamilton School Twenty pigs were used in the experimental work at Hamilton during the summer and fall of 1911. These twenty pigs were divided into four uniform lots and fed the following ration: Lot 1 Cor n 9/10, Tankage 1/10, Lot 2-Corn 9/10, Tankage 1/10 in dry lot. 1/2 ration, Cowpea pasture. Lot 3-Corn 4/5, Cowpea pasture. Corn, 1/2 ration, Cowpea pasture. Wheat shorts 1/5 1/2 ration, Lot 4 FEEDS. The concentrated feeds, which were mixed with water and made into a rather thin slop, were divided between two equal feeds each day. Two crops of cowpeas were crop was planted early provided for the hogs. The in the season while the second one was not planted until a month later. The first crop was entirely satisfactory; it was a normal crop. The second crop, however, was not a good one; in-fact, it was not 50 per cent of a normal stand and yield. In the first crop at least half a dozen varieties of peas were used. Some varieties were, of course, earlier than others, so when the pigs were turned into the field, August 12, 1911, some of the beans were practically mature, some just beginning to ripen, some just forming peas, and others just blooming. If the crop had been planted with a view of being grazed by hogs the varieties of peas would not have been mixed. When the crop is to be grazed it is not advisable to mix varieties of peas which mature at different dates; in this case -first 263 the late mhatuiing peas are almost all prevented from reaching maturity. It is wise, however, to plant different varieties of peas for grazing purposes, but they should be planted in separate fields and turned onto at different dates. The first crop of peas was planted on a hillside in an orchard. The trees were young, however, and did not occupy much ground or interfere greatly with the pea acres while crop. Each lot of hogs had the run of the first crop lasted and I acre when the second crop was employed. Each lot of 5 hogs, therefore, grazed 214 acres; if the peas had yielded a satisfactory crop of seed these areas would have afforded grazing for more than 5 animals. In the financial statements the following prices were placed upon the feeds: $ .70 Corn, per bushel .................... 36.00 Shorts, per ton .............................. 40.00 Tankage, per ton ..................... 8.00 Cowpea pasture, per acre ................ 114 THE HOGS. The pigs were a fairly uniform lot of grade DurocJerseys, Berkshires, and Poland-Chinas. At the beginning of the test, August 12, 1911, they averaged 53 pounds in weight. They were purchased of a farmer in Sumter County a few days before the inauguration of the exepriment, and as they had been raised largely on pastures were in an exceedingly healthy condition. DETAILS OF THE TEST. As stated previously, the first crop of peas was ready to graze August 12, consequently the work was inaugurated upon that date. This crop afforded grazing until September 16; by this time the second crop was ready so the hogs were moved onto the second planting and grazed until November 5. The full grazing period was therefore 60 days. 264 TABLE 9.-Cowpea Pastures for Grazing Hogs. (August 12-November 5) Lot RATION Aver- Feed to make Grain cost Total cost age 100 pounds of 100 of 100 daily of gain pounds of poundsof gains 54 gain gain I 1 Corn Tankage dry lot . Lbs. 486 corn 54 tankage 143 corn tankage .78 acre 150 corn 38 shorts .80 acre 173 corn .83 acre $7.16 $7.16 2 Corn 9 1 Tankage _ Cowpea pastureCorn ;______ Shorts -Cowpea pasture 1 ration ration16 .97 $2.11 $8.35 3 ration_... .94 $2.56 $8.96 4 Corn- 2 ration _______ Cowpea pasture .90 $2.16 $8.80 The above gains were all made at an unusually heavy expense when corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel, tankage at $40.00 a ton, shorts at $36.00 a ton, and cowpea pastures at $8.00 an acre. It is seen that the expense of making 100 pounds of increase in live weight was small when the concentrates alone were considered; this saving in grain was due to the pastures. However, when the expense of making the pastures was also taken into consideration the cost of making 100 pounds of increase These in weight exceeded $8.00 in every case. high costs were due to the fact that each acre of cowpea pasture supplied a very small amount of feed; the pastures were, therefore, not used profitably by the hogs. In other words, when pastures were valued at $8.00 an acre, pork was made more economically in the dry lot where only corn and tankage were fed. It is not known just how much cured hay these pastures would have made if they had not been grazed by the hogs; there is no doubt at all, however, that greater profits would have been secured from the areas if the cowpeas had been finally harvested as hay rather than grazed by hogs. The vines evidently made an exceedingly small yield of seed, thus affording the hogs a 265 small total amount of feed. As a matter of fact, the Station authorities have never been able to secure entirely satisfactory results from cowpea pastures when used as hog crops. Compare Lots 1 and 2 and it is seen that .78 of an acre of cowpeas saved only 343 pounds of corn and 38 pounds of tankage; or, one acre of pastures was equal in feeding value to 7.9 bushels of corn and 49 pounds of tankage. When corn and tankage are valued as above indicated, one acre of cowpeas was worth only $6.51 for feeding hogs. This is an exceedingly small feeding value when compared to the results which have been secured from certain other pasture crops.