CONTENTS. Bulletin. 1. Report of Agricultural Experiment Station.........July, 2. Report of Agricultural Experiment Station.........Oct., 3. Report of Agricultural Experiment Station.........Jan., 4. Strawberry, grape and raspberry culture...........Feb., 5. Cotton experiments, pig feeding, etc.............April, 6. Grasses and their cultivation......................July, 7. Experiments with vegetables; methods of setting milk..Oct., 8. Commercial fertilizers.........................Nov., Dec., ............ 9. Nematode root-galls.............. 10. 1888 1888 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1113. 16. Grape culture.................................... Jan., 1890 Feb., 1890 Peaches and plums ..................... Microscopic study of certain varieties .of 12. Co-operative soil tests ............................. cotton...March, Feb., 1890 1890 14. Pea vines as a fertilizer...... ..... .............. .................. 15. Insecticides ............ Corn, cotton, rye, chufas.... .................... April, 1890 ..... April, 1890 17. 18. Dry application of Paris green and London purple for ......... July, 1890 the cotton worm ............ ....... Climatology of Alabama June', 1890 Aug., .1890 .......................... cotton.. .............. 19. Roads and road-making........................... A new root rot disease of Oct., 1890 20. 21. Small, fruits~jxelons and vegetables................ Nov., 1890 . .Dec.,7'1890 NOTE. The earlier publications of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, forming Volume I, are as follows: Bulletins Bulletins Bulletins Bulletins Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. 1-10...................1883-1885. 1-9,..................1885-1887. "Second Series." 1-8 for 1887. 1-5 for 1888. These early bulletins issued before the passage of the "Hatch Act," are rare and mostly out of print; this is partly due to the burning of the college building in 1887 which destroyed many of the files. The present volume commences the series issued under the Hatch fund. INDEX. In the following citations the number preceding the colon refers bulletin ; the number or numbers following to the number of it to the page: Acer dasycarpum..........................................2:19 r6'brm...............................................2:19 . ....... .................. saccharinum ... 3:15 ............................................ Aesculus pavia 2:19 ................................ Ailanthus glandalosus.. A letia xylina; see Cotton worm. Alopecurus pratensis, description and analysis...............6: 16 the 2:19 Analyses, number and character of (1884-1888)..............1: 17 Analysis of bat manure. ................................ 81 ............ coal...... cotton seed ................................ 8: 7 hull ash.... .................... 14: 9 fertilizers; see Fertilizers. 5:48 ................ food stuffs:. 6: 16-36 ................................. grasses iron ore (limonite)........................ 5.55 ............................. milk........ 8:15 .......................... natural phosphates .313 ..2:13 2: 18 potatoes (Irish) ............................... ........................ red clay ............ soils and subsoils ; see Soils. supposed phosphatic rocks..................... ........... Anthracnose, \beans' affected by ............. Arrhencatherum avenaceum, notes and analysis .............. Ash......................................................3: Atkinson, Geo. F., biologist. A. new 2: 13 20 : 11 6: 16, 17 14 21: 3-11 3-6 8:15 Directions for sending specimens................7: 20, 21 Kerosene emulsion, how to make and apply. it....15: root-rot disease of cotton... ..... ............. Nematode root galls ....... The ... .. 9: 5-54, 21: 3-11 8: dry. application of undiluted Paris green cotton worms'...........17 : 3-15 and London purple Bags, paper as protectors for grapes for ....................... 9, 10 Barnyard grass, notes and analysis.................... .6:,27, 28 Basswood ............................................. :..2: 19 6 Beans, bush or dwarf; varieties tested for growth, product.................. 20: 11 iveness, etc.. affected with anthracnose...........20: 11 varieties tested for earliness, growth and 15, 16 .................................. iveness ................................. : 15 Beech............ 6:34 ............................. Belgian grass... ......... 18, 19 Bermuda grass, notes and analysis.....................6: 8: 15 ................................. Betula" nigra and lutea 3: 15 .......................... Birch, black and cherry...... 15 5, 6 .............. Blissus leucopterus, how to destroy..... 6: 30 .......................................... Blue grass Boils, cotton; see Cotton. 35 Bottle -grass, notes and analysis..........................6: 2:20 ...................... Box Elder....... .......... Bromus secalinus and unioloides, notes and Buckeye...........................................3: 15 3:15 .......................................... Buckthorn 8: 15 Bumelia lanaginosa ................................... 37, 38 Butter production as affected by feed...................5: experiments in settting and churning milk.7: 4-6 use of ice in'cream separation............7: 7 3:15 ........................................ Button bush. Cabbage, varieties tested for heading qualities............2: 5, 6 6: 30, 31 ....... . Canary grass, notes and analysis....: Cantaloupes, varieties tested for productiveness, size, character and quality of fruit. (1888)............2: 9 product- 7: analysis........6: 17,18 (1889)_..;.........20:7 (1890)..... ...... Castanea vesca........................................ .... 20: 8 3: 16 Catalpa'bignonioides ............................ Cattle, Jersey, at station farm.......... intense in breeding........................ ......... .. . ... ....... .. . .. 5: 34, 35 3 : 16 Cephalanthus occidentalis ................................... .......................................... Cercis Canadensis 1: 5 3: 15 2: 20 2"2 Cherry, wild ..................................... Chess or cheat, notes and analysis ............. :............,6 : 17 Chestnut.................................... China tree.... ... ......... ,. .......... ........ Chinch bug, how destroyed Clay, red, analysis of ......... 3: 16 ............................... 15: 5, 6 ................ .. ... ... .2:"1 Chufas, productiveness of ............. ....................................... 16 :20 2: 13 Clayton, Jas., assistant agriculturist, Report of............. ........ Climatology of Alabama (1811-1890)............... 7: 9-16 18 : 5-73 Clover, Buffalo..................6:37 Florida ... ................................... Japan, notes and analysis ........................ Mexican.... .................................. Southern................... ...................... 6:32 22 6:32 6:87 Spanish.................. .................... white.............................6:37 yellow, small................. ............... 6:.37 Coal, analysis of......................... . . Compost, directions for making ....................... 16: 7-10 Cooley creamer and DeLaval separator compared..........7: 7, 8 Cooperative Soil Tests with fertilizers (1889).............12: 8-15 directions for conducting (1889).............12:3-5 (1890)............12: 11-15 localities selected... ..................... plan of work..............................12:3 Reports for 1889. Albright, A. V., Tuscaloosa county........12: 9-11 Norris, J. J., Etowah county............. : 7-9 Oliver, J. P., Tallapoosa county...........12: 5-7 Corn, experiments for depth of planting..................16: 16 with fertilizers for cost, yield and per cent. of stalk, shuck, grain, cob and fodder..16: 16, 17 manure, best and cheapest................. 1: 6, 7 profit of fertilizing, 10 acre test.....................8: 3 1 acre test.....................3:4 table, varieties tested for earliness.. ............. 1: 8 6: 6: 82 13 12:3 ..... ....... Cornus f lorida...........................................2.:.20 Cotton, compost for ........... ........... varieties tested for earliness, productiveness, etc deductions from tests, of fibre......................13 fibre, what is ............... ..... best quality and character ................... how produced . .................... tested on, sterile and fertilized land.................3: 3, 4 16 : 18 16: : 16 ... it? how improved. ........................... character of soil....................13: improvement of seed plates, illustrative of ...................... ............. 13:11 13: 11 13 : 11-14 I, II 134 climatic conditions favorable....13 : 13, 14 13: 2 description of.........................13: lice.............................................15:4,5 microscopic study of ............................. 13 : 3-16 plants, distance experiments ..................... 16: 19 pot tests with fertilizers (1888)...................5: 16-2S 13:11, 12 16 8 (Cotton, pot tests) in red soil from Tallapoosa county..........5: 24 sandy soil from Tallapoosa county.......5: 25 six mixed soils from Butler county .. 5 : 27 soil from Mobile county...............5: 21 26 Perry county................5: Pike county.................5:18 Sumter county...............5: 20 Talladega county............ 5:19 28 with Thomas scoria in worn soil...........5: worn soil from near Auburn..........5: 21 virgin " t"".... .. 23 5:' 8: 7 seed, analysis of , ............................... 9 hull ashes, analysis of.....................14: meal as a fertilizer.......................16: 6, 7 9 in compost...........................16: 7-9 source of nitrogen.........................8: 7, 8 value as a fertilizer.......................8: 8 yield per ton at oil mill.....................8: 3 species. Gossypiun Bahma.........................13: Barbadense or nigrumn.........13: 3, 4 herbaceum or album............13:3 13 13 13 tests for expense and profit of fertilizing............5: ten acre test..........5: one acre test..........5: of floats with various sources of nitrogen.......5: and acid phosphate in combination with nitrogen and potash..............5: 10 11 for proper ratio between phosphoric acid and ni5: 7, 8 trogen with various phosphates ............. air-slaked lime.................. with various fertilizers (1886-'87-'88)............ varieties classified as to length and quality of tested for length of staple ............... 16: staple. .. 5: 4 5: 10 19 strength, length and twist of fibre, per per cent. of seed, and boll, &c ................. 13 : 4-11, 15 weight of bolls and yield of lint, 5: 15, 16 16: 18 fiber &c ..................... 5:15, Cow peas as fertilizers; see Peas. Cows, tests of feed for milk and butter Crab grass, notes and Cream raising; .see production......... 5: 37, 38 analysis....................... 6: 21, 26, 29, Butter. ........... Crow foot, notes and analysis... . ...... Cynodon dactyglon, notes and analysis ..................... 6: 18,:219 Dactylis glomerata, notes and analysis...................6:19,.20 Dairy and barns of Experiment Station, description Cooley creamer and DeLaval separator creaming milk with separator......................5: feed experiments for milk and butter yield of milk and butter..........................5: Danthonia sericea..........................................6: compared. production. of.5: 33, 34 7: 7, 8 5: 37, 38 36 20 35 DeLaval separator-and Cooley creamer compared..........7: 7, 8 Diagram of temperature, monthly, max., mn. and av. for Ala..18: 31 of soil and max. and mm. of atmos73 phere, '89... .................. winds of Ala., annual average direction, (1884-'89)..18: 57 Dogwood...........................................2: 20 Eleusine Indica, notes and analysis........................ 21 Elymus Virginicus.........................................6: 6: 22 Experiment Station of A. and M. College. agricultural department...............2: 1 dairy, barns and, cattle .............. 33, 34 description ' of........................1. 5 established when.....................1: 5 work of. ............. ............. 1:5-7 Pctus ferraginea.. ......................................... 3:15 Feeding experiments with milch cows..................5: 37, 38 pigs........................5:29-31 Fertilizers, analysis of.............................1:18, 19 2:12,3: 12,5:43, 44, 14,15 acid ;phosphates, miscellaneous, 1: 22, 23, 2:13, 3: 13, 5: 44-47, 8: 14, 15, 14: 16 5: 14: phosphates with potash..........1: 19, 12, 3: 11-12, 40-42, 11-13, those used at Experiment ........ commercial............................... ........... values................... 2: nitrogen and potash, 1: 20, 21 14: 13 5: 8: 14: Station ....... 10-13 8: 15 8: 3-15 8:8 39 valuation, rates per pound............ " complete" ................. .................. 10 16 : 7-9 composting, manner of ....................... 5: 8: in furrow. .... 1................. 9 16: conclusions from experiments with............ constituents estimated in commercial values.... .8: 4, 8, 9, .......... ...... .9008p 16:1.4, 15 cotton seed hull ash, analysis of ...... meal .......................... in compost.................... 14 : 9 .. 16:6,7 9 value of .................. for black prairie lands ......................... free, analysis of. 9000.4. 9a09q0090 . 8 :7, 8 16 : 7 10 10 (Fertilizers) good mixture for general use...................8: 9 guaranteed analyses......................14: 17-26 home manufacture of ........................ 8: 9 laws concerning..........................14 27, 28 licenses, list for 1889,-'90...... ............ 14: 29-39 methods for mixing ........ ............... 8: 9 nitrogen, sources of...........8: 7, 14: 8-9, 16: 10,11 ammonium sulphate............8: 7 cheapest.....................16: 6 refuse animal substance.........8: 7 sodium nitrate.................8:7 vegetation...................14: 4, 5 5-8, 16: 11-14 pea vines, value of.................14: phosphates, some practical suggestions........16: 5-7 raw of Alabama ................. 15 .............. 16:.4, 5 phosphoric acid, forms of..... sources of..................8:,5, 6 animal charcoal..........8: 6 basic slag or Thomas scoria. 6, 5 floats.................16:4,5 .............. 8: 6 fossil bones guano..................8:6 mineral phosphates.......8: 6 16: 10 potash, influence in retention of cotton leaves. salts as conservers of moisture.........16: 6,10 :7 sources of...........................8 8: 16: kainit..... .................. 8:7 muriate ....................... value of rules for taking 8: 7 ........ plant ash ...................... .. ............. .. '.16: 9, 10 40 8: 7 rate3 of valuation per pound .................... samples...14...................1: 5 : 89 stable manure, preservation of ................-.. 8... 3, tested with experiments on corn . cotton ............ : 4, 16: 16, 17 .16: 7 pot-tests..5 : 16-28 8. :4 peanuts ............ 5: 4-13 8: 3 use, of modern. origin ........................... .. turnips............ potatoes (sweet)...3: 15 .3 : 5-7 used at Experiment Station, analysis of 8: 15, 14: 16 Fibre, cotton ; see Cotton. Flowers, peach, relation to fruitfulness ; see Peach. 1Fodder~,- per cent of ; see Corn. 11 Food stuffs, analysis of.......................... Foxtail grass, notes and analysis .... Fraxinus......... ........... :...5: .... .. ... ..... ... 16, 35 3: 14 Gama-grass, notes and analysisaayi............................. 6: 36 8-12 Grape, culture of........................................ .... 9, 10:3, 4 plan ting ........................ ........................ .... 6: .48, 49 4: propagation .............................. pruning... ..... ................ 4: soil.......:............... amoltnt of fertilizer used ............... 4:8 4: 9-11, 10: 4-6 10 :14 facts from the Station vineyard.....................10: 3-15 location of vineyard...................... 10 : 3 prod uction of fruit third year .......... 5 ................ 10: 5, 6 paper bags as protectors for.......... 3: 9, 10, 4: 11, 10: 7-13 . 10: profit in using...........................10 : 7 varieties described ......................... 1: 8 Beauty..........................10 :8 Berckman's ...................... 10 : 8 Brighton .... :...................10 : 8 Agawam . ... ...... 10:8-13, : Catawba........................10 Champion ........................ 10 : 9 Concord..........................10 : 9 Delaware ........................ 10 : 9 8' cesDuchess......................... .............. 10 : 9 Eldorado. Elk Eagle..:..................10:9 Goethe................. .......... 10: 10 Grein's Golden...................10 : 10 Hartford ........................ 10: 10 10: 9 Iona.. ... .................... Jefferson...... .... 10:10 Irving..................... ..... 10: 10 Ives......... .................. 10: 10 ............. 10: 11 Lady Washington ................. 10 : 11 Lindley..:.:....................10: 11 Martha..........................10: 11 Mason's Renting................. 10:- 11 Maxatawney......................10: 11 Meno.... ........... ... Merimac ....... .......... Moore's Early ............. Niagara........... .... .... 10: 12 Norton's Va. Aestivalis............10 : 12 .......... ....... 10: 12 10: 12 10 ; 12 ... 10: 12 Pearl............................... 12 (Grape varieties described) Perkins.......................10: 12 Pocklington....................10: 13 Prentiss................. ..... 10:.13 Rogers' No. 11. .................. : 13 Telegraph.....................10:18 Triumph......................10: 13 Vergenes ...................... 10: 13 Worden ... .......... .. 10:13 Wilder.................... .10: 13 Wyoming Red ................... 10 13 tested for earliness, character and quality of fruit ......................... Grasses of.Alabama and their cultivation ................ 6: 5-38 collecting and preserving specimens........6: 10,11 definition of terms... .................. 6: 9, 10 list of.... ....... 6:12-15 varieties, notes on......... .............. 6:16-38 mixed, formulae for seeding pastures..............6:6-8 Ground peas; see Peanuts. Gum, Tupelo and black................................2: 20 Hart, J. W., dairyman. experiment in setting milk..................7: 7, 8 Hatch Act, The.. ......... ..................... 23, 24 Hay, cutting and curing .............................. 8, 9 Holcus lanatus ............................................ 6:22 Holly .............................................. 2: 20 3: 10,10: 8-13 3:6: Hungarian grass, notes and analysis....... ............... Ilex opaca................... .............................. Indian grass, .notes and analysis............................ 6: 34 rice. .. ................................... Insects, how. to pack and send specimens.................... Iron ore, analysis of ..................................... Jersey cattle; see Cattle.. Johnson grass, notes and analysis................. .htglans nigra...................... how ...................... ............ ....... .. 2: 20 6:34 6:37 7: 20 2:13 6: 33 3: 15 Kerosene emulsion............................. ... ..... 15 : 3-6 to apply................. 15 : make.................... ......... used for cotton worm .................... lice on cotton............. ........... Lane, Jas. H., Professor of C. E. and Drawing. Roads and Lespedeza striata, 15: 3, 4 .... 17 :11 15: 4 19 : 3-13 22, 4-6 notes, and. analysis road-making...................... ..................... Limonite, analysis of.............................. 6: 23 .:... .. 2 : 13 19 "Longevity, 2: 20 Locust tree ......................................... comparative, of budded, peach'trees and Louisiana grass.... .......... .................... 625 Lupton, N. T., chemist. 39-55, 10-40 11-13, report of ...... 1:17-24, 2: 11-14, 8: 3-15 ......................... ,ommercal fertilizers. 14: 3-9 ..................... nitrogen as a fertilizer. .. 2:18 Magnolia ........................................... ............................ 2: 19 Maple, red, silver and sugar 6: 22 .................................. Meadow grass (soft) 33 ............. Mean's grass, notes and analysis............ 2: 19 Melia Azederach.................... .................. Mell, P. H., botanist. a microscopic study of the cotton plant.............13:8-16 climatology of Alabama (1$11-1890)...............18:,5-73 grasses of Alabama and'their cultivation............6: 5-38 meteorological report. .1: 28-32, 2: 22, 3:18, 5: 56, 7:17-19, 17 :16-18, 19:14-16, 20: 15-18, 21:12-15 report of ....................................1: 25, 26 woods of Alabama......................2: 15-21, Meteorological report; see Mell, Prof. P. 11. 5: 55 ................................. Milk,'analysis of... 37,38 experiments in feeding for...............5: setting and churning................7: 4-8 ....................... 6: 34 Millet, German, notes and analysis 6:26 Texas... ................................. 13 ................ Mineral water, analysis of............. seedlings 11: 5 3: 5: 14: 6: 3:14-17 2: Mahienbergia di ffsa, Mexicana, and sylvatica.................6: 23 2: 20 Negundo aceroides............................................ 9: 5-54, 21: 3-11 Nematode root galls...... .. ..... .............. 6, 21: 3-6 characters, external .................. microscopic ..................... 9: 7 9: development and metamorphoses..........9: 11-23 cystic state......................... eggs .................. females, larval stage 'development 9: ..................... '............. 9: 11-14 15, 16 9: 16 of......... 8-10, 18 9: life cycle, length of.................. male, structure of ................ transformation of ......... recapitulation .................... ..... 9:19 9: 17, 18 17 9: 9: Heterodera, distribution of ......... metamorphism of.... 9 : 20-23, 9:21:3-11 19, 20 26-28 radicicola, compared with HI. Schachtii... 9: 23-26 14 (Nematode galls) plants affected...............9: 49, 10, 11 plates, illustrative of...................9: I-VI explanation of.....................9: 53 structural characters of diseased roots. 28-33 characters, external...............9: 28-30 histological............9: 30-33 comparison of potato root gall with 34,35 potato scab..........9: root gall with cabbage, 35-38 club foot...........9: root gall with tubercules, or Wurzelkncellchen of Leguminos e........9: 38-45 treatment by clean cultivation.......9: 47, 21: 8, 9 rotation ofcrops........9: 47, 21: 8 sterilization of soil............ 9: 46 trapping worms.........9: 48, 21: 10 difficulties of....................9:45 of composts...............9:49, 21:10 $ perennials..............9: 48, 21: 9 ............... 50-52 works consulted....... Newman, J. S., agriculturist. ....... 12: 3-15 Co-operative soil tests, 1889..... Notes from Experiment 8tation orchard........11: 3-13 Notes on small fruits, melons and vegetables.. 20: 3-14 root 50,.21: 9: 9: Report of.......1: zers....................................... 5-16,2: 3-10, 3 3-10, 4: 3-12, 5: 3-12 Some conclusions from experiments with fertil16: 3-20 Some facts from the Station vineyard..............10 : 3-15 23, 24 Nimble Will, Drop Seed, notes and analysis).............. Nitrogen ; see Fertilizers. 6: Notes from the Experiment Station on small fruits, melons and vegetables Nyssa uniflora orchard............... 11: 3-13 and multiflora ................................. ............. 20: 3-14 2: 20 20 Oat grass, (meadow) notes and, analysis......................6: 16 (silky flowered) .................................. ....... .............. Onions, varieties tested for earliness, size and Ozoniarn............................. character......20 : 6: 21:3 13 Orchard grass, notes and analysis ......... .............. comparison with nematode~ root galls .............. Panic grass, prolific, notes and analysis spiked, notes and 6: 19, 20. tall (switch grass) notes and analysis..........6 : 28, 29 analysis ...................... ................... 6: 29, 30 21: 5, 6 6 : 29 15 Panicum crux-galli, notes and analysis..................6 gibbun. "...............6:29 27, 28 proliferum, sanguinale, ............. 6: 29, 30 6: 26, 27 .............. ...... Texcnun..... ................... virgatum, notes and analysis...................6: 6: 28, 29 17:3-15 Paris green and London purple, dry application for cotton worm................. advantages of dry method...................17: 12 answers to circular letter.................17: 14, 15 inquiry as to effectiveness of method..........17: 3-5 method of application, details...............17: 5-8 Reports concerning, Banks, Hon. G. R ............... 17:10 Browning, W. E................17: 9 Cathcart, S. M .................. 17: 10 Davidson, Hon. A. 0.............17: 10 Poster, 0. S. G.................. : 8 Edmunds, J. W.................17:10 ............. .17:10 Garber, B. L.... Gilchrist, Hon. Jas. G............17:8 17 : 9 Inge, Hon. H. B ................ Miller, Wi. H..................17:9 Newman, Prof. J. 8..............17:11 Orum, Jas....................17:11 17:10 ................. Speir, Jas. 0.. :9 Stollenwerek, H. A..............17 Streety & Co., John P............17 Paspalurn dilatatum...........................................6 laeve, notes and :8 analysis............ : 25 6: 24, 25 ........... .......... 6 : 25 p latycaulea................. ............ 6-8 Pastures, seeding with mixed grasses, formulae for.....6 .6: 6 ............. soil, preparation of ............... 6 :5, 6 top dressing .................................... Peaches, comparative longevity of budded trees, transplanted : seedlings and seedlings not culture at Station orchard.......................1 transplanted......'... 11 :5 : .3-11 ..................... object of ............. pruning, object of ........................ root knot........ ........................ Scolytus rugulosus......... ..... .............. 11: 3 11: 11 :4 394 11 : 4, 5 treatment for borer......... ............... flowering time trees selected........... and size of fruitfulness ........................ flowers ................. 11 :4 11 . 8 ... 11:5, 6 in relation to 16 (Peaches) ....... plum cuttings as stocks for......... seedlings as fruit bearers ......................... varieties classified for :...11" 11 11 : 5 11 :11 11:"11 canning .......................... family use....................... described................ shipping ... ,..................... ............. 11: 11" 11 : 6-11 Annie Wylie..........,...........11 11 :6 Alexander ......................... :6 Bernard early...............11 Buston's October............... ... 11 7 Chinese cling.................11 " :6 free...................... Coggi n's Columbia..1......................1: 7 early...... . early, 11:7 ........... : :7 .11 : 7 Crawford's Connor's white....................11 ................. 11 : 7 ...... 11 :7 late ............. Denning's September.......... .... Downing ......................... 11 Duff's yellow ...................... Duggar's golden................ .. 11 white....................11:8 Eaton's golden....... ............ 11 :88 : it" :8 Elberta...........................11 :8 Foster ........................... 11 : 9 ............. General Lee .......... 11.:9 Taylor ...... ............. 11: 8 :7 11 :8 11 :8 11: 9 ................. Hale's early... Hudson's November...............11:9 Indian Blood..................... ........ 11: 9 Lady Parham......................11: 9 Lemon cling.....................11: 9 Muscogee.............. ,.11:10 Mixon's white............. early.....................11: .. Royal George................... 11: 10 Steven son's River's ...... 11: 10 10 10 11: 8 Stonewall Jackson.......... ....... Stumps the world.................11: 10 October................ 11: ........... 11 Thurber........................ Tillotson..........................11: 10 11: 10 Peanuts, (ground peas)Y tested with fertilizers................ Tuskena..'.............. 3: 4 11 17 Peas, cow, as fertilizers.........................14 : 5-8, English, varieties tested for earliness and ness productive- 16: 11--14 ..................................... 1:10, 11, Phalarisintermedia, notes and analysis ................ Phleurr pratense, noutes and analysis ...................... ...... Phosphates ; see Fertilizers. Phragmnites communis...................................... Pigeon weed. ............ .......... .................... Pigs, feeding experiments............................... Plants, composition. .. .... ...................... diseased, how to pack' and send 6: 6: 31. 30 32 7: 14 5: 6: 32 6:32 29-31 84 20 Plates, cotton .................................. 13: I, II grasses, varieties of......................... :6: I-XXIX nematode root galls ........... . ... .. ......... I-VI, 21: I Plums, varieties, notes on..............................11: 12, 13 Brill...................... ............... 11: 12 fibre.:. ..................... 7: 9: Cumberland......................... 11: Hattie.................................... Hendricks................................ 11: 12 11: 12, 12 11: 12- Hughes...................................11. 12, Indian Chief ........................... .. 11: 12 Marianna............. .................... Missouri......... ............... ...... .. 11: 12 Newman .... ....... .................... 11:12 Southern Golden..........................11: 12 Weaver ......... ... ................... .11: 13 Wild Goose............................. ........ ..... 11: 13. .Poa compressa............................................ Poor toes ........................................... Classification of cotton as to staple. 6: 30 6: 13 32- Porter, C. E. Potatoes, Irish, analysis of ................................. 2: .5: 15, 16, 16: 19' 3: 5 varieties recommended. .................... tested for yield ............... sweet, fertilizer experiments ...................... Precipitation. Mean monthly for Auburn, 1855-'89 ............ Carlowville, Greene .............. 7: 9 1: 12, 7: 16. .. 18: 20; 1856-'77............18: 20 Decatur, 1879-'87 18: 21 Springs, 1854-'84 ......... 18 : 22, 23 Huntsville, 1831-'77..............18 : Mobile, Greensboro, 1855-'89.............18:21 1840-'89...............18 : 24 1867-'74 18': 25 Montgomery, 1858-'89............18: Moulton, 16-7............... 24, 18 (Precipitation, mean monthly for) Mt. Vernon Barracks, 1840-'89.....18: 25 (near) Union Springs, 1867-'88 .. 18: 26 Various Stations in Alabama...18: 28,29 ............ 18: 37, 38 heavy, 1880-1887............... Rainfall; see Precipitation. Raspberries, culture of.................... ............ 4: 12 varieties tested for earliness, productiveness, character and quality of fruit..............1: 13, 20: 6 Red Bud..............................................2:20 Reed grass....................................................6:32 Rescue grass............. . . ..... ........... 6: 17, 18 Richardsoniascabra.... ............... ........... 6: 32 Roads, construction of, best methods................... 19: 3-13 3 good, advantages of............................19: 19: 8 .. .............. drainage ... ...... ........... 19: 4-7 grade.................... 19: 6-8 surface............... .... .................... 19 7 ................ ........ width....... 19: 11 Macadam .................................. 19: 9-13 making and improving.. ........ .............. .......... .............. 19: 11,12 Telford ............ Root, diseases of; see Nematode root galls. :5 knot............ ............................ 15: 5 ................. lice, how to destroy................. 3-11 rot of cotton..................................21: Ross, Isaac, assistant agriculturist. 4-6 Report of............................5:33,7: Rotation of crops advisable..................................16: 6 16: 20 .............. Rye, for winter feeding................. Seasons, wet and dry.......................... .............. 18: 33-37 36 Sesame grass, notes and analysis...............................6: .SetariaItalica, glauca, " " " ". ... .. ......... ......... ..... ... 6: 34 6: 35 Soil and sub-soil,'and analysis of air-dried, 1: 24, 2: 14, 8: 1, 13, 5: 50-55 8 composition and formation of...........................8: 8: 4 ..................... ............. deterioration of 3, 4 sterile, experiments with corn...........................3: temperatures, 1: 31, 32, 2: 22, 3: 20, 22, 5: 56, 7: 17-19, 18: 69-73, 19: 15, 20: 17, 21:14 chart of............................. . . 18: 73 tests with fertilizers.; (see also Co-operative) ........... 12: 3-15 Sorghum halapense, notes and analysis..........................6: 33 nutans, " ..... ........... 6: 34 19 Specimens, grasses, collecting and preserving............6: 10, 11 7; 20 .................. insects, how to pack and send plants, diseased, how to pack and send...........7;20 ,Staple of cotton; see Cotton. Strawberries, cultivation .............................. gathering fruit................... ........ 4:-7 manuring............................... 4: 5 Smulching...................... 1:1,: pistillate varieties........................4:8 propagation of..........................4: .4:5 soil.................................... 4 transplanting.............................4: varieties recommended.... .............. 4:17 tested for productiveness, character, and quality of fruit, &c..1: 14, 15, 20: 4, 5 Temperature, mean monthly for Auburn, 1855-'89...........18: 13 Carlowville, 1856-'77.......18: 13 Greene Springs, 1854-'84.18: 14 Greensboro, 1855-'89........18:14 Huntsville, 1829-'42........18: 15 Mobile, 1840-'89...........18: 15 Montgomery, 16 Moulton,1859-'76..........18:16 Mt. Vernon Barracks, 1840-'89.18:17 various stations in Alabama..18: 18 Thomas scoria ; see Fertilizers. 4:.6 3,4 1849-'89.......18: Tilia Americana............................................ Timothy grass, notes and analysis ...................-... California, notes and analysis ............. Tomatoes, varieties recommended .......................... 6: 81, 82 6: 30, 31 7: 11-13, 2: 19 tested for earliness, productiveness, character and quality of fruit .............. 7: 9 2: 19 Tornadoes ; see Weather Service. Tree of heaven 2: 7, 8, 20: 12 ............................ .............. Trees of Alabama............... .............. 2: 15-21, 8 : 14-17 Partial list of............. ............. 2: 17, 18, 8: 17 Trifolium procumbens....... .................... ......... .6: 87 reflexumn, Carolinianumn and repens..................6: 37 Tripsacumn dactyloides,.notes and analysis..................... 86 Turnips, fertilizer experiments ............................ 8;: 5-7 varieties tested for yield, character and quality . 8..; 7, 8 6: Walnut, black keeping ................................. qualities........$........ .......... 5: 32' 3: 15 20 Water grass................ ...................... 6:24,25 ......................... 2:13 mineral, analysis of.. oats ......................................... 6:37 rice........... ............................6:37 Watermelons, varieties tested for yield, size, character and quality of fruit, 1888..... ................ 2: 20 1889 .................... 20:9 1890....................20:10 18: 67 Weather map, Precipitations, normal .................... Temperatures, normal.....................18: 65 .............................. 18:5-73 service, report. cold winters and warm summers.........18: 51-53 18 : 39-42 ............... destructive storms..... flags and their interpretation..............18: 8 history in Alabama.... ........ 18: 5-7 tabulated outline of...........18:10-il meteorological summary................18 : 59-63 precipitation data.....................18:20-29 productive and non-productive years........18:53 18 : 37 ................ rain falls, heavy.... temperature chart for Alabama............. 18: 31 data, tabulated............8:13-19tornadoes, data concerning.............18 : 42-47 map. showing tracks of...........18: 49 wet seasons 'and dry seasons..............18 : 38, 39 18 : 33-37 years and dry years ................. winds of Alabama ... ;............ Tornadoes .............................. 18: 49 ...... 18: 54, 55. chart of..................18.:57 Wheat, experiments to test depth for planting .............. 2::4 grass............................................ 6: Wire grass 34 6: 30, and analysis.............................. .............. effects of cutivation 4 2 %3, 2: 5 6:22 5variety (new) "Early velvet chaff" .................... varieties tested for rust-resistance and yield...........2 .... 6 :37 Wild rice............................................ Wild rye .............................................. Wood grass, notes 2:15-21 ............ Woods of Alabama, notes on ................ 6: 22 .......... ............................... Velvet grass... Yard grass................................................6:21 Zizania aquatica........................................... 6: 37 IBULL NEW' TTN SERIES* N. 1 REPORT OF ~AGRIGULTUEAL AGRICULTURAIJ AND EXPERIMENT STATION) COLLEGE,7 AUBLURN MECHANICAL JULY ALA., 1888. REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, s3RwoULTU1RAL AND MECANICAL OLLBOB 9 AUBURN, ALA., JULY, 1888. BOARD OF VISITORS: COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. HON. J. G. GILCHRIST, R. F. LIGON, HON. J. B. MITCHELL. BOARD OF DIRECTION: President. .................... L. BROUN....................... Director and Agriculturist. J. S. NEWMAN ........................... Vice-Director and Chemist. N. T, LUPTON ............................ P. II. MELL.................................................Botanist.~ Biologist. ....... .......... .... ...... .... ... W. 00..... 0 ASSISTANTS : ISAACRoss........First Assistant Agriculturist in charge of Live Stock and E. R. L .......... Dairy. M. Sc............... Second Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D ............ LLOYD, W. WILKINSON, M. Sc..............Second Assistant ................ Chemist. T. D. SAMFORD, B. SC. Assistant Botanist *Prof. Mell has also charge of Meteorological observations. I t To be filled. REPORT OF J. S. NEWMAN, DIRECTOR. OUTLINE OF WORK. The experiment station of the A. & M. College was established under State law in the summer of 1883. An exhausted farm of 226 acres was purchased to be used for the purpose. Much of it-was turned out on the commons; the buildings and fences on the remainder were in a very dilapidated condition. A large portion of the land had been abandoned for cultivation on account of its poverty and gullied condition. Under these circumstances, with only one official connected with the Station, the Director, who was also prof. of Agriculure, progress in development was slow , especially since the funds appropriated to the Station were small in amount Notwithstanding these difficulties, considerable progress has been made in some departments of the work,-especially is this true of the Horticultural department. Field experiments have been conducted each year, and bulletins furnished the Department of Agriculture for publication, as re quired by law. The equipment, so far as machinery and improved impliments are concerned, has been, until now, inferior to that of an ordinary well conducted, private farm. Much time and labor have been expended in clearing up pine thickets, filling gullies, building fences, and arranging for a supply of water under pressure. The only experiment, so far, conducted with cattle, has been that of intense inbreeding with thoroughbred Jerseys-This has been continued for four years, under careful supervision, with apparently favorable results. Besides experiments already completed, a large number are now in progress in field, orchard, vineyard, and garden. The cotton plant has been made a subject of special inquiry, both as to its development above ground, and its root growth. Similar inquiries have been made with regard to the corn plant In both, varieties have been compared, inquiries made as to the fertilizers best adapted to their growth upon the soil of this Station, and with the additional facilities which will now be sup- plied through the Congressional appropriation, inquiries will be multiplied and carried to much greater detail. The experiment work upon the Station is divided into two general classes: First, The demonstration of facts already known to the advanced agriculturist, but not generally disseminated. Second, Original investigation having for its object the discovery of truth. So far as the study of plants is concerned, investigations will be made first upon the most useful and generally cultivated plants in the Southern States. Feeding experiments will be principally confined to inquiries looking to determining the nutritive value of peculiarly southern. (crops, and their digestibility. Besides the experiments reported on the following pages, inquiries are in progress with reference to cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco, forage plants, groundpeas, sorghum, wheat, and in the orchard, pears, apples, plums, peaches, figs, quinces and cherries. All of these have been planted in considerable variety for the purpose of ascertaining which varieties are best adapted to this soil and climate, as well as to record the characteristics, both as to vegetation and reproduction of varieties. The diseases affecting the different species of fruits and vines, as well as their enemies amongst birds and insects will be subjects of special investigation. Fifty-eight varieties of grapes are being fruited and propagated, sixty varieties of strawberries, and twenty-nine of raspberries. The soil of the Station is principally either sandy or pebble drift, mostly with clay sub-soil generally beyond the reach of the plow. There is, however, sufficient area of clay subsoil within reach of the plow to vary the investigation so far as soil is concerned. The soils of the Station, therefore, represent a large area of the State of Alabama; a portion of which lies above the prairie region extending nearly across the State, but a still larger area lying between the prairie belt and the gulf. In order to investigate the properties, physical and chemical, and the needs of typical soils throughout the State, ten such soils have been collected from the virgin forests, keeping the soil and subsoil separate and replacing them in their natural relative position in bins prepared for the purpose and placed under identical circumstances. Each soil and subsoil is being subjected to chem- ical and mechanical analysis in the laboratory, and plant analysis in the field. Each soil and sub-soil is divided into eight parcels and placed in as many bins. The cotton plant is growing in each bin. To these has been applied different elements and combinations of elements of plant food for the purpose of inquiring which of these elements are needed by each particular soil. This will be repeated from year to year until a sufficient number of tests have been made to eliminate the variable factor of climatic influences resulting from difference in seasons. Additional barns, silos, offices and working rooms are being supplied, and a complete outfit of improved machinery and farm im. plements has been purchased. It is proposed to test by the Dynamometer the draft of different tools and machines, and manufacturers will be invited, at a stated period each year, to send to the Station specimens of their implements, plows especially, to be carefully and accurately tested, and the results reported in the Station Bulletins. A new and complete laboratory building is now thoroughly equipped for work in the chemical department. A complete meteorological outfit has been purchased, and microscopes ordered for thorough work in investigation of the secrets of animal and vegetable life especially the fungi injurious to useful vegetation, as well as the habits of insects, friendly or, injurious to vegetation. A Creamery will be equipped during the present year, with the best modern appliances by means of which the most approved methods of handling milk and butter will be demonstrated, and, in connection with that department, feeding experiments with special reference to milk and butter production will be conducted. The Experiment Station being in immediate connection with the college grounds, the members of the agricultural classes have exceptional opportunities for acquiring familiarity with its work and of becoming acquainted with methods of scientific investigation. The Station was re-organized under the act, known as the IHatch Bill," to take effect the fiirst of April. It came too late for the inauguration of new experiments in the field or garden. The following results are from experiments commenced under the old organization and completed since April 1st: 8 EXPERIMENTS WITH TABLE CORN. Object-To compare earliness of varieties. Planted March 7th, except Hickory King, White Pearl and Perry's Hybrid, which were planted March 22nd. RESULTS. NAME OF VARIETY. Hnw Early Minnesota ..................... Ferry. ..................... Old Colony........ . .. Cory ....... Black Mexican ............... ...... "2 Crosby's Ex. Early Sweet, .... 6. Early Southern ......................... 7. Leets' Early.................................14 ................. 8. Excelsior Sweet....... 9. Perry's Hybrid........................ 10. Boynton's Early ............................ 11. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. May 9.... May 30 .. 31 June 18 1 12 May28 June 1 i21 "14 15 i "1 5 J " I 4 2 ," Landreth's Sugar ................... usnsBy/il)'.. ...... Landreth... i "12 25 2 18 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. June 5 ... Old Cabin Home...................... May 11. 2d 1st Early Landreth's. Market...it " 29 U. S. Dep. Golden Beauty....................... June 15 Clark's Flour Corn. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ Stabler's Early.......................... Egyptian ................................. Cory ............................. White Giant Normandy...................it Improved Evergreen.......................it i," t t ....... Exp't " May 16 28 " 10 June 1 May 28 " [ue9 4 22 May 30 June 21 July 2 15 May, 29 June 18 " 15 22. Livingston's Evergreen Sugar.......... Livingston.. 23. Adam's Early... .............. St'n.. " 23 11 24. Evergreen Sweet.... ......................... ....... 25. New Hickory King. ... 26. Champion Early Wlhite Pearl.. 27. Perry's Hybrid.............i" 25., June 2 May 27..." t-4 i it5 18 "20 "28 22 22 EXPERIMENT WITH ENGLISH PEAS. Object--To compare earliness and continuance in bearing of different varieties-Planted February 9th and 10th. RESULTS. o 'n NAME OF VARIETY. w . I w May, Arl3 May June May " " " '' " wo 2 10 7 18 1 2 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. .................... Ferry's Earliest of all..... .......... ... ... ....................... Minimum......................... ............ . ................................ First and Best ". "... .............. ....... .... Champion of England.. ......... ..................... Yorkshire Hero. .. ,........ ............... .... Bliss' American Wonder ...... Dreer's Eureka Extra Early........... ... .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... ............................ . Ferry. ,.......April 2... April 18 21 ' " 18 < 2 " 15 May 4 16 4 " April 18 " 3 2 18 " .Dreer ,....,. May '' It '" '' 8. Kentish Invicta ................ " '' '' 2 9. Rural New Yorker ...................... .................. 2 10. Dwarf Blue Imperial .... :........... 11. Bliss' Abundance....................................... 12. Champion of England ...... ,,,....... ... ................ . ............. ,.........." " ... "" 15 "t15 15 " May 8 " 5 7 it 4" it " " " " " " ' 5 7 5 19 21 7 5 5 E 18 18 3 " 5 13. American Wonder ......................................... 14. McLean's Little Gem ................ ............................. ........... ,.. ......... 15. Extra Early Premium Gem ....... 16. Philadelphia Ex. ...... .............. ''" 17. Telephone.:....... Early .......... ..... 3 41 3 2 April 18 24 19. i" 3 25 " 22 " 28 " " " '" '" 2 379 10 10 I " '' " 22 21 f" I''9 May 9 ' 9 j 12 une 11 May 2.2 " 9 " 9 9 " 29 "24 June 7 May 9 " 191 7 7 7 I ''18 16 15 19 ......... .... .......... .............................. 20. Champion of England ....................................... 18. Carter's Telephone..... 19. Abundance,........ Alaska ................. ......................... " 19 10 May "4 " 14 1 June 2 May 14 " 11 " " 26 14 17 1une 6 ......... .............. Thorburn.. "44i"10 " " ." " "atI"2 "44<"2 "44 21. Carter's Strategem ... .................................... ...................... 22. Premium Gem ".......... 23. 9 1ti4 15 i" " " " " I" May 31 14 14 ..................................................... .............................. April 19 6"19 5 24. Bishop's Long Pod.......... " May i" "2 "s7 " "SI" 16 June 1 18ccy2 5 j 9 " " 9 161 2 .................. 25" First and -Best..., 26.. Saxton's Earliest of all .................... .................. ........................... Mar. 30 April 18 19 " 4 5 27. White Marrowfat....................... 28. Extra EarlY Alpha ......................... 29. Small's Early 30. Prince of Wales ............ 31. 32. 33. 34. 4t6 French...............................................2:<<<" .................. ...... ............... .................. " j 31 April 24 3 May May :......... .. April 11 19 11 Saxton's Minimum............................................... .................................. ..... Pride of the Market .......... Day's Early Sunrise.............................................. Rural New Yorker....................................... 35.Tho t.. ... bur '7... xtr ... Ealy ... ... ark .... . "it ... 36. Culyerweli's Telegraph ... ....................................... 37. 38. American Everhearing...................................................... Wonder .................. ..................... I" April " 3 15 4 Mar. 31 " " April 20 May 1 April 18 " 18 1 15 18 2 May 2 i 3, 4 45 t 18 4 " " 61 i " 29 11 1, it 14 " 5 5 " 25 9 it " It 10 10 21 une 2 May " < 19 « " " 9 19 5 19 14 5 21 24 9 21 21 9 23 23 9 1 19 14 19 14 3 " " " " " " " 4 April 18J it " 16 22 5 " " EXPERIMENT WITH IRISH POTATOES. Object--To compare the yield per acre in bushels of different varieties under identical circumstances. RESULTS. No. PLAT NAME OF VARIETY. From Whom V) U REMARKS. ., 0 .0 I' .0 O U 1. 2. 3. 4. a. U i Ji) t H 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 20. 21. u Thorburn.. . 15 75 45 50 50 75 107 62 29 75 25 37 73 50 87 50 28 00 12 22 ........ Early Albino ................... 28 00 53 35 Early Sunrise...................................... Auburn M'kt 56 00 33 25 Early Rose....................................... 133 00 15 75 ......................... Empire State ............. ' T1horburn. . 79 62 95 37 Garfield ............................................. 53 37 143 50 ........................... Great Eastern. 0 00 57 75 May Flower............. ........................... 46 37 106 75 ............. Morning Star... ....................... 129 50 77 00 ........................ New Giant........ 20 12 33 '23 Pearl of Savoy ............ .......................... 55 12 96 25 . .......... Rose's Beauty of Beauties .................. 56 87 71 75 ......... Rose's Wild Rose....................... 23 62 42 00 ,... . ........... Sunlit Star............ ............... 3 50 39 37 The 39 37 94 50 Thorburn's"Late Rose................................ 37 62 127 75 White Elephant............. ........................ 122 50 49 87 I-----L White Star.................... rir\rr ; Beauty of Hebron................................. Chas. Downing.................................... Clarke's No. 1..................................... Dictator............................ 18 35 28 23 14 38 42 54 42 37 00 87 62 87 50 00 '25, 14 87 94 49 Earliest-Few Rotted. Rotted.. 7 00 200 37 19 25 103 24 28 00212 62 6 12 61 21 2nd Earliest-Few 00 Few Rotted 7 00 126 85 16 62 147 87 Few Rotted .............. 14 Thorburn ....................................... 25 31 22 25 33 35 22 15 22 25 35 31 00 9 3" 13 2 50 75 16 37 0 25 14 87 24 75 3 75 2t 75 3 1 37 001 7 50 16 00,217 .............. 62 226 12 235 6'2 91 62 192 87 2:32 87 101 50 211 50 154 87 103 5069 75160 00 207 62 220 61 36 87 49 74 3d Earliest .............. 49 74 87 Few Rotted........... . 24 12 99 37 49__ NOTES ON RASPBERRIES. VARIETIE, 0 -n 0k I 00 k 0 0 0!1. a E- Brandywine....................... Caroline.......................... Crimson Beauty.................... Cuthbert.......................... Doolittle......................... Davidson's Thornless............... Early Prolific...................... Florence .. .. . Gregg............................ Golden Queen..................... Hopkins.......................... Highland Hardy................... Hansell.......................... Mammoth Cluster ............ Marlboro ............. .... ......... New Rochell . ..................... Ohio............................... Rancocas .............. ............ Reliance.......... .................. Sauhegan ......................... . Vigorus.: M ediumn Roundi sl hRedish.... Good . N't V ig's . Small... Black..Good ... Deep Poor.. Medium Very Good. Vigorous.. Large. . Oblong.., Red. Mediu m Round... *Rlack..-" Black..... Poor.. N't V ig's . Small... Purple. .. Very Good.. V igorons. . Medium Yellow ... " Black. Good ... Oblong.. Yellow.... Best .. hBlack.. Viit Large .. Ronud islun. Red.. M edium Round isl h Red...... N it ... Viit N't Vig's. Large.. Round. . .Black...... Very Red.....Poor.... M edium Rnd Crimson..(Good ... Black.... ,Good ... Small... N'it Nt Vg.s Red..Poor.. Small... C( Red. Not Prolific. F&MMay M Prolific... Not- << Prolific. Prolific... F & Prolific.. Not Prolific. Prolific.... F Prolific... F&M Not Prolific. Prlfc.. kt M M 412 Black 4 4 4 23 8 14 7 8 Red Cap. Black Cap Red Cap.. Cap Red Cap.. ccG -" ,CC Prolific. Ot F&M M 17 15 -Good Good.. F & M ~E~ounditF M F Not Prolific. ........ No Poifc 12 21 11 21 Black Cap 29 Red Cap. . G Black Cap Red Cap.. Black Cap cc Red Cap.. GG M it Prolific. F F F &M t cc 8 11- Shafer's Colossal.. .. . . .. . . . ....... . Superb............................ . Tyler ..... .... .................... Thompson's Early Prolific........... -" edium Vigorous... Small... Not Vripes... Large.. . Meiu nVigorus M edium SM Ro Red....Good .. Black..Very Good.. it M 18 11 5 Black Cap Red Cap.. Black Cap Black Cap Red Cap. . Black Cap GG Crimson.. Red.....Poor... Good .. it ". Not Prolific. F&M F 1 15 5 8 23 Black..Very Good.. Red..Good .. I\ II II 1~1 r~TI 111 Pride ............. N't Vig's.. Welch ............................. n I~ -r YCI~Ct! il Yr Red Cap. . L i G G GCG NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES. VARIETIES. f 1 1 1I I ................................... Atlantic. Agriculturist. ............................... ............................... Bidwell... Boyden's No. 30. . ... .......... Not Vig's. Medium Vigorous.. Not Vig's. " Vigorous.. No test.... No sample. Not Big Bob.:.................................... Champion................................... Chas. Downing........................... Captain Jack................................. Cornelia...................................... ......................... Continental......... Crescent. .................................... Crystal City .................... Cumberland Triumph .......................... Dan Boone................................... Early Canada.................................. Finch's Seedling............................. Deep Red.' Good... Ded.Red Best. Oblong.. Good.. Round Conical. Round Best... Good.. Prolific.. ]Roit Firm . April DcEE Soft cEE Vig's. Small..... .. . .. ......... ...... ... ...... Oblong .. Light Red Red.. " Medium... Conical " ." I Not Vig's. Small.. Round... Round... Light Red Vigorous... " May Soft.. April Soft... Not Prolific. Firm.. May April Not Prolific. Prolific . . Soft.. Not Prolific. Soft.. Soft... Firm.. Soft... Firm.. Soft.. Firm.. . Oblong. . Deep Red. 4 Round... Vigorous.. Large.. mLight Red Not Vig's. Small..:). it Glendale-.. ................... Conical . Vigerous. Not Vig's. .Red... " Golden Defiance............................... Harris' Mammoth...... ............. Henderson .............................. Indiana..............................:......... James Vick.................................. Jersey Queen ......................... Medium.. I Vigorous.. . Small.. Oblong.. Red. Not Vig's. no _sample. i Deep Red. Oblong.. Deep Red Round .. itcGood. Light 'Red. Best .... I , . . . . . . . . . . . a 23 24 24 27 31 10 18 21 6 21 18 27 26 24 19 26 ~ 21 C 28 24 30 25 8 May Jewell............ ........ . ............... Vigorous.. '' .t Jucunda..... Jumbo.....................Vigorous.. Kentucky.....................................Not Lacon.............. .......................... Legal Tender..................................Not Longfellow ................................... May King....................................Vigorous.. Manchester................................... Miners.......................................Not Monarch of the West. .............. Mt. Vernon.......r...........................Not Mrs. Garfield..................................Vigorous.. Nig's Superb..................................Vigorous.. Old Iron Clad Parry... ....................... ... ................................ . ....... ... :.............. ..... Large.. Vig's. Medium. . Vigorous.. Small .. Medium .. Not Vig's.. Small.. Large..... Vig's. Mediums .. Vigorous. Vig's. Small.. Large... Medium.. Not Vig's Small.... Vig's.' Not Vig's. no Very Good. Not Prolific. Light Red Good..... Poi...Not Prolific Deep Red Very Good. Good. Very Good. Very Good. conical Oblong.. Light R. Good .. _.. Prolific. Round .. " Very Good . Deep Red. Good . . Not Prolific. Light Red Good.. Deep Red Very Good., Prolific.... " cc Re4_. " Good.. Oblong..Red .. Very Good.. Not Prolific. Round Deep ... Red. " 11 4424 27 2 Soft. Firm.. April 28 Soft. Firm.. Soft.. Firm.. it 20 " 44 18 "4 " 25 26 44 Soft.. Firm.. Firm.. Soft... . Soft.. " K " " .. .... ........ ........... sample 21 25 28 23 23 25 Piper's Seedling.............................. Vigorous.. Medium President Prirno.................................." Prince of Berries.............................. Sharpless.................... Triumph de Gand............................... Lincoln................................ It Not no test... . Oblong.. Light Red Good .... Oblong.. Red. Good.. Conical.. Light Not Prolific . Soft Prolific .Soft. " "23 medium Small. . Round... Red- Vineland Seedling............ Warren....................................... Wilson......................................... Windsor Chief................................. Wonderful................................ Vigorous.. ___ Vig's ........ Lai ge.... . Oblong.. Medium Round... Deep Red. Oblong.. Light Redj no test.... Medium.. Round Red.. Very Good.. Deep Red. Good.. no test.... is .. Not Prolific... May -1 Very Good. Not Prolific. Firm.. April 25 " 33 Prolific. Soft. . Good.. " 23 Very Good.. Not Prolific. Soft. . 'Not Not Gd..Good.. Prolific. Prolific. Not Prolific. Soft. . Soft.. .. " " " " " Prolific. Not Prolific. Not Prolific... Firm.. I lIIY I \C- Soft.. 27 25 21 23 30 28 " I......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 MULCHED AND UNMULCHED STRAWBERRIES. To compare the production of mulched with that of unmulched plants. In the early spring of 1887 two hundred plants of the Sharpless variety of strawberries were planted in fertile, pebbly drift. One hundred of the plants were mulched with oat straw and one hundred left unmulched. During the spring of '87 the flower stalks were pulled from 50 of the mulched and fifty of the unmulched plants for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of this treatment upon the production the next year. During the fall of 1887 eleven of the unmulched plants died while only one of the mulched perished. These were carefully replaced with planty of the same age from an adjacent bed in order that the final test of productiveness might be made upon equal number of plants in each case. Last spring the following notes were made: viz. The unmulched plants commenced ripening their fruit April 18th, and the mulched April 24th. The mulching therefore had the effect of retarding the ripening of the berries six days. The patch was divided into four plats as follows: 1st. Fifty plants, unmulched which were allowed to ripen their fruit in 1887, the first season after planting. 2d. Fifty plants, mulched which bore fruit the first season. 3d. Fifty plants, unmulched from which the fruit stalks were removed the first season. 4. Fifty plants, mulched from which the fruit stalks were removed. on Z RESULTS. 1 4. 50 plants unmulched allowed to fruit in 1887.............. " " "' 2. 50 3. 50 50 mulched unmulched not" mulched not" 4" 8% 3 " " . " " .. . . ...... .......... " " " " 164 4 10%/ 24 4 14 Qts " " Mulching increased the yield several quarts from fifty plants, nearly doubling the yield. Removing the fruit stalks the first season did not pay. Twenty-five selected berries from these plats weighed upon the scales in the chemical lobaratory, one pound; and 22 of them filled a quart measure. The unmulched being earlier than the mulched plats, sustained grearter loss from late frosts. The extent of this could not be ascertained. REPORT OF N.. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST, During the.year ending July 1st, a large amount of work has been done in the Laboratory by the chemist in charge and his;assistants, Messrs. L. W. Wilkinson and B. S. Burton. Since 1st of April, Dr. J. T. Anderson has been employed as. First As sistant Chemist of the Agricultural Station, and has been en. gaged on the anal rsis of representative soils of the state. The work of the year has been mainly in connection with the State Department of Agriculture, of which the Professor of Chemistry in the Agricultural and Mechanical College is made by law, "the official chemist." He 'is required "on the application of the Commissioner to analyze and certify the analysis of all fertilizers, samples of which are furnished him," also, of such other materials as the Commissioner may direct. The Director of the Agricultural Experiment station is also authorized to have such analyses made as may be necessary to carry on the experimental work under his supervision. The variety and extent of this work can be seen from the fol. lowing tabular stat'ment of the number and character of the quantitive analyses made during the past four years. It is scarcely necessary to state that in the analysis of fertilizers, only those constituents have been determined which are required under the law, viz : Water soluble, citrate soluble and acid soluble phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash. the NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF QUANTATIVE ANALYSIS MADE IN THE STATE UNDER THE LABORATORY DURING THE PAST FOUR YEARS, GENERAL SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AND THE DRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION. Number of Analyses. 1884-85. 1885-s6. 1886-87. 1887-88, Acid phosphates with nitrogen and potash Acid phosphates with potash. .. . 13. 24 18 3 79 41 11 Acid phosphates........................6 Natural guanos.........................3 65 3 52 8 Phosphatic rocks and deposits....... .. . .. .103 27 19 4 3 5 1 Maris and calcareous rocks.... ........... Mucks........ 12 9 2 3 .............. seed meal........... Cotton seed hull Cotton Cave earths .......... ......... ................... Composts...... ......... :...............5 Kainit and potash salts.... ............ .. 2 Feed stuffs.. ............. ............... Nitrogenous material...... ............ ash,................................1 15 4 2 3 6 5 ..... 3 .................. 3 6 3 W heat ............ Cane juice and begasse...................... 10 6G 1 4 2 7 ..... ............. Coal........... Iron ores. .................... ........ .4 Clays............................................. Waters................. .................. Soils ........................... ......... 2 1 4 12 4 2 10 3 4 RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS REPORTED BY DR. N. T. LJPTON, STATE CHEMIST, FROM SAMPLES TO JULY. FURNISHED BY MANUrAC TURERS AND OTHERS, FOR SEASON OF 1887-88-SEPTEMBER Bywhom reported. o Name of Fertilizer or Chemical. Name. ® .0 o Address. o ,* S a 0 25 29 22 18. 21 21 21 21 26" Cts 14 84. 52 90 00 21 26 75 23* 85 20 ~59 23 85 23 56 22- 69 17 22 ~73 22, 30 42 07 21 18 22 71 826 842 851 856 857 864 865 866 875 876 879 881 889 893 894 895 896 897 900 902 908 Acid phosphate . ....... Palmetto Acid Phosphate................ Ga. State Standard Acid Phosphate. Furman's Acid Phosphate............... Adair's-Acid Phosphate................. Acid Phosphate No. i.................. Acid Phosphate No. 2............... High Grade Phosphate .......... ..... . Ashepoo Acid Phosphate....... ........ . Eutaw Acid Phosphate .......... Acid Phosphate.......... ..... ..... Royal Phosphate........ Stonewall Acid ................ Ga. Chem. W'ks Augusta, J. Steiner Son Greenville,. Ala Co Savannah, Ga Ham'd, H. Adair, Bros.& Co Atlanta, Ga... & Ga.. & Ala. Fertil. Co.. Montg'ry, Ala. Troy, Ala. Ashepoo, Ph. Co Charlest'n, S.C Troy Fertl. Co.. Magnet Acid Phosphate............. .... Chatham Phosphate............. Dissolved Bone ... .................... Pomana Acid Phosphate................. . Patapsco Acid Phosphate........... ... W.F. Beard... Soluble. Bone..... .............. ... Columb's Fer Co Etiwan Dissolved Bone............... . Etiwan Ph. Co.. Stern's Dissolved Bone. ... . . ..... Malone & Col'ns Acid Phosphate,..............: . Montg'ry, Ala. Troy, Ala..... Davis, Mar.& Co Mobile, Ala... Coin.-Guano Co Savannah, Ga. Marks & Gayle.,. hetn11'42 Troy Fertl. Co.. aer13 15 41 1315 11 04 10 75 109a*4 13 44 13 05 15'64 14 20 14 78 11 80 12.67 10 r 45 1 61 1'52 3 56 3 66 0 57 1 09. 1 20 0 97 1'93 3 23 4 96 1 31 1 44 1 63 2.--78. 0.07 2 52 2 70 13 82 1334; 75 Troy, .Ala. Columbus, Ga. Charlest'n, S.C Geneva, Ala... 12 19 12 09 1488 12 86 0.60 2 62 0 76 0 76 1 15 1 12 0 44 0 38 0 32 0 38 1 66 1 66 0 99 0 96 1 02 1 16 1 08 0 54- o 47 1 42 2 06 0 22 72 -962 965 972 910 Stern's Acid Phosphate..................Malone & 917 X X Acid Phosphate No. 1...............Vandiver & Co. 918 X X Acid Phosphate No. Fertl. 919 Phosphate.............................Troy 920 Sunny South Acid Phosphate............Pike Co. Gu. Co. Wando Acid Phosphate..................N. W. E. Long.. 922 924 Lister's Plain Dissolved Bone............D. L. 938 " Ammoniate Phosphate"................A. C, Williams Phosphate.........Pike Co. Gu. Co 939 Grand Imperial 947 Southern Acid Phosphate................So. Ac. Ph. Co 948 Sunny South Acid Phosphate.............R. S. Williams. W. C.,-&-Co 950 Acid Phosphate........................0. 951 Wando Acid Phosphate..................L. W. 952 Grand Imperial Acid Phosphate...........Pike Co. Gu. Co H. &'Co. 959 Acid Phosphate.......................Ham'd 958 "Fertilizer" (Phosphate)...................D..K. 961 "Fertilizer" (Phosphate)..............,.Folmer & Sons.. Scott's High Grade Phosphate.............Freeman 2............. Colins Geneva, .Ala.. Ala.. Montg'y, Troy, Co Ala.... Roberts.. Lawler.. Acid Hurtshoro, Ala Savannah, Ga. Talladega, Ala Troy, Ala. ... Atlanta, Ga... Wet'mpka, Ala Oxford, Ala. Montg'ry, Ala. Troy, 966 969 970 977 978 990 *991 Savannah, Ga. Clayton Ala.. Troy, Ala.... Alexand'a Al a Troy, Ala... High Grade Eng. Acid Phosphate.:........ Folmer & Phosphate.............. H.c -M.', s.c.D.,z.F. Opelika, Sunny South Phosphate....................... ... A. F. Pruett... Guerryt'n Bradley's Patent Acid Phosphate.......... J."M. Hurt.... Auburn, " H. Henderson, Bingham, Acid Phosphate............................0O. Waverly, A. Mc mnt yre . ........... ...... Eutaw Acid Mc Queen Smith Pratville,. ............. ... "Fertilizer" ...... Ag. Stat'n" J. S. English- Acid .Phosphate .................. .6494Ai.Popae............. reverted..:......... . .1"N.ev Eng Acid. Coatopa, N.Lev. 994 cidPhophae.................. Thomas.. Ala.... &D... Acid Sons.. 'Phosphate phosp. Newman... 12 92 13 05 12 67 12 86 13 52 12.28 13 90 4 03 9 03 10 17 2 20 12 47 9.02 4 03 11 90 4 X99 10 75 10 36 11 82 3 45 4-60 12 67 10 56 9 02 9 98 12 17 0.00 1 23 1 88 2 52 1 06 2 49 3 03 1 07 6 72 9 50 5 03 9 13 4-17 5 54 10 01 3.45 3,04 2 86 3 0 1 1 0 3 0 5 4 5 4 2 3 4 0 0 2 3 2 4 3 1 2 2 2 0 2 8 o 20 25 77 47 28 23 19 76 13 53 69 56 10 96 29 22 14 00 04 69 96 76 84 11 43 26 35 28 2 3 9265 6 72 12 94 3 23 2 5698 5 83 2 58 9 55' 21 22 22 20 24 22 22 16 20 22 16 24 21' 21 23 12 20 21 21 15 26 23 21 18 23 22 22 39 72 88 01 96 45 1230 80 99 96 84 06 02 041 41 42 70 25 31 85. 18 44 71 12% 6 12 *Same as 990 with adddition of one-fourth its weight of lime. Phosphates -With -Potash 858 Farish Furman Formula..... ....... 884 Farish Furman Formula............ .. .... .. . Adair Bros & Co Atlanta,.Ga... I9 -""j 79 9 40 10 54 213 1 47 1 23 4 13 4 13 19 21 62 42 Phosphates With Nitrogen and BY WHOM R SEPORTED. Potash, / 0 0 Name of Fertilizer or Chemical. Name. Address. .- 828 Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer...................... 830 Ammoniated Guano......................Rasin Fert. Ga. State Grange.......................Baldwin Fert Co 843 B. D. Sea Fowl Guano................... J. Steiner & Sons 844 "Bradley's Patent Phosphate ".... 850 Farmer's AmmoniatedDis. Bone............Hm'd, Hull & Co 852 Ga. State Standard and Supr-phosphate.... " " 853 H. H. & Co's Pure Am, Bone 11. G..V2g. Ft. 859 Adair's Am. Dis. Bone..................Adair Bros & Co 860 861 862 863 867 868 877 878 885 886 887 888 892 898 904 Furman's Amd. Soluble Bone.............. Co. Columbia, Ala Baltimore, Md Savannah, Ga Greenville, Ala Savanah, Ga.. Ga... Atlanta, 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 2 1 68 24 1752 17 86 79 02 45 8 92 6 43 9 02 9 69 8 83 8 05 8 83 6 81 960 9 60 7 10 5 95 10 27 9 79 9 60 9 79 9.40 7 68 6 04 6 04 8 44 9 60 7 39 7 10 0 97 4 57 2 37 300 2 32 2 25. 0 42 1 151 09 0 61 1 73 3 12 0 61 1 03 224 1 12 1 16 2 1 72 2 44 1 85 180 2 48 1 12 2 36 1 06 299 1 69 208 1 23 o 44 1 79 2 30 5 37 0 25 0 31 1 02 1 95 1 53 0 72. 3 85 1 31 0 15 0 51 0 25 1 0- 1 89 1 52 2 596 60 0 40 2 41 3 57 24 26 27 27 27 24 23 42 25 21 24 23 25 26 30 28 27 25 24 30 28 28 26 24 37 92 31 28 08 22 44 01 98 93 06 34 60 98 65 31 24 86 04 52 1 86 Atlanta, Ga. 1 82 Planter's Soluble Guano ................. 2 .24 Homestead Guano.. ............... 2 38 ... Troy. Fertl'r Cc Troy, Ala.. ............... Perfect Atlanta, Ga... 2 52 Furman's High Grade Guano............ .Adair Bros .... Ashepoo phosCoI Charleston, SC 2 38 Ashepoo Fertilizer ................... 2 31 Eutaw Fertilizer...................... Adair Bros & Co Atlanta, Ga... 1 86 Buffalo Bone Guano...................... F. G. McElhany Auburn,. Ala. . ..... ... Eddystone Soluble Guano . 1 89 4 36 .. ............ Formula No. 1........... Montgomery.. Montgomery.. 2 94 1Formula No. 2. .. . . ....... " Columbus F'r co Columbus Ga., 2 45 ......... ...... Home Davis, Mar'11 co. Mobile, Ala... 3 15 Soluble Guano,... 3Magnet Bone Vegetable Grower................... Currie Fertz'r co Louisville, Ky.j- 1 55 Bone. Guano .... .............. Buffalo 08 2 65 Guano....'.... .. it t &Co N. H. Holmes.. Mixture.... 2 44 2 54 1 3 351 74 6............... 02 0 80 3 17 0 55 1 47 3 07 267 2 40 3 57 200 0 80 0 77 2 88 1 79 3 25 I70 135 165 28 906 No. 1 Stern's A rd. Raw Bone Superphosp'te 907 Crown Guano................ 909 No. 2. Stern's Am-d. Raw Bone Superphosp'te 912 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer........... 913 Soluble Pacific Guano................. 914 Golden Grain Guano.................... 915 "Fertilizer"......................... 916.1 ". Malone & Col'ns Geneva, Ala... Treadw'll, A.&co Atlanta, Ga.. Malone & Col'ns Geneva, Ala. Adair Bros & co Atlanta, Clayton (20 Clayton, Ala.. C Fr WHooper &co Selma, Ala... Ga... 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 89 73 86 10 65 68 15 88 0 78 6 72 706 7 68 7 68 6 91 8 44 6 52 11 .7 S59 60 0 41 9 60 8 31 10 17 9 03 5, 76 7 29 3 72 4 60 8 53 9 40 8 83 6 14 9 40 9 79 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 62 84 43, 47 40 48 60 24 3 3 f 1 1 31 1 28 0 99 1 66 196 3 07 1 71 0 65 0 70 0 80 3 74 3 58 2 81 2 46 2 78 1 79 1 85 2 65 2 33 284 1 53 1 31 256 2 36 0 57 2 33 1 88 2 31 0 99 0 84 1 53 1 77 45 03 37 82 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 1 16 25 27 10 72 37 90 38 18 27 22 26 24 22 24 26 13 73 75 54 27 00 34 900.1- 925 926 927 928 929 930 937 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 949 955 960 963 964 967 968 971 974 979981 Lister's Amd. Dis. Bone...... .. Lister's Harvest Queen.. Lister's Celebrated Ground Bone....... Lister's Standard Phosphate... "High Grade"......................... Aurora Fertilizer........ Amd. Phosphate....................... Guano C.o Guano........ L. & R. Guano.......... ......... Pike County Guano................. Eddystone Guano..... Southern Amd. Dis.-Bone.............. Samana Guano....................... Old Dominion Guano................... Ga. State Grange 'Guano.............. Soluble Pacific Guano.................... Old Reliable...... .................... . L. & C. Dissolved Bone................. Scott's Animal Amd. Guano.............. . Eddyston Soluble Guano........... ...... Soluble Pacific G(uano................. ... Hinton Fertilizer........... B. D. Seafowl Guano ................... . Rock City Superphosphate .............. . Gossypium Phospho..................... D L Roberts.... Savannah, Ga. 22, Cow et-a Frtl'r co Newnan, Ga. N A. H HI. 147 2 94 2 52 2 17 1 95 3 ( co~ 03 .1-65 708 3 28 1 22 1 86 2 59 1 61 5 71 6 95 2.32 1 67 0 45 4 13 4 20 1 39 1 92 4 45 4 16 3 94 2 09 1 51 209 3 63 1 85 3 54 2 02 2 23 1 45 2 57 1 71 2 48 2 :33 1 89 3 16, 1 65 1 35 1 62 1. 70 1 90 104 0- 92 1 58 2 51 1 88 1 08 1 78 2 31 2 95 1 33 1 99 2 83 1 85 2 24 Holmes.. Rainer.. Montgomery.. Troy, A itHRainer..... itcc i So. acid phos co. Atlanta, Ga... Ala... Frank S Roberts Mobile, 2 13 2 10 1 40 1 82 1 681 82 2 31 2.59 1 82 186 Ala... 806 8 16 Ham'd, Hull &co'Savannah, Ga. Freeman& Du'g's Alexandria, Ala Murphy, F Opelika, Ala.. Frank S Roberts Mobile, D,& 1 89 1 54 0 98 1 82 0 35 1 96 2 WGHinton &S Pickensv'le Ala J tiner Ala... 6 14 656 806 8 25 7 69 6 13 Ala WCoope.Oxford,Ala... & sons Greenville, Collins.... Fayette, C. H. 988 Complete Fertilizer....... .............. 989 Farmer's Standard Phosphate ............ 992 W.G. Whitman Young'boroAla. . JS'Newman.. A .Station,Ala 2 2403 Gossypium Phospho........... 1 75 1 40 2.31 8 52 5'95 25 31 26, .90 69 21 61 30 77 I 25 252 27 aW 11 27 23 404 20 70 89 25 52 24 71 22 27 25, 7237 72 23 47 24 75 25 24 25 82 24 92 23 14 3 65 25 26 38' 91 23 45 23 0424 25 108 Natural. Guanos, Cotton Seed Meals,'Mals, Etc. By whom reported. Name of Fertilizer or Chemical. Name. I O Adrss 993 855 880 899 901 Cotton.Seed Meal... «"it ........... Swan Island Guano ................. "14." ............. J. S. Newman. Frank S Roberts I Ag. Station, Ala Mobile, Ala. 6 ft " " "0 0 42 42 821 2 0 32 1 15 OM 0 25 0 30 0 97 0' 38 12 65 166h7 14 02 1 93 0,41 ;57 649 .092 5 66 66 954 976 911 923 is" "t"«" " 0-58 "< "0 "0 " Virginia Grain Currie. Bone Meal......................:..... Fertilizer. .................. ", . ...... . ..... Jno. 0. Martin.. Eufaula, Ala.' Currie Fel'r Co. Louisville,. Ky 38 28 0 49 0 08 16 14 8 02 678 7 32 6.88 0 38 0 30 14 90 6 94 0 58 0,37 0 30 0 07 982 984 Swan Island Guano.......... .................... Cotton Seed. Hull Ash ............ ......... Frank S Roberts Mobile, Ala " 4 27 0 41 1 :01 0 22 16 08 J S Newman ... Iron and Al. Oxides 14.00 995 Moisture 13.;12-.; Organic matter x2.00 ; Insoluble matter (Silica) Magnesia 6.59;; Carbonic acid 9.56 ; Sulphuric Acid 1.71 ; Potash 25.93 ; Soda 3.86 ; Chlorine 3.00, 6.88; I A g. " 1572 022 5 18 Station....0 28 17 28 7 86 Phosp. acid 9.60; Lime 2,80; Total 100.03. 0.20 0-41 Natural Guanos, Cotton Seed Meals, ManlesfEtc.. By 0 0 :U Name of 0 'whom-.,reported. Fertilizer, or Chemical. S4 bIJ 1 V 0 Name. Address. 0 U 1 1 r . Io i o 14 6 79 1 78 829 Marl.:.............. .............. :........... . R. M. Parker.... 831 Limestone.. .. ......... ,................. A. Coleman A. 833- Shell-Marl......:................................ T. A. Craven.... 841 ...... :.................................. . S. R. Weaver.. 931 No. 1 Cave Earth.................. ............. . R. Nicholson..,. 932 No. 2. Cave Earth......................... . 933 No. 3 Cave Earth................................ . 854 Cotton Seed. meal................................ . So. Cotton Oil co ...... ... . F' M Pennington 891 Natural Phosphates (a)................. 891 Natural Phosphates (b) ........................ 891 Marl.:.......................................... 891 Shell. .......................................... 891 Shell 905 Kainit........................................... IMalone Colins 975~ Cotton Seed Meal.................................I Southern Oil co. CoQatopa ,Ala,.. Greensb 'o, Ala 1 05 1 34 trace 1 27 0 38 0 Marl.. 3 35 Midway, Ala.. 41 98 Fort (i'ines, Ga 7 52 Collinsvlle, Ala Montg'ery, Ala Troy, Ala.... 61. 95 73 98. 50 70 85, 65 22 05 44 ............................................ .. .. 2 24 24 05 2214« 0 06 0 51 0 & ,_ Geneva, Selma, i Ala.... Ala.. 51, 1 34 13 89 7 00 1 37 24 The methods of analysis used are those adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists at their last meeting in Washington and published in pamphlet form. In soil analysis, the methods published by the Department of Agriculture at Washington have been strictly followed, and great care has been taken to secure accurate results. While soil analysis has, of late years, fallen somewhat into disrepute, on account of hasty conclusions drawn from imperfect data, and a want of thorough study of all the conditions of plant growth, it hasan important value in the scientific investigation of the productive capacity of soils and the means best adapted to restore fertility'and to prevent exhaustion. In accordance with the plan of experimentation agreed for the' Station, representative soils with sub-soils from different portions of the State have been collected which will be analyzed ith great care, and their productive, value with and without fertilizers; determined by carefully conducted and accurate exerimuents at the Station. I mportant conclusions, it is believed, will be drawn from these results, not only of general scientific value, upon but of practical utility to the agriculturists of Alabama and states. The results of soil analysis thus far Completed other' are as follows : RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF AIR-DRIED SOILS AND SUB -SOILS-SOIL RECEIVED FROM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. VIRGIN SOIL. i Cul'd or worn s'il SOIL. SJBSO'L SOIL. SU Soil marked....... mentsat te Stt: Station number...................... ................... .... ........ I 1(a) 1(b) 2 (a) 1001 1002 1003 2 (b) 1004 Moisture............................. Insoluble Silica.... Hydrated Silica....................... Soluble. Silica ................... 3.............. Sesquioxide of Iron, F, 3....... Alumina, Al Phosphoric Acid, P 2, 823 686 2 253 131 0 1 535 0 981 88 718 89 713 ............... 0 5................. Lime, Ca.O........................... Magnesia, Mgo Potash, K 2,O.0........................ 2, 0 0 .... ......................... 3................. 0..................... .. S0 Chlorine, Cl .......................... Carbonic Acid, C 0 2 ................. Matter........... Soda, Na. 2, Sulphuric Acid, Volatile and Organic 1 434 3 028 0 059 0091 0 058 0 062 194 . . 0184 0 101 0 009 0 180 5 838 99 308 0379 . . 0 512 91 602 2 173 1 909 2 161 0 115 0 307 0 067 1 505 0 813 1 028 3 140 1 867 2 590 0 093 0 056 0 060 0031 0 086 0 0341 0 023 0 072. 0 012 0 090 0 034 0 092 0718 0 440 0 281 0 041 0 0561,0 021 0 011 0-015 0 014 0 058 0 106 0 095 2.064 3 208 1 112 99 681 0 253 181.3 81 87 Total .................... Nitrogen .,........ The Air-dried soil contains Coarse Gravel........ Fine ........... ..... . 100 315 99 663 0274 0 293 22 11 26 18 77 89 73 82 Material................... 31 20 68'80 25 REPORT OF P. II. MELL, BOTANIST. So short a time has elapsed since the organization of the Experiment Station, but littletcan be said of the Botanical work. An outline of some of the plans proposed, however, may not be amiss here. The investigations in this department were intended by the laws establishing the station to cover the entire state. In other words it is contemplated to write in popular language a botany of Alabama that will be equally intelligible to the farmer and valuable to the scientific student. This will not be the work of a few months, nor will it be accomplished by one person. But it must be the work of years and through the combined efforts of the earnest farmers of Alabama and the officers of the Experiment Station. As we look over the field before us it seems best at present to divide the work as follows: 1. The Classification and determination of the relative econom. ic values of all wild plants useftil for forage and other like agricultural purposes. 2. The classification of all noxious weeds and a discussion of the best and cheapest methods of eradicating them. 3. The medical plants of the State. 4. Trees and shrubs that are suitable for lumber and building interests. It will also be a matter of importance to examine these wild plants while under a state of cultivation and thus prove their adaptation to the wants of the farmer. Valuable assistance in the prosecution of this work may be rendered by the farmers of the State if they will send specimens of plants to the Station carefully collected in the following manner: 1. In the case of an herb or grass the entire plant must be sent including roots, stem, leaves, flowers and, if possible, the fruit also. Select fifteen or twenty vigorous, well grown specimens and place them between sheets of thick unsized paper, taking care to spread the leaves and adjust the flowers so that the smallest proportions of parts are not folded and bent out of shape. Place a pressure of 30 or 40 lbs on the paper and place aside to dry When the plant is too long for the size of the paper, bend the stems until reduced to proper proportions. 26 2. Take careful notes of the plant surroundings. The characacter of soil, whether fouind on up land or lo' lind, moist or dry land, foreest or open field, time of flowering and seeding, etc., height of plants. State whether the plants are in large or small nnmbers. Are stock known to eat them, etc. 3. In case of large trees and shrubs it will be best to take sections of the trunk and collect the leaves, flowers and fruits. The sections must be cut ten inches long and the bark left on unbruised. These specimens should then be numbered and carefully packed in strong boxes and shipped by freight to the station at Auburn. Notes must b* taken concerning the tree, where it is found, kind of soil, common name, if known, and if it has been used for any special purpose. Place a number on the note corresponding to that on the section. Send the notes by mail to Auburn. The leaves must be pressed between paper as already described. 4. In sending specimens through the mail or by express do not,' roll the papers but pack them spread out as they come from the press. Lay the sheets containing the plants one on top of the other, place at the top and bottom of the package stout paste board. Wrap all with strong paper and address to Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala., (Department of Botany.) In every shipment send notes, name and post office. The grasses are best collected between the first of May and the first of October. Many plants mature their seeds by the first of June-, and they must be collected early in the spring just as soon as the flowers are formed well. AVERAGE PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Auburn:..........................................:.........14 Birmingham ...... ... ....................................... Calera*. . . .................................... an. Feb. Mar "Apr M'y June July Aug Sep Oct. Nov Dec Year Peri'd of ob'vati'n 456 588 408 285 234 944 493 152 384 2653 5 " 7 07 2 59 1151 77'63 064 283 073 843 401 72. 340 ,91 3 45 6 61,lyears, 6" ... 4 45 291 609,276 258 187 0 .......... C arlowvil le ..................................... Coatopa..................................................... ......... Carrolton.................. ......................... Decatur. ................................ .................. Demopolis ............... ................................... Edwardsville .. 5 83 6.85 9 5 40 4 906 5 55 3 982 7 28 5 08 6 09 768358501453434450229563563649616" 60 3 004 055 803 701 35,2 252 807 005 80 52 65 2 " 25 5 354 993 213 443 552 652 302 765 4245 464 " 37 5 003 413 453 582 422 132 454 533 3149 019 t 6 201 49 66 3 Elyton...................................................... ....................................... 5 Eufaula.... Evergreen*.................................................. Fish River*..................................................3 Florence........................................... ........ 5 Fort Deposit* .............................................. 5 .......................... Gadsden .... ........... ........ .. ................ ............. 7 33 5 48 4 76~ 1 94 4 40 8 28 874083874443433'753254004635 2 94 4 64 3 15 2 462 133 276 974 343 251 885 081 1244 234" 5 1121 906 785 194 343 742 681 702 254 5249 551 885 727 373 384 941 77 817 60 4445 361 762 2 67 2" 4" Greensboro.,...............................441 Gum Springs ...................... Havana ................ Huntsville.................................................... Greenville* ................................... 1 003 055 697 525 230 892 333 32 49 2004 28 5" 1 91 5333 54 5402 434 312 173 414 6646 264 " 94 4 02 3 9 964 683 873 312 322 181 50 4" 77 'S 77 3 47 1 805 845 223 763 522 482 403 516444798'4 " 521 4874 493 343 943 065 227 742 084834 5050 6920 " 14 .............. 783464 .. ....................... .................................... .................. ................. Livingston ............. .............. Marion.................................. Mobile................. .. ................................... Monroeville ...... 5n 17 4 85 8 66 6 54 5 47 4 55 3 22 4 25 2 5o 5 00 5 57 14 46 3 68 6623 74404 464 572 792 954 594 9354 3628 8 522 900 455 0856 92 2 284 71 54 0516 5 72 3 985 164 845 122 5 067 873 623 151 81 5 732 066 0648 08 4 894 663 302 331 51 663 163 254 596,353 6 8 923 482.564 814 242 743 37 2 002 6047 72 6" 5 644 265 725 936 755 153 264 434 7263 6222" 5 52 7 7113 652 933 " ............ .............................. 6 69 57 88 28 10 98 Montgomery........... .................................. ............................ Mt. Vernon Barracks.. ........... .......... Mt. Willing.................................. ...................... Moulton ............................... Newton..................................................... Opelika'....................... ..... ....................... Pine Apple*.......... ....... 5 40 5 6 51 5 859 6 366 4 7 03 4 4 933 5 77 3 83 5 (04 06 3 44 2 68 2 56 3 91 5 77 54 21 21 y'rs. 044 95 6 897 30 2 74 1 56 72 4 15 60 89y 5m. C 33 64 3130 5 996 236 41 6 193 4 50 2 86 6 252 103 292 552 702 9343 8810 4 45 4392 26 5153 4 875 262 413 483 843 922 281 423 306 66 3,50 275 4 4503828 082 611 603 495 ".......... ..... Prattville.......... ................... .................... -648908520697393252330314444 8" 6 132 673 463 862 441 241 33 6 9 17~3 69 1 87 2447'256 993 06000,2443 156 7350 25 2 503 Scottsboro*.....................................................I Trinity..*................. Sem:............... .................................. 4316 438 7416 552 733 5 164 184 163 782 202 504 975 9355 9113 634 605 7013 59 3 572 412 90 6" Tainiadega................. Troy............. Tuscaloosa .................. ........................... ..................................... ..... . ...... . ..... ....................... .................... 72898993846200704719910918 1 95374670 1983 204071450 918 4775 3 271 20678588 2 8 68111146 363 574 956 35 4803 27850 " " . ......... Tuscuinbia .................... Uniontown* .......................................... Union Springs ................. ............................. 6024 *These stations comprise the cotton-belt stations and ............................... only report during the crop season. 741 6 46 3 25 5 16 49 37 4" 315 78 5 2" 501 1611 38 7 731 9713 7319 13 4 08 3 39 2 0811 91.3 3.814 02 5 64 4 96 3 I 842 742 736 999 712 45j5 322 712 934 804 072 523 7712 0612 052 55~ 80 419 468 613 241 3641 6185 5 95 6 3313 93146 " 30 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA BY P. H. MELL. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH FOR THE STATE. ALABAMA COMPILED FROM WEATHER SERVICE REPORTS, FOR FOUR YEARS (84-88). January................. February ................. March.................. April....................64 43 8 deg's. 48 6 " 54 3 " 5 " May ...................... June...................77 71 9 6 " " deg's. July....................81 78 2 August........... September..............75 1 October.................64 2 November..............52 3 2 December...............45 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE STATE. 69 7 deg's. Spring ................. Autumn................. 63-9 " Average for the State ......................... Summer...............78 Winter.................47 9 5 " ........... 65 deg's . AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR SEASONS FOR FOUR TEARS 1884-88). 26 inches. Summer...............3 90inches. Spring................4 11. Winter................5 7 77" Autumn............... 56 Average precipitation for North Alabama.....................49 46 Average precipitation for Middle Alabama....................50 Average precipitation for' South Alabama......................54 22 88 Average precipitation for State.............................50 16 ................................ Yearly average clear days......... " inches119 126 " fair days. ................... cloudy days . ................................ AVERAGE BAROMETER FOR THE STATE FOR EACH YEAR. PORTS FROM ALABAMA COMPILED FROM RE- WEATHER SERVICE. 1884, from March 1st, 1184, to March 1st, 1885............... ........ :..30 089' 1885, from March 1st, 1885, to March 1st,, 1886 ....................... 1886, beginning January. 1st................................ 1887............................... ............................. 30 081 ,30 087 30 144 130' 1888, -January1st, to June 1st......................................30 Maximum Barometer, 30,800. Observed on 3d of January, 1887, at Livingston. Minimum Barometer, 28.955. January 3d, 1886, at Auburn. First killing frost in fall in North Alabama occurs between the eighteenth of October and sixteenth of November. In Middle Alabama it occurs between the twenty-fourth of In South Alabama it, October and twenty-sixth of November. occurs between November seventh and twenty-fifth. During a period of seventeen years (1871 to Livingston on the sixth of June, recorded summer temperature was 109 degrees, which occurred 1885. 1888), the highest, at 31 The lowest recorded temperature' during the same period was seven degrees below zero at Gadsden, on the eleventh of January,. 1886, making an absolute range within the seventeen years of 116" degrees. These were exceptional periods, however, because,. comparing one year's average temperature with averages of er years. we find there is only a range of 2.8 degrees, thus mdicatinig that the climate of the State is mild and uniform; no very great extremes. oth- SOIL TEMPERATURES. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL, AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS, FOR UP-LAND, ON EX- PERIMENT STATION, 1888. The data in the following tables represent the averages of observations taken three times per day at ':30 a. p. m. and. 6:30 p. m. m,,2:30 SET I. Depth.May. 1 inch...........................................74 3 " . . ..... . ..... . . .. . . .74 6 "....... 9 ........... 12" ......... 24 36 ".... " "...... "........... ... 6. ....... . .................................... .... .............. . 74 72 5 ... .. .. ... 5" 71 . .. deg's. 81 i"80 . Months. ,June. deg's. 5 0 i 5" " 7 785" 765 ... . .... ... .715 ... " " 48 60 . .. . . ."............ 68 66 5 .65 5" 74 " 72 70 5 " MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFEERENT DEPTHS ON UPLAND ON THE EXPERIMENT STATION, 1888. SET II. Depth 1 inch.......".................................... 3 6 6............. "................"..72 .. . .. Months. May. June. 73 deg's. 79 5 deg's. .... 73 ." 80 c 5 . . . . . . ... .. . . ........... .... . .72 4"79 9 "........ ".... 12.."". 71 24" 6 67 66 65 64 a i" 4" " 5« 79 78 7"5 i 5 5 ...... .. ... . 36 ". 48"........................ ........ 60 .".. . .... .............. 72 .................... 84 ". . . ..... ".".".."....635 96 ".................................62 . .... " '.71 ''70 73 67 5" 4 ... " 67 5 5 "66-5 32 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS ON LOWLANDS. RIMENT STATION, 1888. EXPE- SET. III.. Months. Depth. 1linch . May. ................ . . . June- .............. ................................. ... ............. .... 3"..........................73 6"....... 73 5 deg's 80 5"i80 "8 74 .715 deg~s 4 f 0 "... 12 ".. " ......... 24 1.......................68 ,.....................67 I........71 ... i" f"f77 "75 78 5 5 3'' 48'. 00 ' ......................................... :....67 5" 5 " 65 5"70 5 73 5"f 72 5 5 .......... ................................ e414 BULLETrIN NU.O. NEW .SERIES. Agricultu ral iandc Mechanical Colleg'e, AUBURN, ALA . o00WQimm., ls8s. 33 :E:BJPOIR Ag utI c~ and Mechanical E e mtAgricultural College, AUBURN, ALA., OCTOBER, 1888. R O COMMITTEE F7S O OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HoN. J. G. GILCHRIST, lION. R. F. LIGON, HON. J. 1B. MITCHII.. W. 'L. BROUN. .... ... ...................... President " ... J. S. NEWMAN................................ N. 11. LUPTON................................... tP. Director and Agriculturist Vice-Director and Chemist H. MELL..... ............................................ .......................... .............. Botanist .... Biologist ISAAC Ross ... Assistant Agriculturist in Charge of Live Stock and Dairy econd Assistant Agriculturist E. R. LLOYD, M. Sc .............. .......... ...... ...... ... .First Assistant Chemist J. TF. ANDERSON, PH. D............ Second Assistant Chemist L.. VWTTKTNSONNM. Sr'. .. . ........... ........... hirdi Assistant Chemist P. L. IUTeIIINSON ......... T. D. SAMNFORD, B. SC... .......................... .... Assistant Botanist SProf. NMell has also charge of Meteorological Observations. To boe filled. 34 First eport of the Dirctor The equipment of the Agricultural department of the station having been very much improved during the present year, its future work will be more in accordance with a proper conception of experimental investigation than has hitherto been practi,cable. Experiments with stock have not been attempted on -account of the absence of the necessary conditions of success. Barns, machinery, a silo, dairy and ice house, with stalls con.structed expressly for feeding experiments, and the necessary .help having been provided, experiments looking to the encour.agement and improvement of the stock and dairy industry of the State, will be undertaken during the approaching winter. Having no adequate storage room in the past, and being dependent upon a custom gin, all past reports of cotton experiments had to be made in seed cotton, which, though very unsatisfactory, was the best that could be done without room for storing the product of each experiment separately, and the means of ginning each separately. In future, results will be given in lint, :instead of seed cotton. Another difficulty with which this department has contended has been the frequent ishange of assistants. So great has been the demand for trained experts in experiment work, that so fast .as young men have become especially efficient, they have been =offered better positions at other stations. Three of our graduates have been thus taken from us within the last fifteen months. This is detrimental to the work of the station, since much of the details of planting and gathering experiments, as well as the peri-odical observations upon them, must, of necessity, be entrusted to assistants. The result has been that much valuable time has been expended in training men for the benefit of other stations. EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT. The question as to the proper depth to plant small grains, has received much attention in the columns of the Agricultural press ,of the country. In order to test this accurately, plats of equal area were planted depths ranging from half inch to six inches, 25th November, i887. The soil was evenly prepared, and rows merely marked a line one foot apart. Two grains of carefully selected -at vi.th 35 4 wheat were then dropped every six inches in the row, and carefully pressed in with a large dibble, which had previously been accurately marked in half-inch divisions. The number of grainswhich vegetated were carefully counted upon each plat, and the percentage of the whole number planted calculated with results as shown in the tabulated statement. In order to ascertain the extent to which the stand was supplemented by tillering, on the lplats on which only a small per cent. of the seed vegetated, the number of heads to each stool was counted. The wheat from, each plat was rubbed out by hand, and weighed, with results. shown in the table. The wheat rusted on both blades and stalk,. upon all of the plats; all plats were cultivated. RESULTS. I~Ic; Lisso to -N x. U h 20 19.5y wer 181 24.4 .................. Purple stra......... Purple straw...............................i Purple strawv................... inch I4 i . .... 2 2I Puiple 77 77 69 70 65 ''.5 lbs. 9.7 314 u.S 12.1 Purple Purple Pturple Purple Purple Purple .... straw...,.. .................. ........ ........ straw............. ................. straw......... ... .. ........... straw................... straw........ .. ... ... ............... straw......................... .......... 3 4) 4 14.5 16.2 12.I 10.2 34 62 31 26 Purple straw .................... <<37 5 19.0 13.6 I2 34 16 straw.......... ....... ................ Equal areas were also planted at the same date in the follow- ing varieties, all of which grewv under identical circumstances: RESULTS. Seed From. Rus sted. sf~ct 16 Weight Per Plat. i I2 2 t ons t n lds La Huerta Mexico............... WolfMexico Janiro Mexico.................. Jropuerto Mexico ................ Ahuchettan Mexico......... (C.ologa Mexico............. .... ...................... Dept. Agricult're. nadly or r Fulcaster..................... Colorado MIultiplebead.......... R. Name unknown................. Purple Strawv................... Dept. Agri. ult're. None. Moore, Auburn. ;Rusted. E. Collier. lRusted. None Two plats of highly fertilized soil were planted in wheat 36 in 5 drills, twelve inches apart. One of these was carefully cultivated while the other was not, for the purpose of observing the effect of such cultivation. The soil, as was that of the other experixnents, deep sand, with no clay within a foot of the surface. At no stage of the growth of the plants could any difference in appearance be discovered. The seed of the Purple Straw wheat grown in the neighborhood was used. That cultivated produced 39 4-5 bushels per acre; that not ,cultivated produced 36Y bushels per acre. The difference was not enough to pay the cost of cultivation. Mr. Francis, of Calhoun county, Alabama, presented two bushels of wheat, of a new variety, claimed to have originated in Calhoun county, to the Commissioner of Agriculture, with the request that one bushel be experimented with at the experiment station at Auburn, and one at the Canebrake station. The bushel presented to this station was sown upon one acre of thin, sandy soil, fertilized with twelve bushels of green cotton seed, and two hundred pounds of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate mixed in equal quantities-oo pounds of each per acre. When the wheat headed, it was found to be badly mixed with the Purple Straw variety. Much waste occurred in separating the latter, after which a yield of bushels was measured from the acre. The wheat stood in shocks in the field until the first of September, and thus sustained another serious loss. Much of it was ripe on the Ioth of May. It was harvested May 14 th. There was no rust upon the stalk, but some upon the last leaf. Five grains to the mesh were not uncommon in this Wheat, and occasionally seven were found. It is a smooth-headed, velvet chaff variety, presenting a very peculiar appearance when ripe. It has a plump I red berry. Its milling properties have not yet been tested. was jointed 20th neglected to state that this wheat March, when the mercury registered 29 0 farh., "and many of the stalks were bursted by being frozen. Earliness and productiveness are two desirable qualities possessed by this variety. As it came to me w ithout name, I have christened it "Early Velvet Chaff." I is ten days earlier than the Purple Straw. 12T2 VARIETIES OF CABBAGE. The following varieties of cabbage were planted under identical circumstances for the purpose of comparing their earliness, productiveness, and heading qualities. They were planted too late to attain respectable weights. They were injured by both 37 6 resultsare -. drouth and heat, which diminished the size of the heads. obtained with- cabbage in this climate by very early planting. Some of the varieties here;reported were transplanted early in. February for domestic use, and produced heads weighing; from five to ten pounds each. The cabbage endures a reasonably low degree of temperature with less injury than excessive heat. It will be observed that the percentage of plants that headed under the unfavorable circumstances under which they grown, gives evidence of well bred seed. The date of heading. was noted when a number of plants of a variety had formed hard; marketable heads. The weights were obtained after stripping all loose leaves, leaving only those- suitable for cooking. Only the firm, merchantable heads were counted in determining the percentage headed. Best were RESULTS. NAM1E OF VARIETY. Seedsmen. Time of Average Per cent.that Heading. Weight in lbs. Headed. All Seasons.. ............... Ferry. June 260.94 A.ll Seasons................... Thorburn. June 222.00 Bloomsdale Brunswick...........Landreth. June 232.22 Bloomsdale Bullock Heart June 23 Bloomsdale Early Market . . June 22. Buncombe .................... U. S. DeptTooLate.. canon Ball......... ........ Dreer. June 21..529E Dreer's Large Early York ... . June 22 Early Cone ....... Landreth. June 2i3..o61oe Early Drumhead..............Dreer. June 202.02 Early Dwarf Flat Dutch......... Landreth. June 23 Early Dwarf Savoy.......... . .Thorburn. June 29. 2 2.07 ......... .95 35 2.07 0.90 0.41 ............ 80 77 . 54 100 83 83, 46' Early Flat Dutch......:......... Landreth. June 29. Early French Ox Heart.... Dreer. Improved Flat Brunswick. Dreer. Early Jersey Wakefield.... ).reer. Early Jersey Wakefield......Ferry. Early Mammoth Bulgaria...Thorhurn. Early June 26. June 22. June 1 3 . June 22. 0.62 2.89 1.55 50 46 75 70, 72 Early Paris Market..........Dreer. June 25. Early Sugar Loaf............... Early UlmSavoy.... ......... Early xinningstadt..... ....... Ferry's Early York ......... Ferry's Green Henderson' Early Sunrise. .. Dreer. Improved Early Summer. ... I horburn. Landreth's Earliest... ... ...... Landreth Landreth's Early Summer.... Landreth's. Large York..... " Large Early Jersey Wakefield... Dreer. Large Jersey Wvakefield.... .... sndreth Large Late Flat Dutch....Dreer. Late Drtumhead Savoy ... Thorhurn. Late Flat Dutch Glazed.:......Ferry. Landreth. Ihorhura Dreer. Ferry. June 25. June 22. June 23 June 23. June 22. Failure. 20. June 13. 1.781' 1.35 87 2.051 2.001 0517 1.55 1.431 .. June 87 54. c....s 9? 71 0 1.70 1.39 1.77 Jtune 9. June 22. June 22. June 21. June 221. .Jtune 26. June 26. .5 2.57 2.24 June 18. 1 } I 2.25 8 66 83 87 96 92 1.66 2.50 New York Larly Sumlmer.....Landreth. Reedland Early Drumhead... Select very early Jersey Wakefield.... ......... .. .. . +1 \vinningstadr .... .... .... .... 1June ............. 75 67 .. Ferry. ,.o6 June 18. June 22. June 22. 25. 1.85 1.73 2.45 1o0 92 8722 -1-58,75, 38 7 TOMATOES. A list of seeds of choice varieties of Tomato s were purchased from J. M. Thorburn, New York, D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia. D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Michigan, presented the station with an assortme nt of seed for experimental testing, and A. W. Livingston & Sons, of Columbus, Ohio, presented a number of their choice varieties which they originated. A number of our best varieties of Tomatoes have been originated by the Livingstons. In addition to the varieties tabulated, the yellow pear shaped and Landreth's Peach Tomatoe were cultivated. The former is a small, very prolific variety of best quality-excellent for table use, and especially adapted to preserving and pickling. The Peach is a small variety, resembling a peach in form and cyor, desirable only as a curiosity. Like Vick's Criterion and the small seedling Tomato, it has a decided core to which the seed are attached, and a thin flexible pulp, between which and the seed is a decided cavity. The seed of all these varieties were planted in In the green house February 20oth, and transplanted April productiveness, size, appearance and quality, these varieties of Tomatoes presented a picture, when in full bearing, that was exceedingly attractive. The utmost care and accuracy were observed in the classification of the varieties; the waste was ascertained by weighing a number of specimens of each variety, tht-n cutting from the stem end just so much as would be removed and discarded in an econcmical preparation of the tcmatoes for the table. The specimens were then weighed, and the differene divided between the number of specimens employed. This gave the average waste per specimen; several weighings were made, and the average taken. The size of the specimens is indicated by the diameter, which was the measurement of a section through the largest part at right angle to the axis. 7th. 39 VA RI]ETIES OF -OR 1 ; TOMATOES. 00 p . ~--r *1 NAME OF VARIETY. Seed men. B o H e 22. Cu Form. Color. Core. n Flvor. Corrugation S Remarks S5 Livingston. Landreth Landreth. Livingston. Ferry. Thorhumn. Thorhurn. Early Conquerr.... Ferry. Landreth. Early Jersey. Thorhurn. Early Advance. Essex Early Hybrid. Ferry. Landreth Feger Island. Fulton Market. Livingston. Golden Queen.. Ferry. Golden Queen.. Golden Queen ..... Thorhurn. (;olden 'Irophy.... Landreth. Imprv'd Large Yel. Thorhurn. Thorhurn. Improved Green Livingston's Fav'i te Landreth. Livingston. Perfection.. Livingston. Mikado ........... Thorburn. New Beauty... Livingston. New Jersey ... Thorburn. Paragon .... Livingston. Potato Leaf ... Livtngston. Prize Belle .... Thorhurn. Trophy .......... Livingston. Acme............ Beauty .......... Bermuda ex. Early. Bronze Foliage. Cincinnati Purple.. Conqueror. Essex Hybrid. Trophy ........... White Apple.. Thorhuro . Ferry. Pinkish red. Red. Bright red. 8023Irregular. Red. Red. 203 Iregular. Red. 5 Flat. 6%3 Round Flatish. Deep red. 523Flat. Bright red. Flatish roind. Red. 22 Round Red. 6 Round Dark red. .