* All the pigs in Lots 2, 3, and 4, had the run of cowpea pastures; they were given some concentrated feeds in addition to the pastures. It should be noted, however, that different supplementary feeds were employed. Many farmers are making inquiries as to whether corn is the best and cheapest supplementary feed, consequently this test was outlined to assist in answering these inquiries. It may be seen that the daily gains were slightly greatest in Lot 2 where.both corn and tankage were used as supplementary feeds. It may be further seen that the most economical gains were also secured in Lot 2, each 100 pound of increase in live weight costing $8.35; in Lot 4 where corn alone was fed as the supplement it cost $8.80 to make the same amount of gains. Wheat shorts were not used to advantage in Lot 3. Experiment B. Jackson School The objects of this work were: (a) To compare corn with rice polish as a feed for fattening pigs when each was supplemented with tankage in the proportion of nine parts of corn and rice polish to one of tankage. (b) To learn the value of a crop of corn and cowpeas when used as grazing crops for fattening pigs. *See Alabama Station Bulletins 143 and 154. 266 THE PIGS. Twelve pigs were purchased of farmers in the neighborhood of the Jackson District School. With one exception the pigs were scrubs, as good ones could not be obtained, and averaged 74 pounds in weight at beginning of the test. As they had received rather carele-s treatment and a small amount of feed during the summer months they were thin when purchased by the Station and Jackson authorities; they were not, however, weakened in any way. The animals were divided into three lots of four pigs each when the test began. The animals in Lot placed in a small pen (approximately 8 feet wide and 20 feet long) ; those in Lot 2 were enclosed in a pen similar to the first, while the pigs in Lot 3 were given the freedom of a corn and pea field, the peas being planted between the rows of corn. the I were. THE FEEDS. As stated before, the were divided into three equal lots at the inauguration of the test; the lots were given the- following rations; Lot I -Corn 9/10, i in dry lot. Tankage 1/10, Lot 2-Rice polish 9/10, Tanukage 1/10, -_ in dry lot. Lot 3 -Corn and pea field, with no additional grain. The pigs in Lots I and 2 were fed twice a day, the feeds being mixed with water and made into a thin slop; the tankage was mixed with the corn meal and rice polish before adding the water. The pigs in Lot 3 were given nothing in addition to the corn and pea field. The crop of corn on which the pigs of Lot 3 grazexd was not good, yielding approximately 10 bushels of corn to each acre. The crop of cowpeas, however, which had been sown broadcast between the rows at the last cultivation of the corn, was a normal one. The Unknown variety of cowpeas was planted. September 19, when the hogs were turned into the field, the corn was ripe; on_ pigs 267 this date the peas were in various stages of maturity, some being almost ripe while others were still in.full bloom. values Some of the feed in this test cost more than uniformity and placed upon them, but for the sake of comparisons they were valued as follows .70 Corn, per bushel....................$ Tankage, per ton.....................40.00 Rice polish, per ton....................26.00 Corn-and-pea pasture, per acre.......:...10.00 the D3ETAILS OF THE TEST. inaugurated As previously stated, the test tember 19 and closed October 18, the corn-and-pea field being exhausted much more quickly than expected. TABLE- was Sep- 10. Value of Corn-and-Pea Field when "Hogged 0/ff. (September 19 October18) Lot RATION AverageFeed to make 100 pounds daily of gain gains Cost to make Value of one acre 100 lbs. of gain 1 Corn Tankage 2 - 1 in dry o dr lot ---. 94 lt Lbs. Lbs. 327 corn 36 tankage $4.81 Rice polish 1 n Tankage. 110-- 90 1.08 330 polish37 tankage .432 acre___ $5.03 -corn lbs. tankage. 3 Corn-and-pea field (No grain) $4.32 13.5 bu. plus 83 authors realize that the above test was not continned a sufficient number of days to secure entirely reinterestingtwo or liable info rmation; points are brought out. Corn? and rice polisb, pound forpound, provedl to be practical~ly equal in feeding value. 