- Pinkish red. Very irregular. J July. so. 523 Very irregular. Red. J rJily 2. 6%~ Roundish Flat. Golden yellow. J 7. July 71 Round. Vellow. J June r6. 6 Round. Vellow. July 9. 6 Flat & irregtilar. Yellow. July o. 223 Flat. Dark yellow. JulY . Flat. Red. 8 June 23 683 Round smooth. Red. J 25. tune 7 Flatish round: Bright red. 523 Roundish. Dark red. June 28. oune 22. io%3 Irregular. Pinkish red. ulmy2. Red. 7 Roundish. une 23. 8%3Round flatish. Deep red. 28. 7r2 Round flatish. Deep red. ine 3o. 6 Round. Dark red. 'Ily 2. 7 Flat. Red. use 21. 6%, Roundish fiat. Red. 8%3Round flattened. Red ully 27. 7uly is. 8i3 Round. Light yellow. July 7. July 9. iJuly 5. July 86. June 22. June 26. June 28. July o. J 9. July June 29. Jutne 6 Round smooth. 6%3Roundish. 58 Flat. 783 None. None. Very-large. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. Decided None. o.% Best o. Poor. o./ Very good. o,%3Good. 0.3 o./ 0.23 Very good. Very good. Very good. o.23Good. 0./Good. *Ir None. None. Medium. None. Very slight. None. None.. None. Slight.'0..6 Very good. None. o. Best. Large. o.%Good. o0.% Best. None. d. % Best. None. Best. Nne. None. Decided lily Slight. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. Slight None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None. o.1/6/Best. o. 3 Very good. o./5 0.2% o. Poor. Very good. o.% Good. Very good. o. Best. u. Very good. i./3 Best. 0.86 Very good. o. / Good. None. None. :Very deep, Very marl ked. Slight. Distinct. None. Distinct. Slight. .None. Ntone. Deep and distinct.( Distinct. None. None. None. Medium. Very distir oct. Distinct. Slight. None Distinct. None. None. Very slightt. None. Sed. Very marki Slight. Slight. None. 38 3/ Irregular in form and soft Large and firm, hut irreg t. 33/ 32 314 r 33/ 3%~Quite irregular. 3's 25g Small, hut very choice. 4 3"j Streaks-irregular in frrn. 1. 3%~ 318i Tinged w ith red. 3%s 2%41 3%8Light hard streaks. 33 3/; A perfect Tomato. 3', o0 o..3 None. Very slight. None. INone. None. Very small. Nose. (None. None. o.,/ o i. est. Poor. 1314 ) 312 Hard streaks in seed cavity. A perfect Tomato. ^I/ Not 3812 fully ripe. i%~ Small butt very prolific. o. 83 Best. % Very good. Best NOTES ON VARIETIES OF CANTALOUPES. .0 NAME OF VARIETY. Seedsmen . O U . .0 wRemarks. Form. 8 Cavity. o a Planted March 24, r88: ~z Acme Citron......................Landreth. 2.5 Baltimore..........................Dept Ala. .- g Baltimore... ........ Ferry . 1.3-5 Bay View ..... ................... Dept Ala. 4% St 2.2-r, Pineapple.......................Auburn Ala. 2. Casaba......Lept Casaba............................Dreer .. 4 California yellow flesh .Citron... .. landreth. r Extra Early Citron Melon........... Landreth. '2-5-r8 1 Dept Ala. Creen Citron Nttmeg............ Dreer riI Golden Jersey...... .............. . i8 ..... Ferry .. Hackensack....... .......... Dreer .... 3.2 Hackenisack ........................ 3.68 improved Cantaloupe............. Dept Ala. a 41 Improved Orange Christina......Thorburn .. 2/ Improved Citron Nutmeg.......... ..... Ferry......................... Jenny Lind ............ .......... ....... Ferry ... 3% M'ontreal Markcet .......... .......... 4' Montreal..... ..................... 2.22 Netted Pineapple.................. Dreer .... Ala. 2.93 Prolific Nutmeg..............Dept 4 Prescott.......... ... .. .......... Dreer .... Landreth. 4 Reedland's Giant Citron............ a2% Ferry .... Sturprise.............. ............. .. a Woods' Nectar .................. Thorburn Very Good Oblong. i a-8 Very Small. Vellowish green Very good A beautiful melon; sweet and good. Perfect.... Round..... 2-8 s Small....Light green... Very good A superior melon. 8 Good..... Oblong. 2s Very Small. Light green.. Very good... .................................. Poor .. . VeryUbl'ng 4-8 8-SVery Large. Pale' green. Good. Sui,-scalded. A perfect melon. Very rood Oblong.... 2-3 8-8 Very Small. Pale green. Very Poor. Oblong. 2-3 8-8 Very Large. Sickly yellow None. .. . ... 0 tender and always sti-scalded. Insipid. Sun-scalded. Poot.r ... Very Obl'ng *8 8 Medium.... Sickly green. ....... .failure........... Very g od.... A very fine melon. Good...... Oblong. 2.8 r 4-8 Very Small. Green. Light green... Very good................................... 4-8 6-8 Laige ... Good. Round. .............. ....... ... ... ...... %8Large..Green......Good........ Very Good Rotindish 2.-8 Good.......................... Very Large. Pale Very Poor. Round ... ............. . . ......... ........ %~ 8-8 Medium Pale green Good..Round .. .. green Very poor... Failure. 4-3 8-8 Small..Sickly Good..Round . .. ... ellow . Go... ... ..........-...... % 8-8 Small Y.. None..Round .. Very good. . Had only one melon to test. 4-3 6-a Large........ ........... Go.....a1 u d Round . .............. Light green.................Failure....... .............. Poor......An inferior melon. a. -8 8-8 Medium... Pale green. Good . Round . ....... ............ ..... ........... Very Small. Pale green . . Poor ........ Good.... . Roundish . 4-8 .. . ... . ........ ... Good .... Oblon .. 4-8 6-8 Very Large. Pale gieen.... inferior melon; hait only otie to test. Poor.....An Round ... 8$ 6.8 Very Large. Sickly None .... Poor . Oblong. % 8 Very L.arge. Sickly green.... Pooc ... Badly sun-scalded. ... ...... .............. a-8 8-8 Medium... Vellowish green Poor.......... .. ....... Poor..Oblong..., a musk melon. Round . a.. -S8 7J Very Large. Sickly yellow.. Good......Like None . .. Had on ly o ne melon ..................................................... Was not te sted. 1... Good . .... green... Good .. ... ....... 1'4-8 yellow... Good ........ VARIETIES OF WATERMELONS. The following varieties of melons were planted as nearly as practicable, under identical circumstances, four hills of each variety. The following notes will convey some inform~ation as to the productiveness, character and quality of the varieties : NOTES ON WATERMELONS. bb.0 St NAME OF VARIETY. Seedsmen Color of Rind. Form. Corugations U 0a o Color of Seed. Quality. Remarks. 0 H Black Spanish........Ferry .. 221 Dreer .... Queen... .. Early Mountain Spro't 'horburn 117 3 Landreth . Extra Early. Ferry ... Ferry's Peerless ..... Florida Favorite. . .. Thorburn 131 Goodwin's Imperial.Thorbun 108 Improved Rattlesnake Thorburn 248 Icing................ Thorburn 7914 Ice Cream ... .... Thorburn 14434 Johnson's Christina .. Ala. Dept 1n5 Cuban 20.3- 20 24.7-36 Deep gr -en .. Round.. .. Very distinct Very distinct 6-8 Pale red.. Black............None. Poor. ... 8-a Sickly red Black ....... 7 None. Deep green, hard streaks. ......... Light green stripe. Round G9ood.................... 14.6-8 12. 13. 21 91 Y8 Distinct... . Green........ ... Rouiid . Mottled..........Oblong... . Very slight.. Round. . . Slight..... Gre,-n . ........ Green stripe Striped .... :. .5,-6 13.1 17.5-7 Oblong. ... Slight ... Distinct. .. Light green..Round green ... .. Very distinct Very (ibig. Wide, irr'glar Round .. Pink..Black............ /~ Red .... . White, bl'ck edges sY Deep red Small and white.. s Deep red White........... ... 8-8 Pale red. Black ........ 1/4 None. V'y insip. Very inferior None. Good .... Flesh stringy. None. Very good Grain fine and tender. None Best..Grain fine tender; choice melon ...... ............ . None Good .. None Very good Superior Red . .. White, black tips. None Very good Flesh tender-good. 16./4 22.1-12 Green ......... i'/ Red .... Black ..... ..... Light grey....Oblong... None....... . .Y Jordan's Gray Munch. Thorburn None... .16-8 1 9-4 -13 Striped......... ... Round .. :. Ferry .... 251 ... Kolb Gem ....... 1 IX, Light grey...Oblong..Slight. Landreth i'ng lig't ri'd Landreth 10514 17.?/ 664 13.4-2o Dark green...Oblong.... andreth's Boss..... Landreth. Mammoth Iron Clad. Thorburn 186%~23.%A Stnip'd or Rattles'k Oblong...Very slight..88 Slight,..... 615 Mountain Sweet .. . Dreer ... 17914 16.1-44 Dark Green...Oblong.... Distinct .. 8-8 l.ike Kolb Round .. New Round Excelsior Thorburn 102 20.3-obl'g. Slight...4-8 Orange.......Dreer .... 28f4 9.1-12 D~ark . 48 Round . ... 15.3-io Deep green .... 1714 Pride Georgia..Dreer .... .... 7934 13.4-I0 Mottled .......... Oblong .. . None. Phinney's Early...Ferry 6-8 Ala. 48 24. Peerless........Dept Dark green.....Very oblongl None .. 8-8 Oblong. 4Wide,distinct Scaly Bark.......... Dept Ala. 146 24., .1o Mottled 'i/ 29. % Mottled........ .. Rouind . .. (Distinct ... White Seed'd .Ice-cr'm Thorburn 1304 I Distinct... 1 Deep red. White... .. Red..Black.......... White.......... Red .. Red .... None Best .................... ... ....... None good Meat tough, and stringy. ................ None. Good.... Very Black ....... None. Good. ... .... ... ...... of Gem. green...Sli'tly Distinct. brown.. Red .Yellowish Pale red. Black ........... Pale red. Black ........... ....... Red ."Brown .... Deep red. White, bl'k border Red .. Red . Red... White. ...... Light brown.,, .. White ..... None. None. None. None. Solid. Poor..Very Good. ............ Very good............. Very good Very good melon; sweettendet Good..Same much like rattlesnake. .. ............ as Kolb Gem. Pale red. White, bl'k border None. Poor 14541 green..,, 6-8 None Very None. Poor .Flesh Small Good....... good IA ... . Mottled grey with slight lines very goodX melon. stringy and course. ..... ....... .. Iepor' of f. T.Lupon, helit During the quarter ending October Ist, fifteen specimens of fertilizers, containing Nitrogen and Potash, besides Phosphoric Acid, usually denominated "Complete Fertilizers," have been analyzed in the Chemical Laboratory ; also, one containing Potash, five Acid Phosphates, and four specimens of Natural Phosphates from Geneva, Alabama. In addition to these, nine specimens of Irish Potatoes raised on the Experimental Farm, ten soils and sub-soils from various parts of the State, and several other substances have been analyzed, the details of which are as follows': 43 12 0 " 011-e "o 00 0 1A L P~T.~- UOD 0 O: In N o Ma NHM C-I t-*MN't C--ON I N NN N01-N 1--0 NCNN CN N 'LS'Od NCC- N-No o N 0 n N Od" 6co\,o t"-I"- OcooN0NN0 N o tn N C- ON-C-C-t-. n HH00 MN O N O O C-N-N00N 1" - 2 °O t-01 U) 10N O N-H C0 "t Mcc- M M- o -O 1V 0-. -- OC-N 00 ON 0 U UN t N co 01 N-NNN NO '0-00 O -O-H CC-1-CN ON on -ON U)° ' 5 "I~~d'I I B O O N d- N MOM U H M M O>n )O 2 Ud(, N Nt o , L ctN Ncor r J rO I oN ICU v mO r. 0 I * NI ' 0 w ONO~ J Sa; NNN 0 +-+0H N: td- c; y N 00000 000N Sn) N O 101el 0 00 c HHH oH HH NN00 00 0 HH H . M t'0 mco M-0 HH 00N HH .ON UOTW1S Special attention is called to Nos. i,oob, 1,007 and 1012. The first mentioned was labled "Fertilizer," the other two, " McLaiarin's Am naniated Lime Phosphate," and are practically worthless to the planter as fertilizers. They are not, properly speaki,)g, "'phosphates," nor are they "ammoniated." Thel chief constituent is carbonate of lime. 44 13 MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES. Station No. Mineral water from Petite, Kennedy Ala. This sample of water was examined qualitatively and found to contain 12.13 grains of solid matter in one U. 5. gallon. This consists of oxide of iron and salts ofdime and magnesia, in the form of chloiides, sulphates, and a little carbonate. The water may be classed as chalybeate, and will doubtless act as a mild tonic. Station No. 1o16. clay, supposed to be suitable for use in painting. Insoluble matter (silica and white clay.).......83.70 per cent. Oxide of iron...........................7.04 The remainder consists of water of combination, a little line and magnesia. It has too much clay for a good pigment. Station Nos. ioi8, 1019, 1020, 1028. Natural phosphates from J. C. 1cDougald, Geneva, Ala. In these phosphates, phosphoric acid alone was determined with the following results: No. ioi ... : Phosphoric acid.............19.17 per cent. 1014. James Red No. 1019 No.10200 .... cc c .. . 20.46 i. No. 1021.. . .74 0.48i i Two of the above were fragments of fossil bones, the others were fossil shells and rotten limestone. Station No. 1022. Iron ore, limonite from Messrs. McCall and Paine, Calera, Ala. Moisture...............................I 40 per cent. Water of combination ...................... 10.40 50 Silica.................................7 *Oxide of iron .......................... .. 74.50 Oxide of aluminium....................... . 1.92 +Phosphoric acid... ............. 2.96 Sulphur................................ a trace. *Equiv, lent to metallic iron ........... 52. 15 per cent. 1.29 <82.4 Mobile. ... 53.5 56.0a 1 573.5 78.3 80-.0 Monroeville.. 4 47.9 56. 62.8 65.6. Moulton...... 40.4 48.4 52.4 62.2 a68.8 75.0 77.9 Mt. Veriion.. 52.5 54.1 59.9 66.9 X74.3 78.6 80.2 368.9 77.7 8o.2 Opelika...... 45.8 50.7 56.9 62.81 Selma........... 49.3 52.0 55.8 64.01 )73.5 79.0 82.0 8o-.82.2 Troy...... ..... . JA 46.9 51,3 58.3 65.21 Auburn .... Carlowville .. 42.4 49.2 ,iz 51; z 8 30 274.4 -P 78.4 74.9 64.3 54.7 44.4 62.5 99 56.4 48.9 60.3 .103 47.2 49.0 82.0 73.4 66.2 52.4 43.8 62.7 98 78.5 72.5 62.2 52.7 47.5 203 79.0 73.8 62 7 52.2 47.9 62.9 78.0 72.0 5.8 50.0 42.9 6o.5 . 8r 8 77.1 68.o 59.2 53.5 65.9 8o. 2 76.2 69.5 5.4 52.7 66.6 77.4 70 7 59.2 48.4 42.9 6o .o "92 79.8 76.2 66 .o 56.8 52.3 66.2 204 62.3 52.2 46.9 63.2 205 78.4 74.8 81.o 74.4 66.6C 55.7 49.3 65.7 98 76.6 65.51 8o0.4 57.12 78.5 68.o.. 5 4 9 3 5 5 54 BULLETIN NO. . NEW SERIES. :E 1 EJ:Eo:R OF AgricuItuiaa eaioll Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. SUBJECTS. REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN, SWEET POTATOES, GROUND PEAS, TURNIPS AND GRAPES. ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS, SOILS, ETC. WOODS OF ALABAMA-CONTINUED. METEOROLOGY. THE BAPTIST PRINTING CO., MONTGOMERY, ALA. 55 PEPOEJT OF j1ricftu a1 Expim AUBURN, ALA., Saiop, 1889. Agricultural and Mechanical College, JANUARY, BOAR7 Off'' VI ITC S COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. J. G. GILCHRIST, HON. R. F. LIGON, HON. J. B. MITCHELL. W. L. J. S. NEWMAN ...-.............. N. T. LUPTON..................... BROUN............. ............ Director President. and Agriculturist. Vice-Director-and Chemist. ............ Botainist. *P. H. MEL......................... ................ ... :........... ASSISTANTS. Biologist. JAMES ISAAC Ross .. . .. First Assistant Agriculturist in Charge of Live Stock and Dairy. Seconli Assistant A griculturist. CLAYTON... ........................... J. T. ANDERSON, PH. D ...... L. W. WILKINSON, M. P. L. HuTcINSON......................... SC..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..... First Assistant Chemist. ......... ....... Second Assistant Chemist. Third Assistant Chemist. T. D. SAMFORD, B. Sc.... ... .................... Assistant Botanist. ITo he filled. *Pref. Mell also has charge of Meteorological Ohservations. 56 Repoi' of gricuIluI't$ EXPERIMENT WITH CORN. The object of this experiment was to inquire if corn could be grown profitably upon land hich chemical analysis classes as practically sterile. The soil in question is a sandy drift with no clay within three feet of the surface. When the station took charge of it, it had been "worn out" and had grown up in stunted pines and broom sedge. Chemical analysis showed the following Dercentage composition: Soil, Per Cent. Sub-soil, Per Cent. Sand and insoluble matter Soluble silica............ Sulphuric oxide.............. Phosphoric oxide..............0.017 96.00 . 0.02 0.01 95.95 0.04 0.011 Ferric oxide ."..," Aluminic oxide g.............055 Lime ...................... .513 0.0510.14 Magnesia .................. Potash ...... ............... Clorine......... ........... :. o.o 0.15 0.010.01 o.1 .acre. Moisture.2.920 Organic matter c .......249 By order of the Board of Trustees, ten acres of this land were carefully prepared and fertilized, an account of all expenses kept and products carefully weighed. The land was thoroughly broken with turn plows on the 6th, 7th and of March, and the corn planted on the 15th and 16th -rows five feet, stalks three feet in the row. Compost of cotton seed, stable manure and English super phosphate was applied between the hills of corn in the drill at the rate of iooo pounds per After the corn was planted heavy rains, followed by drying winds, baked the soil to such an extent as to render it neces: ary to re-break the land after the corn came up. This seriously checked its growth by breaking its feeding, roots. A_ drouth and heated term, which occurred while the plants were in flower, caused an estimated injury of twenty per cent. Corn planted upon land adjoining, which was broken and planted after that on the ten acres was up, produced, with half the manure, twenty per cent more per acre. Ordinarily, early planted corn gives best results, but the last season proved an exception in this locality. One acre adjoining the ten, and of same quality of soil, was planted without manure and cultivated in the manner usually practiced in this section of the State: TEN ACRES CORN FERTILIZED-RESULTS. 387.3 lbs. Fodder per acre ................................... 8th Shucks per acre .. Corn per acre .... "................i69.o6<< ... .................................... . 1 3 .68 b'shl's. Total value of crop per acre........... ............ Cost seed corn per acre .......................... Cost of fertilizer Cost of labor per Profit.... per acre. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... acre.............................4 " "........................$ " "" $15 oI-$15 01 o 2o . ... . .. . ... ..... 5 00 z6--$ q 45 ".".."........"" 5 57 4 ONE ACRE CORN-WITHOUT MANURE. Fodder per acre... .... .... ... ........... 202. Shucks per acre.......................... Corn per acre .. ... ....................... Total value of crop per acre..................... ... .... lbs. 74-9 " .... 6.5 b'shl's. $ 7 26-$ 7 26 Cost of seed corn per acre................. Cost of labor per acre..................... Total cost per acre ......... ...... ....... ...... . ..... .... ... o 20 4 57 $ 4 77-$ 4 77 $ 2 49 Profit................................ GROUND PEAS. The accompanying experiment with fertilizers applied to ground peas was undertaken with the hope of discovering a remedy for the tendency of this crop to produce faulty pods (pops) upon sandy soils. The yield was so far beyond our expectation that extra pains were taken to secure accurate and absolute results. A given number of hills were selected from each plat of apparently average vigor, the vines carefully lifted and all peas collected and counted with the results shown in the first column of the table. In order to ascertain as nearly as possible the whole product, after the vines were lifted the ground was carefully raked to collect the peas which remained. To ascertain the effect of the different manures in reducing the percentage of "pops," a measured peck of peas was taken from the prou of eacpot and t d peas and "pops" in each accurately counted. It will be observed that an application of air-slaked lime gave the largest per cent ofgood peas, while the Complete manure a combination ofthe socalled complete manur wi thelime might possibly combine the large yield with good quality. EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND PEAS. Planted March 6th and gathered November ist, 2d and 3d, 1888. Object: To compare effects of different fertilizers. 58 tkP1PRIM3tNT WITH SWEET POTATOES. Planted May 7th, and gathered November 21st, i888. Object: To compare effects of different fertilizers. Plat No. 1 2 20 0 lbS.C. S. Meal....... 100 ........................ ................................... 69.2o57.7283.4 230.45 215.70 Kainit............... 88.7 3 4 50 200 c. S. Hull Ashes ............. ... 32.22 118.33 English Acid Phos......................................245.72 232.45 89.5 90.9 5 6 7 50 200 Sulphate of Ammonia....................................68.15 153.85 165.21 Gossypium... ......... ............................... 18o.56 . . ...................... .... 228.28 109.59 9.5 92.5 No manure......... 8 9 10 ii 12 13 56.06 142.48 .... ............................ 400 ls. compost. ................. 54.0043.52 .............. I .. 70 " Nitrate of Soda. 142.76 C. S. HAshes.....156.54 200 " C. S. 5o lbs. 200 BE.S. 5o lbs. C. S. H. Ashes............... 5.65 240.55 200 " E. S 200 c. S. Meal .. .. . 86.22 75.87 Meal & Phosphate& 85.5 9.3 932 91.2 93.3 88.2 200 14 No Manure......................... *Plats i and 22 4k E. ..... 88.o S 200 &olbs.C.S.H.Ashes ......................... 9.15 3 7 .2 9 120. 9 5 78.57 86.2 were injured by shade and roots of wild vegetationalong a fencerow. FERTILIZERS FOR TURNIPS. The following.questions were propounded to the turnip plant. Beds one acre in length and ten feet wide, were prepared and planted August 22nd in plais as shown in the tabulated statement. The questions asked, are: (a) What element or elements of plant food does the turnip plant need to be supplied on the soil in question? b) From what source does it prefer to derive its nitrogen? c) From what source its potash? (d) What are the comparative effects of acidulated phosphate and the raw phosphate? (e) How do cow-lot and horse-lot manures compare in producing capacity with commercial compounds? (f) What is the best distance at which to leave the plants in the drill? The Norfolk variety of turnips was planted on all. of the plats August 22nd. In order to detect the effect of the different manures in securing and maintaining a stand, all were planted exactly alike in the same seed and missing places filled by transplanting once, and finally, the number of turnips on each plat carefully counted. To compare the effects of the different manures in producing tops and roots, the whole plants w~ere weighed when gathered. December 18th, then the roots weighed after removing the tops. In answer to the first question, kainit gave a larger yield than any other single substance. See plat 5. It will be observed also, that the application of the same number of pounds of kainit and cotton seed hull ashes resulted in favor of the former, though the cotton seed hull ash contains an average of about twice the per centage of potash. While cotton seed meal compared with sulphate. of ammonia with reference to the percentage of ammonia in each gives better 59 result than the latter when each is used alone, the sulphate of am. monia gives better results where it was used either in combination with potash only, or with potash and phosphoric acid. The former result in favor of the cotton seed meal may have been due to the fact that the latter contains both potash and phosphoric acid, while the sulphate ammonia contains neither of these. See plats 2 and 3, and 8 to 13 inclusive, and 19 to 22 for compari- son of sources of nitrogen. High grade English super phosphate was compared with raw phosphate presented to the Station by the Meridian Phosphate Company, Meridian, Miss. In the former nearly all of the phosphoric acid was soluble; in the latter it was all insoluble, but the quantity greater than in the former. It will be observed that the raw phospate was applied in twice the quantity per acre, but it will be remembered that its cost per ton is but little more than half that of the super-phosphate. Considering the results on all of the plats to which the two forms of phosphoric acid were applied alone, and in various combinations, the plant seems to have been indifferent as to the source from which it derived this important mineral element and seemed to have the means of procuring it from the raw as well as from the acidulated. The effects of 212 tons of cow and horse-lot manure do not compare favorably with one twentieth that weight of commercial goods. See plats 27 and 28 and compare with 2 and 4. Finally, the turnip finds itself somewhat crowded at six inches in the drill, but lonesome at two feet. The best results both as to the aggregate weight and average size were obtained from those left to grow one foot apart in the drill. The season during the last fall was exceptionally favorable for growing turnips. The accompanying tabulated statement gives the results in compact form. 6o EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS WITH TURNIPS. VARIETY. PLANTED AUGUST 22D. NORFOLK 3:. WI'0 FOLO 0. 0 z Z NAME. [E.. 0. onia Lealo 0. 0 23200 2730 26500 ;0. 0 220 l440 English Super-phosphate. bs. " Sulphate Ammonia............. cotton Seed Meal...... " Cotton Seed Hull Ash......... "' Kainit..................... " Raw Phosphate................. Manure.......................... lbs. c. S. H. Ash, 220 lbs. Sulph. Am. " c. S. H. Ash, 220" Sulph. Am., 440 English Super-phosphate. 20220 lbs. c. S. H. Ash, 220 lbs. Sulphate Ammonia, 88Dlbs.Raw Phosphate.. 22 220lbs c S. H.-Ash, 44o lbs.C. S. M.. 22 220 " C. S. H., Ash, C. S. M., 440 440 lbs. English Super-phosphate.. 23 220 lbs. c. S. H. Ash, 440 lbs. C. S. M., 440 lbs. Raw Phosphate .... 24 No Manure. ........... 220 lbs. c. S. H. Ash, 440 lbs. English 220 22330 30360 3 440 4 220 5 440 6 38o 7 No 8 220 9 220 32670 20790 25960>hoto 16720 39600 325080 23320 28480 30800 22220 32020 289%3 34612 2782 253 249 8o "93 "79 66 43 88 225 82 264 1o6 428 19360 24960 30360 31900 20240 "77, 99 352 64 229 252 90 230 122 29261 8 "73 .92 2.04 393 0 50600 22400 34320 33000 29480 20900 25740 5o6 5422/1 387%II 23923 202% 27600 21340 2732 35523 339%,/ "84 .82 " 36911' 20350 29260' 20680 ' 23200 .69 .95 .50 .71 4023 15 29800 37400 23640 S 660 20460 23320 37400 330 120 294% 176 Super-phosphate........... lbs. C. S. H. 88o lbs Raw Phos.. " Kainit, 440 lbs. Eng. Sup-phos.... 1220" Kainit, 88o " Raw Phosphate.... 29 220 " Sulphate Ammonia, 440 lbs. Eng Suiper-Phosphate.... ............ i6 220 27 220 20 220 Ash, 88o ... ii88o 26720 22540 19800 28480 26 18260 23200 20020 209 -330 43780 28820 30240 3083 .68 .85 .90 55 276 36 214 lbs. Sul. Am., lbs. C. S. M., 440 lbs. Eng. Sup-phos. lbs. c. S. M., 88o lbs. Raw Phosphate Manure.. ..... ...... .. . 2 4 4 4 01bs. C.S. H. Ash, 4 4 o lbs. Sulp. Am., 440 lbs. Eng. Super-phosphate, Turnips 6 inches in drill..... ... . 25 440 lbs. C. $. H. Ash, 440 lbs. Sulph. Am, 440 lbs. Eng.. Super-phos, Turnips ifoot in drili............ .... 26 440 lbs. c. S. H. Ash, 440 lbs. Suiph. Am,, 440 lbs. Eng. Super-phos., Turnips 2 feet in drill .................... 27 440 22 440 23 No 27 4400 lbs Raw Phos.. 24960 26940 15400 23200 23200 27260 20900 24923 2881 20223 .64 "73 .70 92 83 30 25080 33220 25623 202% 21880 *616o 36300 ioi60 "73 6o I.o6 6o 19140SI18oa 3291 1652 107 42460 22880 28700 382% 227 247 lbs Rotted " 28.4400 I"C Horse Lot Cow Lot Manure...Manure .. 23760 19140 23540 12760 22440 212% r65oo 22540 19140 168% 209 .0.p 1.10 582 14% .61 38 o8 35 COMPARISON OF VARIETIES OF TURNIPS.Twenty-five varieties of turnips were planted August 23d upon thin, sandy land, well manured broadcast with compost, cotton seed meal and cotton seed hull ash. on the plats, due The difference in the stands to the difference in vigor of the varieties in their early growth, was quite marked, though in nearly every case a good stand and in many a perfect stand was secured. Some of the seed of the varieties were purchased from D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, and some presented to the station by the United States Department of Agriculture. Red Top is the earliest the twenty-five varieties; Milan Strapleaf, second; Early Flat Dutch Strap-leaf, third; Purple Top Strap-leaf, fourth; and Large Early Red Top Globe, fifth. White of Earliest Bloomsdale Globe and White Globe Strap-leaf seem to be identical. Each of these varieties has been put in hills in the open ground, as sweet potatoes are hilled, to test their keeping qualities. The tabulated statement presents results of observations in compact form. EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIETIES OF TURNIPS. [.C N 0. 0 to, P.O 0 0 b 0 NAME. 0 ia 00r Cc U .0 0 4 o -o Q n i I i n i z 856 39 39612 24 932 41512 428 25 346 44 737 24512 424, >)) .0i ,- 69g 394 5-6 70 2%4 Long,Round,Point'd 36 9.3 615'/ .98 35 Pointed Globe. 35 815 596<-6 .83 5/ Greenish Yellow. . Globe. 24 795 463'6 I.00 White) . Flat. 32 607 43 391/4 26 274'3 4375-6 .83 5 . Bright Purple. 43 529 37 9o834 32 23332 437%6 .73 54 22 594 97334 8 54032 142% ".37 34 Golden Yellow. Globe. Greenish Yellow. 49 U.S iet.Agi 33 o6o Yellow. ii Impr ved Yellow Ruta Baga.............. 29 203 486%3 .88 Purple. 52 794 White. Roots Sprangied. 26 448 46 284 30 105 50123 4.23 I4 I2 Long French.......... ......................... Greenish Purple. . IT. S. Dept. Agri. 49 285 26 37o14. 13 324 ............. 13 Landreth's Snow White Globe .. ..... White. Glohe. 222 .69 32 27 o8= 28 201 20 214 3365-6 1.18 Bright Purple. 14 Large Early Red Top Globe......................... ....... Landreth. Rouiidish Flat. Purple. 15 Milan Strap Leaf.... ...................... 29 754 39 396/ 25 794 42923 .86 ....... 14 326 26 60534 I1 29534 188%6 .78 43% ..................... .. ....... Pointed z6 INsorfolk.... White. 3 34 27 Purple Top Strap Leaf............... ...... ... Flat. Purple. 33 611 34 299 23 968/A 39423".71 i8 Purple Top Munich.............. ............ ....... 24 489 22 626/4 9 678 Golden Yellow. Globe. Dingy Purple. U. S. Dept. Agri. 22 x9 Prussian........ ... ................ . Roots Sprangled_ 591 47 386 28 652 4774% 1.22 Landreth. ... White.. .. 21 489 White. 20 Pomeranian White Globe Strap Leaf .......... ..... . Flattened Globe. 29 478 25 288 25423".71 44 Roots Sprangled. 22 Sweet German.... ........... ................... . 30 205 46 835 27 8253 463'%3-.92 3%2 22 White Globe Strap Leaf........ . ...... ...... . -White. Globe. TindwithPurple. 48.734 312%6 .59 34 407 40 35034 23 White Fleshed Purple Top White Swede Ruta Bag.... 22 040 367%3 .69 3 4Y7 Purple. 33 611 39 X21 24 White Stone............... ........... White. y............. Pointed Globe. 24 244 .84 43 529 29 836 330' 25 White Globe......... .................... ... 203 29 Globe. 43 529 22 349 372%3 .73 23 3 Bloomsdale Swede Improved Purple ... ....... ...... 4 Champion Swede.... ........ ....... . ........... .......... ............... 5 Cow Horn............ ..... .... 6 Early White Egg.................. 7 Early Snow Ball.... ... .. ....................... 8 Early Flat Dutch Strap Leaf..... ................... g Earliest Bloomsdale Red Top.... ............. :...... 20 Rose. ...... 2 Aberdeen, S Amber Giobe Strap Leaf ............................ or Scotch Yellow......................... Landreth. . . 25 "97 45 39 440o80 30401 501%3 .96 34 .76 2/4 37 Greenish Yellow Purple. Light Purple. White. Golden Yellow. Yellow. White. Globe. .. 33 61i 44 oS's 37 468 56 89034 51 293 42 978 24 795 38 15614 .olden Purple Top .......................... -Globe.. ..... VARIETIES OF GRAPES. In order to convey reliable information with regard to the general adaptation of varieties to this soil and climate, a large number of the varieties of grapes generally grown by nurserymen are being tested on the grounds of this station. Thirty-nine of these fruited last season, on Vines just three years old. The accompanying tabulated statement of results of observations made upon the vines an'd fruit may serve as a partial guide to those desiring to purchase. To render these observations very valuable and reliable, they must be continued through a series of years under the effects of different seasons. In order to test the practicability of protecting the berries from the attack of "black rot," insects and birds by means of paper bags pinned over the bunches, in early spring, about 7,000 bags were used on varieties under test and in the commercial vineyard. The common two-pound bags used by retail merchants were employed on the varieties to test the effects of bagging upon the berries-on the standard commercial sort, to determine the question of profit from their use. The effects upon the varieties is given in the tabulated statement as far as practicable in so compact form. The effects of confinement in the bags are not alike in all the varieties. The Delaware takes a soft rot in the bags or dries like raisins. The Perkins is preserved perfectly in bags, but is not good when thoroughly ripe, and hence it is not profitable to bag them. The Hartford was planted on the lower edge of the vineyard with a N. Western exposure-that most favorable to the development of black rot. All of these not protected by the bags rotted before they ripened, wnile the berries upon the protected bunches were perfectly preserved and good August or 33 days after ripening. The Concord and Ives are well preserved in bags, the Ives perfectly. The skin of the Concord is so thin that the berries burst in the bags when very ripe and thus cause fermentation, which attracts insects. The Ives improves in flavor for a month after it turns black and shipped well as late as August 1 th, forty days after the crop is 9 usually marketed. These standard varieties sold at five cents net when first ripe without the bags early in July. Those protected and preserved in the bags brought ten cents per pound net a month later when the local crop not so protected had been consumed or destroyed. It costs one dollar to protect 500 pounds or i,ooo bunches of grapes. The bags should be put on as soon as the berries set. The bag is simply slipped over the bunch, folded around the stem and pinned. Before taking the bags out of the bundles in which they are packed, a small opening should be made in the bottom of each by means of a sharp knife or chisel in order that any moisture which may accumulate in the bags in wet seasons may escape. It is believed that it will not only prove desirable for the amateur grower to use the bags to prolong the season and irnsure exemption from attacks of rot, birds and insects, but those growing grapes on a commercial scale may find it to their interest to thuis protect a portion of the crop. 18th, 63 to NOTE-The bulletins of this station will be sent free to any~farmer who desires them. Address all requests to Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. J 4; 0 o j .00~ 0 .. .. . . . . . . 0 .00O o o ,. _ . N U a UQ "0 U 0C v aJ 0 .c0U 41: 4_j j0 H N ~0 a " bi0 "mac b 0 H i U o .. ":td'OC', , 0C 0 ' ;" . : . . . . 'U.::: . .. >0000Ojoo8 ~ UUNU , r +-.t7::: .: 00 05a00.00.0 0 :UG88U 0 .o0 ..'"t NE8UN -0$-:::M:t7:::::::::O.b:'7::: :' . (L V C3'CyII.:.R . . U ° .c R 1.. UU ......... '0 O0 00 . z a 0 b - :O-d5& 0 . b :: -. '° '0 iv 0'' 00 .. . 43 u H 'c "d :3 'U :.' 'C '3: :.j b0 4-joo4-104-1 ;>1 04 0 0". : o0 a:' ~N ; 0 N 0 N OO N Z o .Oa ' ,Ua H 4 :O ,O Cl 0 o N 0 b Ao oWIb)bi 4 ,C' > O 0b , o '0 ' n bA ,Ub o 2 H N :. N 110 '>.04 z NNH 0 N0NrfON 0 , NU 0 -Ox 0 . : -N: AN 44 U . U xxx xA'N0 0 L 0 N(cz 'J')'0~.Q 00 NN .'"A A . 0 64 4- Chemical Laboratory has been chiefly the analysis of commercial fertilizers received from the State Commissioner of Agriculture. This includes thirty-seven samples of fertilizers containing phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, twenty-one acid phosphates, and twelve miscellaneous samples, consisting of muriate of potash, cotton seed meal, tankage, Swan, Island, Mona Island, and Carib natural guanos, also several phosphatic marls. In addition to these, six soils and sub-soils, and RkeporI of1N. T._Lupfton, heiit. 1888, the work in the During the quarter ending December 31, alyzed, and a variety of minerals examined and their character de termined. The details of these analyses are as follows: two specimens of coal have been an- 000N '10 HH .QnIeA. n ) 0 03030 N0-.m 0 '0303003 M3U '-1hHWas0)03 300 N00303 0H00 4- 'o'v)iN-03 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 N H03n00 3M3-t'0-0 ~03 0 03Hin0 00 100300 U 0 000300300 H HN 00)3000 030)00 I 'O H 3t 00NC) i 0 0000 03N0,00 0000 0o M.3. 00 N0 N 00- 00033-H000t_00003 000t' 0 -3- 0 Q.1 r". cotoo 000 0 L o N 0-ito" a O 6 Mnn t0 Z 0\Z . L11 0 o4 Q 0 . ~ 00.00 14 . * d Q . 00r-LE.; * . N 1.O.. -UV : : :30wo 0 W030::" 0-a NO >~ y u03 ...U ' N . ~ i QI 000~ I:j~N~3)0~ CZ 04 -1 CL o 0, z o-, u ° PHOSPHATES WITH, NITROGEN AND POTASH. Phosp'ric Acid. a o Name of Fertilizer. Nasyau By Whom Sent. 0 -0OU) ; wanoE ay izo8ssuGao..... 1109 Carib Am. Guano...W. sxii Fertilizer ............... John D. Weld, Savannah, Ga 1.82 J. Hudson, Mobile, Ala . .6 East Alabama Fertilizing Co., Clayton, Ala....... vannah, Ga .... .. 1. 7.37 2.98 2.31 2.64 24.25 0.65 9.58 7.89 3.19 23.44 1112 Complete Cotton Fertilizer Commercial Guano Co., Sa1J13 1114 1119 6 9.00 1.11 1.98 2.50 25.30 24.71 ........ 7 8.771.51 2.732.47 Chatham Guano.... Pomona Guano..... Rasin Fertilizer .... Holmes' Formula...N. Ivey's Formula......N. 1123 1x24 Commercial Guano Co., Savannah, Ga..... ... .... Commercial Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.......... . Rasin Fertilizing Baltimore, N ............. d. H. Holmes, Montgomery, Ala .. ................. 1.61 .64 2.06 2.20 3.04 8.41 1.71 2.76 2.20 8.31 2.34 2.77 2.48 7.39 2.57 2.52 2.22 8.04 1.82 1.74 0.59 23.65 24.84 25.05 24.96 23 22 22.29 Co., H. Ala Holmes, Montgomery, ........... 6.500-46 1-850-92 4.22 1125 1115 iif Soluble Pacific Guano. Prof. W. L. Hntchinson, A. & M. College, Miss..2.24 1117 Farmers' Alliance.....Troy Fert. Co., Troy, Ala. 2.02 2.45 Tiny Perfect Guano.. Pike County Fertilizer... 1.75 3.97 5.99 1.28 7.94 2.18 1.53 1.11 7.56 1.19 1.6o 1.73 7.48 24.16 24.40 1.46i.08 2.56 23.79 ACID PHOSPHATES. Phosp'ric Acid. 0 0 S a n , gor-. z 0 0 r1 n1 Name of Fertilizer. By Whom Sent. 0a Ca t W,F advr oMotg, Baldwin.. Fer. o. Saanah G 2052 Diamond Soluble Bone, No. 1. W F'Vandiver & Co,Mont'gy, Ala Bradyo Fet o. otnMs. 1053 Diamond Soluble Bone, No. 2. ClubFrLoCLumbG o Saanh Baldwinr.. Fet a XX Acid Phosphate, 2055 < 2056 Cotton Boll Eng. Acid 2054 s I----- ^-- U 1o.36 io.o8 10.36 10.36 4.42 4.23 U 0 3.181 $92.17 N~o. :r... t2... 3.2x6 21.46 3.772.99 21.19 4.08 2.6o 21.66 22.00 21.70 1057 Cotton phate, No.... Boll Eng. Phos....... 20.84 3.26 3.08 2.38 Acid Phos- phate, No. 2......... 2064 Furman Acid Phosphate:. 2069 Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate .. ............. 2075 io.o8 4.393.29 11.1II 2.77 10.36 2.77 0.69 10.54 4 092.65 20.84 4.50 2.41 12.36 4.58 1.35 12.17 2.97 2.31 20.25 2.39'2.50 20.92 2.542-3 40.50 23-.61 12.46 20.82 29.69 21.94 23.01 25.41 22.71 XX Acid Phosphate....... 2o76 High Grade Eng. Acid Phos. io8s Acid Phosphate............ .. 2o82 Troy Acid Phosphate. 2087 Eutaw Acid Phosphate. .. JohdnD.Feld C, Savannah, Ga 2o88 Ashepoo Acid Phosphate.. 2091 Brady's Patent Acid Phosphate DaFVs arshall&Co.Mobi'ge,Ala 2096 Georgia State Grange Acid N.o H.rt.Holme,Troytoera..a. Phosphate.............. 8.96 20.29 22.54 22.32 21.04 20.20 2.421.49~ 22o2 Soluble Bone................ 1104 1105 11.28 12.19 1.28 2.6 122 11222 Nassau Dissolved Bone... Bowker's Dissolved B...... Magnet Acid Phosphate... Dissolved Bone............. 7.393.773.52 11.98 2.57 2.17 22.40 x.0312.79 26.74 2.0.32 20.26 66 '3 MISCELLANEOUS 0 FERTILIZERS. Phospric Acid. 0 00 "4 4I NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY I WHOM SENT. 2073 04 Muriate of d Potash. East Ala. Fert. Co., Clayton, Ala. . 7.0o . 7.14 .. 0.69 .. 46.25 .. .. 47.48 . . Cotton Seed Meal.... i Troy, i 1085 Tankage ............. . Troy 1094 SwaITIslaiid Guiano.. Frank S. Ruberts, Mi.bile, Ala.. 1095 Mona Island Guano.. Campbell & Co., 59 Wall St.. N. V. 1103 Swan Island Guano.. Frank S. Roberts, Mobile, Ala.... 1110 Carib Natural Guano.... W. J. Hudson, MoblleAla. 1118 Swan Island Guano.... Frank S. Roberts, Mobile, Ala... 1120"Phosphate Rock.. Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala.... 1077 .352 1.99 .9.52 0 10 .0222.73 .. 22.51 11.42 . .. 0.23 .0.79 26.57 7.48 .. .. 0.84 15.76 6.68 . .0.62 23.59 6.66 . . 0.38 .. . . MISCELLANEOUS STATION SUBSTANCES. MCCALL, CALERA, ALA. ....... 0.40 NO. 1061-COAL FROM H, G. Mosture.............. Volatile Matter.... .............. Fixed Carbon..............................51.90 ................. Ash.... ....... ....... 32.40 Total..... 15.30 1o. ...... ................. STATION Sulphur...................................... No. I102--COAL FROM PROF. 0. F. CASEY, Moisture...................................3.60 Volatile Matter............................. Fixed Carbon..............................54.61 Ash........... .............. ... .. ........ .... 6.64 AUBURN, ALA. 33 00 8.79 Sulphur................ .. STATION Nos. Total..................... ............... 100.oo 1.21 1126, 27 AND 2S-"MARLS" FROM R. M. PARKER,, COATOPA, ALA. Phosphoric Acid............. Carbonate of Lime ....... AIR-DRIED Locality........................... Soil Marked ........................ Station No .... .................... . . . No. i. 0.77 No. 2. 0.51 0.37 No. 4.13 3. 75.90 8..80 SOILS AND Butler Coun y. 8 (a) 8 (b) Soil. Sub-soil SUB-SOILS. Talladega Co. Aq(a) 9 (b)i Soil. Sub-soil 1131 I 1129 1 Pike County. Io (b) 10(a) Sub-soil Soil 1133 1130 I1132 0.175 I11234 0.102 Moisture......... ............ Insoluble Silica ..................... Soluble Silica...................... Hydrated Silica.................... Sesquoxide of Iron.................. Alumina. ...................... Phosphoric Acid................... Lime 2.267 0.827 3.670 3.676 78.379 68.586 66.i26 ,68.159 -92.931 85.507 2.559 0.105 2.460 0.198 0.153 4.759 1.864 4.562 0.029 0.275 0.293 11.084 3.584 9.684 0.020 8.627 3.942 8.007 0.150N :7.280 4.128 8.020 0.174 0.255 0.067 2.118 0.8122 1.609 0.032 0.039 5.417 .601 4.472 0.035 0.050 .......................... 0.176 0.409 Magnesia ..................... Potash............ .................. ..... . 0.289 0.633 0.903 0.391 0.233 0.654 0.992 0.062 0.149 0.350 0.127 o.o8x 0.174 0.293 0.153 0.182 0O550 0.194 0.410 Soda................ Sulphuric Acid..................... . Chlorine...... ..................... Carbonic Acid...................... Volatile and Organic Matter........... Total ............................ Nitrogen......................... 0.287 0.177 o.103 o.oo6 0.233 o.o68 o.oo8 0.046 3.219 100.155 0.239 o.056 0.214 5.462 99.361 0.260 5.969 99.369 0.260 9.81 0.039 0.154 6.089 100.253 o.oo8 o.o66 . o.o88 0.009 1.553 0.209 1.50 1.603 0.087 1.92 100.741'1oo.851. 0.280 Air-Dried Coarse Gravel ............. Contains Material........ t!Fine 8.5o .. 91.50 6.91 93.09 12.49 87.51 " v 00.20 7 _7, 98.50 98 o8 67 Department of Botang. WOODS OF ALABAMA-(Connied.) P. H. MELL. Fraxinus (Ash.)-The trees of this genus grow rapidly and attain a height of forty feet or more. The quality of the wood is very much the same in all species--the white ash, however, is considered to be the best. The wood possesses great toughness and durability. Experience has shown that in the case of white ash the second growth is superior in toughness to the first growth of timber. The wood is well adapted for all purposes requiring light colored, tough and hard material as in the manufacture of carriages, oars, cabinet work and blocks for pulleys. The roots are finely veined and sometimes have knotty convolutions, which resemble certain compound figures and are susceptible of high polish. In the trunk there is little difference between the sap and heart woods and therefore a large proportion of the stem is suitable for cabinet work and most farm utensils. It has been estimated that the cohesive power of the wood is about 160 pounds to the square inch when the load is applied transversely. The tensile strain per square inch is 5,495 pounds. The crushing strain per square inch is 2.4 tons. In selecting the timber care should be taken to obtain the wood that is gray white, because when the color changes to a dark shade, it is an indication that the wood is decaying. The best season for felling the tree is in winter, and it should be cut into boards soon after felling, because if left in the log state, cracks will open on the surface and severe loss be sustained. If the trees are cut in any other season than winter the timber will perish quite rapidly. The flexibility of the wood renders it unfit for the framing timbers in buildings. The leaves of the white ash fall so early it should not be placed by itself on the lawn if transplanted, but should be clustered with other trees, so that its ragged condition, when denuded of its leaves, will not be perceptible. It requires a moist, cool,deep soil, and stands transplanting well on account of numerous small fibrous roots. The green ash is a very handsome tree and will be quite showy on lawns; it is, however, smaller than the others. This tree is found on river banks in moist soils. The red ash resembles the white, but differs from it in the down over the young branches and lower surfaces of leaves. It has a broad spreading head and is quite graceful in a landscape. The bark of the ash is used for tanning calf skins and for dyeing black, green, and blue. For medicinal purposes the ash is highly prized. The white ash furnishes an excellent tonic and astringent. The extract of the bark is valuable for salt-rheum and other cutaneous diseases. When used as an infusion, it is good in some cases of constipation and dropsical affections. When the leaves are rubbed on the sting made by mosquitoes, the inflammation is reduced at once. "A decoction of the leaves is said to be an antidote to the poisonlof lamb68 I5 kill, or sheep laurel (Kalinia Augustifolia) when taken by lambs." (Trees of Mass.) Aesculuspavia, L. (Buckeye.) The tree is ornamental, but the wood is of poor quality. The bruised branches and bark are used to stupefy fish so that they may be easily caught. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. (Button Bush.) A handsome shrub growing to a height of six to twelve feet. It is generally found in damp places. The bark is used as a remedy for intermittent and remittent fever, and the inner bark of the root forms a bitters that is thought to be good for-coughs. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. (Buckthorn.) Grows from fifteen to thirty feet in height. The wood has been used but little, if any, in the arts, although it is very hard. The berries make a good vegetable paint .and a first-rate dye. They are also strongly purgative or cathartic, but the action is so strong and severe the remedy is but little used now. The tree has been tried with some success as a hedge and for this purpose may be propagated by means of seed, cuttings or layers. It requires a rich, moist soil and will stand transplanting and training very well. Thd juice of the berries, evaporated to dryness with alum or lime and gum arabic, make the color sap green. Juglans nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) A graceful tree with a straight trunk and broad branching head. It grows quite rapidly, and is a valuable tree to transplant and cultivate for lawn, or for the fruit or timber. The wood is dark purple, becoming almost black with age. The fineness of the grain, toughness and durability make it valuable for many purposes. Even the roots of the trees are now cut up for veneering, and beautiful variegated slabs are thus obtained. The nuts furnish an oil that is used in mixing paints and is not congealed by cold, and the sap is said to yield sugar that will crystalize on evaporation. The bark when properly treated gives strength to the stomach and is recommended in fevers. The hull of the nut is used to make an excellent dye. The walnut and butternut furnish in the young stage of the fruit an excellent material for pickles. Walnut trees are rapidly disappearing from the State because of the great numbers cut annually for lumber; and unless some steps are taken to protect them they will soon be unknown in the forests of Alabama. It would be a wise plan if the people of the State would plant even a small number of the trees each year, to take thd place in some degree of those now being cut. The cultivation of walnuts will well repay the outlay. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Beech.) This is a large and graceful tree and the wood is very hard, fine grained and will take a very fine polish. The color of the wood is red, with a delicate silky gloss, and it cleaves very easily. It makes an excellent tree for the lawn, but for one drawback: the leaves remainuntil nipped by the frost and fall very slowly, producing constant litter on the grass throughout the winter. Betula nigra and Cuta, L. (Black (and cherry birch.) The cherry birch g ows 70 feet high, with a diameter of two to three feet. This'is a beautiful tree and flourishes best in mountain 69 r6 districts. The wood is a delicate rose color, takes a good polish, and deepens with age, but never becomes dark. It is even grained and works with ease. The variegated cast given to the wood by the annual rings adapts it for panels in cabinet work. The bark as a dye gives a beautiful drab color to wool. Catalpa bignonioides. (Catalpa.) This is a handsome tree that grows to a height of 6o feet or more and two to four feet in diameter. The growth is rapid, but the grain of the wood is close and will take a fine polish. The color of the wood is grey white, and it is quite durable. It is commonly believed that the seeds are poisonous, but the United States Dispensary states that they have been used with good results in cases of asthma. It is best, however, to begin with small doses of the decoction made from the seeds. Castanea vesca, L. (Chestnut.) The wood of this tree is coarse grained, but retains considerable elasticity and is very durable. There is but little sap wood. It is used for fences, and wherever wood of durability is required. The grain, however, is so coarse and so porous it is not well suited for cabinet work where high polish is desired. The color of the wood is light yellow or brown. When the bark is treated with iron, an exceedingly black ink is obtained from the tannin, which abounds in the bark. The tree thrives best in granite or sandy soils and submits readily to transplanting. The nuts may be improved in size and flavor by cultivation, but there are certain varieties to be found in the wild state that produce unusually large nuts, and it is best to select these for transplanting, if the yield of nuts is the chief object. The trees of this State seem to be subject to a blight or some destructive disease that is rapidly destroying them. This is particularly true when other trees are cut from around them. This subject is worthy of careful investigation, and it will be a problem for the experiment station to solve in the future. There is a very good market for the nuts and many of them are sent each year to Europe. One great drawback, however, in keeping the nuts consists in the fact that they wither and become mouldy. They may be kept successfully by placing them in boxes of clean, moderately dry sand and the boxes buried in the ground, where they will be neither too wet nor too dry, and of sufficient depth to be out of the range of sudden atmospheric changes. Before burying, all wormy and imperfect nuts must be carefully pickyd out. In using the wood for fence posts, it is best to select old trees, because ex perience has shown that young wood will soon decay-within six or eight years unless coated with tar or other preservatives. The wood makes an inferior fuel. The bark of the chinquapin, a species of the same genus, is used in medicine as an astringent and tonic in intermittent fevers. The following woods are added to the list given in the last bulletin: 70 17 COMMON NAMES. ro8. Ash, blue. Alder, black. white. .111. Arrow wood. 112. Arrow wood. Blueberry, swamp. 114. Blueberry, Farkleberry. 115. Buckeye, yellow. 109. iio. 'Alder, SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Ilex verticillata, Gray. Clethra alnifolia, L. Vibernum acerifolium, L. Vibernum dentatum, L. Vaccinium corymbosum, L. Vaccinium 113. Aesculus flava, Ait. 116. Chokeberry. Pyrus arbutifolia, L. 117. flaw. Crat egus arborescens,,Ell. 118. Hawthorn. Cratregus spathulata, Mx. 119. Huckleberry, dwarf. Graylussacia dumosa, T. and Gray. 120. Hazlenut. Corylus Americana,' Walt. r21. Mock Orange. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait. 122. Mulberry, French. Callicarpa Americana, L. 123. Oak, overcup. Quercus lyrata, Walt. 124. Oak, white. Quercus al ba, L. Oar, post. (Typographical er- Q uercus obtusiloba, Mx. ror in last bulletin.) 125. Prickly Ash, Southern. XanthoxylumCarolinianuni, Lam. 126. Strawberry Bush. Euonynius Americanus, L. 127. Titi. Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks. (Continued in ntext .bulletin.) arboreumn, Mar. 7' 1eteo oloicl 1epo , P. H. MELL. T. D. SAMFORD, Assistant. Climatic influences upon vegetation are of the greatest importance. The success or failure of crops is due largely to the state of the weather. , It is a well known fact that, not only the warmth of the atmosphere, but also the heat in the soil is necessary to germination of seeds as well as for the development of the plant. Recognizing the importance of these principles, meteorological observations have been made at this station for the purpose of more accurately determining the effects of the weather upon crops and to ascertain the exact temperature of the soil at different depths, as well as the conditions affecting climatic changes. To accomplish this work the station is furnished with a complete set of atmospheric meteorological instruments, and also with thirty soil thermometers, divided into three sets, ranging in depth from one to ninety-six inches. Two of these sets of soil thermometers are placed on the top of a hill which is exposed to the constant sweep of the winds and the full strength of the sun's rays. The third set is situated in bottom land on the banks of a running stream. This set is more or less shaded by.a rank growth of vegetation. Over each instrument is placed a box perforated with holes to allow a free circulation of air and at the same time to exclude the heat rays of the sun. The character of the soil is sandy and is well drained. In studying the data of these instruments the following conclusions may be drawn: During the summer months the upper layers of the soil are ten to fifteen degrees warmer than the atmosphere, but become cooler with depth, and in July a depth of five feet below the surface shows a temperature ten degrees cooler than the upper layer. In the fall and winter the reverse of this is true, that while the upper layers of the soil are still somewhat warmer than the atmosphere, yet the lower layers increase 'in warmth, proportionally so with depth. For instance, the month of July shows a temperature, at the depth of ninety-six inches below the surface, eleven degrees cooler than the air; while December shows a temperature at the same depth nearly fifteen degrees warmer than that of the air. It is also observed that while the range of temperature of the atmosphere fluctuates considerably, that of the soil is more constant; and further, that the daily range steadily decreases for twenty-four inches, below which depth it is practically nothingseldom being higher than a half of a degree, and from the figures in the table below it will be seen that the daily range of temperature is several degrees less in the bottom than it is on the hill; showing the effects of location of land, moisture in soil, and the 72 effects of exvaparation cattsed by the sweep of the winds-the bottom being greatly protected from this agent. Again, it will be seen that there is but little difference in the temperature of the bottom land and upland, during the fall months. During the hot summer the bottom is a little cooler; during winter it is a little warmer than the upland, and whenever the temperature is about forty degrees and below, then the bottom land is several degrees warmer than the upland. 73 DATA FROM SOIL THERMOMETERS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS COMPARED ATMOSPHERE. ATMOSPHERE. OCTOBER. BER. N OVEMIB WITH TEMPERATURE OF DECEMBER. 46.2 Monthly mean.........62.5 81. M'onthly maximum... ...... 6 Date. ............. .. Monthly minimum......... .43. .. 21 Date............. 38. Range for month ........... 19. Greatest daily range . Date....... 54.7 78. I 66. 25 29. 28 49. 22. 46. 25. Least daily range..... Date................... Mean daily range SURFACE. .......... ....... 0o24 .... ... .1 tIo 17.4 .. 50. 62. 23 42. 2 ...... 22. SE SET SET SET 3. t.'I 8 26,31 Monthly mean..... .... Monthly "naximum..... 43.2 66. 38.4 52. 29. ......... ........ Date. Monthly minimum .... ...... Date................. Range for 'month .... ONE INCH. 8 30. 26 36. SET 57.5 SET 33. SET I. SET IiH. SET I2I. Monthly mean..... .. ... :...65.5 Monthly maximum.......... Date....................... 78.5 6 65.5 81. 5 65. 76. 5,6 24 77.5 3,6,7 56.5 76. Monthly minimum.......... ... ........... Date .. ...... Range for month............ 49." 29 29.5 47. 29 34. 22. 4,22 I2. 25 22.85 52. 24. 34.5 28 43. 29. 2 34. 42. 29. I 73. 3 38. 8 28,29 48.2 48.3 47.5 6o. 6o. 55.5 16 30.5 25 25 32.5 23. 5 24. 32. 29. 22. 28 35. I2.5 Greatest daily range ........ Date... ................... Leat daily range............ Date...................... Mean Daily range.......... THREE INCH. 22. 1,4,21 21.5 16.5 1i. 29.5 22.5 122 2. 3 .5 26 3 20 22 3 10,26 1. 25 213.37 "g 9,14,2I 11,25 22.5 9.8 11.21 65. 75 6 53.5 24 5 7,55 22.43 53 Monthly mean ............... Monthly maximnum......... .... ........... Date ... Monthly minimum........... Date............... ..... 66.5 8 o. 5,6 52. 213,14,29 65.5 8 0.5 49. 14,29 5.5 75.5 3,7 37.5 28,29 57.' 76. 7 35~5 5 289029 56.5 48.2 59. 71.5 16 3 7 40.5 48.3 48. 28.5 55.5 25 25 33. 26. 15.5 33. 25.5 35. 21,22 20.5 22. 2,3 2. 9 Range for month........... Greatest dailyrange Date ......................... Least daily range............. Dy .25 29. 9. 2... 32.5 22.5 22.5 13.5 38. 25.5 2 0. ... 40.5 27. 5 28,29 32. 29.5 .5 221.53 2 4 2.5 25 5 2.5 25 .5 20.22 2 7 "5 13,20 I 2 7 88 io.i6 20 Mean daily range. ......... Six 22.33 7.84 73. 7.8 72.5 6.03 8.62 1o.56 58- 6.8So 48.5 55. INCH. Monthly mean.............. Monthly maximum .... ...... Date ... ............... Monthly minimum.......... 66. 77. 6 53.5 3,14 66. 78.5 5,6 65. 57.5 57. 57. 24 Date ................. 52. 6 3,6,7 40.5 47.9 48.2 57.5 6. 73.5 570. 6 9 3 77 5 44.5 35.5 35. 38. 9 Range for month........... Greatest daily range......... Date ...................... Least daily range..... ......... 23.5 212.5 24 27.5 .,5 5 17.5 1,4,5 2. t6. 8. 5 1. I0,22 28 32. 20.5 28,29 29 25.5 20021 22.0 22 35. 23. 122 22. Dlate.. ..... .... .......... 25 7.62 20.46 .5 74.5 56. 1,12 2. o. 8 8,17,21 24,20,222 5. 2 6,7 .5 22.5 6 .1 27 24. 3 2.5 20 48.4 Mean daily range............ NINE INCH. 4.03 65" 71.5 6 6. 57. 70.5 3 7.58 55.5 71.5 7 40.. 3 3.33 6.16 47.4 5 68.5 54.5 20 7 3 46. 38" 9 29+30 22.5 20 7.90 Monthly mean.... ... ...... Monthly maximum..... ..... Date........... .......... . Date.................6 Monthly minimum........... Range for month.. Greatest daily range ..... Date.. . .......... 65. 76. 47.4 55. 10 46.5 6.5 2 5324 6 59. 24 43 29 27.5 38.5 22 213,14 .8.5 8.5 Least daily range ........... Date .................. .5 5 0 Mean daily range............4.77 TWELVE INCH. Monthly mean............ Monthly maximum ......... Date................6 Monthly minimum.............8. Date........................3,142 23. 22.5 12255 .5 4 5 2. 8 20 7.43 2.9 29 32.5 5 o6 6.5 1 0. 9.5 7 0 21 .3.5 7 I 2,7 9,19 I2. 6 16.5 18.5 9.5 48.5 6.5 54. 3 25 0.5 27 2. 27 9,0 8 3.4 57" 69. 3 29, 5. 3 6 57. 68.5 3 43.5 29 5 2.o6 3.22 5.27 42.5 922 65. 73.5 64.5 73.5 6 55.5 65" 70. 5 9 5867.5 47.7 54. 20 47.3 54. 20 1It 6-E. 45. 24,15 3 9 5 48. 29,30 i 39. 22,22 " 39.5 2I,22 - 74 2I DATA FROM SOIL THERMOMETERS. iCONTIN UED.) ATMOs] PHERE. TWELVE OCOBER~~i. ! NOVEMIBER. ' DECEMBER. INCH . lET 1. 6.5 SET 1. 13. SET 9. 35 3 S T 24. 45 I SET S 19.5 .5 14 axSET SaT 155. 14.51 SETL 12.5 .. Range for mor. nth. Greatest daily range...... Date.., 25. 4.5 1.24 4. 25 3. 0....... 9 14 314,9 0.. 2 71 4. 9 Least daily rar. oge.... ......... 0 Date. ... 20 Mean daily rarnge. . ... .9 TSWENTYF our INCH. Monthly mean Monthly maxi: ..... 70.5 Date i.. 6,7 . .""-"". Monthly mini mom.......64.5 ........ 8 Date.... Range for mor 3.5 Greatest daily range::::.:.. .5 20,24 0 21,22 2.46 0 29 0 19 0 8 0.5 10,27 0 05,21 3.51 2.2 2.28 .81 67. Ig9o 1.31 50.41 54. I0,II .9 .. 67.5 66.5 65.5 6o.5 59. 70.5 70.5 Mmm._... 61.5 51.1 55. 10,01 I 68. 67.5 52.6 55. 3 8,9 7 63.5 64.5 52. 8 2. II 17 8,9 51. 29,30 9 54. 30 45. 25 45. 2.5 49. I. 20 22 29,30 2. 00 4. 100 2.5 20 0. 14,24 2.5 31 2.5 25 Date . Least daily .. Date . 8 . 8 Mean daily rar .5 .56 nge............ THIRTY-' IX INCHl. Monthly mear1..:..... 69.5 68. Monthly maxi moum.......... 70.5 70. Date. Mtnthly mini mu m.... ....... 165.5 Date ... 5.5 . 6 Range for mon nth.... .5 2.5 Greatest daily range.......... .I I ra:nage............ II 9 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 .72 8 .4 8, .4 8 .28 63. 67. 00 8 .51 53.1 55.5 8 .5 8 .18 54.6 57.5 2 68.5 62.5 62. 70.5 67. 67. 1 5,7,8,9 8,9 12 10,11 53. 55.5 49.5 6. 66.1 5.5 I. 0 53055.0 12. 012. 1. 57.049.5 6. I. 04,16 0 Date . .. 8 0 1o 0 5. 8 0 10. .5 8 0 50.5 6. .5 8 .5 8 14' Least daily oge............. raae. . o 8..15 .29 8 .16 8 8 0 0 8 64.5 67.5 8 8 8 .08 55.2 58" I S .,8 Mean OT-I daily'ra.nge............. GHT .32 .00 .18 .18 .13 INCH. I'. Monthly mear i........ 69.5 69.5 69.5 Monthly nmaxi moor..........72.5 72.5 72.5 I Date. 12 I Monthly mini imomu..... .. .. 67. ... 67. 67.5 .. ..... 30 30 29 31 Date... 5. Range for morLth............5.5 5.5 .5 r a g .... 1 . Greatest daily . II .. Date. 1n 0 0 0 Least daily range............ t . . 8 8 8 ,..,....1 .05 .25 Mean daily ra]Ige. ........... 014. SIXTY INCH. Monthly mearn ....... 70. 70. 70. 64. 67.5 7,8,9 64. 67.5 2,9 54 58 . 3 1,2 56.5 59.5 1 58. 585 30 So. 30 9. .5 30 9. 0. 7.5 52.5 25,26 5.5 52.5 25 53.5 29 5.5 6. .5 0 8 C .5 8 0 8 0 0 2 .5 8 0 .5 8 0 8 .11 8 .16 65. 68. 8 .10 65.5 68. 8 .o6 6o. M~onthly 66. 67.5 8 6.8 0 8 .o8 57.5 6o.5 8 .08 58.4 61.5 maxiimool.......... 73. 73. 72.5 I12 I 0.2 I,2 2 I Date.... I im ..... Monthly mini 67.5 68. 68. 6.. 61. 62. 54. 55" 56. 30 8 8 31 27,31 29,31 30 30 .......... .29, 30, Date ... nth..........5.5 Range for nmn 5. 4.5 7.5 7. 6. .6. 5.5 5.5 .5 .5 5 .5 1. .5 .5 Greatest daily range...... s 8 8 8 8 14 Date . 8 8,16,21 .. 8 0 2 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 Least daily ra: nge............. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Date.... 8 ... . .. .. . .o16 .04 .of .o6 Mean daily r ange........... .1 .13 .19 .05 .o6 SEVENTY' TWO INCH. .. Monthly mean 66..........58.7 70.5......... n ............. 68.5.............62... Monthly maxi.imom............. .... 73. ......... Date . . .. ... 6.I0,2 ... .......... 2,2...... .... iu . 6. 12 Monthly min 6. 62..... .561 ............ )mo............ Date . . 26,3.5...0....3.....31. V.... ane Range for mt ... 6.5.............6 ..... Greatest daily t........... o................ 01...... .... .... ........ o.... ange........... Date.. Least daily ta 08.. ... .ng............................8' Date :. 3...8. ...... ....... ange.....8..............0..... .Mean daily ra . . . . .. . . . . .. ..... . . 6o1.. . . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . EIGHTY-)n ..... ..... .... . . . . . Monthlyincal ... .o... 66..... 70 ...... Monthly max ... 01 . .. 63...........6.5 Date .. imom........ ... ................ 1.. .. 3 Monthly mit 232, .8,1 .. .... 5.............7... ... ..... ............. Date ... o........ me Range for 6.. ...... ... ...... ........ yrne................... Greatest daily ... o,i8................ ......... Date. ................. Least daily snge..... .......... o.............................. t.... r 1 1,2 .5 8.5 . Mean daily ra ie.......... ........... 07 .... .. 8........ ......... 8 .1ATAFPROM ATMOSPHERE. NINETY-SIX SOIL (CONTIN IJBLI SET II. THIERMOMtTERS. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER. OCTOBER. INCH. I Monthlyrnean ............. SET.I .I ........ I Monthly maximum.......... ..... 73 ..... ...... 69 ....... ...... ......................... ............................. Monthly minimum........69.5................ ......... 59.5 .. Date..................................30 .. ... 3z.. Range for month......... .. 35.................. 4. .... 5.5... Greatest daily range.............. ... ........................ Date............ .................. .... .... zo . ... ... 2.. Least dailyrange.......... ....... o..............o............o.... 1 .. .. Date..................... ....... I 8..............8............... Mean daily range..... .... .6 ... .ry 71....67.5.........62. I SEP' I SETI SET I I II. I .I II. 1 SET III I I. SEr I I SET I II. SET III. Date 65. 00... ... DATA FROM OTHER INSTRUMENTS. AT MOSPHIERIC PRESSURE (In Inches.) ,................. Oct. ,J Nov. 3o.06o 30.060 30.340 30.360 I8 Dec. 30.233 30.x250 23 29.720 Monthly mean .................................... Maoximurn...................................... Date.................. 12 MiSnimum ..................................... Date ........................................... Monthly range ................................ PRECIPITATION. 29.740 29.770 II 9 .6oo .590 .440 2.94 Total in inches.. ......................... Greatest daily..................................................... Date................................. Number of rainy days ........ ...... ......................... ........................... .. 4.39 i.o8 25 4.96 2.15 Nu~mber of clod~dy days................. NIumberbf clear dayB ............. Prevailing direttion ..................... ...... ................... .................... 8 9 . 15 6 12 7 6. 9. '3 9 Number of fair days ............................... ,. WINO. frorm.......................... Total monthly movement (in miles)................................. . Average daily movement..... ...... ....... ............... ........ . ..... ... ................ .. Greatest daily movement ..... ........ ........................... ........ Date.................. 5 S.E. E. N.W 3.632 4.361 118.2 220. 250.4 27). 14 29 76 APPENDIX. In response to a number of inquiries for the act establishing the experiment stations in connection with the Agricultural and Mechanical colleges of the different States and Territories, we give below: THE HATCH ACT. An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supplementary thereto. Be it enacted in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science, there shall be established, under direction of the college or colleges or agricultural department of colleges in each State or Territory established, or which may hereafter be established,- in accordance with the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," or any of the supplements to said act, a department to be known and designated as an "agricultural experiment station:" Provided, that in any State or Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the Legislature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct. SEC, 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. SEc. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of results of investigation or experiments; to indicate from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purposes of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations, annually, on or before the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each. of said stations, to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. SEC. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaperin theStates'and Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farm77 24 ing as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said stations shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States'free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Postmaster General may from time to time prescribe. SEc. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of conducting investigations and experiments and.printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of fifteen thou and dollars per annum is hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, and to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quarterly payments, on the first day of January, April, July and October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by thegoverning boards of said colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven: Provided, zowever, That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings necessary for carrying on tree work of such station; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation may be so expended. SEC. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations that a portion of the preceding annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for its maintenance and support. Sac. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and the government of the States or Territories in which they are respectively located. SEc. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this section to the benefits of this act and having also agricultural experiment stations established by law separate from said colleges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established, under the provisions of said act ot July second aforesaid, an agricultural department or experimental station, in connection with any university, college or institution not distinctly an agricultural college or school, and such State shall have established or shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the Legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made, to such separate agricultural college or school, and no Legislature shall by contract express or implied disable itself from so doing. SEC. 9. That the grants of money authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purposes of said grants: Provided, That payments of such instalments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of its Legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made npon the assent of the Governor thereof duly certified by the Secretary of the Treasury. SEC. IO. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding the United States to continue any payments from the Treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all the provisions of this act. Approved, March 2, I887. 78 -~ 4 BULLETIN NO. 4. NEW SERIES. uhi{d.* OF 0net ttin THE A~ricu~traI aod MchaoicaI~olIlege, Auburn, Ala. - - - February, 188Q. Contents: STRAWBERRY CULTURE. CULTURE GRAPE AND- PRUNING. RASPBERRY CULTURE. THE BROWN PRINTING CO.,) PUBLIC PRINTERS AND BOOK BINDERS. 79 BULLETIN- NO. 4 riqu tural jxprhmnent $ationt, FEBRUARY, OF Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA.-----1889. RO A COMMITTEE ,D TISI'TORS_ STATION: OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT ION. J. G. GILcHRIST, .. HON. R. F. LIGON,.... HON. J. B.MITCHELL. :B. W. ......... 7Off'DIQ~WTIO:LT L. BROUN....................................... .President J. S. NEWMAN.................. .... ...... :.. Director and Agriculturist N. T. LUPTON ................ Vice-Director and Chemist tP. H. MELL.............................................. Botanist Biologist ............................ ASSISTANTS: ISAAC Ross JAS. ... 1st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & Dairy ........... J. T. CLAYTON.............. ANDERSON, PH. D ... ,.... Second Assistant Agriculturist. ,.....First ....... Assistant Chemist L. W. WILKINsON, M. Sc............... .Second Assistant Chemist P. L. HUTCHISON.......................... .Third Assistant Chemist T. D. SAMFORD, B. Sc .... Assistant Botanist Meteorological - Prof. Mcli has also charge of t To be filled, Observations. 80 BY J. S. NEWMAN, AGRICULTURIST. In response to numerous inquiries from those who have been induced by the work of this Station to begin fruit culture, and for the purpose of instructing local experimenters who receive plants from this Station for experiment purposes, the following practical instructions are given. A complete treatise is not attempted, but simply practical suggestions to the beginner, that he may avoid mistakes in the outset that may lead to disappointment and discouragement. Homes in the country can not be made attractive to the young without fruits and flowers. Nothing will attach the young to their homes more than a cultivated taste for these. Nothing will contribute more to health, refinement and happiness. STRAWBERRIES. It is not a little remarkable that so few homes are supplied with this delicious fruit. Being the first to ripen in the spring, so convenient, so delicious and so easily grown, there is no excuse for failure to have an abundant supply for family consumption and some to sell if desirable. It is not only surprising that so few grow strawberries, but equally so that so few know anything about their propagation, fertilization, cultivation and handling. Many homes even that have pretentious orchards of apples, peaches and pears from which they gather crops, probably one year in five, neglect entirely the strawberry, grape and raspberry, which yield without fail, if properly cared for, annual crops of the most delicious fruit. PROPAGATION. The strawberry is propagated by "sets" which form upon what are called "runners," which are woody stems starting from the base of the crown and reaching out in different directions, having at intervals two to three plants upon each runner. These plants take root from their base where they come in contact with the surface of the soil. These runners usually start into activity in the latter part of the fruiting season, and, in some varieties, cover the ground between the rows with new plants. 81 4 If the maximum fruitage is desired, the runners should be removed as fast as they form, since they tend to diminish the vigor of the parent plant and prevent the development of fruit-buds for the new crop. The buds which produce the fruit stalk are formed during the growth of the previous season, and hence anything which binders the healthful growth of the plants this year will reduce the yield of the first crop of the next season. The plants which form upon the runners are used to start new beds. They may be transplanted upon well prepared soil at any time from October to April, if the soil is moist and the temperature not below forty degrees Far., giving the preference to January or February. The yield of fruit the first season will depend more upon whether the plants formed in the early part of the previous season, and were surrounded by favorable conditions, than upon the time of transplanting. Plants which set in May will form more fruit buds than those which start in August. We said plants were propagated by sets. This is the only method by which we can propagate them true to variety. They may be propagated by seed, but without assurance of perpetuating the variety from which the seed are taken. This method is employed only to originate new varieties. TRANSPLANTING. The sets should be taken up with a garden trowel or pointed garden hoe, with as little mutilation of the roots as practicable. Portions of the runners left attached to the plants should be cut, not pulled, from them before planting. If the roots are long and straggling, or have partly died in being transported, cut them back to within three inches of the crown. If in garden culture in which the hoe will be used to the exclusion of the plow, check the rows two feet each way, open the soil at the checks sufficiently to allow the roots to be spread in as nearly a natural position as possible, insert the roots, draw pulverized soil upon them and press firmly. On soils naturally well drained plant on level surface with82 out bedding. If on soil in which the drainage is not good, plant on flat beds. If the plants are to be cultivated with the plow, plant in checks three feet by two. This will admit the plow one way and leave ample room between the crowns the other way to facilitate hoeing. SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. Strawberries are so readily and injuriously affected by drouth, especially during the bearing season, that in locating a bed selection should be made of a soil which is naturally or artificially well drained, and yet one which will readily absorb and hold moisture. A rich loam with abundant supply of vegetable matter will prove most satisfactory. Deep and thorough preparation and liberal fertilization of the soil are necessary to secure maximum results. The loots will penetrate as deeply as the soil is prepared, and thus be rendered less liable to injury from drouth. Only a small area is needed to supply a family with these delicious berries, and any one can afford to spend the time and money necessary to insure the maximum production upon so small an area. Indeed, the husband will find ample compensation for any reasonable expenditure of time and money, in observing the pride and pleasure with which the wife presents her neighbors with boxes-of choice berries, and the satisfaction which she derives from the conscious independence arising from the daily contributions from the strawberry bed to her own table. MANURING. We often read instructions as to strawberry culture, written by Northern men, in which they recommend covering the ground with stable manure two or three inches deep, and Southern readers have been led astray by such advice. We will guarantee failure upon beds so treated in our climate. Such treatment will insure vigorous growth of plants in early spring, but the fruitage will be small and the plants will wither and die under the effects of hot sun and drouth. Our best results have been obtained from applications of ashes and raw bone accompanied with mulch of straw be83 tween andjaround the plants, from Gossypium Phospho applied before plantifg and during the growth of the plants, from light dressings of cotton seed meal in early spring, and from heavy mulching around the plants with green cotton seed applied in December. Most satisfactory results have been attained from all these methods of treatment. Acid phosphate will answer in the place of the raw bone, though not so permanent in its effects. The largest berries I have ever grown were produced by an application of Gossypium Phospho broadcast; before planting, at the rate of 1,600 pounds per acre, followed the next winter by mulch of green cotton seed applied at the rate of 100 bushels per acre. The most abundant crop, however, resulted from an application of wood ashes and super-phosphate. CULTIVATION. Strawberries should be cultivated as thoroughly as cotton, and in the same manner. The cultivation should be entirely on the surface, to avoid as far as practicable any injury to the roots. They require cultivation during the entire growing season to secure satisfactory results. Many persons remand their strawberry beds to the tender mercy of the grass and weeds as soon as the crop has been gathered. This ensures failure. To secure best results, both as to appearance of the bed and the yield of fruit, no sets should be allowed to take root, but the single crown system pursued. The largest and finest berries are obtained by this system, but a larger qantity of berries may be grown per acre by what is known as the "matted row" system. By this method new plants are allowed to remain between the plants in the drill until there is'a continuous row of plants, and these of different ages. Under the single crown system the beds need renewing every three years, because only the original plants are allowed to grow, and all become too old for profitable fruitage at the same time, while under the matted row plan the old plants are renewed by the sets which take root in the row from year to year, and thus the bed to some extent renews itself. The single crown system will prove most satisfactory in the size and quality of the fruit, and is more easily kept Blear of weeds and grass. It is a good plan to set a new 84; bed every winter and destroy one that has borne two full crops. The plants for the new bed are allowed to grow upon the one to be destroyed after the crop of fruit has been gathered. MULCHING. In cold climates the crowns are covered with straw in the fall and left thus protected during the winter. This is neither necessary nor desirable in our climate. We need the mulch in spring and summer to protect the plants from injurious effects of drouth, and to protect the berries from the soil. Mulch, however, delays fruitage by preventing the heat of the sun from warming into activity the roots of the plants in early spring. The mulch prolongs the bearing season. It is, therefore, a good plan to mulch half the bed and leave half unmulched. In no case, however, must the crowns be covered with the mulch in our warm climate. Wheat or oat straw that has been tramped by cattle serves an admirable purpose. Green cotton seed applied around the plants in November protect the roots from freezes, keep the berries clean in spring, retain moisture about the roots, and as they gradually decay, supply food to the plants. VARIETIES. It is always best for the amateur to plant standard varieties that have stood the test and proved reliable. The Sharpless is to-day the most popular berry on account of its large size and good flavor. The Wilson is the most hardy, and hence should occupy a part of every garden bed. It is a little too acid until thoroughly ripe, and hence taxes the the patience of the grower when craving fruit in early spring. The old Agriculturist resembles the Wilson very closely, is not so acid nor quite so prolific. Cumberland Triumph, Crescent, Kentucky, Parry, Triumph de Gand, and others, are popular, but the three first mentioned will give entire satisfaction. If fine flavor is to take precedence of all other qualities, the Henderson will be selected. It is the best in flavor of fifty-three varieties tested. GATHERING THE BERRIES. Though the utmost care may be used to prevent it, more or less grit will adhere to some of the berries, and hence 85 the manner of picking assumes some degree of importance. The berries should not be handled at all, but the stem of the ripe berry grasped between the thumb and forefinger and, after giving it a twist to expose the lower side of the berry, pinched off if the berry is sufficiently ripe. The surface of berries often appear quite ripe when they are still white underneath. PISTILLATE VARIETIES. These have imperfect flowers and consequently will not bear unless planted near staminate varieties. The Crescent, one of the most prolific varieties, is of this character. It is claimed by some growers of strawberries that the size and quality of the berries grown upon pistillate varieties are influenced by the staminate variety employed to fertilize them. GRAPE CULTURE. There are varieties of grapes which are profitably grown upon nearly every character of soil in the cotton States. Of fifty-four varieties planted at this Station four years since, forty-four have done reasonably well and a majority of them have proved most satisfactory. No farm in Alabama should be without a vineyard sufficient at least to supply the table of its owner, while there are large areas upon -which grape growing may be made very profitable as a market crop. To grow grapes successfully the soil must be thoroughly drained, either naturally or artificially. The idea, imported from Europe, that the land must be trenched three or four feet deep to produce grapes successfully has long since been exploded. The preparation of the soil, however, should be as deep and thorough as practicable by the use of plow and harrow. If not already fertile, it should be liberally fertilized with manures of a permanent characacter, such as bone and animal manures. If these are not available, cotton seed or cotton seed meal, acid phosphate, and potash in some form, such as kainit or cotton seed hull ash or wood ashes may be employed. These should be applied broad cast and thoroughly incorporated with the soil before planting. 86 Deep furrows should be opened in the line of the proposed row of grapes. In these a thoroughly rotted compost should be applied at the rate qf not less than one After applying the compost, thousand pounds per acre. mingle it with the soil and subsoil by using in the furrow long plows run as deeply as possible. PLANTING. Grapes are usually planted eight feet apart each way. Cut back the vines of the young plants to three buds, dip the roots in water and set as deep as they stood in the nursery row. Spread the roots in their natural position and press the fine soil firmly upon them. If well rooted plants are properly set, every vine should grow. At the time of planting drive in a stake four feet long by every vine and write the name of each variety and the number of plants of each upon a stout label to be placed by the first plant of the variety. In addition to this, record the names of the varieties, their location and the number of each in the vineyard in a book kept for this purpose. If this is neglected, much of the pleasure to be derived from the vineyard will be lost. A mulch of some partly decayed vegetation placed around the plants will prove very beneficial. During the growing season the grape vines should be cultivated with the same care that would be bestowed upon a crop of cotton, avoiding at all times such cultivation as will break the roots of the plants. A row of field peas, of a bunch variety, may be planted between the rows of vines and carefully cultivated to prevent the growth of grass and weeds. Enough peas will be made to pay .for the cultivation of the grapes and the vines left upon the soil will improve its fertility. The following method of' training the vine has been used on this station with most gratifying results When the buds start into growth in the spring the most vigorous is selected to remain and the others rubbed off Tie the single cane to a stake and when it reaches a length of three feet pinch the bud to arrest longitudinal and promote lateral growth, i. e.., increase in size rather than length of cane. Soon after the bud has been pinched branches will put forth at the axils of the leaves. When these are a foot long pinch back to two leaves. All sprouts that put forth from the body of the cane must be rubbed off as they appear. When the new canes commence to grow the next spring now the second year of the vine, select the two most vigorous and rub off the, others. By this time the wire trellis 87 10 should be ready and the canes as soon as long enough, tied to the first wire. The first wire should be two feet and the second four feet from the ground. The canes must not be tied so tightly as to risk injury from binding. To avoid this, pass the middle of the pieces of twine, already cut in foot lengths, around the cane below the leaf, cross the ends and tie to the wire. When these canes attain three feet in length pinch back to increase their size as explained for the first year. Only the two canes should be allowed to grow and the laterals upon these pinched back to one foot or less. If bunches of grapes appear upon these canes they must be removed, except perhaps, upon a few extra strong vines on which one or two bunches may be allowed to ripen. Occasionally three canes can be left upon extra vigorous vines, two of which may be trained along the lower, and one tied to the top wire. Any adventitious buds which put forth from the main stem should be rubbed off as soon as they appear, so as to direct the entire growth into the canes selected as above. The soil should be repeatedly stirred between and around the vines for the double purpose of aeration and to prevent the growth of weeds and grass. The next pruning which prepares for the third year's growth of vine and fruit production, we have to start with either two or three vigorous canes which, if they have been properly fertilized and cultivated, will be from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter with short laterals at the joints. Vigorous growers, like the concord, perkins, etc., may be pruned upon the spur or the renewal system. If on the former plan, cut alternate spurs or laterals close to the main cane and on the remainder leave one or two eyes. The principal canes should be cut back to two or three feet according to the vigor of the vine and its habit of growth. The best eyes are on the laterals, since these were formed from the principal buds on the leading canes, leaving only the stipular buds undeveloped on the latter. If all the spurs are cut off close to the canes only the stipular or small secondary buds are left and these may not produce vigorous canes. If the renewal system is adopted, one-half of the vine is pruned on the spur system, and the other cut back to good buds for wood production for the next year. On those canes which grow from the side cut severely back, no fruit should be allowed to grow, all being produced upon that half pruned on the spur plan. The next year the canes which bore the fruit are cut back for wood production, and the new canes of the previous 88 11 year's growth pruned for fruit. The spring pruning is very importnt in the economy of the vine. It consists in removing all feeble and surplus canes soon after growth commences, and, a little later, pinching back the fruiting canes two leaves beyond the last bunch of grapes. On vigorous young canes three bunches may be expected. The number of bunches likely to be produced may, therefore, be calculated in advance by multiplying tjhe number of plump buds left by three. As soon as the new canes are well established, :so that they can be handled without risk of breaking at the base, they should be tied to the wires separately to give proper exposure, to air the bunches of grapes and to facilitate gathering when ripe. PROTECTING WITH PAPER OR CLOTH SACKS. As soon as the grapes, have set in the spring small sacks of either cloth or paper may be slipped over the bunch and the mouth folded and pinned. If paper is used, a small puncture should be made in the bottom of the sack to allow any water, which may enter, to escape. An active man or boy can put on 1,500 to 2,000 of these in a day, the number depending much upon the manner in which the vines are tied upon the trellis. These bags protect the grapes from attacks of mildew and rot, and from birds and insects when ripe. They remain fresh upon the vines four to six weeks after the exposed bunches have been -consumed or destroyed. Any arrangement by which the season for such delicious fruit may be prolonged a month beyond its ordinary limits is well worth adopting. Some facts showing the effects of bagging the bunches were given in Bulletin No. 3, of this station. The bunch grapes may be pruned at any time after growth has entirely ceased and before the buds begin to swell towards spring. It is well to prune part of the vineyard very early in the fall and leave half till February. The canes pruned early will put forth early in spring and, if not killed by frost, will ripen fruit earlier than those pruned later. The later pruning insures against injury by frost and prolongs the fruiting season. The muscadine or rotundifolia type will not bear pruning during the winter, and hence the prevalent opinion that they will not admit of it at all. They may be pruned with perfect impunity immediately after the leaves are shed in the fall. Cuttings made at this season grow almost as readily as those made from the bunch grapes during winter. A number of cuttings of the scuppernong planted in Octo89 12 ber, 1887, made vigorous growth last year. The scuppernong vines should not be planted nearer than fifty feet each way, if intended to be grown upon arbors. If grown on trellis and pruned anhually the rows need not be more than ten feet apart, and the vines thirty or forty feet in the row. The top bud of cuttings should be covered with an inch of soil to secure the most satisfactory results. RASPBERRY CULTURE. The impression prevails with many that the raspberry cannot be successfully grown in the cotton states. There is some difficulty in growing the black cap type on account of liability of the canes to be sun scalded where they bend over, and their failure, in field culture, to propagate. They propagate by layering at the tips of the new canes in the late fall. If our seasons are dry they often fail to take root. The plants, however, bear abundantly, and may be grown for propagation in partially shaded positions such as the north or west sides of fences. Twenty-five varieties have been grown for three years in the horticultural grounds of this station, upon high sandy soil, with results showing that the red varieties, and some of the hybrids, propagate as readily as briars, bear as abundantly and endure our long summers equally as well. This is especially true of the Turner and Cuthbert, two exceedingly hardy and productive varieties, producing berries of exquisite beauty and delicious flavor. Golden Queen, a hybrid variety of superior quality, has given entire satisfaction. Schaffer's Colossal, a cap variety, propagates readily by cuttings, produces abundant crops of very large berries of an unattractive purple tinge, and is especially desirable on account of its lateness in ripening, commencing just as the earlier varieties finish bearing and thus prolonging the season. The red varieties propagate by root cuttings and hence should be planted npt nearer than four feet each way. The soil should be made rich for best results with raspberries and kept so by annual top dressings of well rotted compost or a mixture of cotton seed meal, phosphate and kainit, applied in early spring and forked in. The old canes which have borne fruit must be removed, in winter, from all types. The canes grow one year, bear fruit the next, and die. The red varieties should have the new canes cut back to two feet in June or July to cause them to branch and become stocky and self-supporting. The cap varieties must not be cut back until winter if plants are desired to be formed at the tips of the vines. 90 All, AA $ hin1tnitad jprren$ltrn OF THE AricueteraI a~d MehaicaI Auburn. Ala., - C11 April, 1889. for Butter. Contents : COTTON-Experiments with Fertilizers. " Varieties. on different Soils. PIGS-Feeding for Pork. CATTLE-Description of Barn and Dairy-Feeding ANALYSES-Of Fertilizers, Soils and Feed Stuffs. METEOIROLOGY -Temperature of Soil at different~deptis ; Atmospheric Conditions; Rainfall, etc. BROWNPRINTING CO.,Montgomery, Ala, 91 BULLETIN NO.5, riqu frnI ptrmtntion Agricultural and Mechanical Cotlege, AUBURN, ALA.---APRIL, 1889. :BOA HON. D 0OF F. VISITOR$S. STATION: COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT J. G. GILCHIST,. ... HON. R. LIGON. HON. J. B. MITCHELL. B 0.A2 1 D W. O fDII8CTIO . L. BROUN..............................................President Director and Agriculturist J. S. NEWMAN .............................. N. T. LUPTON............................ Vice-Director and Chemist tP. H. MELL ............... . ~.. ................................. Botanist . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ASSISTANTS: ...... Biologist ISAAC JAS. Ross.. 1st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & Dairy Assistant Agriculturist CLAYTON..........................Second J. T. ANDERSON, PH--. D................. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc................. be .First Assistant Chemist Second Assistant Chemist P. L. HUTCHISON..................Third T. D. SAMFOED, B. Sc Assistant Chemist. Assistant Botanist .......................... Observations. ~Prof. Mell .To filled.has also charge of Meteorological 92 COTTON--EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS-COMPAR- ISON OF VARIETIES-ON DIFFERENT SOILS. J. S. NEWMAN, AGRICULTURIST. The object of the several sets of experiments with cotton, which follow, was to inquire how much reserve force remained from previous applications of commercial manures to sandy soil which has no retentive clay within three feet of the surface. Cotton was planted in 1888, without manure, upon plats to which different elements and combinations of elements of plant-food had been applied in 1886 and 1887. Comparison of results of 1888 with those of 1886 and 1887 can be made only in the seed cotton, since facilities for ginning the plots separately were not secured until 1888. It will be observed that the principal loss in seed cotton occurred where the different sources of nitrogen were applied. No difference in the per cent. of lint worthy of comment occurs, except where kainit had been applied and where no manure was used in 1887. 93 XP.IRIMENT9 WITHl COTTON. O rn T To orp aeot l Padi crent rt1i r. o l X86 Cc Results in 1888. 1887 0 FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN 1886 AND 1887.0Poa po p ' r0 O r 1 420 lb B. 2 420 lIbklainit S. Phosphate..*.......Popae............................................................ 301.87 ........ ............ .................................... 98.31 "32.57240.62422.30 319.37120.21 345.62 110.39 37. 64 373.97 363.20 3 210 lbNitrate of Soda........................................................... . ."_......... 31.94 288.7534000 4 140 lb Sulphate of Ammonia ...................... 385.00 118.15 30.935424.37 522.13 5 105 6 420 lb It Muriate of Potash............................................ Cotton Seed Meal.................... ............... ....... "......................__376.25118.10 "..520.6 574 30.25 352.10 450J 10 31.39 411. 25 667.30 7 20lolood ..................................................................... 29 7.50100.61 33.82 315.00 448.7 0 lb E. 9 420 lb E. 8 420 S. Phosphate and 420 S. Phosphate, 420 lb C. S. Meal..... S. Meal, and 105 ......................... Muriate of Potash ............... ... ... 371.871[15.83 31.15 402.50 603.1 30 lb C. lb 424 37131.21 9--402.50 599.60 11 10 420 lb E. S. Phosphate and 105 lb Muriate of Potash............... ................... No manure............."...............................:....................... 313.00 99.38 31.55 297.50 380.10 328.12 63.32 19.30 227.501163.12 INQUIRY AS TO PROPER RATIO BETWEEN PHIOS. ACID AND NITROGEN. In this experiment the quantities of phos. acid and potash are constant, while the nitrogen varies so as to give the following ratios between the nitrogen and phosphoric acid, from the two sources, dried blood and cotton seed meal: The ratios are1 lb. nitrogen to 1 lb. phos. acid. 1 " " " 1 " 1 " 1 " " " to to to to 2 4 6 8 G" " " " ' " " The smaller quantity of nitrogen applied seemed to fuarnish as mueh as the plant with its environments could take up, and the plant seemed indifferent as to the sources from which:it derived it. There seemed to be a certain degree of cumulative force in 1887, which was lost by failure to renew by additional applications in 1888. The quantity of nitrogen applied seems not to have affected the relations between the weight of seed and that of the lint. See tabulated statement on next page. 95 RATIO BETWEEN NITROGEN AND PHOS. ACID. Results in 1888 1- 1886 1887 rj i0 0 QV. O FERTII~ZERS APPLIED IN 1886 AND 1887. 0 t 1 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash.............................. 2 4 472.50 104 32 22.08 402 50 531.90 24.71 376.25 706.90 4290 lb E. S. Phosphate, 350 lb Blood, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash................... 520.62 129.01 )(1 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 280 lb Bicod, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash....... .......... 425.00J 33.57 31.43 411.25 592 13 32.02 345.62 557.13 32.13 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 210 lb Blood, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash................... 389.37 124.67 126.31 5 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 140 lb Blood, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash .................. 6 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 70 lb Blood, and 105 lb Mu ilate of Potash . ........ :393.12 354.37529.60 :..393.75 127.89 32.48 332.50 463.12 37 680 50 7 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 840 lb C. S. Meal, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash............... 433.12 141.06 32.57 459 8 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 560 lb C. S. Meal, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash............... 281.37 88.58 31.15 367.50 573.20 9 420 lb E. S. Phosphate, 420 lb C. S. Meal, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash ............... 10 420 450 62 141.72 31.45 329.52 599.60 84.17 29.15 321.47 517.80 76.53, 19.88297.50612.80 lb E. S. Phosphate, 280 lb C. S. Meal, and 105 lb Muriate of lb 11 11 420 I- E. S. Phosphate, 140 lb C. S. Meal, and 105 lb Muriate of Potash................288-.75 Potash........1385. 00 7 THREE FORMS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. In 1886 each of the forms of phosphoric acid was applied to two adjacent plats without nitrogen. In 1887 the same quantities of the phosphoric acid in the three forms, viz: Acid soluble (insoluble), citrate soluble (reduced), and water soluble (soluble), were applied each to one plat, and nitrogen, in cotton seed meal, applied to each of the other plats. In 1888 all of the plats were planted without manure. These results indicate very little leaching of the phosphoric acid and a cumulative effect of the floats. The results in 1888, without additional application, uniformly exceed those of 1886, when the phosphates were first applied, and in No. 1, to which only floats have been applied, yielded more as the effect ot the reserve force than in either previous year. 97 PHOSPHORIC ACID SET. Results in 1888. . C 0L FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN 1887. 1886 1887 0 - Ko- 7 O O 420 lbs. Floats ................................................................. 476.87:151.8 21 420 lbs. Floats and 420 lbs. C. S. Meal.............................................. 3'420 lbs. Reduced Phosphate .... 31.85 271 25 395.50 87 472 50153.09 32.40 336 .- 710 50 .................................... ......... 494.37-120.28 24.33 446.25 568.12 .................. 4. 420 lbs. Reduced Phosphate and 420 lbs. C. S. Meal............... 363.12 *55.63 15. 32 354.62 376.40 420 lbs. E. S. Phosphate...................................................:..328.12118.72 420 lbs. E. S. Phosphate and 420 lbs. 36.00 328.75 363.20 C. S. Meal...................................380.62 102.69 26.98 266.87"135.15 389.37 108.12 27.77 266.8"7374. 10 ............ 420 7' lbs. Floats and 420 lbs. air-slaked Lime....................... 8 420 lbs. Floats and 420 lbs. C. S. Meal................................ No manure............. .............................. .............................. ........ .. 341.25 .... 310 87.49 25 64280.00 465.50 62 66.66 21.46 231 87 2;2 30 *,Evident error. WILL LIME INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PHOSPHATES? Several years since the opinion was expressed by several agricultural experimenters of national reputation, that the addition of air-slaked lime would increase the activity of acid phosphates. This opinion seemed to be in conflict with the fact that the phosphates have not been uniformly profitable upon calcarious soils. To make practical inquiry into the matter, air-slaked lime was mixed in the drill with both Floats (powdered raw phosphate) and acid phosphate. This was commenced in 1886, repeated in 1887, and cotton planted on the plats without addition of manure in 1888. Note results of plat 7 in the last tabulated statement, where the lime was used with floats, and compare with plat 1 in the same table. Below are results of its use with acid phosphates. It seems not to have produced the effect claimed for it. 99 AIR-SLAKED LIME AND PHIOSPHATE. Re~cults in CIO2 1883. 1886 1887 FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN 1886 AND 1887. ........ "... 0 1 42 0 lbs. E. S. Phosphate and 420 lbs. air-slaked Lime.................. S. 328.121 58.96 17.97 206.25 266.14 354.37r 77.50 21.87 2.2401lbs. E. Phosphate............................ FLOATS WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES ......................... 240.62 258.20 1886 1887 0 0- OF NITROGEN. Results in 1888. FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN 1887. " ,.s " ^'"' .&PI-Z. 4-4 00b0 b0 420 lbs. Floats and 210 lbs. Nitrate of Soda...................................... 420 lbs. Floats and 140 lbs. Sulph. of Ammonia...................................... 166.25 49 16 29.57 202.50413.70 170.62 420 lbs. Floats and 210 lbs. Blood....... 420 lbs. Floats and 420 lbs. C. S. ......................................... Meal 203.62 63.33 30.80262.50 361.40 50.21 29 43 262.50 367.80 ..................................... i188 12 55.64, 29.58236. 26,405.15 FLOATS. AND. ACID PHOSPHATE COMPARED IN COMBINATION WITH NITROGEN AND POTASH. Results in 1888. 1856 1887 ¢ r FERTILIZERS APPLIED IS 1886 AND) lF87. 0 ' 0 38 420 lbs. Gossypitim ....... .................... ........................... ......................... . 227.50 76 46 33.61 371.87-306.401 S39 420 lbs. Floats and 420 lbs. Kainit ..... 253.75 78.73 31.03 240 62 280.00 350.00111.47 3l.85350.00387.30 ..... 297.50 95.02 31.94428. 358.75 74 36 20 ~4% '20lbs. Floats and 4201lbs. C.S. Meal.. .... .............. ................. 41 420 lbs. Floats,- 420 lbs. C. S. Meal and 420 lbs. Kaiait ......................... 42 4201bs. E. S. Ph nsphate and 420 lbs. C. S. Meal ................................ .... .,. 4341sCmot........................................ 44 ;No manure...... ................... . ..... 1.50 40.42 33.00236.2-3445.10. 73433.12 75 519.10 461.90 ................................. 175.00 54.60 31.20 93 75161.14 12 CAN IMPROVED METHODS AND THE USE OF FERTILIZERS INCREASE THE PROFITS OF COTTON CULTURE UPON VERY POOR SANDY LANDS ? By order of the Board of Trustees this inquiry was made upon ten acres in a body, taken without regard to topography of the land or quality of the soil. These were thoroughly prepared, well fertilized and carefully cultivated. The fertilizers applied were 1,000 lbs. of compost of cotton seed, stable manure and phosplate and two hundred lbs. of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, equal parts ot each, per acre, at a cost of seven dollars per acre. These were applied in the drill. One acre of the same average quality as the ten, and adjoining the latter, was planted without manure, for comparison. The cotton on the ten acres grew off beautifully, but in consequence of heavy leaching rains upon the coarse deep sand it began to blight in June and was dead upon nine acres early in August. About one acre lying near a branch continued to fruit until September. In consequence of the blight, not only did production cease in August, but many bolls already formed failed to mature. The unmanured acre being later was not so early nor so seriously affected. Both were cultivated entirely with heel scrape. Owing to the frequency of rains, the cotton was plowed once oftener than usual. An examination of the statements which follow will reveal the fact that the difference in value over cost of production per acre on manured and unmanured land is $5.96, which is attributable to the use of the manure, which cost seven dollars per acre, just three times the usual cost,-and yet we find here the increase resulting from the use of the manure pays 85 per cent. profit upon its cost. 102 13 TEN ACRE COTTON EXPERIMENT. Cost olbreaking land first [STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PROFIT.] ................................... '$ " opening and bedding land..................... ...... planting cotton.................:....... ............... plowing......... ....................... 8 75 13 12 2 50 5 00 ...... secondl plowing................... .............. third plowing ....................... ............... fourth plowing........... ................... ........ chopping cotton.............................. .... second hoeing................... ................ .... ... 