'When comparing Lots and 2 it is seen that 327 Ifounds. of corn plus 36 pounds of tankage were required to make 100 pounds of increase in live weight, while 330 pounds. of rice polish and 37 pounds of tankage produced the rThe nevertiheless, three I 268 :same results. That is; a pound of corn is practically equal in feeding value to one pound of rice polish; this is in keeping with former work done at this Station. Very frequently the price of corn exceeds one dollar a bushel; when this occurs it will usually pay to feed rice polish as it can almost always be purchased for less than $30.00 a ton. The following statements, based on the information in the above table, give the comparative values of corn and rice polish: When corn sells for 70 cents a bushel, rice polish is worth $25.00 a ton. When corn sells for 84 cents a bushel, rice polish is worth $30.00 a ton. When corn sells for 98 cents a bushel, rice polish is worth $35.00 a ton. When corn sells for $1.12 a bushel, rice polish is worth $40.00 a ton. In Lot 3, where the corn-and-pea field was employed, .432 of an acre, at a cost of $4.32, was required to produce 100 pounds of increase in live weight. It should also be noted that the pigs which grazed the corn-and-pea field made very rapid gains; the pigs in the other two lots also made satisfactory gains. When comparing the results in Lots I and 3 it is seen that .432 of an acre was equal, in feeding value, to 327 pounds of corn plus 36 pounds of tankage; or, when corn was valued at 70 cents a bushel and tankage at $40.00 a ton, one acre of the corn-and-pea field was equal to 13.5 bushels of corn plus 83 pounds of tankage. Some farmers have the impression that it is an exceedingly wasteful method to "hog" corn down. As a matter of fact, there is practically no loss of corn when the field is grazed by hogs, especially when small pigs and sows are turned in after the fattening hogs are removed. It is safe to say that hogs will not waste as much corn as will the careless harvester. 269 Experiment C. Albertville School PLAN OF WORK. In this test the fifteen hogs were divided into 3 equal lots anid fed the following rations: Lot 2/3, dry lot. Wheat shorts 1/3 Lot 2 Corn 2/3, 2 ration, Wheat shorts, Soy bean pasture. 1 -Corn 1/3 Lot Wheat shorts 1/3 Cowpea pastnre. The crops were ready for grazing September 25, so the experiment inauguruatetl on that date. By Novenber 1, the cowpea crop exhausted, consequently this part of the test closed after a grazing period of 37 days. These pigs were then transferred to the soy bear 3 -Corn2 2/3, was was was pasture on November 1 and fed with Lot 3 until December 12, when the soy bean pasture was also completely consumed, and the xvhole test brought to a close. As satisfactory pigs HOGS. could not be obtained in the vicinTHE ity of the Albertville School, they were purchased of a. farmer near Opelika, Alabama 'and shipped to Albertville.. The pigs of animals. None of them was pure-bred, but -all carried. a high percentage of either Duroc-Jersey or Poland China. blood. They were approximately months old at th&. beginning of the test and weighed, on the average, 62" pounds. wvere an unusually thrifty and well-bred lot 4 THlE FEEDS. The corn and shorts were mixed together, water poured upon thenm inmnediately before each feeding period, and the mlixture givenl as a thin slop. Tihe logs wereall fed twice a day. The cowpea pasture was exceedinlgly poor, the stand being irregular arid the 'beans and vines making an un~- 2.70 satisfactory growth; this was partly (ue to late ing. When the hogs were turned into the field the ority of the peas (the seed) were ripe; in fact, better results would have been secured if the hogs had been given the freedom of the pasture two weeks earlier, as nearly .all of the leaves had fallen before the test begau. The five pigs grazed 1.9 acres of cow/peas in 37 this -shows the crop to have been an exceedingly poor one. The crop of soy beaus was also very poor, as the stand 'was irregular and thin and the vines made a poor The seed, however, developed satisfactorily. WYhen the pigs were turned into the field the pods were the lower nearly grown but not beginning to leaves were just beginning to ripen and fall; the top leaves were perfectly green. Farmers sometime report that difficulty is experienced in inducing the hogs to eat the ripe beau. For some unknown reason the pigs in This test refused to eat the beans even after they had _"popped' out outo the they ate the leaves only. "The authors have fed many hogs on soy ban pastures :but never experienced this difficulty before. One acre of beans was planted; this afforded grazing for 5 pigs for 37 da ys when 4 new pigs were added to the lot and additional days. the 9 cos i.nued for The following prices were taken as a basis upon which plantmaj- days; growth. ripen; ground; ,soy -o 42 rest thbe financial estimates: Corn, per bushel...................... $ .70 Wheat shorts, per ton.................. Soy bean pasture, per acre.............. .... Cowpea pasture, per acre ....... DETAILS OF' THE TEST. 36.00 8.00 .... 8.00 As previously stated, the test began September 25. The cowpea pasture afforded grazing only 37 days,. or until ,loveuiber 4, when the hogs which had been, grazing on the cowpea pasture were transferred -to the soy bean lot. The soy bean Pasture provided grazing until December 12, or a full therefore, were not equal in length so the results tabula- period of 79 days. The feeding periods,. 