5 00 s 9 2 50 8 00 6 00 fertilizer......... .............................. scattering fertilizer......................... "picking 70 00 7 00 ............. cotton............................ 29 01 $161 Total expense......................................... 88 Total yield of seed cotton ............... Value of entire crop.:................................... Summary: .................. . .7,253 lbs. $241 76 Value of entire crop ................................ Total cost of production .............................. Profit on cost, 49 per cent. $241 76 161 88 Profit ....................................... $ 79 88 ONE ACRE COTTON EXPERIMENT. [STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PROFIT.] Cost of bedding land " .................. opening and covering seed....................... ............................. ... ............. $1 25 .. .0 0 69 << second << first plowing . plowing. chpping planting seed......... .... 0 20 ...... ... . ................................... ........................... 62%2 0 621% 0 62'2 third plowin g...... << " "r fourth plowing .................................... 0 6212 fifth plowing..................................... 0 18%2 cotton.................. o.................. 0 80 second hoeing ................ picking cotton ................................... 06 1 12 Total expense.....................................$7.345 Yield of seed cotton. .................................... Value of crop 281 lbs. $9.366 ............................................ Summary: Value of crop ................................... 'Total cost of production .......................... $9.366 7. 345 $2.021 Profit. ........................................ Profit on cost, 27 per cent. 103 14 VARIETIES OF COTTON. Eleven distinct varieties of cotton were planted for the purpose of comparing their productiveness, quality of lint, &tc. As full stands were not secured upon some of the plats, the yield is given per plat and per hill. It was planted in hills 3 by 4 feet. One hundred bolls were picked and weighed at four different times from each variety, the average of which is given in the table. The product of each variety was weighed in the seed, carefully ginned and the lint weighed. A sample of the lint of each variety was reserved and carefully wrapped and sent to Mr. C. E. Porter of Opelika, who is an expert classifier of cotton. The names of the varieties were not given Mr. Porter, but the samples merely numbered. Mr. Porter's report, in connection with the following tabulated statement of results, will convey very clearly the comparative merits of the varieties. 104 15 VARIETIES OF COTTON. C) C NAMES OF VARIETIES. a .0 C 1iTruit................ ............ 1.83 2 Cherry's Cluster.................. 3 1.50 1.41 1.58 1.41 1.33 1.41 . . . 1.41 1.83 32 109 1]10 84 102 112 122 78 99 110 32.0OC 30461.00 89.2 il 31. 09b.81 Hawkins' Improved..............1.41 87.00 75.00 30.74 O.79- 4 Welborn's Pet.................... 5 Jones' Improved ..... :.. .......... 6 King's 29.660.8931.05 0.78 80.50 92.00 Improved Prolific ..... 31.520.82 39.5810. 92 7 Okra Cotton....................... 8 79.50 30.810.65 Peerless....................... 72.00 86 50 9 Rameses ....................... 10 Barnett ...................... 11 ZelIner........................ OPELIKA, 28. 610O-87 92.00 30.71 0.83 1.50 101 75.50 30.460 7 received. I send you classification by the New York standard types. No. 1 (Rameses) classes Strict Middling. Staple COL. J. S. NE WMAN, AUBURN, ALA.: Dear Sir-Yours of 22d, also samples, ALA., March 23d, 1889. to five-eighths inch, fibre very weak and irregular. one-half- No. 2 (Truit) classes Middling. Staple thirteen-sixteenths inch, strong but some little waste. No. 3 (Barnett) classes Strict Low Middling. Staple seven-eighths. inch, strong and regular. Excellent spinning. cotton. No. 4 (Jones' Improved) classes Strict Low Middling. Staple one-half to three-fourths inch, irregular but good spinning cotton. No. 5 (Zellner) classes Strict Middling. Staple threefourths inch, strong but a little irregular, with some waste. No. 6 (Okra) classes Strict Low Middling. Staple one-- 105 16 half to thirteen-sixteenths inch, very irregular, weak and a good deal of waste. No. 7 (King's Improved Prolific) classes Strict Low Middling. Staple seven-eighths inch and strong; fibre is very fine, but has some small cracked leaf and some waste. No. 8 (Cherry's Cluster) classes Middling. Staple threefourths inch, very regular and strong, not much waste, good spinning cotton. No. 9 (Hawkins' Improved) classes Middling. Staple thirteen-sixteenths inch, rather weak but fibre is regular; sample has a flimsy appearance. No. 10 (Peerless) classes Strict Middling. Staple thirteensixteenths to' seven-eighths inch, fibre is fine and regular but not very strong. No. 11 (Welborn's Pet) classes Strict Middling. Staple three-fourths inch, not strong, rather irregular and some waste. All of these samples are very well ginned, and well matured, good white cotton. Yours truly, C. E. PORTER. STUDY OF THE SOILS OF THE STATE. For the purpose of studying the needs of the various typical soils of the State, a dozen sacks of the soil and subsoil from localities representing large areas of the State were collected and subjected to chemical and plant analysis. Samples of both soil and subsoil were furnished the chemist, the analyses of which will be found in the report of Dr. N. T. Lupton, chemist, in this Bulletin. Bins were prepared 18 inches broad and wide and 12 inches deep, eight for each soil. In these the subsoil was first deposited and the box then filled with soil, thus restoring somewhat the natural conditions. 106 17 Different elements and combinations of elements of plant food were applied to seven of these bins, the eighth receiving nothing, as-shown in the tabulated statements appended. A cotton plant was grown in each bin and careful observations made of their development and production. All of the soils were not in place until the second week in June, when the seed were planted. Owing to the lateness of the planting a few bins on which the seed failed could not be reported upon, as the second plantings were too late to fruit. The results show very marked differences in the effects of the manures, and valuable suggestions are made by them, but conclusions should not be drawn from a single experiment. Attention is invited to the results in the set in which the Thomas Scoria is used. This is a cheap source of phosphoric acid, which is a by-product from the manufacture of iron. Attention is also invited to the similar effects produced by the fertilizers upon the sandy soils of the State. 2 107 rf I O . X10 SOIL FROM PIKE COUNTY, O O ri o .c ALA. O p O -d r) .U z 1 2 14 0 30. Nov. oz. Sulphate of Ammonia............................ Cotton Seed Hull Ash................. ............... . (No stand) . 1oz. z 20 .Aug. 2 0 100 0.085 0.0425 3 0 1 oz. Acid Phosphate....-....................................... l% oz. Aug. 14. Oct. . Aug. 28. Aug. 17. 6 0 100 0.818 0.101: 3~ oz. Suiph. Ammo. and 0. S. H. Ash..;......... ............... Nov. 10. 31. 1 85.7 0. 712 0.118 85 7 1.45 93.7 1 95 oz. Suiph. Ammo., 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate..o 6 1oz. Suiph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid Ph.os............ 14 oz. C. S. H. o.......... 18. Oct. 16. Oct. 12 1E 0. 120 . . Aug. 20. Nov. 12. Aug. 29. 7 1 oz. Acid Phos. and 8 No manure................ Ash .............................. .... 7 0 100 1.04 0.148 (No stand) -P-q _SOIL FROM TALLADEGA COUNTY, ALA. +0 0 1 x,2_ Om 6. 20 9 20 14 15 1 16 12 0 0 100 100 4 ' 3 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia................. ............... ................ ................. Aug. 9.'1 Oct. 12.1 Oct. 2 2 oz. Cotton Seed Hull Ash. Aug. 13.1Oct. 14. . Aug. 2.294 0. 114 0 0.927 2.46 2.13 2.10 0.123 0.152 0.140 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate .................. 0 ........................... 2. 0 100 0. 100 0 100 3 oz. 3 oz. Ammo. and r oz. C. S. H. Ash......................... Suiph.AAmmo., 14 oz. C. S. H.?Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate..... Suiph. . Aug. 15.1 Oct. 18. Aug. 10.1 Oct. 23. . Aug. 17.1 Oct. 6 3 oz. Suiph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid 7.1 oz. Acid Phos. and 14 Phosphate........................ ................ 30.9. 0 100 0 100 0 100 2.291 0.143 1.70 1.77 0.10E 0.147 oz. C. S. H. Ash ............ . Aug. 14.1Oct. 8 -1- manure......................................................... No Y 'II II ~ II ii ~ I Aug. 19.4Oct. 26. i p SOIL FROM NEAR LIVINGSTON, SUMTER Co., ALA. ....... ....... oa 10 r.o o 0 12 7 a3 ~ 1 2 % oz. Sulphate of Ammonia . oz, Cotton Seed Hull ........................ Aug. Aug. 6. Sept. 28. 0 100 0 100 2.04 0.170 0.809 0.1155 Ash. ...................................... 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ............................................. 4~ 4% 5 Aug. Aug. Aug. oz. Suiph. Ammo. and %~ oz. C. S. H. Ash.......................... oz. Suiph. Ammo., 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz: Acid Phos ............ 9. Oct. 15. Oct. 9. Oct. 7.jOct.- 9.Oct. 8. 8. 14. 8. 9 13 14 0 100 0 100 0 100 1.37. 0.1522 2.19 0.168 .2.06 0.147 0 6 % .oz. Sulph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ............ ............. ......... ................ Aug. Aug. Aug. 1. Sept. 26. 5.4Sept. 27. 3. 32 22 1 96.9 4.13 0.129 0 100 4.16 0.189 7 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and 8 No 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash.................. manure............ ........................... 33, 0 1001 4.20 0.127 00 -40 4.0C w0 0 0bON SANDY SOIL FROM NEAR' CITRONELLE, MOBILE 0 Co., ALA. 0 do4 1 oz. '% Sulphate of Ammonia ...................... (Failed to get a stand) ............... ..... ........... . 2.14 oz. Cotton Seed Hull Ash.......................................... 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ........................................ . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. Aug. 22. Nov. 3. ....... .. .. . . . 3 7 5 20 7 8 .. .. 0 0 100 100 0.283 0.0943 0.748 .Aug. 15. Oct. 4 4% oz. Sulph. Ammo. anid%oz. C. S.1H.Ash... .Aug. 14. Oct. 8.Oct. . .... 18. 0.1068 0.149, 19. 0 0 0 0 ,. 100 100 100 100 0.720 0.144 5% oz. Sulph. Ammo.. % oz. 0. S. H. Ash, and 1.oz Acid Phosphate........ Aug. 5 6 67. 14 oz. Suiph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ....... ..................... ....... Aug. 16. Oct.30 5. Sept. 29. 29 ... 0.7390.1055 1.28 0.160 .. 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash.......... ....... ... Aug. 1. 8 No manure. .. ............. (Failed to get a stand) ... -' - _ "WORN SOIL" FROM NEAR AUBURN, ALA. 1 1 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia.....................................Aug. 14. Oct. 14. 6. Oct. Aug. 10. 12 6 6 0 100 0 100 0 100 1.33 0.1108 0.5610.0935 1.02 0.170 2 14 oz. Cotton Seed Hull'Ash.,.........................................Aug. 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate.................... 4 %~ oz. Suiph. Ammo, and 5 6 14 14 .......................... oz. C. S. H. Ash ....................... ..... 20. Oct. 31. Aug. 16. Oct. 29. 16. 16. 18 5 4 0 100 0 100 0 106 oz. Suiph. Ammo., 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate......... Aug. 17. Oct. Aug. '0 2.55 0.141 7210.144 14 oz. Sulph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate 14 ........................... ........ ................... 18. Oct. 0.673 0.168 7 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and oz. C. S. H. Ash............................. Aug. 7. Sept. 29. 8. 21 8 0 100 1 3.18 0.151 8 No manure................................. Aug. 14.Oct. 88.8 0.9200.115 VIRGIN SOIL FROM NEAR AUBURN, ALA. 0 O00 0O Qi 1 1 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia ......................................... 2 14 Aug. 18. Aug. Oct. Oct. 18. 7. 6 4 0 1 100 80 oz. Cotton Seed Hull Ash........................................ 8. 0.5680-0946 0.3830 0957 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate.............................................. 4 1oz. 1oz. Aug. 10. Sept. 27. Aug. 17. Aug. . ......... ...... Oct. 7. 10 9 0 0 100 100 0.965 00965 0. 989 0. 109 0.66010.060 1.01 0.0909 Suiph. Ammo. and 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash........................... Sulph. Ammo., %. oz. C. S. H. Ash, and I oz. Acid Phosphate.... ........... ... 9. Sept. 28. 9. Sept.23. 7 .jOct. 7. 11 11. 3 0 0 0 100 100 100 6 14 oz. Suiph. knrno. and~ 1 oz. Acid Phosphate..... ................... 14 Aug. . Aug. 7 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and 8 No manure oz. C. S. H. Ash. ..... .............. 0.8540.184 0.440,0.110 .......................... r Aug. 15 Oct. 9. 4 0 100 CC r12 -~ r.." 1 ~C. RED SOIL O ~..C } FROM . Cd a -- ' NEAR DADEVILIAE, TALLAPOOSA CO., ALA. 00 0 O4- C H O~ z O ~.CQ 0 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia 14 ........................................ ci O40 I 2 3 \ug. 15. Oct. 18. ........ r........... 5 9 15 0 100 0 100 0 100 0.663 0.132 0.909 0.101 1.93 2.21 0.128 0.170 0.145 0.156 0.126 0.106 oz. Cotton Seed hull Ash. .... ............. ..... ,..... Aug. 10. Oct. . 6 6 3. 1 oz. Acid Phosphate....... 1oz. 1oz. ................ 14 oz. 14 ........ Aug. Aug. 5. Oct. 9. 3. Ocet. Ammo. Sulph., and Ammo. Suiph., C. S. H. Ash................. .. ....... . 13i 0 100 18 0 100 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate .... Aug. Aug. . Aug. . Sept. 27. 2.61 3.29 6 14 oz. Ammo. Suiph. and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate......................... 14 8. Sept. 27. 3. 21 22 10 0 100 1 7 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and 8 No manure....... .. oz. C. S. H. Ash........................... ... ............................... Sept. 27. 95.6 2.78 1.06 ........... Aug. 15. Oct. 14. 0 100 _ _ . . q - - ry4 0 r ., '. U2 N _SANDY SOIL FROM NEAR BADEVILLE, TALLAPOOSA Co., ALA. OO 0 O0 4-4 O w O0 "P-4 04 zA 1 % oz. Sulphate of Ammonia....................... 2 1/ oz. Cotton Seed Hull Ash.....,......... 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ................................. 4 %~ oz. Ammo. Sulph. and %~ oz. C. S. H. Ash ................ .- A (Failed to get a stand.) ...... ............. .............. ......... Q " 4-D H 0 O ..... . 5 .............. Aug. 14. Nov. 10. Aug. 11.Oct. 15. Aug. 2 74.1 0.885 0.177 0 100, 0 100 0.619 6 25 18 0.124 0.122 0.114 5, 1 oz. Ammo. Sulph., 6 14 14 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate........ Aug. Aug. Aug. oz. Ammo. Suiph. and I oz. Acid Phosphate........................ 14 9. Oct. 11. Oct. 12. Oct. 7. 18. 10. 6. 3.05 1 94.7 2.05 1 92.3 0 100 1.28 3.07 12 21 7 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and oz. C. S. H. Ash ........................... 4. Oct. 0.107 0.141 8 No manure.............. ........... ...................... ....... _Aug. 18. Nov. 3. 31 71 75 0.298 0 09 0 O0 "r 0 o 0 0 P00 O 0 SOIL FROM NEAR UNIoNTowN, PERRY Co., ALA. 0'e z I C0 .0 . C U N2 4 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia.......... oz. Cotton Seed Hull ............. . ... .... ............. . Aug. 9. Oct. .. . ....... 8. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1.05 0.116 0. 395 0. 0987 0 634 0.0792 1.27 0.115 C) 2 4 Ash..:... ........ Aug. 12. Oct. 10. 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate ............... r-L4 .......................... Aug. 10. Oct. 8. 4 6 7 8 I oz. Ammo. Sulph. and I oz. C. S. H. Ash ......................... . Aug. 8. Oct. 3. 6 1. oz. Ammo. Suiph., - oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate............. . Aug. 7. Oct. Ammo. Suiph. and 1 oz. 1 01 0.101 0.875 0.0795 4.12 0.147 2.11 0.117 4oz. Acid-Phosphate ............................ . . .... ... .. .. .. .. .. . . Aug. 11. Oct. 1 oz. Acid Phosphate and4 oz. C. S. H. Ash. ........... . ... No manure........ Aug. 7. Sept. 29. Aug. 6. Sept. 30. ...................................... 16 -M0. 44 '4S 001-. ad~O 0 0I o L.o OLSFO ULE ONY0AA C4-4 w z MIE CS Zo 00 N0w 1 2 oz. Sulphate of Ammonia................................. . ....... :............ ....... Aug. 17. Oct. 24 .Aug. Aug. 9 9 35 0 100 4 3 0.793 0.0891 1~oz. Cotton Seed Hull Ash ................................... ...... 19. Oct. ......... 21. 69.2 1.72 0.191 92.1 4.68 0.133 3 1 oz. Acid Phosphate.......................... ...................... 7. Oct. 18 4 5 oz., Suiph. Ammo. and I oz. C. S. H. Ash.......................... 4 oz. Suiph. Ammo., 4 oz. C. S. H. Ash, and 1 oz. Acid Phosphate........ Phosphate.. .................. (No stand) ...... ...... 23 29 26 0 100 5 .......... . .. .. . .Aug. 13 Oct. 10. .... .. 2.73 0 118 6 4 oz. Sulph. Ammo. and 1 oz. Acid o................. Aug. 11. Oct. 15. 10. 85.2 3.71 0.127 3.38 0.130 2 30 0.153 7 1 oz..Acid Phosphate and 4 oz. C. S. H. Ash........... .. .. . Aug.- 7. Oct. Au g.. 0 100 0 100 S No manure...... ............................................................... NOTE.-For' description and analysis of these soils, see report of Chemist in this Bulletin. Oct. 29. 15, 0 WORN SOIL FROMt AUBURN, ALA. )0 m 40 0 0 oC3 ? 0 0 .aH z 1 1 oz. Thomas Scoria.... ................................. ........... . A A Zo ~ 100 100 100 100 100 000 Aug. 16. Oct. 15. Sept. 5.Oot. 2. 5. 0.591 0.0656 0.203 0.1015 0.333 0.111 0.422 0.1406 0.909 0 1296 00I 2 1 lb. Marl. ............................................................... 3 1 lb. Marl and oz. Ammonium Sulphate ............................ 4 oz. Sulph. Ammo....................... ...... . . Sept. 7. Oct. 1 oz. Thomas Scoria and Aug. 24. Nov. .. 4. a0 5 1 oz. Thomas Scoria andj oz. Cotton Seed Meal............... ............... 6 No manure .................................................... .......... Sept. 3. Nov. 26 Sept. 3. 29 FEEDING PIGS FOR PORK PRODUCTION. Six Essex pigs, 12 to 14 months old, that had grown fat upon field peas, ground peas and sweet potatoes, gleaned from the fields, were put into separate pens on the 17th December, 1888, and each given as much corn as he would eat, as a preparatory period to detect individual peculiarities and to learn accurately the producing powerof--whole corn fed wet. The pigs were already fat enough when put up, and by the second period, in which each was fed differently as shown in the accompanying tabulated statement, were excessively fat. This being true, their capacity for laying on additional fat was reduced. The gradually diminishing ratio of increase from the first to the last period indicates that the profits of feeding diminish with increased fatness. This is especially shown in No. 1, which was fed continuously upon corn. It would not be just to make any charge for the ground peas, field peas, sweet potatoes or buttermilk, since these as ordinarily consumed by hogs on the farm are waste products, which would be largely lost if no.t consumed by swine. This is especially true of the ground peas, sweet potatoes and field peas which are gleaned from the fields by swine and converted into pork. The condition of the pigs when fed upon these products renders a repetition of the experiment upon pigs not so far advanced in fatness. A box with a trap door at each end, and a sliding door to each pen, renidered weighing very convenient without unnecessary excitement to the pig. An attempt was made in the second .period to feed cotton seed meal, but the pig refused to eat it. The pigs were butchered 21st January. Gross and net weight of each is given in the tabulated statement. To ascertain the loss sustained in curing, the hams from each pig were weighed before salting, when taken up for hanging, and 28th March, after being smoked for 34 days, with results shown in accompanying table. 119 30 EXPERIMENTS WITH ' SWINE, TO COMPARE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FEED STUTFFS. I ~ I FOOD EATEN. I rn ir~ rr 0 ~OMPA4 0 4- 4z. 14 0 0 O U C) a0 80.0 O 0 First Period-iS m~ 4- Cr r12 186.7 23 dlbs days. O 0 0o 0w. 00 o21 1I 0 LII I / lbs. 119.2 lbs. Corn.. 119.2 134.8 119.2 134.8 "... lbs. 221 lbs. 38 lbs. 3.13 ha218 ...... 183 188 ... 25020 ... .... 222.5 34.5 3.45 34.5 3 90 29 40 26 4.11 337 4.58 28 78.4 21016 1176 " 161 5 196 173 207 174 202 217 200 79.5 2167.25 2 23250 " . . .. .. . ... . 77.0 81.8 80.7 « ".... " 119.2 SECOND PERIOD-15 days. 1 116 lbs. corn...............221 2 79 3 246 4 92 " " " 246 25 4.64............ ......... peas...............222.5236 potatoes............196 ground peas.........202 211 212 276 212 13.5 5.85 15 10 29 12 16.44............... 9.20 3.24............... 32.75........... ... . 5 42 gr. peas, 81 lbs. corn. 247 6 129 lbs. potatoes, 264 butt'rmilk 200 120 EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE-TO FOOD EATEN. COMPARE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FEED STUFFS-Continued. I r . r r 0 ~ 4Q 0 .~ O 0 O WEIGHT OF HAMS. ~g LEA z 0 THIRD 0A PERIOD-(6 Days.) 0 g3 '0 kt4-4 0 -- D v .0 b 00 P4 0 1- lbs. 1 48 lbs. lbs. 250 4 238 ~2 lbs. lbs. lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. oz. 12 18 17 816 15 13 42.4 14 34.5 21 35.33 14 6 15 8 13 2 13 0 20 6 13 415 013 012 612 218 1213 4 2 4 corn....................................................... peas .. 246 236 36" .... .................................................... ................. ........... ...................... 10 1 12 0 1 120 4 5 6 "potatoes.. 211 212 . 210 i loss . 217 5 284 8 218 6 8 6 . 36 « ground peas................................................... 24" 60" 1 6 1 12 5 2 11 U 1 ground peas and 36 lbs. corn................................. potatoes and 120 lbs. buttermilk ........ ................ . 276 212 32 TURNIPS. KEEPING QUALITIES OF VARIETIES. Twenty-five varieties of turnips, grown last fall, were gathered and banked in the open ground December, 1888, covered with pine straw, corn stalks and earth, as sweet potatoes are banked. .All were opened 28th March, 1889, and the following notes made after a careful examination : VARIETIES. Amber Globe Strap-leaf........ Aberdeen, or Scotch Yellow....... cow Horn..................... Early white Egg . ".".... ....... CONDITION. Partly rotted and pithy. Sound hut pithy. Sound, brittle and sweet. Rotted. Early Snowball...... ............ Sound but very pithy. Early Flat Dutch Strap-leaf ... Sound but slightly pithy. Earliest Bloomsdale Red-top .... Golden Rose.. .. ".."."."". Sound but very pithy. Landreth's Snow White Globe.. Pithy and commencing to rot. Large Early Red-top Globe........ Badly rotted. Milan Strap-leaf.................. Pithy but sound. Rotted. Norfolk"....................." Purple-top Strap-leaf ........... . Very pithy but sound. Sound hut very pithy. Purple-top Munich....... . Pomerarian White Globe Strap-leaf,. Rotted. White Globe Strap-leaf............ Pithy and beginning to rot. White Globe.. ................... " Rotted. White Stone.................... Rotted. IUTA Bloomsdale Swede Imp'd Purple Champion Improved Yellow Purple-top......... Long French.................... Prussian. .......................... Swede. .... BAGAS. Pithy and heginning to rot. Sound but pithy. ............ Sound and brittle-perfect. « " " "6 66 4C « Sweet German................. ... White fesh'd Purple-top White Swede The yield of these varieties was reported in Bulletin No. 3, New Series. 122 33 DESCRIPTION OF BARNS AND DAIRY-FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. FIRST ASSISTANT AGRICULTURIST, IN STOCK. BY ISAAC Ross, CHARGE OF DAIRY AND LIVE This being the first report since the establishment of this department, I deem it not amiss to give to the public a short description, of the plan of the Barn, Dairy, Ice House, &c. The barn for the cattle is built of yellow pine, 40 by 60 feet, 9 feet from floor to joist; through the middle and running the long way is an alley, or passage, 8 feet wide and floored. On the right, as you enter the barn from the front, is an office 10 by 12 feet, furnished with desk, table, chairs, clock, stove, etc., on the lett, a room of the same size, containing three feed-bins with tight covers, and scales for weighing milk. This room is also used for the milkers to prepare themselves for milking. On either side of the alley there are nine stalls 4 ft. wide; in rear of, and running the entire length of the stalls, is a waste trough to catch both liquid and solid manure, and by the use of an absorbent all is saved. At the end of the alley is a large comfortable box-stall for calving cows. The floor is of cement from outer walls to feed trough, and sliding glass windows are on both sides. There are two large doors in the back end of the barn through which the cattle enter, and double doors in front with ventilator overhead, thus securing plenty of fresh air during summer, and warm stable during the winter. The building is neatly painted. The dairy is built of same material as barn, except in the rear where cutting into the side of a hill rendered a brick wall necessary. It is 16 by 20 feet, 10 feet from floor to ceiling, with partition across the long way, thus dividing the building into two rooms. The front room is used for churn3 123 34 ing, working butter, moulding and shipping; the other and smaller room is used for the creamer and vat, and in one end of this apartment is the cold storage room for butter. The walls of the dairy have a six-inch dead air space, lined on inside with two thicknesses of plank, with buildingpaper between; floor cemented, and a terra cotta drain-pipe running fifty feet off. The double doors and windows are covered with wire gauze. Adjoining the dairy is the brick ice house, vith the capacity of a car load of ice. The walls are 20 inches thick with dead air space. The dairy is supplied with all the latest improved dairy apparatus for butter making. On the outside and near the west wall is a number one well of pure clear water, with pump, water tank and pipes connecting the same with creamer on inside. Like the barn, this building is neatly painted. Total cost of cattle barn, dairy and ice house is $800. At a convenient distance from the cattle barn are located the feed grinding and cutting rooms, 50 by 60 feet. In one end is the Silo of 35 tons capacity. The entire machinery is run by steam power. Next in order comes the cattle, 27 head-13 A. J. C. 0. Jersey cows of the best butter blood grace the barn. Two Jersey bulls, one Holstein bull calf, with Jersey calves and yearlings, constitute the remainder. The first bull, Ida's Stoke Pogis 2d, is sired by Ida's Stoke Pogis, out of Duchess of Bloomfield 2d, a daughter of the great Tormentor. He is closely related to every cow with an official test of 30 pounds of butter in 7 days-a combination through the best butter channels of St. Lambert and Coomasse. The second bull is Signal Ransom, sired by Dunraven (a son of Tenella), out of Edwina 2d, a daughter of Edwina. As his name indicates, he is an inbred Signal, and, judging from his calves, he is the equal of his breeding. The practical work of the dairy began on December 1st, 1888, beginning with 10 cows, 3 coming fresh since; two of the herd are heifers with first calves, two now being dried 124 35 off, two more to calve in May. Young calves born since December 1st fed principally upon whole milk. The change incident to moving the cattle from one farm to another placed the herd at a very great disadvantage for the first 30 days. Jersey cows are extremely sensitive to any sudden change, as all great dairy cows should be, and are possessed of a nervous temperament. The output of the dairy fias been within a small fraction of a pound of butter per day for each cow; apparently a small yield, but one half 'the herd has been doing the greater part of it; no forcing, but good feed and proper care of the animals. All are and have beenr in most excellent condition, and their almost silken coats in midwinter must be largely dtie to the 3 lbs. of cotton seed meal each is getting per day. In addition to this, we are now feeding daily one-third each of ground oats, corn meal and bran, or 10 lbs. per day (by weight)-15 to 20 lbs. of ensilage and 4 to 6 lbs. of hay, divided into two teeds. Three cows now undergoing an experiment are fed differently, Our experience in creaming milk as between the Cooley Creamer and DeLaval Separator is limited, the Separator having been in use only for a short while. After the few trials that have been made, I can see but little difference in the results I am aware that in all the great dairy centers where large quantities of milk are gathered, and from many of the different breeds of dairy cattle, the superiority of machine creaming is unquestioned, or that the plape for the machine is at the butter factory. For the small farmer or dairyman, those more particularly who are so fortunate as to have on their farms cold springs of running water the year round, and where the cow and the creamer bding very near each other, the milk set to the best advantage-which is warm,-thus situated and under, these conditions, I do not think as yet that the question has been decided in favor of the Separator. Here at the Station we shall strive to give each system or method during the year a fair and impartial test-side by side, and after repeated trials (one of two being of no value), we will be much better prepared to 125 36 give an opinion than at present. We do not know which is the superior, or the most profitable. 'Experiments with- Prof. Short's method of determining the butter fats in milk are in progress, and will be reported the next Bulletin. The following summary of the work of the.dairy may be of interest to dairymen: in o MONTH. Pounds Pounds Milk. Butter. I4 o ots. ts 1888. December. ...... .4,113 1889. January.............5,201 February ............ 4,8312 275 302" 3014 14.94 19c. 35c. net. 96 105 25 96 17.17, 16.01" 105 61 Ten cows in 20th, and' since with their first two due to calve dairy from December 1st to February then thirteen ; two. of which are heifers calves ; two cows being dried off, and in May.; and the whole herd have been bred and are believed to be safe in calf. "fed to the calves sold at 15 cents per gallon ; buttermilk not fed to the hogs sold 10 cents per gallon at the dairy. -at All skim-milk not 126 EXPERIMENTS IN CATTLE FEEDING, AS, ORDERED',BY THE DIRECTOR. COWS-FOOD CONSUMED IN FOURTEEN DAYS. YIELD OF MILK AND BUTTER. rC 0 FIRST PERIOD. 1. ... .. ... ............ ............ .14 14 14 463 463 46 YIELD n 0C W m rol 26 3 .. 240 38 142 bs . oz . No. 1. 2. 3. Hattie Signal 2d................... Kate Hazen ........... Lady Toorner ... .................. ... 463 463 463 463 463 463 AND 238....... 448. 14.13 155 10 4 .... COWS-FOOD CONSUMED IN FOURTEEN DAYS. OF' BUTTER _0 MILK. mom' SECOND PERIOD. CC IM C No. 1. 2. 3. Hattie Signal 2d Kate Hazen....... Lady Toorner.............................. .......... *14 . ..... lbs. 463 463 463 463 463 463 463 463 463 42 42 ... .42 oz. 364.......288. "... 84 154 ... 16 252 143 16 6 11 4 ................... . . *14 14 8 For analysis of feed stuffs see report of Chemist in this Bull 38 FEEDING EXPERIMENT. A preparation period of seven days preceded each feeding experiment, during which no note was made of yield, this period being intended 'to bring the animal under the influence of the new food and insure exemption from the effects of the previous food. During the first seven days all of the cows were fed upon the same food and subjected to the. same environments in every respect, for the purpose of detecting individual peculiarities. The food being tested was increased or diminished in quantity given, as the appetite of the cows seem to require. In the first period each cow ate 140 lbs. of bran, ground oats and corn meal mixed,- or 10 lbs. per day. In addition to this, No. 1 was fed 238 lbs. ensilage, No. 2, 448 collards, and No. 3. 308 lbs. rye. In second period the grain ration was continued as above, and added to this 42 lbs. cotton seed meal to each cow; for No. 1 the ensilage was continued, but increased to 364 lbs., and for Nos. 2 and 3 clover hay and Johnson grass was substituted in place of collards and rye. 'See table. Cows Nos. 1 and 2 four years old; No. 3 two year old heifer with first calf. 128 39 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. The work in the Chemical Laboratory during the present quarter has embraced a variety of commercial fertilizers, feed stuffs, dairy products, and miscellaneous substandes, with results as given below. The methods of analysis adopted at the fifth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the United States Department of Agriculture August 9th and 10th, 1888, have been strictly followed. The rates of valuation for commercial fertilizers in Alabama, as fixed for the present season, are as follows: 7j cents per pound. Water Soluble Phosphoric Acid, Citrate Nitrogen, Potash, - " - " - " -. " 19 5 " " " " Relative commercial values are intended as indicators to farmers and planters of the comparative agricultural and practical values of different fertilizers, and they will be found to be a safe guide in making purchases. 129 PHOSPHATES WITH NITROGEN -AND POTASH. PHOSPHORIC ACID. 0 _________ 4NAME OF FERTILIZER. 0 zt BY WHOM SENT. 0 - -N 0 ~ 0 w 0 __ 0 _z 1185. Guanaco Guano................... 1136. Etiwan Guano...... ............... N. H. Holmes, Montgomery, Ala .,... Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Walton, Whann & Co., Wilmington, Del... 8.08 0.79 2.49 1.96 1. $22. 6C 4.94 4.07 5.38 1.96 1.77 22.92 4.80 5.39 1138. Plow Brand Rawbone Superphosphate. Reliance Am. Superphosphate....... 4.62 4.40 2.10 2.39 24.71 4.00u4.95 1 82 1.8 23.25 1140. Etiwan Am. Superphosphate.......... 1141. Clark's Soluble Guano.............. . 1142. 1143. Southern Am. Dis. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C . .. 5.52 8 58 8.87 8.44 8.42 4 50 4.90 1.54 1.91 22,94 0.82 'Southern Phos. Co., Atlanta, Ga....... 0.65 2.31 2.80 25.99 Bone,.... ....... 0.18 0.95 2.69 2.48 26.56E 1.26 0.74 2.24 2.48 25.7 1.00 0.72 2.41 2.70 26.-3 1.03 0.70. 2.31 2 45 26.0 5.10 4.40 2.17 2.15 25.31 5.89 4.21 1.54 2.04 26.37 Old Dominion Guano................... 1145. Potent Pacific Guano................. . 1146. Samana (Guano.........:...-........ . . 1153. Plow. Brand............. ............ 1154.. Am. Dis. Bone......................... W. 8.73 F. Yandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala 4.70 6.33 1155. Reliance............ 1157. Lister's Harvest 1158. Lister's Standard Queen. .............. .. 4.76 Lister's Ag. & Ch. Works, Baltimore, Md.. 8.21 8.25 8.08 4.443.763.081.67 27.48 2.391.741.681.79. 24.24 ............... Phosphate........... 3.811.362.171.58 9.443.932-730.53 28.14 1159. Lister's A. D. Bone ..................... 1160. Lister's Celebrated Ground Bone......"" 1161. Perfect Guano 1164. Crown Guano... ................ Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala......... 3.401.461.961.65 26.51 26.29 0.64 7.02 4.60 1.323.502.31 1.50 23.01 5.00 4.97 2.312.17 25.57 2.53 7.37 4.20 0.34 26.51 ...................... Treadwell, Abbott & Co., Atlanta, Ga. N. H. Holmes, Montgomery, Ala....... J. J. Woodall, Hartselle, Ala. 1170. Gro'und Am. Bone ....................... S1172. 'Fertilizer" . ... ................... 2.49 1.210.141.616.09 17.91 -A1173. 1174. Harvest Queen......................John T. Davis, Jr., Columbia, Ala.. A m. 9.63 8.98 1.590.831.82 2.11 21.03 4 170.881.912.46 2c.62 2.613.052.132.30 26.57 Dis. Bone............................. Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, 1175. Am. Guano........ ................ Md..... 8.04 1176. Soluble Pacific Guano.............. 1179. Niagnet_ Soluble Guano . ............... Frank S. Roberts, Mobile, Ala ......... .Davis, Marshall & Co., Mobile, Ala.. . 6.14 3.82 3.10 2.83 2.031.98 23.75 3.343.362 662.2.9 2 1.40 3 931.271.821.46 22.36 1.43 2.951752.40 22.55 1.361.911.61 1181. Am. Dis. Bone......... ......-....... .. Treadwell, Abbott & Co., Atlanta, Ga.. 1184. 1186. Georgia State Stan. Am. Superphosphate... Hammond, Hull 5.28 7.14 & Co., Port Royal, S. C... Am._ Dis. Bone................. ....... «cc 8.08 [.46 "84 28. 1187. Hammond, Hull & Co's -Animal Bone.."" 4.881.615.395-.32- 45.79 PHOSPHATES WITH NITROGEN AND POTASH--Continued. PHOSPHORIC ACID. NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. c I ~ _ Z i ~ . , , r , P f c0 f 1209. Fertilizer (light color)................ 1210.. " Frank P. Kelly, Troy, Ala.....:..... .. . 2.16 1.01 2.52 1.04 0350.43$ 8.80 2.99 0. 660.280.27 7.44 (dark color)................ Ed. F. McKinnon, Inverness, Ala. 1211.. Pike County Guano................. S1212.. Eddystone Guano................... 1213. Fertilizer.......................... 1214.. Coweta High Grade .................. 1215.. Aurora Am. Phosphate........... .... 1224.. Fertilizer ......... ,.................. 3.80 5.43 5.73 1.95 2.481.58 25.54 5.15 1.57 2.621.90 -28.00 3.01 1. 0.770.96 13.11 Frank P. Kelly, Troy, Ala............ . Coweta Fertilizer Co., Newnan, Ga.... . Ed. CC CC 3.10 10.31 8.98 0.98 0.67 2.591.65 28.68 F., McKinnon, Inverness, Ala...... . 3.26 9.17 1225.. Georgia State Grange Fertilizer........ . 0. W. Cooper & Co., Oxford, Ala...:... 2.24 4.95 4.07 2.801.50 1.05 1.83 2.06 25.83 24.73 1.77 2.71 1.92 2.16 26.07 2.76 3.72 2.201.61 24.61 4.28 1.43 1.400.74 15.57 1226.. Eutaw Fertilizer..................... . Ashepoo; Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.. 4.68 1.97 1227 ... Fertilizer........................... . G. W. Braswell, Perote, Ala............ . 1229.. Baugh's Rawbone V , Phosphate........... . 0. I W. Cooper &Co., Oxford, Ala*...... .7.73 3.28 3.83 2.380.51 25.30 ACID PHOSPHATES. PHOSPHOIC ACID. CL NAME OF FERTILIZER. +~ ~ d I i BY WHOM SENT. -av 1137.. XX Acid Phosphate..... ............. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C......... 11.69 14.55 11.04 7.36 10.26 10.46 9.17 12.36 10.36 2.80 0.74 3.17 3.23 $21.73 1144... Southern Acid Phosphate............... 1162.. Acid Phosphate... 1166.. "Frtlier"Fe.tili.er". ............... Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga..... Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala............ J. W. Havil, Troy, Ala................. M. T. Traywick, Opelika, Ala ........... . 1.35 22.93 4.72 2.1.31 .................. 3.371 3.43 16.23 2.72 2.19 2.28 0.06 2.96 3.58 19.47 3.47 19.02 5.02 17.19 2.0 19.44 0.33 20.08 1167.. "Phosphate"......................... 1168.. "Phosphate" .......................... 1180.. Phosphate Gossippia.................... . Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala............ 1185.. Georgia State Stan. Acid Phos.............. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal, S. C. 1193" Phosphate No. 1............. ........... 1194.. 1195.. 1196.. " . C. D. Worman, Montgomery, Ala......... No.2. (wet)................... . Harmony Alliance, Skelton, Ala.......... . A. 9.48 2 34 0.12 -17.73 11.94 12.26 2.23 1.71 0.23 21.25 0.25 20.95 English Acid Phosphate............... . G. Miller, Skelton, Ala................. ACID PHOSPHATES--Continued. PHOSPHORIC ACID. 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. Q z L " 0 1207.. Phosphate.......................... 1208.. PhosphatiC Nodules in Rotten Limestone. 1218.. Phosphate. .......................... S1219. . Phosphatic rock.................... 1221.. Phosphatic rock (brown)............... ... 1222.. (blue).................... S. B. Shivers, Selma, Ala................ J. F. Wiatt, Coatopa, Ala............... L. D. Cox, Tuskegee, Ala ............... 11.05 1.0OC 4.32 12.63 2.91 2.72 $20.94 6.13 S. B. Shivers & Co., Selma, Ala.......... Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga .... 18.41 24.16 1228.. Acid Phosphate.......... .............. 1230.. Keystone Concentrated Phosphate.......... 1231... Acid Phosphate........ ... ............. . 0. W. Cooper & Co., Oxford, Ala.......... . W. F. Vandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala. S. A. Lowery, Evergreen, Ala............. . 3.99 5.99 3.90 14.97 .'"'08 24.72 21.79 12.72 1.441 0.62 4 08 2 '.24 1232.-. Raw Phosphate.......................... . W. H. Newman, Uniontown, Ala...... .... I . MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS. PHOSPHORIC ACID. 0 _______ NAME OF FERTILIZER. o BY WHOM SENT. °4-4 C jz o o o Commercial value. 1147 Amnonium Sulphate....... 1148 Sodium Nitrate........ 1149 Muriate of Potash......... S1150 Vtc J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala........... . Iphate.................ma 20.44 13.51 37o I0.3 .............. 48.77 12.38 11.36 K ~sb................ ... ............. ainit No. 1............. " 1151 No.2... ......... 1 . . 1152 China Berries............... 1156 Swan Island Guano ...... .. Davis, Marshall & Co., Mobile, Ala ..... 1.61 14.75 . 0.43 7.61 27.78 1163 Phosphatic Rock..........:... Troy Fertilizer Co., 1165 Cotton Seed Meal:....... 1169 Kainit...... ... ......... N. H. Troy, Ala .......... Holmes, Montgomery, Ala .... .. . 7.00 3.44 1.88 11.75 Davis, Marshall & Co., Mobile, Ala.. . Tinsley Fertilizer Co., Selma, Ala....... Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal, S. C... 9 96 1171 Phosphatic Marl.:.... .... 1182, Kainit................ . . 12.68 ... ... .. MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS-Continued. PHOSPHORIC ACID. .2. Cd NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. Commercial -1- el _ Ic _q , 0 v lu . a e 1188 Swan Island Guano ........ 1190 Cotton Seed Hull Ash.... 1205 Bat Manure ............... S1206 1220 Natural . Frank S. Roberts, Mobile, Ala........... Zimmerman Bros., Mobile, Ala....... . Hon. R. F. Kolb, Montgomery, Ala.... cc 0.94 14.49 6.20 ... 10.04 23.73 8.82 0.3 ... 5.20 0.11 2.12 Phosphate.......... . ~cc ...................................... 13.01 2.12 9.52 Carh. Lime " ' Miarl.................. Marl................ G. W. Creagh, Suggsville, Ala....... W. F. Vandiver & 1223 Shell Co., Montgomery, cc Ala... 27.65 ...................................... 90.23 1233 Kainit................. . 1234 Cotton Seed Meal........... . 1235 Cotton Seed Hull Ash., vim W. H. Newman, Uniontown, Ala........ cc C...... 11.00 7.14 3.23 1.69 .................................. 10.96 28. 171 ....................................... .... s MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS-Continued. Station No. 1189-Land Plaster, W. F. Vandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala. Moisture and Water of Combination.... 21.15 per cent. " " Calcium Oxide (Lime)...I............32 82 Sulphuiric Acid (S. Oz.)............45.95 Total............................99.92 Station Nos. 119-1204-Phosphatic No. 1. Nodules, J. M. Carter, Olustee, Pike County,. Ala. 2. 0.34 Phosphoric Acid ........... 6.57 18.88 3. 4. 1.67 5. 0.18 6. 0.08 7. 13.38 Numbers 1, 2 and 7 consist of Shells and Phosphatic Nodules, which are quite valuable if found in large quantities. ANAL~YSES OF FEED STUFFS FROM THE EXPERIMENTjSTATION.. w U 0 U W 0C CU Water,...... .... Ash......... ....................... :....:... . 7.015 13 .965 1.824 42 587 2.937 1.290 85.764 ,8.477 10.555 12.808 14.148 61 .250 11 564 60. 932 7 1 . 5 18 6.475 8.218 3.122 4.668 5.492 4.174 1.202 3 788 0.997 0.521 3.444 8.398 1.279 6:037 2.430 1.818 3.215 1.257 4.606 7.083 1.550 0.749 5.7441 1.812 4.381 ..................... Ether Extract (Fats and Oils)....... ...... E.. Crude Protein (Albuminoids).... ..... 26.698 21. 025 47.719 14. 406 17.2.75 10 362 . . ..... 2 .49C 5.351 7.278 10.453 8.024 1.676 SCrude Fibre....... ...... ...... .......... 1. 009 34,411 13.766 Nitrogen Extract (Starch, etc.)............. Total................. ..... 21.833 56.796 52.227 68'.824 32.7791 38.311 17.839 14 250 19.386 55.432 31 100 .000 100 .000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 t00.00 100. 000 100.000 100.000 100.000 7.634 22.305 7.362 L (Total......................... Nirgn.~Album inoid................... 4.272 . 3.361 2:764 2.673 t 1.658 1.658 l 0.551 0.551 4 0,966 0.553 0.966 1 0.737 0.736 0.919 0.460 4.048 2.209 0.553 49 The above-mentioned feed stuffs when received for analysis were in the usual condition of such materials as they are fed to stock during the winter. It may be well to state a few particulars in regard to each, as follows: 1. The ground peas, of the Virginia variety, were carefully freed from hulls before analysis. 2. The shelled field pea was of the usual Clay variety. 3. The cotton seed meal was analyzed as it came from the mill. An attempt was made to separate and determine the actual amount of hull contained in the meal, but the results were not satisfactory. The quality of the sample used was very good. 4. The specimen of oats was a northern variety, with small white grain. 5. The bran was of good quality. 6. The sweet potatoes were what is generally known as the "Red Burmuda" variety, grown for stock feeding. 7. Tlie corn came from the northwest, and was coarsely ground, 8. The ensilage was made of Indian corn, cut and placed in the Silo just after it had passed the roasting-ear condition. 9. The Johnson grass came from Mr. M. O. Scott near Montgomery, and was well cured. 10. The rye was sown in drills in September and used for green soiling during the winter. 11. The collards were transplanted in October and fed during February and March. 4 S189 RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF AIR-DRIED SOILS AND SUBSOILS FROM VARIOUS'LOCALITIES IN ALABAMA. Experiment Locality ... ................ ...... . ... . .......... Station, burn. Au- Experiment Station, Auburn. Butler Co. Talladega Co. Gray loam, Subsoil 9(b) Pike County. Land. VarietySandy Soil marked, ............. :......................Soil. Virgin soil. Drift. Worn soilRidge Sandy Drift.Gy pine land. 1(a) Subsoil 1 (b) 1002. 1.535 Soil. 2 (a) 1003. 0.981 Subsoil Soil. 2 (b) 8() 1004. 0.512 1129. 2.559 Subsoil Soil. 8(b) 9(a) Soil. 10(a) Subsoil 10(b) Station number.. ......... .............. .......... 1001. 3.686 Moisture.......... .............................. O nsoluble silica............. Hydrated silica.............................. 1130. 2.469 1131. 3.676 1132. 3.670 1133. 0.817 1134. 1.267 ..................... 82.131 88.718 ..... 2 253 2.173 0.115 0 505 3.140 89.713 1.909 0 307 0.813 1.867 91.602 78.379 68.586 66.126 68.159 92.931 85.507 2.161 0.067 1.028 4.759 11.084 0.105 1.864 4.562 8.627 0.153 3.942 7280 0.175 4.128 8.020 2.118 0.067 0.812 .1.609 5.417 0.102 1.601 4 472 Soluble silica,..,.................0.194 Sesquioxide of iron (F. 2 Alumina (Al. 0. 0.198 3.584 9.684 0. ............ 3 1 432 ... .3.028 )............................ 2.590 0.034 0.012 0.092 8.007 0.150 0 289 0.633 0.903 2 3 Phosphoric acid (P. 0. )......................... 2 5 0.059. 0.093 0.091 0.058 0.031 0.023 0.090 0 056 0.086 0 072 0.034 0.060 "0.029 0.275 43 293 0.182 0 020 0.176 0' 409 0.194 0.174 0.255 0.654 0.032 0.035 Lime (Ca. 0.) ........ ...... . ...... 0.039' 0.050 0.,062 0.081 0.174 Magnesia (Mg. 0. ) ...... ......... .................. Potash (K. 0.)..................................... 0.062 0.992 .0.149 0.)... 2 Sulphuric acid (S. 0. ) ................................ 3 Soda (Na. .............................. ......... ................ ............ 0.184 0.718 0.041 0.440 0.056 0.281 0.021 0.014 0 095 1.112 I 0.550 0.103 0,410 0.391 0.233 0.056 0.114 5.969 I 1 0.287 0.177 0.039 0.154 6.089 I 0.350 0.127 0.009 0.066 1'.553 - 0.293 0.153 0.008 0.088 1.603 0.101 0.'009 0.180 0.068 0.008 0.046 3.219 Chlorine.......................................... Carbonic acid (C.0. Volatile and organic 0.011 0.058 2.064 0.015 .0.106 3.208 0.006 0.133 5.462 --- 2 matter.............. 5. 838 Total............ ............... 99.308 100.315 99.663 99.681 99 .361 100.155 99.369 100. 253 0.274 0.293 0:253 18.13 0.260 8 50 0:239 6.91 0.260 9.81 0.280 12.49 I00. 741 100.851 0.087 1.92 Olt Nitrogen..........................0.370 The air-dried soil contains- 0.109 1.50 ... .... 31.20 22.11 ..... Coarse gravel ..... ..... .. ........ Fine material............................... 68.80 77.89 26.18 73.82 81.81.58 . 09 90.19 87.51 98.50 198.08 RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF AIR-DRIED SOILS AND SUJBSOILS FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES IN ALABAMA. Locality.,...........:............................Citronelle. Variety ....... . .............. .. Sumter Co. Sandy Gray Land, Perry Co. Slough Bot- Tallapoosa Pine Land. Gray-Sandy. Soil. Subsoil County. H Red. Soil. Subsoil land Light Prairie Soil.torn. Soil marked........ ............................... Soil. 3_()_ Subsoil 3(b) 4 (a) Soil. Subsoil Soil. Subsoil 4 (b) 1026. 1.494 5 (a) 1027. 7.468 5 (b) 1028. 8.803 6.(a) 1029. 3.530 6 (b) 1030. 1.753 1 '7(a) .1031. 3.676 7 (b) 1032. Station Number.................................... 1023 1.297 1024. 1.127 1025. 2.367 Moisture....................a... Insoluble silica...............""" .. .... e... 2.699 61.929 ill C' ... . . 87.644 81. 926 80.628 84.958 39.437 36.585 72.576 2.964 0.062 5.958 0.080 2.031 5.877 0.027 4.561 0.126 1.912 4.128 0.196 0;386 0.014 0'.183 4.338 19.784 22.374 0.084. 0.062 2.175 5.448 0.311 6,857 15.981 84. 6 62.896 543. 0.116 1.744 3.978 0.050 0.115 7.168 ~S~oluble silica.. ......... ,.......... Hydrated silica................................. Sesquioxide of iron 4.570 0.236 1.792 8.272 10.283 0.323 7.789 (F. 2 0. )....... 3 ........... "....e....' 1.075 2.568 Alumina (Al. 0. )................... Phosphoric acid (P. 0. )....................... 25b Lime (Ca.O0.) .............. Magnesia (Z g. Potash. (11. 2 3 4.183 12.158 0.134 0.158 0.017 0.171 0.207 4.007 0:050 8.393 10.753 0.052 0.085 .................... 00. . . 0.037 0.152 0.0661 0.073 0.005 0.018 3.742, 1.256 0.212 0.866 0.671 .0.186 0.116 0.009 0.232 2 0........,....................... . ........................ 0.). 0.115 0.233 0.056 .10.362 0.514 0.348 0.389 0.1301 0.158 0.621 Soda (Na. Sulphuric acid (So. 3).................... Chlorine."........................................0.009 Carbonic 2 0)..".e" ._.... .............. ... .... 0.254 0.038 0.273 0.029 0.393 30. 0.3761 0.909 0.120 0.015 0.876 0.447 0.053 0.006 0.249 0.443 0.051 0.124 0.075 3.759 0.760 0.503 08:0 0.03; 0.011 0.134 0.069 0.020 0.213 0.096 0.006 0.214 7.248 0.122 0.017 0.140 4.149 99.751 0.012 0.044 0.021 0.137 acid (0. 0. )........................0136 2 0.938 7.345 Volatile and organic matter, ....... Total.................................... ,............... ... 3.792 2.33C D4 942 1.856 5.466 12.053 100.122 99.771 100.2 100.077 99.963 3100.0801 10.195 0.087 0.282 2.229 .9 1.373 34.539 09Air-dried 0.087 0100.220100,132 0.245 0.087 0.260 Nirgn soil contains-Coarse .................. gravel.... ....... 0.195 86.593 '.... "....... 3.903.. 11.906 20.849 13.407 79.151 S 0 Fine material ................ 97.771 98.627 795.461 96,.097 100.000 100.000188.588_88.094 The above results of soil analyses, published in the Bulletins of last year, are here brought together and republished for more issu;ed from the U. S. Department of Agriculture in convenient reference. The methods of analysis, as detailed in Bulletin No. 1886, have been strictly followed.I 10 54 The following particulars in regard to these soils are of interest: 1. The soils from the Experiment Station, about threefourths of a mile south of Auburn, represent virgin and worn soils. The forest is of long-leaf pine, interspersed with an occasional oak, hickory, black gum, etc. 2. The soil from Butler county, sent by Mr. D. G. Dunklin, is a gray sandy soil from the lands of Mr. Geo. Lazenby, sixteen miles northeast of Greenville, representing, as stated in his letter, gray pine lands of the county. The growth on the red lands consists of post oak, red oak, hickory, dogwood, etc.; on the sandy lands pine, oak and hickory. 3. The soil from Talladega county, sent by Mr. E. T. McEldery, was taken from the farm of Mr. Hugh McEldery, nine miles east of Talladega. Depth of soil reported to be from 12 to 14 inches; growth, water oak, white oak, hickory, ash, elm, alder, walnut, sweet gum, poplar, sycamore and mulberry-trees tall and from one and a half to three feet in diameter. This soil is commonly known as "gray land." It represen;ts the valley lands of the county. 4. Hon. T. J. Carlisle writes that the soil sent by him from Pike county was gotten from the land of Mr. T. D. Connell, about ten miles southeast of Troy. It represents ridge land, is a fine soil, of ash color; growth, oak and hickory, with occasional chestnut and short-leaf pine. The timber is tall. 5. The soil from Citronelle, near Mobile, was sent by Prof. J. P. Stelle, and represents the gray sandy pine lands from that portion of the State. 6. The soil from Sumter county, sent by Prof. J. W. A. Wright, was taken from land cultivated by Judge DeLoach, about one mile north of Livingston. It is known as "light brown" soil, and was taken from an undisturbed forest of hickory, black-jack, oak, etc., the trees being from eight to fifteen inches in diameter. 7. Perry county soil, sent by Mr. H. G. Smith, was taken from a cultivated slough bottom on the Canebrake Experiment Station. 144 8. The soils from- Tallapoosa county, sent by Hon. J. P. Oliver, represent the red and the gray lands of that section. The red soil, says Mr. is about four inches deep, With growth of oak and hickory principally, interspersed with dogwood, black gum, oak from two and a half to four feet, and hickory from.'one to two and a half feet in diameter. The sample of red soil came from Col Oliver's land about one-half mile norithwest of Iadeville. The gray soil was taken from the farm of Mr. A. Wynn, three miles northwest of Dadeville, and represents a thickness of from two to two and a half inches/of soil with accompanying subsoil. The original growth is pine, with undergrowth of oak and hickory. The largest pines measure from three and a half to four feet in diameter. Oliver, The following are results of analyses of Jersey milk prodklced by the herd now on the Station. The ration con1sisted of three and one-third pounds each of corn meal, ground oats, and bran, three pounds of cotton seed meal, twenty pounds of ensilage and four'pounds of crab grass hay, in two feeds per day. ; DATE. 4_jn a 1Febuary 19........... .............. 86.321 4.151 3 345 5.468 0.775 2 4... " " .. 3 4 5 6- 85 940 21 ........................ 83 316 .................. . . . . .. ..... 85.142 5.119 3 900 5.088 0.751 4.229 3 432 5 639 0 6.205 4.501 5.044 0 834 760 = ........... .. 84.547 82.812 5.500 7 8 9 " " 25..... ........... ..... 84.948 5.026 3.652 , 85.384 5 712 4.254 4 578 3.465 6.422 3 9r25 5 210u081 4.322 5 592 .0.852 592 0.782 5.412 0.799 5.762 0.811 "................83.823 10 " 26........................84.498 11 . ... . .. 83.734 12 ".. . . . . 84 076 13 March4 ..... .......... '.. _......... 83.551 ......... 5.071 5.093 6.250 5 693 3.006 3.714 3.643 3.621 6 721 6.764 5.'62 6.306 0.704 0 695 0 769 0.829 145 56 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOILS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS, P. H. MELL. FOR JANUA RY, FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1889. T. D. SAMYORD, Assistrnt. Jan. 1 inch........ 3 " .... 47.1 47.0 46.6 SET I-(On top of hill.) IFeb. Mar.Jan. 47.1 5.75 24 inches . 46.9 46.3 Feb. iar. 49.5 50.9 52.3 48.2 48.9 6 9 ".. 12 " .... ..... 464 46.6 45 55. 45.9 54.4 SET !I-(On 9 5.72 36 56. 48 ..... ".... 54.4 53.2 60"..........53.1 top of 50.2 53.1 50.9 58.6 Jan. 1 inch..... 3 ..... 6 ".. 47.4 Feb. 47.0 hill.) Feb. 1a r. 47.3 47.3 49.2 46.8 56.4 48 Mar.Jan. 56.7 36 60 inches.........50.8 " " 48.9 5 1 9 12 24 " 46.7 45.8 ..... ..... 55.8 53.5 53.4 ,52.5 53.6 55.9 ".....46.8 "....46.7 46.0 54.7 477 72 84 96 " " " ..... ..... 54.7 57.5 50.3 53.2 51.6. 53.3 52.4 53.3 53.4 55.0 5.3 .... ..... ..... 5z-$* Mar. SET Jan. 1 inch..... ...... II-(In hottom.) Feb. 46.2 46.1 3 6 9 12 47.5 " c.....47.6 Mar 24 inches........ 55.2 36 S4.7 " ..... Jan. 50.8 52.0 Feb. 49.4 50.2 51.6 52.6 "... " 48.2 47.9 48.2 46.7 51.6 48 46.3 5.3 60 46.7 53 8 cc...... " .... 53.4 54.6 54:.4 53.9 54.3 5:.2 ALTITUDE 826 ATMOSPE7IC PRES. DATA FROM OTHER INSTRUMENTS. LAY. N.32.40-LONG. W. 85.30. II nc:'7 M I~'-(F; l~a/B cC nr; (in inches.) Jan. Feb. Mar, Jan. Feb. Mar. Monthly mean.. 29.960 30.18029 930 in inches 9.48 5.72 2.81 Highest ....... 30.400 30.56 30 250 Greatest daily........ ..... . 1.31 date.... 22 20 30 date ......... ..... 2 Lowest........ 29.64 29.710 29.,48 No. of rainy days 11 11 5 date... 17 18 No, cloudy days. 8 15 11 Monthly range.. .760 .850 0.770 No. of fair days. 11 14 18 No. of clear days. TEMPERT. ) 5 3 8 46,3 54 7 Monthly mean .. 46.9 WIND. Mean of maxm.. 55.1 54.4 64.8 Prev'g dir't'n f'm W N. W. N.W. MVean of minim.. 38.7 38.3 144.7. Total monthly Highest dur'g m. 67. 75., 76. mov'm't (in miles 5,876 5,590 ,261 date. 17 17 Average daily 16 16.5 30 Lowest during m. naov'm't(in miles 189.5 199.6 292 Total PRECIPITATION. (°Farh. date. 23.- 29 Monthly range.. Meati.daily. range 16.4 44. 68.5 46. 7 10 20.7 Greatest daily 16.1 mov'm't (in miles date 400.0 5, 9 502.0 18 398 20 NOTE.-In the meteorological report concerning Bulletin No. 3 of this Station, typographical errors occur as to the dates of the " greatest daily range" and of the " least daily range" all the thermometers below twelve inches. Where the figure "8" occurs a * should be inserted to signify that the range was the same on several different dates. soil thermometers in of 146 BULLETIN NO. 6. NEW SERIES. OF THE Agricultural and chanical College, Auburn. Ala., July, 1889. Contents: GRASSES AND THEIR CULTIVATION. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PUBLIC PRINTERS AND BOOK BINDERS. 147 BULLETIN NO. 6 ri ta xp rin t $ton Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. JULY, 1889. BOARD O1P TTSTOES STATION: COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT HON. J. G. GILCHRIST, ... HON. R. F. LIGON,.. .. HON. J. B. MITCHELL. BOAE:D OF DICTION' President W. L. BEOUN............................................... Director and Agriculturist J. S. NEWMAN................... .......... .. Vice-Director and Chemist N. T. LUPTON ............................ Botanist ...................... tP. H. Biologist GEO. F. ATKINSON.......... ................................ MELL......................... ASSISTANTS: ISAAC Dairy Ross.... st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & .. .. .. .. .... .. . ......... JAS. CLAYTON. Second Assistant Agriculturist First Assistant Chemist Second Assistant Chemist Assistant Chemist J. T. ANDERSON, PH. D...................... L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ P. L. HUTCHISON, B. Sc......................Third .T. D. SAMFORD, B. Sc.......................... +Prof. Mell has also charge of Meteorological Observations. Assistant Botanist 148 PREFACE. This bulletin is a revised form of the pamphlet on "Wild Grasses," issued from the Department of National History and Geology in 1886. The work has been carefully re-written and additions made of grasses that have been analyzed since the first edition was published. The cultivation of forage plants is of such great importance to southern farmers and stock raisers, a knowledge of their growth and adaptation to certain kinds of soils and conditions is greatly desired. The present bulletin is therefore given to the public as an introduction to a series on forage plants growing wild in Alabama, that will be issued by the Station from time to time, with the hope that the information furnished will aid in stimulating the planters to renewed efforts to inerease the acreage of pastures and the production of hay.. A glance at the list of grasses printed in this bulletin will show that a large proportion of the species growing wild in the United States east of the Mississippi river are to be found within the borders of Alabama. Not half of these have been tested to determine their values for stock-food. Some are known to be worthless, and so considered by most farmers. Many of those that are described in this work are so valuable that if properly cultivated they will supply all the hay needed for the stock of the State, and furnish ample pasturage through spring, summer and autumn. During the past few years some agriculturists have found from observation and experiment that grass, when well cultivated, adds a large item to the value of the farm; and the question is frequently asked: how can this important stock food be best cultivated and adapted to the uses for which it was intended by nature, and what varieties are best suited. for hay ? It is well known that Alabama, like many other Southern 149 4 States, requires more wheat, corn and hay than she produces. It is a fact also that large sums of money go out of the State each year to purchase food for men and beasts. A considerable item in this expense is to cover the demand for wheat, corn and hay, and yet the farmer, of this State, has on his lands the means for giving his stock excellent pasturage in a green, succulent state almost throughout the entire year. Plenty of hay will supply our markets with well fed mules, horses and cattle, and the rearing of animals will enrich the soil to increased production. The poor, thin mules and shadowy cattle to be found in so many localities are true evidences of the lack of cultivated grass fields. Cheap food is essential for the prosperity of our people, and this must be produced near the place of consumption. It will not do, therefore, to attempt to raise stock and buy all the hay from distant markets-the profits will be eaten up. In the preparation of this bulletin liberal use has heen made of the following authorities: "The Agricultural Grasses of the United States," issued by the Department of Agriculture; "Flint on Grasses," "Rural Enclyclopedia," "Londoni's Cyclo' pedia of Plants," " American Weeds and Useful Plants," "Darby's Botany of the Southern States," "Chapman's Flora of the Southern States," "Gray's Botanies," "Beal's Grasses of North America," and many agricultural and scientific periodicals. The plates that illustrate this paper are copies of those issued in the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. 150 GRASSES OF ALABAMA AND THEIR CULTIVATION. P. H. MELL, BOTANIST. Judicious management of pastures will bring in more money to the farmer than any other portion of his farm. The chief requirements for success in cultivating pastures are selection of the right kinds of good seeds, thorough drainage, where it is necessary, application of manures, and the careful eradication of all weeds, bushes, and useless plants. The question of drainage is of very great importance. The grass does not thrive near so well on wet land as on moderately dry soil. Moreover, when stock are required to eat grass growing on very wet marshy land they frequently suffer with diseases of the liver and other vital organs. The food is not so palatable as that produced on well prepared land. What is true concerning pastures holds also good concerning the making of hay for winter use. Grass lands do not require rotation as with lands planted in other crops; but careful cultivation must be the rule. Suitable manures must be applied at the proper time, and the pasture must not be inijured by permitting stock to graze too closely when the land is wet; and the grass must be mowed before it goes to seed so as to prevent the exhaustion of the energy and life of the roots. When top dressing is to be resorted to it should be done in autumn, because when applied in spring the strength of the manure is lost, to a considerable degree, by the evaporation caused by the warm sun and March winds. In autumn, however, the rains soon wash the manure into the soil so that the roots of the grass can readily utilize the ingredients. Even under the best conditions for top dressing there is a loss in the value of the manure by the evaporation of the ammonia. When compost or stable manure is broadcast over the land, it is best to mix it either with powdered charcoal or plaster, 151 6 so that the ammonia, and other volatile substances, may be absorbed and held ready for the plant as its needs demand. Phosphate of lime in the shape of ground bone, or one of the commercial fertilizers containing phosphoric acid and lime, will produce a luxuriant growth in grass. An excellent fertilizer is also obtained for grass fields or lawns by composting well rotted stable manure with leaf-mould obtained by raking the surface from the forests. Ashes or lime is a useful application once in three or four years, where the soil is not calcareous. It is well to give a top dressing of compost after each mowing, if the best results are to be obtained. This method of treatment will enable the rains to carry down to the roots a quantity of nutrition, and will prevent the ground from baking and getting dry and hot. A reliable and careful observer states, that in preparing land for grass seed, the soil should be worked not less than two feet deep about the beginning of September, and thoroughly incorporated with well rotted manure. In the furrows, as deep below the surface as possible, should be placed long straw litter or rubbish, and the whole covered up and smoothed over. The straw will serve, not so much for manure°as a means for retaining moisture during a dry season. The roots of the grass .are thus induced to penetrate deep in the soil and will stand a much better chance for obtaining food for the rapid and luxuriant growth of the plant.. As soon as the fall rains set in the grass seeds should be sown. It is best to mix most grasses so as to give a continuous .growth for pasturage, and also to permit of frequent cutting for hay. I give several formule, either of which will make good pasturage when seeded on well prepared land. The formulae give proportions to be used on one acre: Blue grass (Poapratensis) 16 quarts. Timothy (Phleumpratense)4 quarts. Red top (Agrostis vulgaris) 8 quarts. White Clover (Trifolium repens) 2 quarts. If orchard grass (dactylis glomerata) is substituted for timothy and red top, one bushel will be required. Timothy and clover make a good combination by using 14 to 16 quarts of the first to 8 quarts of the latter per acre. Timothy is sown in spring with barley or wheat and clover ia 152 March or April with spring wheat. Light, dry soils require more seed than moist lands. Seed should not be spared if a thick growth of grass of fine quality is desired. In preparing the land for this mixture and all others it is always best to have it thoroughly cleared from all weeds. Another mixture is as follows : Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 8 lbs. or 4 quarts. Timothy (Pileum pratensis) 8 quarts. Red top (Agrostis vulgaris) 1 bushel. When the land is unfavorable for clover, this seed should be omitted and the herds grass increased to 12 quarts and red top to 5 pecks. A good formula for early and late pasturage is obtained by using the following: Kentucky blue grass (Poea pratensis) 1 bushels.. Texas blue grass (Poea orachnifera) 12 bushels. Another formula for dry land of medium quality: Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 2 quarts. White clover (Trifoliurn repens) 2 Blue grass (poa pratensis) 8 Red top (Agrostis vulgaris) 2 pecks. Timothy (Phleum pratensis) 1 peck. Red clover should be omitted on wet land and red top increased. An excellent formula for making a permanent lawn is, as follows: Red top, 1 bushel. June grass, 2 bushels. Orchard grass, 1 bushel. White clover, pound. Formula for general pasture and stiff lands: Orchard grass, 14 bushels. Red clover, 12 pounds. Killebrew recommends the following formula for worn out fields containing gullies, he says: "The long creeping roots will swing down into the gullies and will soon put a stop to washes, and the immense herbage will, after awhile, renew the fertility of the soil." Blue grass, 4 lbs. Orchard grass, 4 " 153 Gama grass, 1 peck roots. Bermuda grass, 1 " " Means grass or Johnson grass, 2 bushel of roots. Red clover, 8 pounds. The above formula may be changed with considerable advantage by substituting other grass seeds for those mentioned,.as for instance, Paspalum laeve may be used in place of red top. The following species may be also used as substitutes for the red top and timothy-Digitaria sanguinale-Panicum gibbum-Setaria glauca-Tripsacum dactyloides (gama grass)-Phalaris intermedia var angustataAlopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail)-Arrhenatherum avenaceum (Tall meadow oat grass)-Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass); this grass, however, yields better results when given the entire land to itself-Elusine Indica (crab grass)-Bromus uniloides-Elymus Yirginicus (Lyme grass)-Panicum Texanum. For winter use these formulae may also be modified so as to contain either tall oat meadow grass [Arrhenatherum avenaceum], orchard grass [Dactylis glomerata], Italian rye grass [Lolium Italicum], wild rye grass [Elymus], and wild meadow barley [Hardeuni pratense]. These grasses will thrive well on moderately sandy soils, but yield much better results when seeded on rich uplands. The special value of orchard grass consists in the rapidity with which it springs up after being grazed down by stock. September and October are months in which economical planters will endeavor to make and save much hay. Grass should be cut while in bloom, because then the changes of the nutritive matters would be arrested and the hay retaining them would be in the best condition for nourishing stock. In curing, the grass should be exposed to the heat of the sun only long enough to expel the water and leave the other substances in the best condition. It is evident, therefore, the hay should not be exposed to dews or rains. Portions of the sugar or mucilage would be dissolved by moisture and little be left beside fibrous tissues. A clear sky and bright sun will cure hay very soon if it is frequently stirred. The hay should be dried just to such a point so that not enough water remains to cause fermentation when 154 9 housed. To prevent fermentation salt may be scattered over the hay as it is stored away, at the rate of four or five quarts to the two horse wagon load. When the seed ripens most of the sugar and mucilage have been changed and the hay is not so good. It is well to bear in mind that all dried grass does not compose hay; stock fed on hay cut while in flower and carefully cured will fatten almost as rapidly as when fed on green pastures. There is a wide difference in the quantity of hay that should be fed to cattle. Some farmers give a fixed amount of all kinds of dried grass, hit or miss, in so far as the nutritive ingredients contained in the hay are concerned. Stock are thus sometimes scantily fed, because incorrectly cured hay may not contain enough food to satisfy them. In this day of scientific experimentation, the quantity of food measured to stock should be governed by the per centage of nutritive values the chemical analysis proves the food stuff to contain. Most farmers and stock raisers are rapidly becoming familiar with this idea, and greater demands are being made each year upon the scientific investigator for additional information upon this important subject of food. Before entering upon a practical study of the grasses, there are a few terms it will be necessary for all parties to become familiar with, 'who expect to cultivate grasses for forage purposes. I have thought it best, therefore, to place here the definitions of some of the terms in most common use among botanists in describing grasses. In the body of this paper I have attempted to use as few scientific names as possible, but some are necessary, and I trust my readers will not become discouraged when they meet with them. The terms and definitions given below have been copied mostly from Gray's Botany. Awn; the bristle or beard of barley, oats, etc., or any similar bristle like appendage. Culm; the stem of grasses. Floret; a diminutive flower. The florets that are arranged on the culm in panicles, spikes or race ,es, have neither calyx nor corolla, but instead are supported by two sets of bracts, the outer se, being called the glumes nd the inner set paleae. On one glume is sometimes to be found a slender filament called 155 10 an awn, In many grasses, however, these awns are wanting and the absence or presence of the awn, together with its position and shape are all used in coni ection with of her features, to designate the species of the grass. Stamens (fertilizing organs) and pistils (seed forming organs) are found in each floret, sometimes both are present in the same floret, and sometimes only one set of a kind in each floret, just as :s noticed in other flowering ;plants. The stamens are generally in threes or , ultiple of threes. Glume; the husks or floral coverings of grasses, or, particularly, the outer husk or bracts of each spikelet. Keel; A ridge on the palea or glume that resembles the keel of a boat. Inflorescence; the arrangement of flowers on the stem. Ligule; the little memhbranous appendage at the summit of the leafsheafs of most grasses. Palea; chaff; the inner husks of grasses. Panicle; an open cluster of flowers. Pistil; the seed bearing organ of the flower. Rootstock; root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground. Sheath; the base of such leaves which are wrapped around the stem. Spike; an arrangement of sessile flowers along a stalk. Spikelet; a small or secondary spike. Collecting and preserving grasses. This work is necessary for the proper study of plants, and it is of great importance that the specimens should be collected while in full flower, for in determining the species of any grass recourse must be had to the flower and seed, because no other portion of the plant offers such little changes in form and structure. At the same time leaves, culms and roots are valuable to the analyst to enable him to correctly name the species, and care must be taken to obtain the entire full grown plant for examination and preservation. The botanical analysis of plants require the knowledge of an expert botanist, but it is hoped that with the assistance of the descriptions and excellent illustrations contained in thisbulletin, the intelligent farmer of Alabama will have but little trouble in distinguishing between the more common grasses that grow wild in the State. Analyses are necessary in pronouncing upon the value of the plant for forage purposes, because some grasses that look attractive to the eye are worthless when used for stock food. On the other hand, some of our most nutritive grass156 11 es are quite course looking and unattractive. If at any time difficulty is met with in determining the name of any grass, samples may be sent, to the Botanical Department of the Experiment Station, and information will be furnished free of charge. The plants should be mailed in ac- cordance with instructions contained in Bulletin No. 1, extracts from which are here given: 1. In the case of an herb or grass the entire plant must be sent including roots, stem, leaves, flowers and, if possible, the fruit also. Select fifteen or twenty vigorous, well grown specimens and place them between sheets of thick unsized paper, taking care to spread the leaves and adjustthe flowers so that only a small proportion of the parts are folded and bent out of shape. Place a pressure of 30 or 40 lbs. on the paper and place aside to dry. When the plant is too long for the size of the paper, bend the stems until reduced to proper proportions. 2. Take careful notes of the plant surroundings. The characer of soil, whether found on up land or low land, moist or dry land, forest or field, time of flowering and seeding, etc., height of plants. State whether the plants are in large or small numbers. Are stock known to eat them, etc. 3. In sending specimens through the mail or by express do not roll the papers, but pack them spread out as they come from the press. Lay the sheets containing the plants one on top of the other; place at the top and botton of the package stout paste board. Wrap all with strong paper and address to Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala., (Department of Botany.) In every shipment send notes, name and post office. The grasses are best collected between the first of May and the first of October. Many plants mature their seeds by the first of June, and they must be collected early in the spring, just as soon as the flowers are formed well. The following is a list of the grasses that have been found growing in Alabama, many of which have been analyzed in the Botanical Laboratory during the last.few years. A number of these grasses are not natives of this State, but are nevertheless naturalized and may be found growing in a wild condition: 157 /1 t /' Vi 12 LIST OF GRASSES. SCIENTIFIC NAMES. COMMON NAMES.. TIME OF PLACE OF GIOWTH. BLOOMING S Floating foxtail Meadow foxtail Thin grass Rough bent grass vulgaris; var. alba. English bent grass " arachnoides, Ell. Spider bent grass Slender 3 awned grass X"'Aristida gracilis, Eli. "4 r' " A4lopecurus geniculatus, pratensis,L.. Agrostis perennansL Puck. May- June May July-Aug July lanata,Por purpurascens, Foir. Beard grass, 3 awned Dry soil. grass Aug. *, 2-{ purpurascens var Aug- Sept. Margins of pine palustris, Cha barren ponds. " Dry soil. virgata, Prin. Beard grass August '" " spiciformis, Ell. Aug-Sept. Pine barrens. Arundinaria macrosperma, Mich. Cane February Banks of rivers. tecta, Muhl. Reed Feb-Mar. Swamps. X '-'Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. Tall meadow oat-gras' June-July Fields and pastures. t' Avena fatua, Linn. Wild oats June- Sept Anthaenantia villosa Beauv. Smaller crab grass May-Oct. Cultivated grounds. X J Andropogon clandestinis, Hale. Sept-Oct. Wet or dry sandy soils ~t dissitifiorus. Virginian beard grass Barren soil. "i" furcatus, Muhl. Finger spike grass Open woods. macrourus, Mir. Clustered flower beard grass Low pine barrens. scoparius, " Purple wood grass Aug. Dry, sterile soil. tener, Kth. Dry, grassy, pine I tetrastachyus, Eli. lands. s-" Elliottis, Chap. 2" Virginicus, L. yiBrachyelytrum aristatum, Beauv. Awn'dBrachyelytrum June Sandy woods. " Bromus unioloides, Wilid. "' Rescue grass Woods. August cihiatus, L. Fringed broom grass April Rich soils. Cheat or chess Grain June A (ACnna arundinacea, L. Wood reed grass July-Aug Wet places. Calamagrostis Nuttallii, Beauv. Seaside finger grass Chloris petraea, §lhurb. MIay-Aug. Damp soil along coast :Cynodon dactylon, Pers. Bermuda grass No seed In all soils. "~'Ctenium Americanum. Spreng. Toothache grass July-Aug. Low pine barrens. Cenchirus ochinatus, L. July-Sept. Fields & waste ground triuloides, IL. Burr grass July-Oct. Sands along coast. Chrysopogon avenaceum, B. Indian or wood grass /Dactylis glomerata, Linn. Orchard grass April-May Fields and pastures. ,- Distichlis spicatum, Raf. Spike grass Aug-Sept. Low san'y soils on sea ~'Danthonia sericea, Nutt. silky flower'd oat gr'ss Mar- April Dry pine woods. -A " spicata, Beauv. Dry barren soil April 'Dactyloctenium 2Egyptiacum Willd. Sept. fields . Aug-Sept. Sandy soil. Wet meadows. Fields and pastures. Moist, shady places. Sandy soil. Fields and pastures. Dry soil on sea coast. ,Sandy fields. 158 13 LIST OF- GRASSES SCIENTIFICNAE. NAMES. COMMN CMO .NMES. CONTINUED. TIME OF BLOOMING. PAEO PAEO RWH RWH Pennsylvanica, var. filformic; Chap. Egyptian grass Eleusine, Egytiaca, Fers. k$", r .IndiCa Gaerl Crab grass crowfoot Creeping meadow Eragrostis rep taAs.Yeh grass " poaeoides,*var, Strong scented meadow grass megastachya, Gray. " ciliaris, L. Southern Eragrostis c" Purshii, Schrad. V" Conferta, Trinn. Branching spear gras cc tenuisGrayN c .. ~Capillaris, L panicled meadow grass nitida, Chap. (N " ' Eatonia obtusata, Gray. June Dry soils. Moist woods. Aug-Sept. Cultivated ground. " fields. Aug-Sept. Low sandy places. Sandy fields. Waste places. June-" Aug- iflair River banks. Sterile plains. Dry fields. Low grassy places. Dry sterile soil. Damp soil. River banks. cc cc ' peCtinaCea, var. speCtabilis, Gray. Meadow comb grass var. refracta, Chap X Elymus Virginicus, s triatu, L Wlld Erianthus alopecuroides, Dry or wet soils. "Oct. /r c var. brevibarbis. Short bearded grass / ",ccccvar. aontortus. Eustachys petraea, Desv. Dry sterile soil. ~ FestuCa myurus, L. (f cc' . tenella, Wdld. Small fescue grass Mar-April Sandy soil. July \/~f -I parviflora, Eli Nodding fescue Rich woods & banks. ~. I unioloides, Wild. '1'-' Gyronopogon racemosus, Naked beard grass Beauv. Sept-Oct. Dry soil. ecbrevifolius, Trin. KN Glyceria nervata, Trin. Meadow spear grass: July Wet swamps. Y "eymnostichium hystrix, manna grass SChreb. '~Hydrochloa Carolinensis Floating grass Banks of streams. iHolcus lanatus. Linn. Ba, Yelvet grass-Meadow soft grass April--May Cultivated grounds. False Rice or white - Leersia Virginica, Wild. n'' '' grass August. Damp woods. False Rice or Rice oryzoides, Swartz. grass Low, wet places. ~'LeptoobloamuCronata. Kurdh Pointed slender grass ? 1 Leptochloa polystachya, Luziola Alabamensis, Chap. July Italian rye grass ~Lohum perene,_ L ~ZMuhlenbergiaMexicana Trin. exican Muhlenb'gia August. Low places. Sylvan grass. Aug- Sept. Rocky woods.. diffusa, Schreb. Nimble will. Drop seed grass Aug- Sept. Dry woods. "G capillaris, Kunth. Hair grass Sandy soil. - cc trichopodes, Chap. Bunch hair grass August. Pine woods. r nutans, Wld E. Lyme grass-Wild rye Slender hairy wild rice Woody beard grass duly-Aug. Rocky woods. 'sandy Leersia Klh. 159 14 LIST OF GRASSES-CONTINUED. NAMES. COMMON NAMES. BLOOMING TCINTFI EO PLACE OF GIROWTH. 4Melica mutica, var. elic- grass glabra,. Gray Timothy - Phleum pratense, L. -Panicum claudestinum, Linn. Hidden flower'd gr'ss Barn or crab grass !'4Panicum crusgalli, Linn. NA CurLissii, Ghap. S" depauperatum, Muhi. Worthless panic gr'ss " dichotomui, Linn Polymorphous panic Slender crab grass Linn. Sfilifrme, Spiked panic grass k' " gibbum, Eli. gymnocarpon, Eli. Broad leaved panic c Icicrocarpon, Mul Small seeded panic " paspaloides, Pers ,' Few flowered panic i~ scoparuL Prolific panic grass proliferum, Linn. prostratum, Lam. [grass repens, I. Finger'grass, crab sanginale, i L. verrucosum, Muhl. Warty panic Sticky panic grass viscidum, Eli "' c Bitter panic Ell. " amrum, " anceps, var. strictum, Double headed panic Ch. Tall panic, switch virgatum, C. [cane Eli. hians, Bosc. autumnale, C latifolium in April Dry open woods. June- July September Dry sterile soil. Aug- Sept. Damp shaded soils. Ponds and swamps. June Dry sandy soil. Mar-May Woods and fields. kug- Sept. Dry sandy soil. July-Sept. Swamps. September Muddy bank of riv'rs. May Dry rich soil. May Dry soil Close damp soil. ,May September Wet places near coast May-Oct. September May September Cultand waste places Swamps. Wet plac's near coast. Sands near coast. Aug- Sept. Damp sterile soil. Aug-Sept. Moist or dry soil. "1 Paspalum fluitans, Wal. Walterianum, ' ' dilatatum "~" - S"" Hairy slender grass atifolium, ihalarisplatycaule, Louisiana grass Wild canary grass , hlrsintermedia, Bose. N1~hragmitos commuuis, Trin. Common reed grass Annual spear grass ' Poa annua, L. X~"cristata, Wait. Wire grass L. compressa, '" Southern spear grass MJ'uhi. "flexuosa, June or Kentucky "pratensis, blue grass Texas blue grass arachnifera SRottboelia rugosa, Nutt. " corrugata, B.aib. i swamps. Sept-Oct. Rivercultivat' ground Low July-Aug. x digitaria. Poir. Finger shaped grass Open swamps. ~'"distichum, :.yLinn. Joint grass July -Sept. Swamps and low [ ground Munro. imberbe, Aug- Sept. Pine barren swamps. leutiferum, Lam. "' Smooth erect grass laeve, Mx. Dry woods. Floridanum, Mx. July-Aug. Damp soil. racemulosum, Nutt. " Aug- Sept. Dry sandy soils. plicatulu m, Aug- Sept. Low cultivated gro'd. '" texalnun- Floating paspulum or setaceum, var. ciii- Mc. September Wet or dry soil. April -May August. Feb-Mar. April May, May May Sandy places~ on coast Marshes. Fields and pastures. Dry soil. Dry road sides. Rich shady soil. L. Rich soil around dwellings. 160 15 LIST OF GRASSES-ONTINUED. SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES. TIEO IB-LOOMING PLACE OF GROWTH. July -Aug. Sandy marshy places Aug- Sept. Brackish marshes. Aug- Sept. Salt marshes. Cultivated gLound. July Rush salt grass Spartina juncea, Wild " polystachya, Wild. Salt reed grass VN " stricta, var. glabra: Brackish swamps. Foxtail grass July Bengal .grass July-Aug. Swamps along coast. Johnson; mean; cuba grass September Dry barren soils. Indian grass Dry soils. nutans, Gray. August. - Sporobolus Indicus, Brown. Wire grass N " junceus, Kunth. Dry sandy soil. August. Smut grass Rush grass September, Dry sandty soil. z " asper, Kth. Vilfa September' Dry sandy soil. N" vaginaefiora, Poir. Hidden Feather grass Dry woods-sparsely July L. Stipa avenacea, une-Sept) Damp sandy places I ~ Stenotaphrum Americanum, St. Augustine grass J1 on the coast. Sk. Trisetum palustre, Low grounds. Marsh oat grass Gama; sesame grass. Aug- SeptIIRich soils. Tripsacum dactyloides, Dry soil. August. -- Tricuspis sesslerioides, 7orr. Tall redtop 1 Low pine barren. ambigna, Beuth. July. Horned sand grass Aug-Sept. Light soils. cornuta, (Gray. Sandy soil on coast. 4and grass (I purpurea, Gray. June Shaded fields. Broad leaf spike gr'ss June Michx. Lniola latifolia,. t paniculata, L. Spike grass July-Aug. Sandy coast. " gracilis, Michx. Slender spike grass July-Aug. Sandy coast. " nitia, Baldw. July- Aug. Swamps. Beauv. ~ Vilf a asp era,. VMVilfa vagniaeflora, Indian rice or wild L. ' Zizania aquatica, rice July-Aug. Low grounds. Prolific or wild rice July-Aug. Wet places ~Zizania miliacea, Michxe. s Gray. '1 ' Setaria glauca, Beauv glauca, var. laevigata, Chap. Italica, Rth. ~Sorghum halapense, L. Rough marsh grass Bottle grass flower ',- it 161 16 The following grasses have been selected for special notice in this bulletin. As soon as experiments determine the values of others mentioned in the preceding table they will be described in future bulletins issued by the station. Alopecurus pratensis [Meadow foxtail.] The culms of this grass are about 2 feet high, and are smooth. The flowers are arranged at the end of the stem in a dense cylindrical form about 3 inches long. The awns are long, extending some distance beyond the floret. The leaves are smooth, with a loose clasping sheath. This grass resembles timothy very closely, but can be readily distinguished by a careful examination. The chief difference consists in the number of palea, timothy, having two and its glumes are awned. The root of the pratensis is a perennial. This plant makes its appearance earlier than most grasses and is an excellent early grazing variety for cattle at the opening of spring. One objection consists in the small amount of foliage presented by the plant. Cattle eat it with considerable relish, and it is possible that by cultivation it may be improved and good pastures obtained. Its chief advantage lies in the fact that it will stand continued cropping, and presents a tender grazing, even after several cuttings. Analysis: Water Ash Fat 60.00 per cent. 3.10 1.34 " " " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 21.72 9.51 4.33 [Plate I.] ". " " " " " Arrhenatherum avenaceum. (Meadow oat-grass; tall oat-grass.) This grass resembles the oat in several respects. Each spikelet has but two florets. The panicle is first contracted, 162 17 but after the plant becomes older the inflorescence opens and becomes more spreading. The root is perennial and creeping. The stems grow to a height of 3 feet or more. On account of the rapid growth of this plant, and the lateness of its maturity it makes an excellent pasture for fall grazing. Its composition indicates a grass of good quality, and those farmers who have tried it speak in high terms of praise concerning its agricultural value. When mixed with other grasses sheep eat it with considerable relish. Itis pronounced, by those who know, to be the best winter grass that can be obtained. The most favorable time for sowing the seed is from September to October. Not less than two bushels per acre should be used. Analysis: Water Ash Fat 14.30 per cent. " 7.23 " 2.44 " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 42.82 24.36 10.88 " " " " " " [Plate IL] Bromus secalinus. Bromus unioloides. [Chess or Cheat.] [Rescue grass.] These two grasses are related, and are getting to be quite common in the wheat fields of the south. Both may be called winter grasses. The unioloides has a more vigorous growth, and was first brought to the attention of planters by Gen. Iverson, of Columbus, Ga. in 1853, and was called by him, "Rescue grass." Both of these plants grow to a height of 2 to 3 feet, and when fully matured have an open, drooping panicle, with showy spikelets, each containing from 5 to 10 flowers. Prof. Phares pronounces unioloides to be an excellent grass for winter use, and that stock are very fond of it. It is ready for mowing about the first of January, and sometimes even earlier, and will stand cutting until Spring. It pro2 163 18 duces an abundant supply of foliage. nounced to be good. Analysis: B. secalinus: 14.30 6.10 3.49 49.11 20.39 6.61 The hay is pro- B. unioloides: 14.30 per cent. 8.35 " " 3.07 " " 44.97 " " Water Ash Fat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 17.64 11.67 " " " " Ash: Phosporic acid Sulphuric acid . Silica Chlorine Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide B. unioloides: 8.79 per cent. 5.61 " " 4.84 16.84 " " " " 4.43 4.64 " " " " 37.20 " " [Plates III and IV.] C.ynodon dactylon. [Bermuda grass.] It is not necessary to describe this grass, since every one who has contended with it, in and about the valued crops of corn and cotton, will quite readily distinguish the plant from all other grasses. It is not a native of this country, but was introduced from southern Europe and tropical regions. It throws out three or more slender spikes on which are arranged small sessile spikelets, each containing one flower, with a second imperfect one. %Theplant throws out a rank growth of leaves and numerous shoots from underground stems, and is very highly prized for pasturage. The method of cultivation consists in cutting up the rhyzomas or rootstocks, into small fragments and scattering them broadcast. It is one of the few grasses that are able to withstand continued drought; its succulent underground stem furnishes sufficient moisture and nutriment to keep the plant alive. Hogs are very fond of the underground stems, and stock of all kinds eat its leaves with avidity. 164 19 The grass will grow even under the most flagrant neglect; while care and cultivation will bring out its characteristics to a marked degree, and well repay the cultivator for all his expense and trouble. Specimens have been exhibited that were over eight feet long. It is an excellent grass to prevent the washing of land, for filling up gullies and preserving terraces. It makes one of the best lawns on account of its smooth and regular growth, and its power to withstand the heat of the sun. To bring out its best features, the grass should be mown three or four times each summer, or at least once per month. This will kill the weeds, and other plants that tend to choke it. The Bermuda grass is not so difficult to eradicate from the field as most farmers seem to think. Close cultivation in cotton for two or three years, and thorough pulverization of the soil will destroy this plant. Analysis : Water Ash Fat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 14.30 per cent. 7.81 1.34 " " 45.09 " 19.96 " 11.50 " " Ash: Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium 9.20 per cent. 9.37 " " 30.29 " " 6.05 " " 13.44 " " 5.00 " " 22.99 " " 6.66 " " [Plate V.] Dactylis glomerata. (Orchard grass.) Dr. Vasey says of this grass: "This is one of the most popular meadow grasses of Europe, and is known to most 165 20 farmers in the Northern and Eastern States. It is a perennial, of strong, rank growth, about three feet high, the culm and leaves roughish, the leaves broadly linear, light green, and 5 to 6 on the culm. * * * * The herbage, when suffered to grow rank or old contains only half the nutriment of that which is of recent growth. Cattle, sheep and horses eat it with the greatest avidity w~hen it is young, but will not touch it when old, hence the importance, when pastures have been understocked, of going over them with a mowing machine; the orchard grass will then stool out, and the cattle will be found eating first on the very spots that they had previously rejected." Analysis: Water Ash TFat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 14.30 per cent. 7.63 " " 3.15 " " 44.70 " 21.40 " 8.82 " [Plate V.] Dantlonia sericea. (Silky flowered oat grass.) This grass flowers in March and April, and grows in moderately dry pine woods on sandy soils. The flowers are rough or bearded, and the spikelets, each seven flowered, are numerous and closely packed on an open panicle that is about four inches long. The plant grows to a height of two to three feet. The leaves are linear and numerous, with soft, hairy sheaths. On account of some resemblance to the cultivated oat (Avena) it has been called silky flowered oat grass. Its agricultural value has not been determined, but its good growth of leaves and smooth flexible culm would indicate that the grass would be a valuable forage plant if properly cultivated. Inasmuch as it makes its appearance towards the close of winter, when grazing is so scarce, the farmers would do well to cultivate it and test its adaptation to stock raising. 166 21 [Plate VIL] Eleusine Indica. (Yard grass; Crowfoot; Crab grass.) This grass is very common all through the Southern States, and is readily recognized. It grows luxuriantly in the barn-yards, gardens and other spots that are rich around the premises. Long, strong, fibrous roots are thrown out, from which grows a thick, leafy culm. The culm is large and succulent, inclining, and terminated by 5 or more spikes that radiate from nearly the same point. The spikelets contain as many as 5 florets, the upper one being rudimentary. The glumes are awnless. The grass is an annual, and grows to a height of 12 or 15 inches. Hogs and cattle are very fond of it; and when it is properly cut, good hay is made. Just as with other grasses, the mowing must occur before the seeds mature, and while the stems are filled with juices. Care taken in maturing, it will yield excellent food for stock. It was introduced into this country from India, but it has become naturalized, and now grows everywhere with much greater facility than some of the native grasses. It seeds so rapidly there is no necessity to repeat the sowing to get a good stand for grazing purposes. Analysis: 14.30 per cent. Water Ash 8.32 " " Fat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albunimoids 2.17 47.54 18.19 9.48 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " Ash: Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium 9.68 " 5.79 " 24.61 " 6.71 " 56.13 " 7.38 " 24.79 7.39 " [Plate VIII.] 167 22 Elymus Virginicus. (Wild rye grass.) This is a perennial, and grows to a height of 2 or 3 feet, and produces a -rank growth of leaves. The culms are large, and the spikelets are 2 to 5 flowered. This grass starts early in spring and furnishes a green pasturage through the spring and winter. It is generally found in a wild state on the banks of streams, and loves a moist soil. The plant throws out in March a large tuft of broad, green leaves, and supplies good grazing at that season of the year when green forage is scarce. Its value is recognized by those who have tried it. [Plate IX.] Holcus lanatus. (Velvet-grass-Meadow soft grass-Velvet lawn grass.) This grass grows from two to three feet high and presents a beautiful appearance to the eye. It is not considered to be valuable for hay or grazing, because stock are not fond of it, but it grows so well on poor land, where few other plants will produce anything, it may be found to be valuable to use on worn out lands until the soil becomes strong enough for more nutritive grasses. Its chief value seems to be for sodding down lawns. The beautiful velvety cast it gives, and evenness of texture, produces a pleasing effect on the eye. It stands drought well. When other grasses succumb to dry weather this remains green and attractive. It is also useful as a soiling plant. Some farmers in the south who have tried the grass for hay speak well of it, but most persons consider it worthless for stock raising. [Plate X.] Lespedeza Striata. (Japan Clover.) Although this is not a grass, still its valuable features as a forage plant will permit of its discussion in this paper. It is an introduced plant, but within the past few years it has rapidly spread over the old fields and meadows of Alabama, until it is not incorrect to call it a wild clover. It is 168 23 an annual, reproducing itself year after year by means of seed scattered by the winds just before the plant is destroyed by the frosts. Its value for forage purposes is greatly enhanced by the fact that it grows well on poor sandy and'clay soils. It is supposed to have the power of restoring the fertility of worn out soils, and its great tenacity enables it to drive out other plants, even Bermuda grass. The analysis of a specimen obtained from Alabama yields the following : Oil Wax 3.30 per cent. 1.10 " " Sugar Gum and dextrin Cellulose Amylaceous cellulose Alkali extracts Albuminoids Ash 14.74 6.76 23.77 14.67 16.22 15.11 4.33 " " " " " " " " " " " 100.00 [Plate XI.] Muhlenbergia Mexicana. Muhlenbergia diffusa (Nimble Will Drop seed). Muhlenbergia Sylvatica. These grasses are mentioned together because they resemble each other in some general respects. They are perennials and flower in August and September. The Mexicana thrives best in bottoms in comparatively moist soils and is slow in maturing its seed. For this reason it fills a place among grasses, supplying tender girazing. sometime after other grasses have matured their seeds. The roots take strong hold of the soil, rendering it quite difficult to eradicate from cultivated crops. This grass is eaten by cattle with relish. The diffasa is considered by some farmers to be equally as valuable as the Mexicana, while others look upon it as worthless. The plant has not, however, been fully tested, and no correct opinion can be given until careful experiments have been made. The analysis below would indicate a first rate forage plant, and inasmuch as it 169 24 forms in many sections a large proportion of the pasturage on wood lands, it deserves more than a passing notice. In the Agricultural Report of Tennessee, Killebrew states that experimenters in that State consider it to be an excellent butter making grass, and that it gives a particularly fine flavor to this article of food. Analysis: Water Ash 14.30 per cent. 7.95 " " " " Fat 1.55 Nitrogen free extract 47.44 " Crude fiber Albuminoids Ash: Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium Sodium 20.19 8.57 " " " " 6.65 per cent. " 3.39 " 39.98 " " 8.21 " 11.95 " " 4.39 " 17.32 " " 6.78 " 1.33 " [PLATE XII.] Paspalum laeve (smooth erect grass-Water grass.) A tall erect grass, 1 to 3 feet high, with nearly smooth leaves, the lower ones being more numerous and crowded around the culm. The joints of the culm are smooth and purple. The florets are crowded along the axis in four rows, two on each side. There are afew slender hairs at the base of each spike. Prof. Phares of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, who has made many valuable experiments on Southern grasses to determine their agricultural value, states, concerning this grass, that it produces good hay on land well prepared, and sends out a mass of thrifty roots that support a large growth of succulent stems and leaves. 170 25 This grass is quite nutritious as the chemical analysis below will indicate: Water Ash Fat 14.30 per cent. 6.60 2.36 " " " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids Ash: Phosphoric acid Silica Sulphuric acid Chlorine Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Soda " 46.13 23.66 6.95 " " " ' " " 6.18 per cent. 44.65 " 5.64 " 1.73 " 9.36 " 5.26 " " 25.44 " 0.60 [Plate XIII.] Paspalum dilatatum. (Hairy flowered paspalum.) This grass is larger and taller than the preceding and resembles it very closely. The dilatatum grass grows in tussocks three to four feet high, and will stand cropping finely because of its firm hold of the soil and long, strong roots. For a similar reason, it also stands a long drought better than most other grasses. Stock are very fond of it and eat it with avidity. Its many culms growing from the same root-clump, and numerous broad leaves, furnish considerable cropping for cattle. The excellent qualities of this grass ought to attract more attention to it on the part of stock raisers. [Plate X1 .] Paspalum platycaule. (Louisiana grass). described, culms are browsing is said by This grass is of equal value with the one last but its growth is not as rank; and the leaves and not so long. Cattle are fond of it, and it stands and trampling as well as Bermuda grass. It 171 26 some to stand drought well and grows satisfactorily on poor land. Panicum Texanum. (Texas millet). A grass that is attracting considerable attention in many sections of the south, and seems to well deserve the flattering notices given concerning it in the agricultural papers. It is an annual that prefers rich soils on bottom lands, and is said to stand drought well.. It has such tenacity but few weeds and grasses can withstand its growth. It is said to stand drought better than most other plants, and is valuable for all purposes for which ordinary millets are used. It does not make good pastures but is excellent for hay; stock are exceedingly fond of it and will reject all other hay for it during the winter months. This grass may be used with great advantage in some of the ]ormulae given in the first pages of this bulletin, and if care is taken to sow it with seed that produces plants that mature at different dates, the combination will yield hay in a green state throughout most of the year. The Texas millet is supplied with an abundance of rather short, broad leaves, coming from numerous culms produced by the same root. The roots do not reach any considerable depth below the surface, and in raking the hay care must be taken not to pull up the plants. For this reason it is readily destroyed if the land is desired for other crops. An illustration is given of the floret on the plate containing dissections of the grass flowers. [Plate XXIX.] Panicum sanguinale (crab grass.) A common grass found in all cultivated fields, and grows from one to two feet high. It flowers from May to October. At one time this grass was considered to be a very troublesome plant to the farmer, because it was so quick in its growth in cornfields, choking the young corn. But its value as a forage plant has been recognized within a few years past. It yields a very fair crop of hay when mowed from between the corn ridges. Stock are very fond of it. If the field on which corn has been cultivated be plowed and har- 172 27 rowed, this grass will cover the ground with a growth that will soon produce excellent hay. The culms are bent near the ground and take root at the joint. The leaves are hairy, and the sheaths are shorter than the joints. At the summit of the culms are three to six slender flower stalks, with small spikelets growing thereon. Analysis gives the following results: Water 14.30 per cent. Ash 10.81 " " Fat 2.42 " " Nitrogen free extract 36.59 " Crude fiber 27.50 " " Albuminoids 8.38 " " Ash: Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium 6.40 4.02 30.93 2.04 4.40 7.98 33.56 6.67 [Plate X " " " " " " " " " " V.] Panicum crusgalli. (Barn-yard grass). This is a coarse grass that grows in barn-yards and wherever there are wet, sour places about the premises. Its leaves are one-half inch broad, and, when growing well, one to one and a half feet long. The culm is stout and grows from two to ten feet high. The culms are branching and the spikes from one to two inches long and are crowded together, forming a.long raceme. The spikelets are thickly clustered along the branches. The glumes have stiff awns (sometimes wanting, however,) that render the grass, when matured, very difficult to digest. If properly cut and cured it makes a good hay, and is much prized by many farmers as a substitute for fodder. In some sections the grass is 173 28 looked upon as a worthless plant and efforts are made to destroy it. Flowers from August to September. Analysis: Water Ash 14.30 per cent. 9.58 " " Fat 2.58 Nitrogen free extract 49.44 24.78 Crude fiber Albuminoids 6.66 Ash: Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium Magnesium oiide Potassium oxide Potassium Sodium " " " " " " " " 4.27 " 3.69 " 42.18 " 11.48 " 7.23 " 5.52 " 13.26 " 12.00 " 0.37 " [Plate XVI.] " " Panicum Virgatum. (Tall panic grass-Switch grass.) The culms are from 3 to 5 feet, and the leaves are reedy. The panicles are large and loose, and the spikelets are scattered, very small, and of a purplish hue. The spikelets are ovate and sharp pointed. This grass grows in moist places and makes a good hay, furnishing, when cut soon, palatable food for cattle. When allowed to grow too old it becomes harsh. Analysis: Water Ash Fat 14.30 per cent. 3.20 1.65 " " " " Nitrogen free extract 52.23 24.70 Crude fiber 3.92 Albuminoids " " " " " " 174 29 Ash : Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium Sodium 5.50 per cent. 3.56 " " " 51.17 " 4.93 " 7.87 " 3.63 " 18.76 " " 3.36 " 1.22 " " [Plate XXIX.] Panicum Gibbum. (Spiked panic grass) A perennial grass growing in wet places with decumbent and branching culms. The leaves are smooth and about 8 inches long, when under good conditions. The inflorescence is considerably oppressed and from 3 to 5 inches long: Spikelets are oblong and obtuse. The Flowers from July to color of the plant is deep green. September. This is a good grass for agricultural purposes. The analysis shows a large per cent. of nutritive food. The farmers of the State would do well to sow the seed of this grass on well prepared ground and test its value as a forage plant. Analysis : Water Ash Fat 14.36 7.31 3.56 per cent. " " " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 43.65 20.71 10.47 " " " " " " [Plate XVII] Panicum proliferum. (Prolific panic grass, sprouting crab grass.) The culms of this grass are thick and succulent. The flowers are in large panicles, and bloom from August to 175 30 September. The culms ascend from a procumbent or bent joint, and are branching and covered with long leaves. It grows from one to three feet high. The spikelets are ovate and acute, and are crowded on the branches. This grass makes excellent, hay and will stand frequent cuttings until frost. All kinds of stock eat it with much relish. Analysis : Water Ash 14.30 9.58 per cent. " " Fat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 2.58 43.42 20.63 9.49 " " [Plate X VIII.] Poa Compressa. (Wire grass-Blue grass.) It is incorrect to call this blue grass, because its growth is more decumbent and the stem is more flattened. The grass is found growing in old fields on sandy soils and generally poor land. It does not produce an abundance of leaves, but the hay that is made from it weighs more than other grasses because it loses little in drying. The yield from an acre is very even, and manuring will largely increase the production of hay. Stock eat the grass with relish, and J. S. Gould says that sheep and horses fatten as readily on it as when fed on timothy. This grass is a perennial and grows to one foot or more in height. Very little attention is paid to it by the farmers of Alabama, but it is worth an experiment. [Plate XIX.] Phalarisintermedia, var. angusta; Canary grass; Stewarts Canary grass; California Timothy grass.)This grass resembles timothy in the manner in which it heads. It has a luxuriant growth of leaves. The spike is also like the foreign Canary grass that is used for feeding birds, and it grows to.a length of 2 to 3 inches. The spikelets 176 31 contain two sterile and one perfect flower. The culms are about 10 inches high and quite slender. The grass is pronounced, by those who have given it a careful test, to be valuable for winter pasturage. It dies down in April or May and springs up at the opening of winter, furnishing an excellent grebn sward during the season of the year when pasturage is most acceptable to cattle. It is worthy a trial by the farmers of Alabama. Analysis : Water Ash Fat 14.30 9.99 3.52 per cent. " " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 37.23 21.29 13.67 " " Plate XX. Phleium pratense. (Timothy) Dr. George Vasey says, concerning this plant : "This is one of the commonest and best known grasses. For a hay crop it is, perhaps, the most valuable. * * * * * This grass, as known in cultivation, is supposed to have been introdaced from Europe, but it is undoubtedly indigenous in the mountain regions of New F ngland, New York and the Rocky Mountains. It is said that about the year 1711 a Mr. Herd found this grass in a swamp in New Hampshire and cultivated it. From him it took the name of Herd's grass. About the year 1720 it was brought to Maryland by Timothy Hanson and received the name of Timothy grass. It is now the favorite and prevailing meadow grass over a large part of the country." Mr. Charles L. Flint says: "As a crop to cut for hay it is probably unsurpassed by other grasses now cultivated. Though somewhat coarse and hard, especially if allowed to ripen its seed, yet if cut in the blossom, or directly after, it is greatly relished by all kinds of stock, and especially so by horses, while it possesses a large percentage of nutritive matter in comparison with other agricultural grasses. 