271 ted for Lot 3 are not directly comparable with the results in Lots 1 and 2. but certain interesting general comparisons canl be rumlde. TABLE 11.-SSo Bean and Cowpea Pastures as Grazing Crops for Hogs. (September 25 December Lot RATION 12.) -- AverGrain cost Total cost to make age Feed to make to make daily 100Oounds 100 pounds 100 pounds of g in of gain of gain gains Corn e s Wheat shorts ------in dry lot Lbs. .70 Lbs. 296 corn 148 shorts $6.36 $6.36 -1-1 2 Corn 3 Wheat shorts 13 Soy bean pasture-3 Corn 3*12t ration.83 248 corn 124 shrts.28 acre 114 corn___ 57 shorts- _ 1.08 acre $5.33 $7.57 Wheat shorts 3 13 ration Cowpea pasture---------- .95 $2.45 $11.09 (in account of the poor unsatisfactory 3. If the hogs had (Lot 2) th ieesults, satisfactory and in fact that the pastures were both very results were secured in Lots 2 and eaten the beans in the soy bean lot in that lot, would have been fairly keeping with other results secured the cowpea pasture saved very *While at ihis Slation.** much corn and shorts, at the same time a very large area pasture was required to effect this saving of grain. The pasture was poor, as a result of which a large area was consumed, so the pasture part of the ration cost far more than the grain part. When pastures are good this condition (of affairs is usually reversed. of Experiment D. Abbeville School First Experiment. (October 41 December 1.5. ) The cooperative wxork with the Abbeville School consisted of two separate experiments, the first of which *The eowpea pasture lasted until November 1, a period of 37 days, so the results in Lot 3 are not directly comparable with those in Lots **See Alabama Station Bulletin 154. I and 2. 272 covered the 72 days from October to December 15, 1911, and the second the 50 days from January 11, 1912, to March 2, 1912. The results of the second test will be reported in a subsequent publication. During the first test the hogs were divided into three lots arid fed the following rations: Lot i Corn 9/10, in dry lot. Tankage 1/10, Lot 2 -Corn 9 /10, 4, 1911, Tranklage 1/10, Tankage 31/ ration, Cowpea pasture. Lot 3-Corn 9/10, 1/10, 12rtin raton Velvet bean pasture. THE HOGS. The pigs, fifteen in number, were fairly uniform in weight, quality and breeding. Two were grade shires and the remaining 13 were grade and pure-bred Duroc-Jerseys.- They were purchased of farmers living rear Abbeville. At the beginning of the test, October 4, they averaged 62 pounds in weight and were approximately 4i months old. Berk- THE FEED AND PASTURES. The corn and tankage were mixed together before each meal and a sufficient amount of wvater poured on to malke a rather thin slop; the mixture was then fed in lou-g, flat troughs. mia fresh condition. Owing to a continued drought the crop of cowpeas was poor. The vines made an unthrifty growth and the fruit developed unsatisfactorily. As the seed were sown broadcast the dry weather probably Both the corn and tankage were fed i injured them more than they had been sown in drills. plIanted. 'When the test began the all tuined yellow, but were still Altogether, the 5 hogs. grazed 1.1 f The velvet The Iron variety was leaves had practically beans 1.9 clinging to the vines. acres. were planted in a acres in all corn field,, one hill of beans being placed at each hill of 273 corn. The beans, of course, grew up and completely covered the corn, but when the corn became ripe it was gathered, and no feed, except the beans, was left in the field for the hogs. When the hogs were turned into the field the beans were in all stages of maturity, from just beginning to form the pods to almost ripe. The following prices were placed upon the feeds: Corn, per bushel ..................... $ .70 Tankage, per tonl ..................... Cowpea pasture, per acre ................ 40.00 8.00 Velvet bean pasture, per acre ............. DETAILS OF THE TEST. 8.00 The cowpea and velvet bean pastures were both ready to be grazed by October 4, consequently that date marked the beginning of the experiment. The 5 pigs consumed the 1.1 acres of cowpea pasture by November 7, so this lot of hogs was dropped out of the test; or, to be more exact, were transferred to the lot (Lot 3), where the velvet bean pasture was being grazed, and continued with this third lot. The velvet bean pasture afforded grazing until December 15, a period of 72 days. Because of the fact that the pigs in Lot 2 were fed a period of only 34 days and those in Lots I and 3 for 72 days, the results secured in Lot 2 are not directly comparable with those tabulated in the other two lots. TABLE 12.-Cowpea and Velvet Bean Pastures as Grazing Crops for Hogs. (October 4 December 15.) AverRATION age daily Feed to make to make to make 100 pounds 100 pounds 100 pounds Grain cost Total cost ofgain of ain Lot gains of gain 1 2 Corn o- .. Tankage 1- in dry lot_ - Lbs. .84 Lbs. 360 corn 40 tankage 187 corn_ $5.30 $5.30 ration Corn Tankage 1 Jration_ Cowpea pasture - - .76 21 tankage .85 acre corn_ 17 tankage $2.76 $9.56 3 Corn 1 - - )153 2 raion Tankage Velvet bean pasture--- 1.23 .38 acre _ $2.25 $5.29 274 The cowpea pasture proved to be of very little value; this was perhaps largely due to a poor stand and yield. The pea pasture saved large amounts of corn and tankage but a large area was required to effect the saving; when the cost of grain alone is considered it cost only $2.76 to make 100 pounds of increase in live weight, but when the expenses of the pasture, at $8.00 an acre, is added to this the total cost to produce an increase in weight of 100 pounds is raised to $9.56. On the other hand, the velvet bean pasture gave satisfactory results; it should be recalled that a crop of corn was gathered from this area before the hogs were turned on. By comparing Lots 1 and 3 it may be seen that .38 of an acre of velvet beans saved 207 pounds of corn plus 33 pounds of tankage; or, one acre of the beans was equal, in feeding value, to 9.8 bushels of corn and 87 pounds of tankage. When corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel and tankage at $40.00 a ton each acre of velvet beans proved to have a feeding value of $8.60; this value was, in fact, added to an average and normal crop of corn as the corn and beans were grown on the same area. SUMMARY STATEMENTS. EXPERIMENT A. 1. The 20 pigs used in this test were divided into equal lots and given the following feeds: i Lot 1 Corn 9/10. Tankage 1/10 in dry lot. Lot 2-Corn 9/10. 1 2 ration. Tankage 1/10 Cowpea pasture. Lot 3 Corn 4/5.r 2 ration. Wheat shorts 1/5 Cowpea pasture. Lot 4-Corn-1/2 ration. Cowpea pasture. 2. Two crops of cowpeas were planted, one early in the season and one late. The first crop was normal; the second one was about 50 per cent of a normal stand and yield. The test was inaugurated August 12 and continued until November 5-a grazing period of 60 days. 3. The pigs, which averaged 53 pounds in weight at 275 the beginning of the test, made average daily gains of .54 of a pound, .97 of a pound, .94 of a pound, and .90 of a pound in Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. 4. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight required 486 pounds of corn plus 54 pounds of tankage in Lot 1, 143 pounds of corn plus 16 pounds of tankage plus .78 of an acre of cowpeas in Lot 2, 150 pounds of corn plus 38 pounds of shorts plus .80 of an acre of cowpeas in Lot 3; and 173 pounds of corn plus .83 of an acre of cowpeas in Lot 4. 5. When the cost of the grain alone was charged against the gains it cost $7.16, $2.11, $2.56, and $2.16 to make each 100 pounds of increase in live weight in Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. But large areas of cowpeas pastures were required to assist in making the gains. When the expenses of making the pastures are taken into consideration, the cost of making each 100 pounds of increase in weight was raised to $7.16, $8.35, $8.96, and $8.80 in lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. 6. The cowpea pastures were not used profitably in fattening these hogs; this was due to the fact that the pastures afforded a small amount of feed. In fact, the authorities of this Station have never been able to secure satisfactory results from cow pea pastures when grazed by hogs. EXPERIMENT B. 1. The 12 pigs used in this test were divided into= three equal lots and fed the following feeds: ) Lot 1-Corn 9/10. Tankage 1/10 in dry lot. Lot 2 Rice polish 9/10 drylot. i dy lot. Tankage 1/10 Lot 3-Corn and pea field. 2. The pigs, which averaged 74 pounds in weight at the beginning of the test, made average gains of .94 of a pound, .90 of a pound, and 1.08 pounds in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The test was a short one, however, so too much reliance should not be placed in the results; the experiment continued from Sebtember 19 to October18. 3. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight required 327 pounds of corn plus 36 pounds of tankage in Lot 1; 330 pounds of rice polish plus 37 pounds of tankage in Lot 2; and .432 of an acre of corn and pea field in Lot 3 ("hogged" off). 4. It cost $4.81, $5.03, and $4.32 to make 100 pounds of increase in weight in Lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively, 276 when corn was valued at 70 a bushel, tankage at $40.00 a ton, rice polish at $26.00 a ton, and the corn and pea field at $10.00 an acre. 5. The rice polish and corn, pound for pound, proved to be practically equal in feeding value. Corn, however, at 70 cents a bushel, was a cheaper feed than rice polish at $26.00 a ton. 70 cent corn is equal to $25.00 rice polish. EXPERIMENT C. 1. The 15 pigs used in this experiment were divided into three equal lots and given the following feeds: Lot 1-Corn 2/3. Lot 2 Wheat shorts Corn 2 .ration. in3 dry lois. 2 Wheat shorts 1 Soy bean pasture. Lot 3-Corn 23. 1 Wheat shorts 13 Cowpea pasture. 12 ration. 2. The crops of cowpeas and soy beans were both unsatisfactory, as the stands were irregular and the growth stunted. September 25 the crops were ready to be grazed. By November 4 the crop of cowpeas was exhausted, so the pigs in this lot were transferred to the :soy bean lot and continued with that lot until December 12. 