177 32 * * * *. Timothy thrives best on moist, peaty 'or loamy soils of medium tenacity, and is not suited to sandy or light, gravelly lands ** * *. It grows very rapidly and yields very large crops on favorable soils. It is cultivated with ease, and yields a large quantity of seed to the acre, varying from ten to thirty bushels on rich soils." Analysis : Water. Ash Fat Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 14.30 5.90 2.84 48.77 21.71 8.48 per cent. " " " Phragmites Communis. (Reed grass) This is one of the largest grasses found in the State and is aquatic in its habits-growing along the margins of ponds and marshes. It is quite coarse and does not furnish a good hay, but stock eat the young, tender leaves when the plant first comes up. As the grass grows older, however, the culms and leaves become hard and tough and stock reject it. The culms or stems make very good thaching and wicker work. The plant is very showy when in full flower, and at a distance resembles sugar cane. [Plate XX1.] Richardsonia scabra. (Mexican clover-Pigeon Poor toes-Florida clover-Spanish clover) weed- The plant is not a grass, but on account of its use for forage purposes a discussion of its merits comes appropriately in this connection. It is an introduced species-first making its appearance on the sea board a number of years until now it is to be found all over the fields throughout southern Alabama. Opinions regarding its value for stock food are very contradictory, but a large number of persons who have tried the plant for grazing claim that its fat forming properties are high in the scale. It is not a clover, but belongs to the same family to which coffee and madder be178 33 longs, viz: Rubiacael. on poor, sandy soil. It is a hardy plant and grows well [ Plate XXII.] Sorghum halapense [Johnson or Means' grass.] This is not a native grass, but was introduced into the State years ago. It has been so extensively used in some portions and has obtained such a strong and permanent hold it has become naturalized. It has a rhyzoma or root stock that takes a very firm hold of the soil and gives considerable trouble to eradicate if the land is desired for other crops. The grass grows to a height of six or seven feet and has a panicle a foot or more in extent, open and large. The longer branches of the panicle are five or six inches long. The flowers and seed resemble, in many respects, those of broom corn. Farmers living in the middle portion of the State are very familiar with this plant without a minute description.. The name "Johnson" is given to this grass because Wm. Johnson who lived near Selma, first introduced it into the State many years ago. The grass originally came from Turkey, brought to this country by governor Means of South Carolina in 1835, and was first designated by the name of Means' grass. Five or ten years after Mr. Johnson brought it to Alabama. This grass must not be confounded with Guinea grass because the two belong to different genera. It has an excellent reputation as a forage plant, and cattle are very fond of it both in the green and dry state. To make good hay it should be cut while quite young, two or three feet high, and several times during the season. The grazing of cattle on the grass should be managed with caution. Analysis: Water Ash Fat Crude fiber Albuminoids 14.30 6.92 2.43 21.47 10.11 per cent. " " " " Nitrogen free extract,44.77 " " " " " " 3 179 34 [Plate XXIII. ] Sorghum nutans [Indian grass-Wood grass.] This grass grows something similar to the last, and reaches a height of two to four feet with a panicle one to two feet long. It is generally found on dry barren soils growing from perennial roots. There are two varieties of this grass that differ but slightly from each other. When cut early the hay is nutritious and the chief objection that is offered to it is the thin bed of grass it forms in its wild state. This, however, may be overcome by cultivation. Analysis: 1.57 per cent. Oil 0.10 " " Wax 7.27 " " Sugars 3.75 " " Gum and Dextrin 36.70 " " Cellulose Amylaceous Cellulose 27.25 " 14.44 " Alkali exfract 3.29 " Albuminoids Ash 5.63 " " The ash contains 6.74 per cent. of potassium, 61.55 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and 2.92 per cent. calcium oxide, with other ingredients that are of less value. The sample analyzed was obtained from Texas. [Plate XXIV.] Setaria Italica. [Hungarian grass; German millet; Belgium grass.] This grass is an annual. The leaves are very long and the spikes are close together, with the spikelets containing many florets, The cu4ms grow from eight to ten feet in height, and are smooth and branched. The grass flowers from July to September. It makes an excellent green food for cattle. The leaves are sometimes as much as eighteen inches long and rather broad. The ligule is beard like. The panicle is densely contracted. The bristles are yellow and sometimes longer than the spikelets. In cutting this 180 35 grass for hay, care must be taken not to let rain fall on it after it is mowed. It should be cut as soon as it begins to bloom-because after the seed are formed the stem makes inferior food and the land is considerably exhausted. When the seed are fed to stock a quantity of indigestible food accumulates in the stomach and the animals are sometimes injured thereby. The seed, therefore, should not be allowed to mature if hay is desired. Analysis; Water Ash 14.30 per cent. 6.43 " " Fat Nitrogen free extract 2.32 47.80 Crude fiber Albuminoids 21.02 8.13 " " " " Seteria Glauca. [Bristly fox-tail grass-Bottle grass.] The spike is cylindrical and in color it is a tawny yellow. The culms are two to three feet high and are sometimes branched. The stem and branches are smooth. The leaves are about twelve inches long with a few long slender hairs at the base. The ligule is small and beard-like, or in other words, contains around its margin a decided fringe. This plant is found in cultivated fields, and flowers from July to August. The stem is erect and somewhat compressed. The awns or bristles are six to ten in a cluster. This grass is met with after wheat is mown, and generally appears in abundance. The plate does not represent enough bristles. The grass is ranked equal to Hungarian grass in nutrition, and should be cut early, before the bristles become too hard and stiff. Fowls are very fond of the seed after they mature. Analysis: Water Ash 14.30 per cent. 6.80 " " Fat 2.62 " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids 50.18 " 18.80 " 7.30 " 181 " " " 36 [Plate XXV.] Tripsacum dactyloides. [Gama grass; Sesame grass.] Grows from five to seven feet high, with broad leaves resembling somewhat Indian corn. It grows on moist soils, and is stout, coarse and hardy. The culm is solid and grows from a rhyzoma or root stock. The flowers are in three clustered spikes. The spikelets have no awns and are ar.ranged in jointed spikes. The upper florets are sterile, while the lower ones are fertile. This grass flowers from August to September. The quantity of forage that can be gathered from this grass is quite large, because it will stand cutting several times during the season. Stock are very fond of it, and the hay may be cured at an expense considerably less than that required for gathering corn fodder. After the roots have taken possesion of a field, the grass is quite difficult to eradicate. A yoke of oxen can scarcely move a plow through it. But the grass may be destroyed by close cropping when the roots will die, thus enriching the land. Analysis : Water Ash Fat 14.30 per cent. 5.30 2.05 " " " Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Albuminoids Ash: Phosporic acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide Potassium oxide Potassium Sodium 48.26 " 22.72 " 7.29 " " " " 2.52 per cent. " 3.69 " " 37.84 " " 13.08 " " 1.64 " " 1.07 " 29.06 " " " 6.30 " " 4.47 " 182 37 [Plate XXVL.] Trifolium Procumbens. (Small yellow clover.) This is a small clover that is found growing in almost every old field throughout the State, reaching a height of three or. four inches. Little attention has been paid to it, but the analysis indicates a fair forage plant, particularly when we consider that the sample grew without cultivation. In one hundred parts in a green state there were 3.9 per cent. of albumnious, or flesh forming principles, fatty matters 0.77 per cent., heat producing principles, such as sugar, gum, starch 7.25 per cent. In the sample of dried grass at 212 ° F. analysis showed the following per centages: Albuminous or flesh forming principles 20.48, fatty matters 4.67; heat producing principles 43.86. It is probable that under cultivation this clover will yield good results and may be made to produce much larger plants. [Plate XX VII.] There are three other species that grow wild in Alabama, that are worthy of attention, viz: Trifolium reflexum, Trifolium Carolinianum, and Trifolium repens. The first is. called buffalo clover, the second white clover, and the last southern clover. The last two grow almost everywhere over the State, and supply very good cropping for cattle. The T. reflexum grows luxuriantly in Montgomery, and other counties of Middle Alabama, and is attracting attention among stock raisers. Zizania aquatica. (Wild rice, Indian rice, Water Water rice.) oats, A grass that resembles rice and grows very rank in marshes and along streams of the State. Stock eat it with great relish, birds are also very fond of the seed and flock in great numbers along the sea shore and fatten rapidly on the seed. It is thought by some persons that if it was cultivated as rice it would yield excellent results. But experience shows that the seed shed so readily before the plant is har183 88 vested, large crops cannot be obtained. The fact that stock are so fond of it would imply that its cultivation would well repay farmers. Much of the land that is now wasted along the banks of streams might be well reclaimed by planting down in this grass, thus giving a good range for cattle. [Plate XXVIII.] 184 CONTENTS. PAGE. Alopecurus pratensis........................................... 16 Arrhenatherum avenaceum ...... .... .................. Bromus unioloides ... .......................... " secalirnus......................................... ...... ......... ... 16 17 .17 35 Bermuda grass.................................. Bottle grass ............ Belgium grass.......... ................... Bristly fox tail grass Buffalo clover..................... Common names of grasses.......... ............................................... ..................... ..... ...... 35 Barn-yard grass........................................... Best time for sowing grass ......... ......................... Blue grass................. .............................. .......... ......................... .. ....... ... 34 27 6 .30 37 12-15 Crab grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . 26 Canary grass------------*..............................30 California timothy ........................................ .30 Cynodon dactylon ............................................. 18 Crowfoot grass............................................. Chess or cheat............................................. Danthonia seriwea..... ................. Collecting and preserving grasses................:............ Dactylis glomera a.......................................... Drop seed grass............... ..... ....................... Definitions of terms ...... ...................... ............ Eleusine Indica.......................... ............... Elymus Virginicus ............................................ Florida clover.......... 21 17 ....................... 10 20 19 23 9 21 Formulce for sowing grass lands ....................... Grass cultivation................... German millet ................. .. .. .. .. . ... Gam a grass................. Hungarian Holcus lanatus................. ........ ......................... ................ ............ ......... .............. 22 6 32 34 5 grass ............................... ... ........ 36 Hairy flowered paspuluin ............................. .................... .. ..... 34 25 37 34 22 Indian rice........................................ Indian grass................... ........................... Japan clover .......................................... List of grasses................... Lespedeza striata ............................................ -Meadow soft grass................... Mexican clover..........-.........................32. 22 22 Johnson grass. .......................................... ....................... ... ............. ... ...... 12-15 22 16 16 23 23 23 .33 Meadow oat grass........... ................... Meadow fox tail...................................... Muhienbergia difl'sa. ......................................... ill uhienbergia Mexicana........................................ Muhienbergia sylvatica .......... Mean's grass................ ............... .............. Nimble will .............................................. Orchard grass .......................................... Preface.................. .... ............................ Place of growth of grasses ........................ ...... .............. 185' 33 23 19 3 ............... 12-15 40 Paspalum 7ceve. .-... -.. . -.. . . - - ... .. .. - . . dilatatum.......................................... 24 25 platycaule......... ....... .......................... Panicum sanguinale............................................ proliferam............. crusqalli.......................... 25 26 29 27 ............................ ................ virgatum........... gibbum Texanumn............................................ ... .. :......................... ............................. 91 Prolific panic grass ....... .. ........... Phalaris intermedia....................... .Phra gmil es ............... ... 28 .29 26 ........ ..... ........... Phleum pratense................................... Poa cornpressa............. ................. ............ ........................ 29 30 31 30 32 Pigeon -weed................ .... ........... Poor toes........................ ......................... Reed grass................................................'32 Richardsonia scabra...... .. .......... cornmunris................. 32 32 32 17 .37 37 24 .... 29 28 Rescue grass........................... .................. Silky flowered oat grass...............................20 Small yellow clover....................................... Southern clover.................... ........................ Smooth erect grass ............ ............. ....... Sprouting crab grass..................... .............. ......................... Switch grass ............................................. Spiked ,panic grass.. Setaria Italica...... ....................... ................ << glauca. ..... .... .... ................... ......................... 29 .34 Sesame grass........................ ...................... Sorghum hala pense................. ....................... nutans.............................:...............34 35 36 33 32 30 16 37 37 37 37 Spanish clover...................................:...... Ste wart's canary grass................. .................... Tall oat grass-...... ... ... .................. Trifoliuor Procumbens ............ itrepense it Timothy it ..................... ............................. ............... Carolinianurn............... ..................... refiexum .......... ..... ............................ ................. Tall panic grass. .......................................... Texas millet......... ............. Time of blooming ......................................... Velvet grass............................22 Wood grass ............. .... :....................34 Water grass ................... ......................... 24 iWild rye ....................... 22 White clover........................... ................... 37 Tripsacamn dactyloides............... ........................ ............................. ... 31 36 28 26 12-15 grass................ Wire grass......................... Wild rice ........................................ Water oats or water rice................................ Yard grass ..... ............................. Zizania aquatica.......................................... ........................ ........ .... 30 37 37 21 37 186 Plate I. ALOPECUJIUS PRATENSIS (Meadow foxtail). Plate II. NkWY\ -% -ENG HAWK-: .. Plate 111. BROMUS SECALINUS (Cho-is or Cheat)i. kW\kAUV. Plate IV. BROWXS UNIOLOIDES (Rescue grass). IPlate V. CYNODON DACTYLON (Bermuda grass). Plate VI. DACTYLIJS GLOMVERATA (Orchard grass.) Plate VII. \ y Plate VIII. I/ \ r Ca ELEUSINE INDICA (Yard grass; Orowfoot; Crab grass). Plate 1X. /\ // VARPY.iL Plate X. HOLThT,, LANA TIJ$ Velv t- a ias Meaxdow ofLiass-Velvei 1awn ass 'i Plate XI. 4.\F 7 LENBEARGIA MEX(IOANA, Plate XIJI. A\140 11 II 1 '. 4JALIIM L&EVE (smooth erect -inas Wnfr rnnag_ Plate, XIV. PASPALUM DILITATUM (Hairy flowered paspalum). Plate XV. PANICUM SANGUINALE (crab crass). Plate XVI. < lific... May 17 1roitie.. June 1 riicMay 25 17 48 61 56 48 57 Tloburn... ilreer.......... Medium . Not Pea ........ Dwarf.. Poor........Hay M'Leans Advancer... Thorburnii....Medium . Very Prolic.Xliy 26 M'Cleans Bllue Peter. Thorburn. ... Dwarf . Poor........... M'Cleans Little Minimum Gem 17 ay1i 48 Thorburn ... Dwarf . Dwarf. . Pooi.........l 50 65 48 48 48 Melting :Sugar ....... Thorburn ..... Tall ..... . Very Prolific.. Jue 4 Poor........May 17 Poor.......... Poor ......... May 17 May 17 Laxton. Thorburn ... Philadelphia ....Thorburn..Dwarf. Premium Gem...Thorburn .Dwarf.. Thorburn...Medium Thiorburn .Medium n...Dwarf Pride of the Market.. Prince of -Wales.. . Medium .:May .(Medium 30 1 60 62 48 Rural N ew Yorker.. -Tilorhbur ... June . . Not Prolific... May 17 . Rural New Yorker.... UT. Dept. Ag Dwarf . S. Small French......Thorburn Summit Pea ...... Tall Butter Sug .... Iar Fall Sugar. ........ .. Not Prolific... May 17 '48 56 78 Dwarf . . Not Prolific... May 25, . NorthrupB&Co Dwarf . Thorburn ... Thiorburn ... Poor......... June 17 .... June 11 Prolific.....June 11 May 28 Tall .Prolific Tall ... 72 72 58 50 Telephone Pea.....Dreer......Mediumn. Medium .. Thorb'ns Extr Ea Mar Thorburn ... Tomn Thumb......Thorbnrn .. White Marrowfat..Thorburn .. Yorkshire Hero...Thorburn . Dwarf. Dwarf. Tall ... . . Not Prolific... May 20 Prolific.....May 15 Medium..June 45 65 4 4 Medium .Medium...June 65 DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY. BY P. H. -o-- MELL. The tables of soil temperatures printed in this bulletin furnish some interesting facts. There are three sets of thermometers. Two on a hill; No 1 and No 2 in cultivated ground and one in bottom land on the banks of a brook, also in cultivated ground. The average temperatures of the three sets, at one inch below the surface, is practically the same, during the month of January. Although the set in the bottom is slightly warmer. The average reading of the one inch thermometer was from 00.2 to 00.6 above the average reading of the air thermometer which was 460.9. The lowest temperature of the air for January was 230 while the minimum recorded by these soil thermometers was 310.5, and that was given by the one inch thermometer on the hill, while the corresponding thermometer in the bottom was 10.5 warmer. We conclude from this comparison that the soil is not rapidly effected by the sudden changes of the atmosphere. As depth below the surface is reached the increase of temperature is about 10.5. Near the surface the range between the monthly mean and maximum is respectively 17.04, 160.6 and 150, while at 96 in. below, the range is 20. This is also practically true for all depths below the 36 inch thermometer. We may also infer that practically little effect is produced in the soil below 36 inches by diurnal changes of the atmosphere. It is not exactly correct to draw conclusions concerning frost lines from one months observations but it is interesting to note that for January the frost did not go below 9 inches. In February theminimum temperature of air was 160.5 while the lowest reading of the soil thermometer was I3.05 above this, even at one inch below the surface. The 96 inch thermometer varies but little during the months of January, February and March. On the 1st of January it read 590.5 and gradually registered cooler temperatures until the close of the month whenit recorded 560.5. From the 17th Feb. until the 21st of March it read the same, 540.5, after this date it gradually increased until July 31st when it reached 730. The increase is so slight from month to month it shows that the change is brought about only by the transition from winter to spring and spring to summer. DATA FROM SOIL THERMOMETERS FOR SIX MONTHS ING JULY 4z 'W cd Ocac 1, 1889. _________ END- Set 1 on hill-________________________ Set 2011 hill surrounded by grass. Set 3 in bottom. S A.+5 ~ - 4 5cI5 00 000 yI 0 00 I2 Oc 00 c o cd c Jan. 1 47 164 5 3 47 61 17 31 5 2933 47464 1732 51'352 29 32 47 562 5 4 05 19 33 17 29295 29 25 6 46 659 5 co9 46 457 5 ca 1733 5 1736 2927547 363 35 5 29 23 5473161 29 19 546 858 5 29 15 5 467-455 1735 5 17 37 5 1740 5 1846 5 1949 29 25 548 258 5 29 21 29 15 30 6 47 957 48 256 50 854 53 17 39 17 41 17 42 5 18 48 5 1950 5 29 19 5 29 16 29 12 5 31 5 5 31 2 5 1738 5 1740 1846 1949 12 46 655 ~2449 5535 a a H 30 7 549 252 5 31 3 550 852 5 3650 952 5 313 552 31 2 31 3 2 4852 353 5 2-451 60 53 1 54 5 5 52 31 2 552 553 5 2-451 5 31 2 553 655 54 756 53 454 5 3-452 5 54 655 5 1- 754 31 1-2-8 2 4-552 54 15 0 9,72 ..84 ci 55 957 5 57 539 5 17 30 7 39.547 55 56 5 25 3 S96 Feb. 1 47 169 5 S346 968 5 S646 366 t2o' "n12 17 17 35 13 5 732 7 36 7,31 826 546 7 24 8113 8-10 69 5 1730 17 32 17 34 5 17 36 17 38 5 1843 5 739 546 268 5 7 37 7133 728 7 23 46 167 46 765 46 362 46 760 5 17 33 735 5 7.32 468i69 46 767 5 17 35 17 38 17 39 18 41 1846 945 9635 45 6 727 8.23 719 5 811 5 9-11 902. ~244827 ~3648953 5 0O4 17 38 1844 1947 45 861 5 47 757 813 549 457 5 8-10 6 550 254 65:48 953 5 1947 48 51 51 5 53 54 5 36 37 39 41 44 5 49 50 50 5 51 5 52 5 1948 5 50 5 515 55 35 .2 50 252 5 49 50 3 550 353 2 51 653 52 454 53 455 55 56 5 5 1 51 654 52 654 ~60 50952 . 72 84 l~ Mar. 996 1 57 575 5 3 57 274 n6 56 S9 55 69 64 2 2 5 2 2 5 36 5 39 41 5 44 5 46 50 50 50 5 51 39 35 56 774 5 56 473 5 38 555 270 5 36 554 769 29 24 54 666 5 53 865 39 41 5 44 45 47 5 51 50 5 51 5 52 5 31 5 27 5 22 5 20 13 7 65 55 4 275.55 868 19 554 765 16 53 562 12 ~1 54 462 ci.. ~2454 459 5 Q 36 53 257 17 553 860 5 9 554 458 7 6 53 957 54 357 9 553 458 5 7 6 5 53 157 53 256 5 53 356 53 ~48 53 1565 E 60 53 656 4 5154 256 5 3 ~72 3c1iq 355 5 56 84 54 53 54 5 3 1 5 54 856 VTARIE TIES OF BEANS-PLANTED APRIL 2, 1889. ~T----- ~ II --- -~ 3 3 Names of Varieties. Seedmen. Growth of Vines. Productiveness. Time Edible i Remarks. i fZ U132 Best of All.........IThorburn. Blackcyed Wax. Blackeyed Wax. Broad Windsor. Thorurn. Henderson. Thorburn. .. Medium. Prolific. Medium Prolific. Vigorous Bost........ May 30 May 27 May 28 June 15 May 27 55 52 53 70 52 81 55 52 52 52 52 Erect.... Vigorous Worthless. Canadian Wonder.... IThorburn. Crystal Wax .......... Thorbul. Cylinder Black Wax.. Henderson.... Date Wax............. Dreer. Detroit Wax ......... Terry. Medium. Medium.. Best........ Medium. Not Prolific... June 26 May 30 May 27 May 27 Vigorous Best...... Vigorous Bert........ Dun colored Bush...... Thorburt. Medium. Not Prolific .. May 27 . Dwarf Black Wax.... Thorburn. Medium. Not Prolific .. . May 27 Dw'f Ivory Pod Wax Thorburn. Dwarf Mexican Tree. Thorburn. Dwarf White Wax... Thorburn Early Cnina.........Thorburn. Early Mazagan.....Thorburn ... Early Mohawk .... Early Round 6 weeks Thorbura ... Early Valentine ... Vigorous Not Prolific .. . June 4 59 Vigorous Not Prolific .. . June 11 Medium Not Vixe M d with iuning 66 Prolific.. . June 4 57 52 Medium. Not Prolific .. . May 27 Eract.... Worthless .. June 11 66 82 85 95 55 55 52 Thorburn .Medium. Not [Prolific .. . June 27 ... Medium . Not Prolific June 30 Thorburn...Medium . Not Prolific... June 4 ,Medium. Not Prolific... May 30 Not Prolific.. May 30 Extra Early Maine .... IThorburn .. Fuhuers Early Dwarf Thorhurn .Medium. Fiageolet Wax ... Galega ........ i Henderson... Thorburn. Vigorous Best.........May 27 .Vigorous Not .. ... Prolific. June 18 73 53 73 52 Golden Butter Wax... Thorburn..Medium. Not Prolific... May 27 Golden Refegee...Thorburn..Vigorous Not Prolific i 4 June 18 ... Golden Wax Bush .... Thorburn..Vigorous Not Prolific i May 27 une 18 June 11 Ima Green Flagoelet Thorourn .. Medium. N ot Prolinic.. 73 63 66 66 77 52 52 Imp'd Red Valentine. Dreer.... ..... Medium. Beft..........May 28 Medium. Not Prolific Vigorous Not ... King of Greens Flag't Thorburn..... Large White Kidney. Thorburn ... Lemon Pod Wax ...... Prolific ... June 11 Thorburn ..... Medium. Not Prolific... June 22 Vigorous Not Prolific ... May27 Prolific ... Long en yellow 6 wk's Thorburn. Lows new Champion Thorburn .VigorousNot May 27 Marble head Hortlst Thorburn ..... Medium. Not Prolific... May 28 Ne Plus Ultra........ Thorburn..... Vigorous Not Prolific... May 30 Medium. Not Prolific.. May 27 Not Prolific...- June 18 35 55 52 {Mixed with Running New Date Wax.....Thorburn . I New White Valentine Thorburn .Vigorous 73 VARIETIES OF BEANS-CNTNUED. ITime Edible n Remarks. Names of Varieties. Seedsman. Growth of Vines. Productiveness. Perfectin Wax. Pride of Newtow .... Red Dreer..ed. Thorburn. .... eium . Not Prolific.: May 27 52 53 73 18 Vigorous Not Prolific... May 28 Vigoros ot Prolific Prolific... KidneyN........Thorburn. June Red Flageolet Wax... Thorburn..... Medium. May 27 52 73 55 Refugee or 1009 to '1... Thorburp..... Vigorous Prolific. Sword Long Pod ... June18 May 30 Thorbs Ex Ear Refugee Bush........ , , ..... Vigoros Pro Wardwell's D'fKidneyDreer ......... Vigorous Best.........May 30 Wardwell's New Dw'f Thorburn ..... Vigorous: Best.........May 27 White Flagoelet.. Thorburn.Not Vig.'Not Prolific ... Trhbunoburn T .. E..Erect.... Worthless. 55 52 55 May 30. White Marrow .... White Thorburn.VigorousIN Thorburn.Vigorous ot Prolific ... Scimeter ... June 4.1 595 Mixed with Runing 53 Not Prolific . .4 May 28 Wonder of France.... Thor burn .Vigorous Yosemite Mamth Wax Thorburn. Elys Pro. D'f W'x .... Ely.......... Not Prolific ... May 28 53 ailed to come........ Medium . Not Prolific. May 27 52 Pale Dun........... .SU.S. Dept Agr Vigorous Best.......... May 27 52 VA RETIES OF IRISH POTATOES. Names of Varieties. Beauty of Hebron. Seedsman Total yl'd en lbs Thorburn .. 37 45 21 ~Choice yl'dl inbs Culls yl'dScb'y yl' d Medium yld in lbs 6 3. in lbs. 2 in lbs. 23 6 6. 7 4 6 Burfauk........... . Clayton.........36 Chas. Downing ... Clarks 14 20 14 10 11 10 12 48 8 4 2 9 2 Thorburn . .... Thorburn. Thor buru Thsorburn 6 4 4 6 9 5 6 4 3 No.1. .. Dakota Red .... Dictator........... Early Albino ..... Early Puri tan ... ... ... 26 23 39 32 2 Thorburn ... Thorburn. .. Thorburn 5 5 4 2 8 8 9 8 IGarfield........... . Great Eastern ... May Flower .. Morning Early Sunrise.. ... . . 30 24 23 13 Thorburn Thorburn 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 .. 1 1 1 9 5 4 4 6 7 13 6 74 Late Beauty of iebron Thorburn ... Thorburn ... . . Thorburn Thorburn ... 19 14 36 9 6 21 6 3 8 Star... Thorburn Mammoth Prolific .... Pearl of Savoy. 31 35 14 13 26 11 10 11111 I111 6 7 4 3 6 Roses Bt'y of Beaut's Thorburn ... Roses New Giant.. Rural Blush . ... Thorburn .'.. Thorburn ... 37 22 21 Rural New Yorker .. . Thorburn ... DATA FROM Set SOIL THERMOMETERS-CONTINUED. Set 2 on hill surrounded by grass. Set3 in bottom. 1 on hill A a A bJ) 4 Z ca 375 666 79 . 5 3. 67 284 38 5 . .. .48 . 36 67 9185 ..47 5. 48 5. .. .. .. 27 5 205 16 9 7 32 5 67 182 5 .485;.34 26 5 66 580 o . 9 65 276 1 2 64 66 8I81 ... 30 .. 25 ... 50 ... 52 66 6 79 5.....52 64 574 5 ... .54 63 872 . .56 58 .. 55 5. .... 565 ... . 20 5 65 577 1: 3 165 63 972 5 .. 95 626 67 5535..17 2~2463 1685 .. 59 .. 58 n...9 5.... 7 7 62 6 67 5 ... 60 9 645I. C0 6 64 5. .. M. 964 5.... 5"'5.... 3660 1%~48598163 .. 56 5 . H 60 59 1 625 .. 56 .). . 61 164 5 .57 .57 5 i 5 65 609635 .... 565.... .. H . 95 72 . .. 6 5 59 62 5 .56(...6 . 5. 59 3162 51... .56 5. .... 5 5i...I... . .. .. :I....I. .. ... I 6 . . I .... 8 361 5...55 5 . 261 58 ....56 " 84................ .... .. 1 1~96 May. .. 1.... .... ..... .... 58 I605 40 1 77 3 92 52 7 6 1 93 42 77 494 52 5 5 59 61 62 5 65 34 63 5 62 5 ... 42 36 29 23 5 19 5 10 5 9 75 6 3i 1 99 77 75 7 86 5 009 35 5 76 61 5 7 92 5 40 5 77 91 33 5 75 5 88 29 74 5 84 5 28 5 76 1 88 5 21 5 75 3 87 20 5 73 9 82 5 74 6 83 ..... m u12 72 81 5 S24 71 7 76 5 36 68 9 73 u~48 68 71 64 21 5 73 7 82 12 10 711 75 5 ..... 5 .. .. .. .. 12 10 11 6 76 69 37.4 .... 63 62 5 62 674 73 65 3 68 5 ..... 85 66 7171 5 65 4 69 64 2 67 5 63 3166 5 62 4 65 5 85 36 3171 560 972 84 65 5 69 65 55 55 51 I.... ~96 June. 1 82 4 95 53 54 5 .. 41 5 82 1 97 39 5 81 9 96 46 44 32 3 96 82 95 54 5 58 30 5 633 69 5 69l5 ..... 42 40 33 26 5 22 10 5 75 5) 3 82 3 94 S6 81 o 5; .. .. 92 57 60 62 35 29 25 13 5 81 3 91 5 80 1 90 78 3 87 .55 36 5 81 5 91 3.2 5 79 5 87 ~979 7 89 12 78 a.. g~24 76 6 82 36 74 7 87 77 62 68 .. 25 78 5 85 68 5' ... 69 5 ... 69 68 5 ... 76 1 80 51. 11 5 76 2 80 8 73 8 77 75 74 77 69 5... 6 72 5 75 68 5 67 5 66 5 .. .. .. S 48 72 2 75 55 72 474 5 45 70 217256 45 4 35 69 5 68 5 ~'60 70 3H72 " 0~ 84 773 . 45 70 6173 69 3 72 68 5 70 C 4 67 2 69 65 5.... DEPARTMENT DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING ETC., OF BIOLOGY. SPECIMENS OF TO THE EXPERIMENT DISEASED PLANTS, STATION. The Experiment Station is desirous of communicating with parties in all parts of the State in regard to the diseases of plants that are caused by parasitic fungi or insects. The special work of the Biologist is the investigation of such diseases, the recommendation of remedies where they are known, and experimentation to dis cover emedics where unknown. In furtherance of this hnportant work the Iiologist will be very glad to have the co-operation of any one interested in the disease of plants. Parties can aid in this work by sending specimens of the injured plants. Very often specimens are sent in such a condition that they are ruined by the time they reach their general directions are given tion. For this reason the followin destina- for seaing specimens. PLAiTS : DI)SEASED frcsh condition. which This can be doi.:e by uackingin The roots of plants should be kept in a cotton or cloth. wrapped is thoroughly dampened with water. They should then be leaves' in strog paper or placed in small boxes. disease is are sent, if the sender is not very sure whether caused by a fungus or by an insect, they should be packed in the the Wlen same way to keep them fresh. Whent it is certain the disease of the leavcs is caused fby a fungus they may b, first dried under gentie pressure to keep thei straight, or they may be packed between stiff paper, to keep them straight, and maihjiminediately. If in-' sects are found which are supposed to cause the trouble they should accompany the specimens. Fruits can be mailed in small woodlen boxes, allowing a little ventilation. INSECTS: -If the insect is in the small wooden box, or in a small glass vial which itself must be securely pbacked ini wooden box when it may be sent by mail. A portion of the food plant should be put in with the larva for food. in the adult stage, as a fly, mloth or beetle, it If the insect should be killed immediately. To do this quickly there is nothing undeveloped) it lhould be put ahive in a strong larva 'stagec (xvwotmn stage, or is so useful as a "cyantlde bottle." This is made in the following way: Take a lump of cyanide of Potassium about the size of a medium sized marble and put it in an empty, wide-wouthed quinine bottle, half cover the lump with water and then put in plaster of Paris until the water is absorbed, the plaster pressed tightly to the bottom and surface even and dry. Set this aside, uncorked, in a dry, vacant room for one or two hours, then put in the cork, and always keep the bottle corked except when it is necessary to open it, while capturing or removing the insect. The poisonous fumes from the cyanide of potassium arise through the porous plaster of Paris and fill the bottle. The insects should be left inside the bottle for a short time after they are quiet, to make sure they are dead. If the "cyanide bot- tle" is properly cared for it will last for a year without renewing. When the insect is dead, if one has not the regular Entomologist's pins it would be better to wrap it in soft paper before it gets dry and brittle, pack in a stout pasteboard box and mail, Moths and butterflies, insects with very fine scales (dust, powder) on their wings, should be handled very carefully for if the scales are rubbed off their wings they are ruined. They should be wrapped in iather stiff paper, first folding their wings up over their back. Accompanying the speeimens of diseased plants should be any notes which the sender may think to be of vague. Correspondence is desired from any one in regard to these sub jects, and further information about the collection or sending of specimens will be given upon inquiry. We shall also be glad to receive specimens of fungi, or abnormal growths wherever found, upon wild as well as cultivated plants. All specimens and communications relating to diseased plants should be addressed to GEO. F. ATKINSON, Biologist, State Experiment Station. Sept. 24, 1889. Auburn, Ala. BULLETIN NO. 8. NEW SERIES REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL EXPRIMENT-STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA., 0 - NOVEMBER, 1889. Commercial Fertilizers. 0 The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any farmer in the State, on application to the Director. BULLETIN NO.8, AGRICULTURAL EXPRIMENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA., - NOVEM3ER, 1889. 0 BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMTTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. J. G. GILCHRIST, .......... HON. I. F. LIGON. HON. J. B. MITCHELL. BOARD OF DIRECTION. W. L. BROUN ............................................... President Director and Agriculturist and Chemist BOTANIST J. S. NEWMAN .................................... N. T. LUPTON......................................Vice-Director tP. H. MELL........................................................ GEO. F. ATKINSON................................................. *Biologist ASSISTANTS : ISAAC ROSS .......... JAS. CLAYTON 1st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & Dairy Second Assistant Agriculturist ........................................... PH. D................................ J. T. ANDERSON, First Assistant Chemist ........ Second Assistant Chemist Third Assistant Chemist Botanist L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc................... P. L. HUTCHINSON, B. Sc.............................. A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc ........ :..............................Assistant tProf. Mell has also charge of Meteorological Observations. *The special work of the Biologist is the investigation of tbhe diseases of plants caused by parasitic fungi and insects. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. [BY N. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST.] THEIR USE OF MODERN ORIGIN. The use of fertilizers as articles of commerce is of modern origin. The fact that soils deteriorate by continued cultivation and removal of crops had long been observed before the cause was understood and the remedy applied. In the early history of this and other countries, the virgin soil produced abundantly and continued to do so without applications of any kind until the idea was prevalent that fertile soils are inexhaustible. The impoverishment however which eventually followed set men to thinking, and to devising means for the restoration of lost fertility. A close study of the soil, of the plant, and of the atmosphere, has revealed the relations they sustain to each other, and the conditions under which each can best contribute its part to the production of abundant crops. THE COMPOSITION AND FORMATION OF SOIL. An examination shows that soil is a mixture of more or less finely divided mineral and organic matter. This mineral matter consists of sand, clay, gravel, etc.; the organic matter of vegetable substances in various stages of decomposition. A closer examination, or analysis by the chemist, shows that these materials are composed of certain primary elements, united in fixed and definite proportions. The geologist tells us of a time, in the far distant past, when the earth existed as a mass of melted matter, which, gradually cooling, formed a solid crust. Upon this was precipitated the condensed moisture of the atmosphere, loaded with all the waters of ocean, lake and river, in the form of aqueous vapor. The disintegrating action of this powerful agency, added to that of the atmosphere itself, acting mecha-ically and chemically, crumbled and pulverized the surface of this solid mass until it became ready for the introduction and growth of plants. These, at first scanty, germinated, matured, and decayed until vegetable mould had accumulated in sufficient quantity to sustain the growth of organic substances in rich profusion. The vast beds of coal, wherever found, result from masses of vegetable growth, accumulated long before man existed on the earth. The geological changes of the past, however great and long continued, were the same in kind as those now going on, and the same forces acting on similar materials are still producing corresponding results. 163 THE DETERIORATION OF SOILS. The introduction:of man into the world, with his 7aried material and artificial wants, modified to no little extent the conditions previously existing. At first, the earth spontaneously produced sufficient, for his support, but as population increased, new wants were developed Instead of consuming his food on the soil where it grew, and leaving there the residue to fertilize succeeding crops, he stripped the land of its growth and accumulated its products in towns and cities, and that which he did not consume was cast into the sea or wasted in many ways. The forces of nature continued their renovating action by the production of new soil and by clothing the hills and valleys with vegetation, to supply the loss caused by man' extravagance, but eventually the richest lands of every civilized country were seen to be gradually but surely losing their power of production. This naturally led to an investigation of the conditions of plant growth and the means best adapted to restore and maintain a high degree of fertility. The results ,attained are the triumph of modern science and the boast of modern civilization. THE COMPOSITION OF PLANTS. The analysis of plants shows them to be composed of certain elements-from ten to lifteen in number. Ten of these are considered essential to plant growth, as follows: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, -Sulphur, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Sodium, manganese, silicon, chlorine, with traces of bromine, iodine, flourine, and a few others, are generally found, but are not considered absolutely necessary to the growth of vegetation. These same elements are found in the soil from which they are derived, and a few of them in the surrounding atmosphere. So abundant are most of them that only a few are likely to become exhausted where a proper system of cultivation is practised. These few constitute the valuable elements of COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. This term, as used in the Fertilizer laws of Alabama, "does not include common lime, land plaster, cotton seed, cotton seed meal, ashes, or common salt not in combination." In estimating commercial values, only three constituents, viz., phosphoric acid in two of its forms of solubility, potash and nitrogen, are taken into account; not that these are more important to plant growth than others, but because they exist in such minute quantities in soils that they become exhausted very soon, and plants can not grow without them. So important for the manufacture of commercial 164 5 fertilizers,are the raw materials containing these constituents that the earth has been searched and the seas explored to find localities where they exist. Millions of tons are used aninually to supply the demands of modern agriculture. SOURCES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. The chief sources of phosphoric acid are the bones of animals, guano, coprolites, or phosphatic nodules, mineral phosphates, and basic slag, generally known as Thomas' slag, or scoria. The frame-work of vetebrate animals consists of bones composed of about one-third organic and two-thirds mineral matter. The mineral matter is almost entirely phosphate of lime, known to the chemist as tri-calcium phosphate. The organic matter ifound in fresh or raw bones undergoes rapid disintegration on exposure to the atmosphere, leaving the bone or tri-calcium phosphate as a white mass, insoluble in water. Now, the plant requires its food to be in a soluble condition before it can be appropriated, and science has met this demand by converting insoluble bone phosphate into a soluble form. Sulphuric acid, acting upon the ground bones, seizes upon a portion of the lime, unlocks the phosphoric acid and changes it to the desired form for plant food. Following the teaching of science, numerous manufactories have been established for the conversion of these insoluble into soluble phosphates. The natural phosphates are not absolutely insoluble in water, and indeed are far from being so when in a finely divided state and in the presence of acids in the soil produced by the fermentation of organic matter-. Hence ground bones, floats, and other forms of finely divided natural phosphates, have considerable value as fertilizers. Commercial acid phosphates are the results of the action of sulphuric acid on natural phosphates, which renders them soluble in water and better adapted to the ne cessities of plant growth. Phosphoric acid in commercial fertilizers exists in three forms of combination with lime, generally known as soluble, reverted, and insoluble. In Alabama these are called, in' the act establishing the department of agriculture, water soluble, citrate soluble, and acid soluble. The chemist, in analyzing a phosphate, first dissolves out and determines the phosphoric acid soluble in water, then acts upon the residue with a solution of ammonium citrate for thirty minutes, at a temperature of 65 degrees centigrade, to dissolve out the citrate soluble, then acts on the second residue with hydrochloric acid to find the amount called acid soluble. A fresh portion of the phosphate is now taken, and the total phosphoric acid determined. From this, 165 the sum of the water soluble and acid soluble being taken, the remainder is citrate soluble. The water soluble is easily converted into citrate soluble by means of lime, and, without the addition of anything, undergoes a gradual change, and hence is said to be reverted. These two forms, water and citrate soluble, are considered of equal value as plant food, and taken together are called available phosphoric acid. Animal charcoal, made from bones by driving off volatile matter, is known as bone black, and used in large quantities to decolorize and refine sugar and other organic products. This bone black, in the course of time, becomes too impure for further use and is turned over to the fertilizer manufacturers to be converted into acid phosphate. Guano, the deposits and remains of countless flocks of birds which have inhabited from time immemorial the islands near the coast in tropical countries, is a prolific source of phosphoric acid. On some of these islands, such as the Peruvian, Patagonian, Falkland and Ichaboe, it seldom rains, ard hence the phosphate from this source is rich in salts of ammonia. Its condition is such that plants readily appropriate its constituents as food. Fossil bones, in connection with phosphatic nodules, in immense quantities, are found in South Carolina, and to some extent in other States and countries of the world. These are the remaihs of extinct animals which lived and died in , the swamps, shallow seas and lakes of an age long anterior to the present. It is estimated that over 4,000,000 tons of South Carolina phosphates have been used since their discovery some twenty or twenty-five years ago. These phosphates contain from 40 to 60 per cent. of phosphate of lime, and are now the most abundant source of phosphoric acid. Mineral phosphates, such as apatite, phosphorite, etc., apart from those in connection with fossil boies, have not been used to any great extent in this country. Basic slag, or Thomas' scoria, has of late years been used successfully as a source of phosphoric acid. Germany is said to have used 300,000 tons of this material during the past year. Many iron ores contain too large a percentage of phosphorus to be used in the manufacture of steel. the smeiting process, nor the ordinary process of converting pig iron into steel, removes the phosphorus contained in the ore. A few years ago a process was discovered in England and patented by Thomas and Gilchrist, which not only gets rid of the phosphorus in the steel, but leaves it in a condition to be used as a fertilizer. This process consists in converting the phosphorus into a phos- Weither 166 phate of lime, by driving a powerful blast of air through the molten iron contained in acruicible lined with magnesian lime. The resulting lime phosphate contains from 15 to 25 per cent. of phosphoric acid in connection with a large per cent. of iron, and when reduced to a fine powder forms a good substitute for floats and ground bones. The iron ores of Alabama, similar to those in Europe, will doubtless in a few years be made to yield a slag sufficiently rich in phosphoric abid t^ serve as a commercial fertilizer. Experiments with this fertilizer, at the agricultural experiment station, have demonstrated its nature. Similar results have been obtained at other stations. SOURCES OF POTASH. Potash. a combination of thee metal potassium and oxygen, is derived chiefly from kainit, muriate, wood and cotton seed hull ashes. Kainit is found in some salt mines, notably in the mines of Stassfurt, Germany. It contains from 10 to 15 per cent. of potash in the form of sulphate, the remainder being salts of sodium and magnesium. In 1885, 87,635 tons were imported into the United States. Muriate is also a product of salt mines, and contains from 40 to 50 per cent. of potash in the form of potassium chloride. In 1885, 21,196 ,tons of muriate were imported. The ashes of all plants contain potash in considerable quantities, and furnish a limited supply for the manufacture of fertilizers. SOURCES OF NITROGEN. Nitrogen, the most expensive constituent of commercial fertilizers, exists abundantly in the atmosphere, but in a condition that renders it unavailable as plant food. It must for this purpose be in combination as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia or organic nitrogen. Sodium nitrate, or Chili saltpetre, is extensively used as a source of nitrogen. In 1885, 55,902 tons were imported. Ammonium sulphate from gas works is also used. Refuse animal substances, such as dried blood, tankage, ftsA scrap, etc., are valuable sources of nitrogen, but in the South cotton seed and cotton seed meal are the most abundant sources of this element. VALUE OF COTTON SEED AS A FERTILIZER. A good sample of cotton seed meal contains about 7 per cent. of nitrogen, and in addition to this about 3 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and 1- to 2 per cent. of potash. The cotton seed itself contains about 22 per cent. of nitrogen, 167 1 1-5 per cent. of phosphoric acid and 1i per cent. of potash. One ton yields at the oil mill, on an average: 750 pounds of meal. 1000 " " hulls. 225 25 " " " " oil. lint. The hulls in one ton, when burned, yield about 15 pounds ,of ash. The oil and lint have no appreciable value as fertilizers, and very little more can be said of the hulls, as they contain a very large per cent. of woody fibre, and undergo decomposition slowly. Estimating the value of seed as a fertilizer, according to the valuation placed on its important constituents by the Department of Agriculture, it is worth $12.80 per ton, or 213 cents per bushel. To the farmer, it has a greater value than this as a feed-stuff for cattle, and if the manure be carefully preserved, very little of its fertilizing value is lost in feeding. So the farmer, by careful man a gement, can.realize a double value from his cotton seed. COMMERCIAL. VALUES. The law requires the Commissioner of Agriculture to pub lish an estimate of the commercial value of fertilizers offered for sale in the State, basing his calculations on the lowest per cent. of each constituent guaranteed by the manufacturer. The following values are given for the ensuing season: Water soluble phosphoric acid, 714 cents per pound. Citrate Potash '" Nitrogen " " . " " " " " 37 " " " 19 5 " " " While these figures are only approximate, they are useful to the farmer in deciding the relative value of different goods, and are a safe guide in making purchases. The calculations may be made as follows: Multiply the per cent. of water soluble and citrate soluble phosphoric acid by $1.50; the per cent. of nitrogen by $3.90; the potash by $1, and add the products together. The sum will be the comumercial value of one ton of the goods. Take a fertilizer which shows the following composition Water soluble phosphoric acid 7 per cent. Citrate " " " 2 " " Nitrogen " " Potash " 3.90 by 2" 1.00 by 1 " " 7.80, 1.50, " " " " " " 2 " 14" " nitrogen. potash. Then $1.50 by 9-$13 50, value of the phosphoric acid. " Total value......:...$22.80. The schedule of valuations adopted by several of the 168 9 Northern States for 1889, as published in the New Jersey Bulletin of July 15, is as follows: . 19 cents per pound. Nitrogen in ammonia salts.. ........ " " " nitrates ......................17 " " Organic nitrogen........................19 Phosphoric acid soluble in water...... 8 " . " " .. " " " " " " ." ammonia citrate . .8 3 ... . Phosphoric acid soluble insoluble. ....... Potash as sulphate.................... " " m uriate...................... 6 ..... 4 " " " " These do not differ materially from the values in Alabama, the and, as stated iin bulletin,"are intended to represent the retail cash cost of these constituents in the raw materials before they are mixed to form a complete fertilizer." The nitrogen in cotton seed meal at $20 per ton is worth only a little over 14 cents per pound, and at this price is the cheap'est form in which nitrogen, having a high agricultural value, can be gotten. THE MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. Any farmer can buy the raw materials, mix them together and thus manufacture his own fertilizers at much less cost than the same goods sell for in the market. Composts are the cheapest of such mixtures, and indeed are the most satisfactory form in which fertilizing materials can be used, especially for permanent improvement of the soil. An excellent compost for general use may be made of cotton seed, barn yard manure, and acid phosphate, in the following proportions: 700 pounds of barn yard manure. . " cotton seed. 700 600 " i " acid phosphate. Several methods are in vogue for mixing the materials. The most satisfactory is that used at the Experiment Station, and consists in mixing them on the smooth ground, one ton at a time. The barn yard manure and cotton seed are first mixed and thoroughly moistened with water, then rolled or mixed with the acid phosphate. The mixture is spread out from six to ten inches deep, another ton thoroughly moistened and mixed, is placed on this, and so on until the heap is from 4 to 6 feet high. This is allowed to stand at least six weeks before using. The old method is to spread the barrn yard manure on the ground from 3 to 4 inches deep, then the cotton seed, then acid phosphate. Add layer after layer until the heap is from 4 to 6 feet high, watering the mass until it is quite moist, and let stand about six weeks before using. When chopping down for use mix thoroughly. A third method is to open a deep furrow, scatter in it the materials, either one at a time or previously mixed, and bed on them, thus dispensing with the compost heap. 169 10 To prepare a good commercial fertilizer for general application, a floor is needed upon which to mix the materials, and a hoe or a wooden mixer for stirring them together. Acid phosphate, cotton seed meal, and kainit or muriate are the materials required for a "complete" fertilizer, sand may be mixed in the following proportions: 1000 pounds of acid phosphate. 