3. The pigs, which averaged 62 pounds in weight at the beginning of the test, made average daily gains of .7 of a pound and .83 of a pound in Lots I and 2, respectively.' The pigs in Lot 3 were fed on cowpea pasture only 37 days and during this short period made an average daily gain of .95 of a pound. 4. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight required 296 pounds of corn plus 148 pounds of wheat shorts in Lot 1, and 248 pounds of corn plus 124 pounds of wheat shorts plus .28 of an acre of soy bean pasture in Lot 2. During the 37 days while the pigs in Lot 3 were on the cowpea pasture each 100 pounds of increase in live weight required the use of 114 pounds of corn plus 57 pounds of wheat shorts plus 1.08 acres of pas- ture. 5. This test again illustrates the point that economical gains cannot be made with poor and unsatisfactory pastures. When the expenses of the grains and pas- 277 tures are all charged against the gains, it cost $6.36 and $7.57 to make 100 pounds increase in weigt in Lots I and 2, respectively. In lot 3 the gains cost $11.09 per hundred during the short period of 37 days. The pastures saved large amounts of grains, but large areas of these poor pastures were used in effecting the saving of grain. EXPERIMENT D. 1. The 15 pigs used in this test were divided into 3 equal lots and given the following feeds: Lot I-Corn 9/10. in dry lot. Tankage /0l Lot 2--Corn 9/10. 1 Tankage 1/10 3 ration. Cowpea pasture. Lot 3--Corn 9/10. ration. Tankage 1/10 Velvet bean pasture. 2. The crop of cowpeas, like those reported above, was poor; the vines made an unthrifty growth and the fruit developed unsatisfactorily. The crop of velvet beans, however, was fairly satisfactory. 5 pigs grazed the 1.1 acres of cowpea pasture from October 4 to November 7, when the crop was exhausted. The velvet bean crop, however, afforded grazing much longer, so the 5 pigs in the cowpeas lot were transferred to the bean lot on November 7 and continued with the 5 pigs in the bean lot until December 15. 4. To make 100 pounds of increase in live weight required 360 pounds of corn plus 40 pounds of tankage in Lot 1, and 153 pounds of corn plus 17 pounds of tankage plus .38 of an acre of velvet bean pasture in Lot 3. 5. The pastures both saved large amounts of grain, but rather large areas of pasture, especially in Lot 2, were required to effect this saving. When corn was valued at 70 cents a bushel, tankage at $40.00 a ton, and pastures at $8.00 an acre, it cost $5.30 and $5.29 to make 100 pounds of increase in weight in Lots I and 3. In Lot 2, where cowpea pasture was employed for a short period of 35 days, it cost $9.56 to make: 100 pounds increase in weight. 6. The velvet bean crop proved to be entirely satisfactory. It should be remembered that a normal crop of corn was gathered from this area before the hogs were turned in. PART IV Fattening Hogs on Corn, Corn Plus Wheat Shorts, and Corn Plus Skim Milk INTRODUCTION. It is, of course, practically impossible to profitably raise and finish hogs for the market without the use of both permanent and temporary pasture crops. Good permanent pastures save at least 50 per cent of the grain, and, at the same time, entail practically no expense after once being established. Temporary pasture crops, which must be prepared yearly or semi-yearly, vary very much in their worth as hog crops. Parts of this bulletin show that a poor temporary crop is a more expensive feed than some of the high-priced grains. On the other hand, good temporary crops afford the hog feeder the cheapest possible feed. But many Alabama farmers do not at present possess good, or any kind, of permanent and temporary crop. When this condition obtains it becomes absolutely necessary to feed and fatten the hogs on hand in a dry lot and on high-priced concentrated feeds. As some feeds are entirely unsuited for feeding hogs, either alone or in combination, and as some feeds are very much more valuable than others, it is of very great importance for the feeder to have accurate information relative to the common hog feeds, especially when the high-priced concentrates are being employed. FEEDS AND FEEDING. Three separate tests with the above feeds and combination of feed were performed in as many years. Each year the 15 pigs were divided into three lots, as nearly equal in weight, breeding, and quality as possible, and fed the following feeds Lot 1-Corn alone. Lot 2-Corn 2/3, Wheat shorts 1/3 Lot 3-Corn, I part, Skim milk, 2.2 parts. A part of the corn was grown on the Station Farm and a part purchased of a local merchant. It was all fresh and bright. The wheat shorts was purchased of a mill it poundit. a's mptully. jlie pigs in I it 3 whIich weie ik'A on coin .iiii skim milk i2,iii'i prtaiticalIi three tiiies It cn'n $111 to4m a ke IIII poundisi' of increase ini live',weght on thes'e cornt-fed togs, ."il (1 li 11l 1'' ;1iii Su lu li , 1'i til 1 \Iliitlil ll 1111' ' i1'4 11 jilt 1'1 1i'1': il N II~t Njll .11 1'1' it.1'i111 1i t'l, r3 1111v \14 s It." 11 1 Ill'k it 1p'[ ' ."11111't R11 tilt1u'1 i11li' I i i''T h1 slt' uu 11111' it' 1s111iit' i t m' Sh l 1114111 1 11 flit'1 lit l1t' 11tt \ -I 4 111 N l h;111V 1'u tll l 11 11' s 11; 1' III 1 PM, 11 1' l l ! 1 '1 lw 11 i i it S,1 1 ilt't 11 11' I I N'11 I ' N1 Vlii isI l1' it 111111 i N ii "'Itl tu'1 i it 1' ilt 'I XX h)i Ill It ' ;IIt ;1111i'' i I'll llx I 1 1i ' , XX1 ii'111X I u 1 1 ' "" 1' 10 lilt 11. ' I i llt'1 til 11 \ 11 , m l 11 s 1 111 1 11' . 11 . 11 1 ' 1 1( l"4; 11; 1 '111 li! lk t113 v;. kn Iv l I11 1-is'f N( retvli 47iof .t iiiisl -It 27, ard durin-ri tis 17, toMir hotis frm on,emsbri, iiunds ofl L;;ii pounddo l t . It cosi Sd.00i to mike lIII at and shoiris 53.1111 t (ont. ce timie gmiiid :u lihi i% i n is 5 iltid atill .1 i whe oi of enlts i ~tl I'r i 11 fill ,111 )\ s l l ' Ir' \ IIi l ;1 111 i III II ' IttIs *~ t iiI t\ IiiI i i I Ii T1r 11i I ii.:Ii 21 tl 'I lil 111Is Ill i lV n iI I Ii llnti'1 111jil .I w i I *_ , ;1r- ENT. IJb:'1' \91's (11 . '111': ilAPil"Mif 11(1111 1 I:il 1, vv n, illn ll_ llrn ll'11 ,111111' 1111' 1!11'.', n 1, 1i1111 .,I' I:li Iln v s. '1'llr s l'1 .1111 11 11111' ('111, 1'11 : ld 1111' i' 11.'f1,r 1111% mi ll 1.11 s1'11 II 'f 'n lh l'I & I S. I'll ' 11 1111\\ 111, In 11h' rLl\ i'1; I 4,1 1111' 11rk. vv '1'111' lil', I 11's l I.1,111ill u l'll '11;11't'l l 1111 , '2 7 . 11) 1 . ;1 11,'1'11 it1 111 Th ' \ s1 19 1 lit iiiiulId -1's I I l _iI 1,'. 11111 i I i. ;I I (hitt lt 281 TABLE 13.-Corn Alone, Corn Plus Wheat Shorts, and Corn Plus Skim Milk, For Fattening Hogs. 1911-12 (Nuo\ l I V V i hoir G111JJG1 1 2, l103 1;7 1 1l U1 i u 1_ Cost to Lot No. of pigs RATION Initial wt. of each pig Average Aver- age daily gains Feed to make 100 pounds of gain make 100 pounds of gain $11.14 1 5 5 5 Corn alone------Corn Wheat shorts Corn, 1 part Skim milk,2.2prts Lbs. 80 81 78 Lbs. .42 .97 1.29 891 Lbs. 2 3 372 corn186 shorts 354 780 8.00 6.77 corn milk- Summer of 1912. (June 1, 1 9 12-October 12, 1912) 604 338 corn 169 shorts- 1 2 3 5 5 5 Corn alone------Corn 50 47 46 .49 .68 1.29 $7.55 7.27 Wheat shorts 1 -Fall Corn, 1 part Skim milk,2 2 part 278 corn635 milk 5.38 of 1912. 11) (September 21-December 1 2 3 5 5 5 Corn alone------Corn W heat shorts 63 49 .28 .86 745_ 308 corn _ $9.31 6.62 154 shorts--- Corn, 1 part--Skim milk,2.2 part 53 1.41 256 corn 582 milk .495 In a general statement it may he said that it always paid to supplement the corn with wheat shorts and skim) milk, the skimn milk proving to be the best and cheapest supplement. Throughout all of the above tests the hogs. which were fed on corn 'made exceedingly unsatisfactory gains. Those which were fed 011 both corn anti shorts always made satisfactory gains ill weight, arnd those which drank skim milk as a supplement gayo ailost remarkable results when compared with the re-sults obtained when corn alone was employed. pounds in weight at the beginning of the test. The pigs the corn-fed lot, made an average daily gainin Lot of only .42 of a pound; in fact, some of the pigs in this Inc 1911-12, the pigs averaged approximately 8(} 1, 1,0) I tolln . I l lst *'Xpel l1111lt. VIt .ind. skim milk 110om !nv t b r n ~ Lot tule takIent at end of etl&'i melt. 'I liest h(or, 17 to MirI, It 17 to1 duiring, tis p1eriod. t.lillel 0orn sere ted on 1.21) plounds milk at 344 cents a1 hundr~led. of gaIl. I1,(1 hr atlone wsS fed, it co,1sI $111t make 1111) potuttd' 1111~ I 4 4 4 j I jtlj t. II'd 'l ,411 1444 I 11 1 J ;U11- dII i. s 1i 4411 Iil1 ...4'4 11 1 ill.4- 1 l I . 4 \'t' III .9 dl 711 71111Ill I''- l 1'ill' 1111l 1-.1111lr Ilw I s . '' 1t4 J~t ill4 ir ti I 111. 11 ;1 S .11 r \\4 Siio 4111II' I12-. 4411111'It 2 i444till4 . 11 slt vvIl11 ' 4 1 4r44n111 sl 1t IIill' I 4441.' 1y' '4'Ivl 1;11 11;1 1 5 ;_ 1 1 1 16 ' III lu11! 1t51144 S1111111'r lly 4.' f1'1 ,14111 . 44 ~ 11 1!91?, 4 ~11v, '4 4 !' I'd 11;11V, 141 4.11I \\1444I11 I 1' c''444II4 Ilosl VI d ''111r 11!1111 ' II I" _;444 l \\'I1 '4 II,, tI III' I'Is 44r4. 'tI' V-''i sli kw II44 I441 s1 144 71 0 144 1 141 4444 ;i lt,I-( lI' 4.1l' r tlllid I114' II., 4.4 l II 11 1 4 I I~ 'l IIII ' r 1'[14'l144 1S 641 1 1 441 ;' 1 I1 11 r' 1)'41\ i i \\1111 44)1 '4 \ ?) d4411 \I l 1 1 l 1\i1 .111 \l , dl'' 4 sl14' 41111 41 uiI. 4 i 11 11 Mi 41 1~d i ) . 71iII' 44441 41 i 44444 m ils l -id 4, tI444 24 I III 411 4441 41 I' 'I'1 4 I\ 'I 1111)1111' 1 -11414.4\. ti44 0li- lint'1 l't1 .o;' Ip '44 4)I IV 44 4444 I 444 c(IIIIIii 1 1.1112' d'' 4 111ni11 IIii !'. 14 144 14' IIoutl I CI. 11444iIt2 Ill)' ;1_:11 1 ,I4144';'41 II 1 I v litl ;1 fall 11' II . '. 44111 Ilii44'r '1lI b l I 1.1' I m; Illt v' 4 'Ih; '4.1 4l !11 I lu It'r 'Il 1141\v 1;111=. .1\.''S 11l d n:4;41 i44441111 444444 111 I 4144'441j'bIIII4\ ItI i44 1 IIII 11,1 \'444"'';Id1 I414)Il 11;11 4141 ;1 tilt' Ilih441lI4 l44l 111111 411! 1.4 1111 )11'I'I's ' 4' '1VIIL X 2 4it t~ S.i 11 4I' Is'4 l'I'41ir'4l Ill III'14441'I' 1144' Ilnil1\ l 4l' 4s111(1 "' 44''. 4444 \\4'l"_lI '1444 141 41' 1.1 1 vl 1411 d14 1' I 11.44 in 44 . III 1'II I I '. IIII' 1411411IlI1i2 1 1 I (4444 >-'. 1 In lI4 l 411 1' 11 1 1 14)44'1 141s11 ;1III 1' ls ll" 1n11 1.11tt) 44441 61111'1t i141. 42 0Vhi'r' di' 444 441'44444444 111'. 111 I". 444444441 i l 44 444 411V .iI' 1.1It '' I;'II Nv I.' I Ii' liv 1444'1 Il444 1IIII41 I iti 283 pounds of shorts were required to make an equal amount of increase in weight. That is, the 186 pounds of wheat shorts saved 519 pounds of corn; at this rate, I ton of wheat shorts took the place of, or saved, 5581 pounds of corn, worth $69.76 when corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel. The wheat shorts cost only $36.00 a ton. In Lot 3, where corn and skim milk were used, there were required to make 100 pounds of increase in live weight 354 pounds of corn plus 780 pounds of skim milk. The 780 pounds of skim milk, therefore, saved 537 pounds of corn (compare Lots I and 3.) At this rate 100 pounds of skim milk effected the saving of 69 pounds of corn, worth 86 cents when corn is valued as above. In the second test, during the summer of 1912, where corn was fed alone 604 pounds were consumed for each 100 pounds of increase in weight, but in Lot 2, where both corn and wheat shorts were employed, only 338 pounds of corn plus 169 pounds of shorts saved 266 pounds of corn; or, I ton of shorts saved 3147 pounds of corn; this amount of corn, when valued as above, is worth $39.34. In Lot 3, where corn and skim milk were fed, only 278 pounds of corn plus 635 pounds of milk were required to make 100 pounds of gain. The 635 pounds of milk, therefore, saved 326 pounds of corn; or, 100 pounds of skim milk saved, or took the place of, 51 pounds of corn; this amount of corn is worth 64 cents. The skim milk, which was valued at only 30 cents per hundred weight, was actually worth 64 cents per hundred weight in terms of corn saved. In the third test, during the fall of 1912, 745 pounds of corn (Lot 1) were required to make 100 pounds increase in weight, but in Lot 2, where both corn and shorts were fed, only 308 pounds of corn plus 154 pounds of shorts were required to make an equal amount of gain. 154 pounds of shorts therefore saved 437 pounds of corn, or, at this rate, I ton of shorts actually saved 5675 pounds of corn, which amount, at 70 cents a bushel, is worth $70.94. In Lot 3 only 256 pounds of corn plus 582 pounds of skim milk were required to make 100 pounds of pork. The 582 pounds of milk therefore saved 489 pounds of corn, or, 100 pounds of milk took the place of 84 pounds of corn; this amount of corn is worth $1.05 when valued at 70 cents a bushel. The last column in the above table shows the cost to make 100 pounds of increase in weight, when corn is valued at 70 cents a bushel, wheat shorts at $36.00 a ton, and skim milk at 30 cents a hundred weight. Money was lost in every case where corn was fed alone; that is, the corn did not sell, through the hogs, for as much 281 as it would have brought on the corn market. When hogs sell for 7 cents a pound live weight the corn which the hogs ate in Lot 1 during the first test sold through them for only 44 cents a bushel; that in the second test for 65 cents a bushel; that in the third test for 53 cents a bushel. In every case where corn and wheat shorts were fed together better financial results were secured, although in this case it cost as high as $8.00 in one instance to make 100 pounds of increase in weight. Nev ertheless, the corn, which was eaten in conjunction with shorts, sold for very much better prices through the hogs, for--55 dents a bushel when hogs were valued at 7 cents a pound and wheat shorts at $36.00 a ton, the second year for 66 cents a bushel, and the third year for 59 cents a bushel. At present prices of hogs, money was made in every case when corn and skim milk were fed together. When hogs sell for 7 cents a pound live weight, the corn which the hogs ate in Lot 3 during the first test sold through them. for 74 cents a bushel; that in the second test for $1.03 a bushel; that in the third test for $1.15 a bushel. SUMMARY STATEMENTS. 1. In of three 15 hogs and fed Lot Lot Part IV of this bulletin is reported a summary separate tests in which 45 hogs were used. The of each year were divided into three equal lots the following feeds: 1 Corn alone. 2-Corn 2/3, Wheat shorts 1/3. Lot 3 Corn, I part Skim milk, 2.2 parts. 2. The corn-fed pigs made very unsatisfactory gains; the pigs in these lots gained daily only .42 of a pound, .49 of apound, and .28 of a pound in the first, second,, and third experiments, respectively. The pigs which ate both corn and wheat shorts made satisfactory gains; these pigs made average daily gains of .97 of a pound, .68 of a pound, and .86 of a pound in the first, second, and third tests, respectively. The animals which were fed corn and skim milk made unusually rapid gains; they gained at the average rate of 1.29 pounds, 1.29 pounds, and 1.41 pounds in the first, second and third tests respectively. 3. The corn-fed hogs were fed at a loss in every case. At present prices of hogs, those which were fed on both corn and shorts just about came out even. The pigs which were fed on corn and skim milk returned profits in every case.