800 " " cotton seed meal. 200 " " kainit. If the land needs more phosphoric acid and less potash, use 1200 pounds of acid phosphate and 100 of kainit, or none at all, and if nitrogen is greatly needed in the soil, use 1000 pounds of cotton seed meal. In the above formula, the per cent. of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash in the mixture will be about as follows: 1000 lbs. of phosphate containing 15 per cent. water and citrate soluble acid, yield ............... . 150 lbs. phos. acid. 800 lbs. of cotton seed meal with 3 per cent. phos24 ........... phoric acid, yield............... 800 lbs. cotton seed meal with 7 per cent. niitogen, yield 56 " nitrogen. 800 " " " " " 1.75 per cent. potash, " 14 " potash. 200 " kainit with 12 1-2 per cent potash yield........ 25 Thus we have in one ton 164 lbs. available phos. acid--8 70 " .. . 56 " nitrogen...........-2 80 "' " 39 " potash..........-1.95 Commercial value ................... . ........ $25.92 THE ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS. " " per cent. " " " The law requires the manufacturer who sells his goods in Alabama to brand on each bag, or package, his guaranteed analysis of the fertilizer contained therein. To protect the farmer against fraud, an ' official chemist" has been provided by the State, whose duty it is to furnish the Commissioner of Agriculture, a correct analysis of every sample of fertilizer sent to him by the commissioner, and every farmer in the State can obtain the services of the chemist, free of cost, to test the guarantee of the manufacturer, and if the goods do not come up to the guarantee, the law releases the purchaser from any obligation to pay for the fertilizer. Before this law went into operation, worthless fertilizers were brought into the State and sold without hindrance. Protection is now afforded to both farmers and manufacturers, and very few attempts are made to misrepresent the composition and value of fertilizers offered for sale. The analyses made in the laboratory since the last report, issued the 1st of April, and contained in this bulletin, embrace a variety of fertilizers which may be classed as follows: Complete fertilizers........79 Natural pliosphates........24 Acid phosphates.. ........ 19 Miscellaneous ................ 22 M arls............................. 9 170 PHOSPHATES WITH NIThROGEN BY WHOM SENT. AND POTASH. Phosphoric Acid. LE~OGO ~~T~T1TI ~r~-~ ~L 1 IIT~~TT II ~L1~ 61 cH NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. U~ 0 1 68 1.96 1 68 1.75 -c 0 i.r-+ , U 0t 1236 Fertilizer. ...... 1238 Guano............................ 1250 Fertilizer.......................... 1251 " 1252 " . ..... C F Walker, Alexander City, Ala. John Day. Cotton Hill) Ala................ W R Hunnicutt 1253 Standard Fertilizer................... 1255 Eddystone Guano................ 1256 Rainbow Guano .. .............. 1257 Home Mixture...................... 1262 Fertilizer- .................. 1263 ' W W Newberry, Dothan, Ala............. J Cook, Bartlett, Ala....... J 11 Cash, Fernbank, Ala .............. R S Williams, Wetumpka, Ala............. &Son, ' H-eflin, Ala.....:.... T W A Miller, Hardwicksburg, Ala..... I Cochran Williams, Belcher, Ala.. A J Whitten,'Sr. Alexander City, 1264 " 1279 Webb's Excelsior.................... 1267 Fertilizer.:........ 1268 1269 1270 ~ D W Proctor, Dillsburg, .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. W J Reynolds, Montevallo, Ala........... S F Proctor. Dillshurg, Ala.. .......... W W Morris, W J ALa. Reynolds, Montevallo, Ala.............. Ala. .............. Ala........... . «. (2) (1) " 1271 Bowker's .... 1272 Baker's- Fertilizer ...... Daleville, Fertilizer. 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1280 1280 Soluble Pacific Guano.......... Eddystone Guano . ....... ..... Aurora Am. Phosphate .......... ... . Ga. State Standard Superphosphate.. W M Hardwick, Hardwicksburg, Ala.... .... Home Mixture Guano....... ........... . W C Menefee, Orion, Ala................ Fertilizer .... .............. . ..... .W W Morris, Daleville, Ala............... " . 1282Sea Fowl Gtuano.... .... ...... WV Watson; Oakville, Ala .............. . .............. ......... . J R Caldwell, Chulafinnee, Ala............ C 8.29. 3.11 5 -.20 6.62 9.40 0 70 6.95 2.48 11.13 2.19 5.52 2.13 8.31 2.69 8 40- 3 .85 7.351-1.54 9.36 2.06 8.03 1.79. 8.25 1.72 1.76 1.08 4.64 5.16 1 .99 8.29 1.04 9.42 1.70 8.23 1.91~ 6.72 3.35 6.43 3.80 6.58 4.61~ 7.14 1.97 9.63 1.03 6.50 1.35 2.50 9.81 5.14 8.48 2.72 8.28 1.11 $24 76 1.12 26 49, 2.10 23 80 2:45 23 41 1.73 1.71 1.28 27 92 1.81 2 94 2.65 25 58 3.64 1.68 1.55 24 60 2.39 0.98 1.64 23 83 1.30.2.87 2.73 27 25 2.38 27 70 2.07 1.08 2.38 3.16 26 57 1.95 1.75 1.78 23 55 0.41. 4.90 2 34 25,75 2.84 1.96 0 86 2116 1.68 3.57 1.69 26 33 0.53 2.80 2.21 27.12 2.10 1.40 1.00 23 14 2.32 1 82 1 02 23 32 2.10 1.68 1.54 23 19 2.90 1.96 0.96 23 94 2.23 1.75 0 55 24.15 1.08 2.66 1.68 25 71 1.71 1.82 0.94 24 04 0.91 2.66 2.31 24 45 4.011 1 96 0 89 24 62 2.24j 1.89 1 38 26 67 1.14 26 67 2.411 2 21 4.48 2 97 1.76 '2.10 h-S 2.24 PHOSPHATES WITH NITROGEN AND' P1IOSPIIATES.CONTINUED. 'Phosphoric O " Acid. U. a I ) NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. BY WHOM SENT. Cr, I ----. Qcn 5.41 2.00 7. 661.08 8.17 1.98 7 87 2.27 7.98 1.84 8 793.09 9.133.16 9 150 82 4.66 3 53 - 21 2.00 5.74 3.19 9 001.36 7.25 1.91 3 1I 1283 Tins'.ey's Standard Fertilizer........... 1284 Ammoniated Dis. Bone............... 1285 Furman's Dis. Bone.................. 1286 Old ' Hickory Guano.. ..... 1287 1288 Buffalo Bone Guano .......... 1289 Scott's A. A. Bone Guano.............. 1290 Patapsco Guano.................... 1h91((Horse Shoe Brand Animal Dis Bone . 1292 Ga. Test Guano...................... 1293 Potapsco Guano..................... 1194 Pacific Guapo ...................... 1295 Farmer's Stand. Phosphate............. Guano.................... 1296 1297 Farmers Standard .................... 129 Fertilizer ... ...... .................. 1300 . 1301 Pure Dis. Animal Bone ................ 1304 Fertilizer................ ......... 1305 Patapsco Guano........... .... .... . 1306 Gossypium Guano .......... .......... 1310 Fertilizer No. I............... 2. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1311 1312, 1313 Ammoniated Dis. Bone ...... ........ . 1314 Farmers Am'd. Dis. .. ... ....... . 1315 Home Mixture............... ....... . HOA Seale, Columbiana, Ala........ W H Rhodes, Edwardyille, Ala.............. Jordan, Manning & Co, Guntersville, Ala... . J R Hicks, Weaver Station, Albert R Ala......... . Head, Joy. Ala .................. R Nation, Bluntsville, Ala ... ....... J W A Brown, Walnut Grove, Ala ............ D Alen, Haleburg, Ala........... ....... W S Johnson, Haleburg, Ala............. . 'Americus A S Davis, a jJ JJackson, Oatston,,Ala . ................. Hardwicksburg, R Lewis, 26 4,07 'Ala...... ...... W A Lee, " W E Bradley, Abbeville, Ala ............... Robert Nuckolls, Berry Station, Ala ......... J H Grace, Hardwicksburg, Ala........... E N Willis, A J McMurraine, Riverside, Ala....... R E Conyer, H-ackneyville, Ala:...... ...... J A Faulk, Hardwicksburg, Ala........... E A Chamhers, Zornville, Ala............. T 7.62 2.17 9.12 0.60 7 682.50 i11.802 65 5.72 2.55 . 9 191.41. Bone. j Farmer & Co, Shortersville, . Ala ........ 6.721 89 7,25 1.85 8.54 1.78 9.77 1.36 10.15 3.24 7. 481.74 7.04 1.611 2.88 2 10 0.52 3.62 2.17 1.66 1.31 1.26 0.87 3.03 1.96 0.70 3.04 1.96 1.63. 0.88 2-80 1.95 2 64 1.68 0.98 3 20 1.61 1.00 4.11 2.451 0.27 2.86 2.26 1.13 3.74 2.17 1.46 1.31 1.82 1.60 1.63 1.96 1.44 4.53 2.52 1.35 1.49 1'75 1.92 1.32 2.66 3 44 1.5S 2.10 3 55 1.48 1.40 2.30 2.59 3 30 2.41. 1 96 1 02 2.43 2.24 1 .92 1.32 2 26 1.37 1.00 2.17 1.681.17 2.59 2 0.64 1.91 3 68 2.79 1.96 1.419 0.95 2.31 3.1 85 19 82 23 33 21 00 23 55 23 _00 30.69 24 46 22 22 22 10 25 25 23 34 24.23 22 82 22 16 23 42 28 39 26 81 27 13 25 80 24.56 23* 56 25 25 '26 31 37 62 79 20 22 66 25 10 J T McIuff, Berry Station, Ala............ 1316 Gossypium Phospho. ... .............. A G Blackshear, Haleburg, Ala............ 1317 Farmers Standard Phosphate.... ....... 1322Ga. State Standard Superphosphates ...... E W Chambers, Zornville, Ala............. J S Newman, Auburn, Ala.............. .... . 1323 Compost ............... T P Smith, Smithville, Ala............... 1324 Ga. State Grange ...................... 1325 Ga. State Grange Fertilizer.............. .Howe Bros, Edwardsville. Ala............ Holton, Wesley, Ala............... 1340 Home Mixture............. A J Conway, Peters, Ala.................. ...... ....... 1342 Fertilizer ................ JJ Hester, Waverly, ' 1343 I R Brusher, Baiyt,'Ala........... J ......... 1344 Old Hickory................ E W Robertson, Joppa, Ala............... 1346 Old Hickory ........................ J P Raines, Peters, Ala................... 1347 Zell's Guano....................... Noah Carroll, Ozark, 1348 B. S. Guano . ......................... Geo W Mott, Catalpa, Ala................ 1351 Guano....................... 1352 John Merryman & Co.'s Guano............ W J Beverly, Rosewood, Ala............ 7.39 2.05 6723 .43 8650.98 2.5 03 1.69 1.08 2.24 2-.14 23 73 1:681.961 James Ala.................. Ala................ 1353 Southern Am'd. Dis. Bone.......... .......... .. ................... 1354 Fertilizer.......... 1355 Eutaw Fertilizer................. ...... 1356 Fertilizer ............... 1361 " 0O . .J G Wester, Plano, Ala................... IG T Jeter, LaFayette, Ala.................Ala....... B Langford, Barnes X Roads, " " .i . . " 1376 " 1381 13821 Baker's Stand. Guano ................... .............. 1384j Ober's Guano ........... 14891 Guano ................... . .... . ........ TW LRWoodham, Ozark ,Ala......... Sims, Newton, Ala . Richards, Belcher, R Ala Adams, j- TDGunierly,Chulafinnee,Ala................... ...... . Haleburg, Ala.............. Jos ......... . S M Adams, Troy, Ala 1 .75 2.37 23 6R 2 51308 1.18 3 ,01 1,17. 21 28 9.400.71, 2.63 1.75 2.60 24, 58. 8.71 1.18 5.64 1.54 2.181 23'01 6.02l1.82 1.14 2.24 2.64 93 13 8.04274 2.73 1.96 1.78 25 50 7.94'0 65 1.18 2.10 2 69 23 91 7.562.32 2.46 1.96 1.05 23 51. 31 6.872-77 3.66 2 03 0.94 ~23 8.562 48 2.8 1.40 0.77 22 79 2.10 1.86 26 46 5.91 5.03 2 7.66 0.93 2.93 2.24 0 96 22 57 6.392-.35 3.89 2.38 1 .62 24 01 7.94 2.86 2 16 1 96 1 .33 25 *'17 9.06 232 1.65 1.96 1.65 26 36 7.41 257 2.82 2 24 1.50 25'20 6.31.2.15 1.29 1.82 1 .03 20 81 0.65 6.93 5.16 31 0.40 23 -80 9 001.99 1.47 .96; 2.91 27 03 2.157.75 5.05 2.24 0.78 24 36 2.864.71 2.43 1.77 1 42 19 67 3.853.27 2.24 1.68 1.35 18 58 7.851 80 2.591 .89 1 .00 22 84 2.67 09- 14 ACID PHOSPHATES. _______ -Phosphoric Z Name of Fertilizer. V'U Acid. By Whom Sent. 2 1239 Eng'h Acid Phosphate W.S.Herman,Autaugaville Ala 12.34:3.17 1.76 Etiwan Dis. Bone... Col.J. S. Auburn,Ala 9.65 4.06 3.53 1246 Newman, " 23.36 20.56 1247 Dissolved Bone Black ". "i "t13.97 3.00 0.07 25.45 1254 Phosphate.... ..... : 1259 Dissolved Bone Phos. 1261 Tinsley Acid Phos... 1278 Patapsco Acid Phos. 1298 Phosphate....... .. A.J.Bradley, Maple Grove, Ala A. J. Huston, Talladega, Ala.. W. S. Merony, Montevallo,Ala G. W. Hamil, Troy, Ala ... W. B. Wingard, 6.48 10.01 12.15 11.67 11.13 5.78 3.80 2.86 3.51 1.88 2.4818.39 2.08 20.76 3.19 22.50 1.08 22.77 Glee, Ala ... 1.87 20.51 130. Scott's Acid Phos... E.N. Willis,Hardwicksburg,Ala 10.08 4.02 1308 1318 1339 1338 Dissolved Bone Phos. W. E. Brown, Haleburg, Ala.. G. W. Hainil, Troy, Ala ... Phosphate....... Dissolved Bone Phos. J. H. Patterson, Dean St'n, Ala Sterling Acid Phos.. C. C. Grout, Auburn, Ala.... 1341 Sun'y So. Acid Phos. Rainer Brothers, Troy, 1345 Dissolved Bone Phos, D. L. Campbell, 1349 Phosphate.... ...... Thos. B. Kelly, Cluttsville, Ala 13.20 3.21 1.56 24.69 FERTILIZERS. Phosphoric Acid. Ala.... 11 " 7.68 3.02 1.68 16.05 4.08 6.86 5.52 17.31 10.36 4.05 2.25 21.61 0.69 21.71 11.88 3.84 8.61 12.07 4.86 2 41 21.15 2.63 3.37 18.66 1.79 25.37 MISCELLANEOUS 0 0 YIVVIL L-VVLIIIHI~V - IU LIICHIU ~ . ~1 aleA DeZ Name of Fertilizers. By Whom Sent. U)C C) 0 Inl A0 4-3 I~ULILI U-\II~ILl~i 1248 Natural Phosphate.. Columbus Fert'zer Co., Ga 36.13 1249 16.62 1258 Sulphate of Potach. . E.C.PotterHainesCityAla 21.45 1260 Sodium Roberts, Mobile, Ala 16.38 .... W. E Bradley, Abbeville 1302 Kainite. 1326 Swan Island Guano.. F. S. Roberts, Mobile, Ala 0.18 5.71 14.14 1375 Carib Guano ...... J. C .Webb, Demopolis, Ala 21.42 0.56 0.12 1379~ Muriate of Potash. E.Ala.Fert'zer Co.,Clayton 49.18 1383 Cotton Seed Meal... Cent'! Oil Co.,Montg'y,Alaf 3.22 6.79 1.96 1394 Tankage......... Columbus Fertilizer Co.,Ga 8.19 .. 1395 Tankage No.1 conc'td S. D. Rees, Mobile, Ala.. 1.07 11.67 .. "4 No. 2 ground 1396 17.80 5.67. " No. 3 crush'd' 1397 17.45 5.67 .. ' Nitrate. .F.,S 174 MARLS. o Name of Substance. 6-4 By Whom Sent. c~~~. 0 0C 1239 Green Sand Marl... J. M. Carter, Qateston, Ala. ........ 1265 Shell Marl ..... A. R. McDonald, Montg'y, Ala .... 1319 Clay & shells (white) Knabe & Scott, Montg'y, Ala ... 1320' 11#1t 0.19 87.60 0.21 54.00 0.21 .... .. .. . 1380 1385 Marl............... 1386 Marl ...... Marl........W. J. Tones, Allenton, " " ' " (black) .36.00.0.09... A. B. 1387 Marl ............... 1390 Marl .......... J. J. 75.90.5.674 0 M. Marshal, Allenton, Ala.. 49.25 33.63 0.07,.. E. Rushing, Trov, Ala .... 36.45 49-.86 trace.. AUBURN, ALA, Parks, Mt. Meigs, Ala.. 44..4. Ala* 36 29 53.76 0.51 28.50 57.86 0.19 FERTILIZERS USED ON, EXPERIMENT STATION, Phosphoric .Acid. 1240-1247. c; 0 cnUtn * ~o 0Z 0 a v° ~b, Kainite ........................................... Muriate.................. ......... ... ....... ...... ... ...... ...... ........ ...... ...... .... ...... ...... .... ...... 9.65 4.06 Sulphate of Ammonia ....... .... Nitrate of Soda .. I........... .............. Dried Cotton Seed Etiwan Blood..... ........................ Meal........................ Dissolved Bone ...... ......... 20 44 . 15 40 . ...... 52.51 10. 1S ...... 5.11 .. 3.52 7.35 1.61 3 53..... ...... Dissolved Bone Black .................... 13.97 3.00 0.17 .. .. NATURAL PHOSPHATES FROM FLORIDA.--II. BUSSEY, COLUMBUS, GA. 9 132'6-1334. Phosphoric Acid........ 1336-13:37 Phosphoric Acid... No.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ....... FROM 0.36 2.501.031.13 0 94 0.94 0.73 1.20336. 65 : 0.46 0 F. D. 84 BAT MANURE TINSLEY, SELMA, ALA. _____1358-.13610. _No. IV o. 2 88 4 83 2. No. 3. 7.09 Phosphoric Acid .... Nitrogen .............. 1351-1373. Phosphsoric Acid.... ................................ ................... 18.30 ... Potash................... ........................... 0 56 0.80 0.32 ROCKS SUPPOSED TO BE PIIOSPHATIC FROM L. M. BASHINSKY, TROY, ALA. INo.11 21 3 0,.7010.1210 1210 140110,0610.0510 5 6 '1718 9 10 11 2110.1210 1510.1510.18 These specimens are varieties of Marl and Rotten Limestone and of no commercial value. 175 Science Contributions. Vol. I., No. I. BULLETIN NO. 9. NEW SERIES REPORT OF Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA., DEC., 1889. Contents: BIOLOGY.-NEMATODE ROOT-GALLS-A Preliminary Report on the Life History and Metanmorphoses of a Root-Gall Nematode, ileterodera radicicola (Greeff) Mull., and the injuries produced by it upon the Roots of various Plants. 0 The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any farmer in the State, on application to the Director. SCIENCE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, DECEMBER, 1889. AUBURN, ALA., - - 0 VOL. I., NO. I. A Preliminary Report upon the Life History and Metamorphoses of a Root-Gall Nemnatode, Heterodtera radicicota (Greeff) Miiil., and the Injuries caused by it upon the Roots of various Plants. B-Y GEO. F: ATKINSON. Whenever subjects of any special scientiftic interest arise in the original re searches of the Departments, it is purposed to publish them under the name of "Science Contributions". BULLETIN NO.9, OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Agricultural and Mechanical.College, .AUTB URN, ALA., - DECEMBER, 1889. 0 BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. J. . GILCHRIST,........ HON. R. F. LIGON. HON. J. B. MITCHELL. BOARD OF DIRECTION. W. L. BOUN............. .................................. President Vice-Director and Chemist BOTANIST *Biologist J S. NEWMAN......................................Director and Agriculturist N. T. LUPTON ............................ IP. H. MELL ......................................... GEO. F. ATKINSON ..................................... ASSISTANTS : SAAC Hoss...........1st JAS. CLAYTON ......................... J. Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & Dairy Second Assistant Agriculturist First Assistant Chemist T. ANDERSON, PH. D ................................ L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc............................ ..... .... ........ .... Second Assistant Chemist Third Assistant Chemist P. L. HUTCHINSON, B. Sc.............................. A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc....... ........ Assistant Botanist tProf. Mcli has also charge of Meteorological Observations. *The special work of the Biologist is the investigation of the diseases of plants caused by parasitic funigi ad innsects. NEMATODE ROOT-GALLS. ---- --By GEO. F. ATKINSON. I. INTRODUCTORY. The purpose of the present paper is to put in the form of a preliminary report the results of some investigations made this autumn, in the neighborhood of the Experiment Station, upon the nature and cause of the abnormal growths found upon the roots of various plants. These deformities are popularly termed "rootknot". Soon after entering upon my new field of labor here, my S. attention was called to the subject by the Director, Prof. J. exceptionally "knotty." The investigations were begun the first of October, 1889, and continued for about six weeks when the subject matter of this preliminary report was sent to the press. At the time the work was undertaken I was unaware that a Bulletin was being published by the Division of Entomology, U. S. Agr. Dept., under the direction of Dr. C. V. Riley, embodying the results of investigations made by Dr. J. C. Neal of the Florida Experiment Station. The first notice I had of this work was from INSECT LIFE*. Newman who showed me tomato plants the roots of which were That workt has since been distributed, and has reached me just about the time of going to press. Unfortunately there are many possess valerrors in the part dealing with the structuire and life history of the nematode, though some of the economic suggestions ue. It is but just to Dr. Riley to say that hlie is not personally rethat the nematodes "do sponsible for the errors contained in the Bulletin, since he states in an introductory paragraph (loc. cit.) not, in a Zoological sense, strictly belong to the Division work. * * * The Bulletin makes no pretense to be a scientific treatise *Vol. II.. No. 3, Washington, 1889. tBulletin No. 20. Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., The Root Knot Disease of the Peach, Orange, and other Plants in Florida, Washington, 1889, 177 6 on the life history of these worms, but is inthe rhain an effort to ascertain a suitable remedy. The general literature on the subject has not been at Dr. Neal's command, and my time is so fully occupied otherwise that I can do little or nolhing at present in the way of identification of species or of comparing Dr. NeaPs results with those of European investigators, which, as a matter of fact, are of little practical importance." The conditions this autumn at Auburn have been quite favorable for determining a number of interesting facts relating to the development and transformations of this nematode, as well as the duration of a life cycle showing the number of successive generations in a year. II. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF THE DISEASE. By a reference to Plates I., II. and III. the external characters of the disease can be seen. These Plates repspecimens of the roots "knotted" resent respectively parsnip and salsify. Irish potato, tomato, and of the is reduced to Plates I. and III. are natural size; Plate II. average specsize. All are from two-thirds natural imens. The abnormal growths on the tomato root appear as irregularly fusiform, knotty, or nodulate enlargements, two to ten times the natural diameter of the roots. The surface of the gall is at first smooth, more or less undulate, or papillate, but becomes. later roughened, scurfy, or cracked and finally decay of the tissues sets in. The tap root and the earlier lateral roots were attacked early in the season and when the photograph was taken they were partially decayed and falJing to pieces. When the roots begin to die they send out new roots in the efforts of the plant to recover from the effects of the disease. These roots in turn are attacked and deformed as represented in the figure. Other plants were found with the tap root still alive, very much enlarged and cracked, and the disease in an active state. The enlargements of the roots of the Irish potato are similar in form to those of the tomato, though on specimens I have examined they are not so large or numerous. The surface of affected tubers first presents minute elevations usually at the point on the surface, corresponding to a 178 lenticel. The minute elevation soon grows to be quite a large convex elevation and finally cracks..In the seed potato in the figure, Plate I., the cracks can be seen, while on the young potato represented in the upper left hand corner the projections are still quite smooth. These characters of the disease in the tubers will be referred to again. There is great variation in the form of the galls even on the roots of a single species. Plate V., figures 31 and 32 represent respectively the galls on the roots of the cotton plant and peach. The fibrous roots of the peach possesshort ovoid, usually lateral galls- sometimes they are symmetrical. As the root becomes older and the disease spreads the external appearance is more as represented by the larger root in the figure, the surface irregularly enlarged, roughened and cracked. This description of the external characters of the disease will serve to introduce the subject. A more detailed comparison of the variations in different plants will be given below. III. MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS. Upon examinationtthe enlargements proved to be the galls produced by the presence of a niematode worm, Ieterodera radicicola Miill.* (Angtillula radicicolaGreefft, Anguillula arenaria N. ex parte). If we cut directly across one of these tomato root galls, make a very thin shaving from the cut end and prepare it for examination with the microscope the micro-characters of the disease will be revealed. Fig. 36, Plate VI., represents such a preparation magnified. a and b represent two female cysts; a is mature, b is in an earlier stage of development. If the female cyst is very old the cavity in the tissues of the root will be seen to be occupied by young thread-like worms-the larvae--and eggs in dif ferent stages of development, floating in a semi-fluid, granular, gelatinous substance, the amorphic remains of the parent worm. *Mittheilungen Uiber unseren Kulturpflanzen schuidliche, das Geschlecht Reterod(era bildenden Wiiriner, Landwirtlischaftliche Jahbiicher. Band Ref I., S. 1-42, Berlin, 1884. fSitzungsbericht. der Marburg Gesell. z. Befiird. d. Naturwiss, 1872, 5. 169. IBulletin No. 20, U. 5.'Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Washington, 1889. XIII., 179 8 See fig. 37, Plate VI. If the knife in making the section should pass through a young female cyst, the cavity would seem to be occupied by granular protoplasm and. numerous small fat globules, or as in many instances is the case, the long tubes of the uterus and ovaries with young ova in different stages of development may be seen. If the knife should pass by the side of the animal without injuring it the cavity would then contain a perfect animal variable in form according to age or the character of the surround ing tissues of the root. See fig. 29, a and b, Plate V.; figs. 36, a and b, 40, a, and 41, a, Plate VI. In order to understand the real nature of the cysts and the effeet produced upon the growth and structure of the deformed root, it will be well to note the foim and general characters of the mature female cyst, and then follow with a detailed account of the development, transformations and habits of the sexes, which forms one of the most wonderful and interesting subjects it has ever been my lot to investigate. IV. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE MATURE FEMALE CYST. I have selected the mature female cyst as a preliminary study because of its comparatively large size as compared with the males or young, because it is so much more easily found than the males, and almost any one who has a low power microscope at hand can demonstrate with ease the general characteristics here given. When the galls on the roots of some plant,which has tender tissues like.the roots of the tomato, are badly cracked and in the incipient stages of decay if one is broken there will usually be seen whitish, or dull yellowish irregularly oval bodies, from one-fourth to one-half of a millemetre (one-hundredth to one-fiftieth of an inch) in diameter, that are easily differentiated with the unaided eye from the discolored and broken surrounding tissue. Usually the unaided eye can detect also the head end projecting as a minute point on one side giving to the object the appearance of a minute "gourd", or "crooked neck squash", or a minute inflated bladder. With the aid of a small hand glass at least this peculiarity of form can be seen. These are the gravid female cysts. 180 Placing some of these cysts so that they can been seen under the microscope and mnagnifying them about 100 times they will appear something like figs. 34 and 35, Plate VI; or 27, Plate IV. The resemblance now to a small "gourd" is easily seen. The head is at the small end. In the mouth hole can be seen a short slender cylindrical spear broadend at the base which ends in three short lobes. This spear is hollow, the anterior end lies in the mouth opening at the middle point of the head end of the animal. It is capable of extension at the will of the animal and is moved by pairs of muscles directly attached to it. Fig. 34, a, Plate VI. The spear of the male nearly agrees in form. This is represented more highly magnified in plate IV., fig. 21z, c, and fig. 25, a. In this latter figure only two of the lobes at the base of the spear are represented. The mouth opening is cylindrical and behind broadens into the mouth hole. In the males the anterior end of the exsertile spear is supported by six lamellae the ends of which form the anterior end of the head and fit around the spear. A front view of the arrangement of the lamelle presents a radial, stellate figure, which is shown in fig. 24, Plate IV., drawn also from the male. The esophagus begins at the base of the exsertile spear. The anterior part is a long slender tortuous channel which looks like a dark line reaching to near the swelled portion of the cyst where is the middle part of the oesophagus. The middle part of the sophagus is an ovoid or ellipsoidal transparent muscular bulb, which has a fibrillate structure, the fibrille radiating from the centre. Seen in side view this bulb looks very much like a small wheel. In Plate VI. fig. 34, b is the bulb, or middle part of the esophagus. The slender tortuous channel forming the anterior part is represented connecting this with the base of the spear a. The posterior part of the oesophagus connects with the alimentary canal, neither of which are represented in the figure, as the mass of fat globules usually renders the body too opaque at this age. Were it not for a slight movement of the apparatus just described, or a trifle"nodding" of the head there would be nothing to suggest what we ordinarily consider a sign of life. Occasionally even while the cyst is under microscopic examination the exsertile 181 10 spear is thrust slowly out at the mouth, and then drawn back, at the same time the anterior part of the oesophagus being connected with it is also moved. Sometimes the apparatus slides far enough so that the tortuous anterior part of the oesophagus is straightened and the bulb is moved a little forward and backward. Sometimes there appears also a slight sidewise movement of the anterior part of the head, a sudden "erkey" motion. This sidewise movement of the head is probably from force of the habit of the worm in its larval stage when movement from place to place is accomplished by a constantly changing tortuous motion of the body. Miiller* speaks of an expansion and contraction of the middle part of the oesophagus which he has observed. By this means nutriment from the plant is sucked in through the lumen of the spear into the oesophagus and thence into the alimentary canal. Now turning the eye upon the large part of the body the first thing to attract attention is the presence of two long cylindrical objects coiled within. Usually at this age of the cyst the development of numerous fat globules on the interior of the body renders it so opaque that the terminations of these tubes and their connection with the body wall cannot be seen. Figs. 34 and 35, Plate VI., represent such opaque cysts. In some parts of the tube, however, can be seen polygonal cells, the faces where they meet making a zigzag line along the tube. Towards the posterior end of the cyst there can usually be seen oblong bodies lying within the tube or free in the body cavity. If these bodies are lying on their side they resemble a bean in shape. They are the eggs, and the long objects coiled within the body are the genital tubes. By examining a number of mature female cysts from the galls of plants with soft tissues there will be found occasionally one which i's not very opaque, as the fat globules are less numerous. Having found such a cyst we can see that the two tubes unite near the posterior part of the body and form a common passage, of a greater diameter, but quite short, which extends to an opening, the vulva. Then by following with the eye the sinuous course of the tubes in the other direction the anterior ends will be found *Mittheilungen fiber unseren Kulturpflanzen schdilliche, das Geschlecht Heterodera bildenden Wilrmer, 1884. 182 11 lying free within the body near the anterior portion. From the part where the tubes fork for nearly half their length is the uterus. The anterior free ends are the ovaries;the middle part functions as the oviduct and receptaculum seminis. Fig. 27, Plate IV.,represents a cystnot very opaque,d is the vulva,e th e uterus,and thefree ends in the anterior portion the ovaries. The anal opening in the mature atf. female cyst becomes displaced; it is represented in fig. 27 magnified. V. DEVELOPMENT AND METAMORHOSES. Fig. 28, Plate IV., represents the uterus and ovaries very highly (See Plate IV.) EGGs.-The young ova are developed in great numbers in the grown ovaries. Fig. 28 represents them when some are full and the genital tubes length. They are are spherical. onal are crowded tender for nearly their entire and when free very and plastic, But packed and confined as they are in several rows inside the wall of the ovaries they are held in apolygform. Each one contains a large nucleus and a distinct nuWhen quite young they are nearly hyaline, and transparent. Near the anterior ends of the ovaries they are several lay- cleolus. ers, deep across its diameter. As they grow in size the increased pressure forces the elongated mass of young ova slowly toward the uterus, since they cannot escape at the anterior ovaries. Then because the diameter ends of the of the posterior ends of the ovaries and the uterus is but little 'greater than the anterior ends of the ovaries the ova must be arranged in a decreasing number of rows, until a single ovum is equal in diameter to the inside If we count the number of ova which stand in a superficial transverse row across a well developed ovary, diameter of the uterus. near the anterior end there willbe four or five; now looking along the ovary toward the uterus, we will count three, two and finally one. With the increase in size of the ovum there is an accompaThe first change is the apnying development of yolk globules. pearance of very fine granules. Then yolk globules are developed, a few at first, but become very numerous as the growing ovum 183 12 passes into the uterus when it is quite opaque. The globules seem to be more numerous in a peripheral plane. The ova are held in polygonal form until one only occupies the diameter of the uterus, when they are at first rectanglar in outline. From this form, as they grow in size they simply elongate until their length is about two or three times their diameter. . The ends of the egg are gradually rounded off,and it becomes slightly curved so that itis shaped very much like a bean. At first the ovum possesses a very delicate wall. The covering of the egg becomes stronger as it passes down the uterus. The fully developed egg possesses a double wall, a delicate inner membrane and an outer tough membrane. Just the precise stage when the ovum is fertilized I have not determined, but I have found spermatozoa in the posterior part of the ovaries. The nucleus in the fully developed egg is quite distinct, though not so prominent as in the young ovum. It is largely hidden by the mass of yolk globules. It is of a pale violet color. An examination of fig. 28, Plate IV., will show many of these changes. A few of the eggs in one uterus have undergone various stages of segmentation preparatory to the development of the embryo. In dissecting living specimens very frequently the ovary or uterus becomes ruptured, in which case the ova in various stages of development escape from the great pressure exerted upon them by confinement, and not being entirely free from each other are heldin beautiful grape-like clusters. Some of these are represented in fig. 28. The mature egg is from .08mm to .10mm long (three to four thousandths of an inch), exceptionally I have found them .12mm long. Thus far its development has been an increase in size, a profuse development of yolk globules, and a change in form. Its development from this point is the multiplication of cells by division, beginning with the single cell enclosed within the egg Complete but somemembrane. (See fig. 1, Plate IV.) what irregular segmentation takes place. The nucleus first divides in two parts, forming two nuclei. Each nucleus moves a short distance towards its end of the egg. A transverse constriction now appears about the middle of the cell which progresses until the cell is divided into two cells (fig. 2). The process is now 184 13 repeated in each of these new cells resulting in four cells (fig. 4). Sometimes one of these cells is completely divided before the oth.er begins so that there may be three cells (fig. 3). Occasionally the first line of fission is oblique so that the two resulting cells are shaped as in fig. 2 . and so on. er than the size. The egg now divides into six, eight, ten cells Usually the first division is such that one cell is largother, but sometimes they seem to be about equal in two in Occasionally the first division results cells one of which is only about one-third or one-fourth so large as the other. I have watched the cell division up to the stage represented in fig. 7. Up to this point there is great variation in the disposition of cells at the different stages resulting from variations in the :somewhat unequal segmentation. From this point up to that rep- resented in figs. 8 and 9, I have not, owing to the limited time ,over which my observations have as yet extended, carefully determined the progress of development. Figs. 8 and 9 probably cells, represent the stage where the larger endoderm (internal) cells are completely surrounded by the smaller ectoderm (external) just prior to the invagination form the mouth and oesophagus. (sinking in) of the head end to According to *Strubell, in Heterodera Schachtii, the first two unequal cells into which the egg divides represent primary cells of two different groups of cells which result from farther division. The larger primary cell divides more rapidly and forms small cells, which grow around the more slowly formed larger cells which result from the division of the other smaller primary cell. The growing over proceeds first down the convex side of the egg and the ectoderm sells fold over ,the opposite end of the einbryo, the mass of endoderm cells. Thus the "prostom" (the open space between the converging edges of the enveloping ectoterm cells) is on the concave side of the egg, and because the ectoderm cells on the concave side of the head end have grown but little it (the prostom) occupies the entire concave (ventral) side of the young embryo. At this stage if we turn the egg so that we are looking directly at the concave side the ectoderm cells will be in a boat-shaped mass, and in this boat-shaped masse of ectoderm cells will be the larger endoderm cells. The "prostom" (open part of the boatshaped mass of ectoderm cells) now begins to close by the growth and This closure takes place more increase of the cells at the margin. rapidly at the posterior end and advances toward the head end so that after awhile there is only a small opening through the ectoderm cells near the headend of the concave side. This is finally closed so that the endoderm cells are completely enveloped by the smaller ectoderm cells. This is probably the stage which I have figured in figs. 8 and 9, Plate IV. The larger, endoderm, cells can be seen in the center: Untersuchungen ilber den Bau und die Entwickelung, des Rilbennemato den, Ieterodera Schachtii Schmidt. Bibliotheca zoologica'Heft"2, 1888. 185 14 the smaller, ectoderm, cells on the out side. Invagination of the ectoderm cells now takes place at the head end, that is, the cells sink inward as if pushed in by some outside force. This is represented in figs. 9x and 10. By this process the mouth and oesophagus are developed. I have only studied the external changes in the embryonic development. From this point up to the fully developed larva the changes are represented in figs. 11 to 15. Beginning with figs. 10 and 11 the head end appears hyaline and finely granular and is larger in diameter than the rest of the young embryo, which at this stage is of equal length and diameter with the inside ot the egg membrane. It next begins to elongate and become more slender. This forces it to double up inside the egg membrane. It does so by turning its tail end by degrees around to its ventral side (fig. 11, 12). In some cases the tail end for a. time does not move. This causes the embryo to double up midway, and sometimes to be coiled in a spiral It now continues to elongate until manner for awhile. it is coiled twice (fig. 13), then three times (fig. 14), and finally four times (fig. 15) within the egg membrane. I have watched the egg and embryo under the microscope pass through all these changes. Sometimes the embryo would double its length in eight or tep hours. When it has reached this stage it remains a day or so still within the egg membrane while the cuticle, the tough transparent body wall is being perfected, and the slender pointed end of the tail is formed. Now by its writhing and twisting it ruptures the tough egg membrane and is set at liberty. At this stage the larya passes through its first moult, either just as. it is coming from the egg membrane or very soon afterward. Fig. 16 Plate IV. represents the larva in the act of coming from the egg membrane. It is moulting at the same time. The thin val skin can be seen slipping off its head and tail. As the female remains in a cystic state and the cyst is surrounded by the tissues of the plant the eggs when crowded in the uterus rupture it and finally the numbers of them completely fill the bogy cavity of the cyst. In a few cases after freeing a cyst I have observed eggs pass out at the vulva. Segmentation of the egg begins before it leaves the uterus, and 186 4lar- 15 e find in the body cavity of live female cysts eggs in all stages f development, and free larvae, so that the female may be said to be oviviparous. LARVAL STAGE.-The larval stage begins from the egg. the first moult of the larva. with the hatching The moult which takes place at the same time is The young thread-like worm is from .3mm to .4rmm (12 to 16 thousandths of an inch) long; it tapers gently to the blunt head end, and gradually into a slender pointed tail (fig. 17). eels". In this form it resembles what are called "vinegar In the head end we notice the exsertile spear, with its tri-lobed base, the long, slender tortuous channel of the anterior part of the oesophagus, and the ellipsoidal muscular bulb, the middle part. The lumen of the alimentary canal can also be seen, and it opens at the beginning of the hyaline space near the tail end. (See fig. 17, Piate IV.) head and tail ends. The embryo and for a time the young larva possesses a cellular matrix inside the body wall,except at the This soon develops numerous fat globules which are clustered around the alimentary canal. The young worms, when ushered into life, find themselves imprisoned by walls of plant tissue which formed at once the prison house and tomb of their parent. (See fig. 37, Plate VI.) Howr to escape these bars is their first concern. Perchance fortune may favor them if the cyst is near the surface of the gall so that a crack, or partial decay of the tissues may liberate them. more often only one. When not thus favored there are sometimes two courses open to them, If the cyst opens into any of the large chanwhich is frequently the nels of the vascular tissue of the root, the. same root. case, the larva may make their exit through these to other parts of In a majority of instances the worm must face the Taking position with the head end the exsertile spear which only alternative of starvation, and actually batter a hole in the wall through which it may escape. against a cell wall it thrusts forward out again. strikes the cellulose wall forcibly, when it is drawn back and thrut This process is repeated until a hole is made through the wall large enough to admit the body of the worm, into which it passes and by successively battering down the cell walls of the 187 16 surrounding tissues it makes its way to freedom on the outside of the gall or to a fresh portion of the same root. Having escaped from its confinement by one of these three courses it immediately selects another part of the root or a fresh young rootlet for attack and places itself in position for the siege. Bringing into play its exsertile ram it forcibly gains entrance to the healthy tissues of the root. The plant not able to expel the invader bends its energies in a vain endeavor to repair the injury to the roots. Increased development of cells takes place, and normal ones are turned from their proper position and function and also very much enlarged. The result is the formation of a gall, an increase of tissue in the root which supplies food and protection for hundreds of the worms, all which lessens the energies of the plant normally directed to the production of leaf and fruit. The larva wander for a time through the tissues and finally come to rest. Plate VI., fig. 39, represents a larva as it is wandering through the tissues of a potato tuber. It now moults the second time and passes into a truly parasitic condition. CYSTIC STATE. The larvae locate at various depths in the tissues. The body now begins to enlarge except at the two ends, Speaking vulgarly it would be said to "swell up". Almost before any increase in size of this part of the body is noticed the worm becomes rigid and could not move if it would. Its body may be turned or twisted in very curious shapes when this rigidity or fixedness comes upon it. (See Plate IV., fig. 17x.). The enlargement begins close behind the muscular bulb of the oesophagus, and for a little time this part of the body is larger than the posterior part. Very soon the enlarging takes place all along the body to the hyaline space near the tail end, and this portion of the cyst becomes generally of a greater diameter than the anterior part. The cyst is at first rudely spindle-shaped, then clavate (or club-shaped) with a very small sharply pointed process, the tail, at the larger end. Fig. 18 represents the spindle form, 19 the clavate form. Up to this point it is difficult to distinguish the sexes, but from this point they sharply diverge. The female cyst continumies to enlarge, while wonderful tmiansformation and returns to the ihe male undergoes ai thread-like, or anguillaform. 188 17 TRANSFORMATION OF THE MALE.-The body of the male at this point is the same size as the interior of the cyst, very stout in proportion to its length. The first sign of a transformation is the slipping of the head from the wall of the head end of the cyst. At the same time the thick body of the male begins to elongate and double up inside: the cyst while the tail end, stout and blunt, begins to curve around. This makes the third moult. (see fig. 21, Plate IV.) While the male is elongating and coiling up in the cyst it begins to moult again making four moults. The very thin skin can be seen partly slipped off the worm while yet within the cyst (fig. 21). The male continues to elongate and become more slender until it is coiled three, four, or more times, dependent on the length of the cyst, within the walls of the cyst, which still retain perfectly the shape of the cyst when the transformation began. Even the exsertile spear moults for its "mould" is left in the head end of the cyst, while the skin of the larval tail still projects as a slender process. The male coiled within this perfect wall of the cyst is a very beautiful object. Figs. 21x and 22 represent these. During this transformation the sexual organs of the male have become matured. It now breaks through the wall of the cyst and the surrounding tissue and travels blindly through the maze of cells until it comes to its mate when it pairs and then dies. Fig. 23 represents a male coming from its cyst. Fig. 21z a male of H. radicicola removed from a cyst. STRUCTURE OF TIHE MALE.-It may be well now to note some things about the structure of the male which were not described in the Section upon the "General Characters of the Female Cyst". It is from 1mm to 1.5mm (one twenty-fifth to one seventeenth of and inch) long and about .043mm (seventeen one-thousandths of an inch) broad near the middle. Its body a little less in diameter at the posterior end; the anterior half of the body gradually tapers to the head end which is about half the diameter of the middle. The body wall is beautifully marked by prominent transverse strie broader and much more distinct than in the larval stage. The head, exsertile spear and oesophagus have been described. The excretory canal on the ventral side opens a little posteriorly to the muscular bulb. The caudal end (tail end) is slightly curved, and very near the end are the two curved s'picules. 189 18 The generative organ is paired, the long slender testes lying on either side of the alimentary canal reach by their free anterior ends to about the middle of the body. See fig. 21z, Plate IV. Some little distance from the caudal end of the body they unite into a common canal which itself near the spicules unites with the alimentary canal forming the cloaca. The spermatozoa are spherical. The cellular structure of the testes resembles that of the ovaries to some extent. The cells are polyhedral, and in side view the lines separating them are zigzag. See fig. 21z, Plate IV. In live males the spherical spermatozoa are easily seen at and near the common passage, but they are developed in the anterior ends of the testes. By boiling infested potatoes to soften them so that I could remove the cysts and mature males without cutting or mashing them, I found that it toughened the tissues of the animals, and made the cellular structure very distinct. I possess several microscopic mounts of the males and one with the male in the act of coming from its cyst. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEMALE.-About the time the cysts have reached the stage when the male begins its transformations it is quite easy to distinguish the female cyst. The alimentary canal is very large and up this time in sexes has occupied nearly the entire cavity of the cyst. Now it begins to deteriorate and the ovaries begin to come to mat rity while the cyst continues to enlarge. While the female cyst still possesses the slender tail process*, the irregular, slender hyaline cornua of the generative organs may be seen one on either side of the large intestine which is covered with fat globules and is quite opaque, or more so than the genital tubes. See figs. 19 andl9z, Plate IV. The vulva,the opening for the uterus, is at the point in these figures where the tail process joins the cyst. The cyst continues to enlarge, or ~"swell", until the tail part is cast and thrust aside. The vulva is now at the posterior end, and in some cases the body is so much enlarged that a depression is formed at this point (see,fig. 27, Plate IV.). The ovaries continue to elongate; and fertilization takes place long before the cyst has ceased enlarging. The ova begin to develop lo Loth *Probably the remains of the second moult. 190 19 while the cyst is comparatively small. Before the ovaries are fully developed they are capable of a slight independent motion. Frequently in examining those dissected from living cysts I have noticed a marked twisting and tortuous motion probably due to a contraction of muscles in the walls. The body wall of the female is marked by irregular transverse striae, but not so prominent as in the male. LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE.--This completes a life cycle of our Heterodera radicicola. It passes through all these changes, from the development of eggs, successively through the larval and cystic state until eggs are again developed in about one month. This I was able to determine by watching the development of the worms in the roots of "volunteer" potatoes which sprouted about the first of October and were infected from the soil and the "seed" potatoes. Thus in favorable seasons there would be at this latitude seven or eight successive generations in a year. Farther south where the season is longer probably the number of generations is increased. When we consider the number of eggs one female is capable of producing, from one hundred to two hundred or more, it will be seen that the worms multiply with startling rapidity. The periods of transformation of different individuals do not altogether co-inside so that at almost any season we may find worms in every stage of development. BRIEF RECAPITULATION OF TIIE LIFE HIsToRY.-Egg-The oblong, bean-shaped egg, .08mm to .10mm long, developed in the anterior part of the ovaries, after fertilization, enclosed in a double-walled membrane, undergoes partial or complete segmentation while yet within the uterus. From the beginning of segmentation to the fully developed larva 5 to 7. days are required. The thread-like larva is coiled three or four times within the egg membrane. Larva-At the time of hatching or soon thereafter it moults for the first time. It is "thread-like", blunt at the head end and narrowly pointed at the tail end, .3mm to .4mm long. In the head end can be easily noted the exsertile spear and the long tortuous channel of the anterior part of the oesophagus extending to a prominent ovoid or ellipsoid muscular bulb, the middle part of the oesophagus. From this point the lumen of the alimentary canal can be seen extending down through the middle of 191 20 the body, in which is a matrix that develops many fat globules, the anus is situated at the beginning of the hyaline portion of the tail end. The larva now leaves the cyst cavity and enters a fresh root or different place in the same root. It wanders for a time when it comes to rest, moults a second time and then being fixed enlarges, or "swells up" into a cyst with a flask-like body, the head projecting at one end and the slender pointed tail at the other. At this time prominent sexual transformations take place. Male-The male moults again (3rd time) leaving the outer wall of the cyst intact, while the body of the male elongates, narrows and becomes coiled three or four times within the cyst. While this change is going on the male moults again (4th time). It is now from 1mm to 1.5mim long, anguillula like, blunt at each end, slightly curved at the caudal end where are two curved spicules: In the middle line of the body runs the alimentary canal, in the posterior half of the body are the paired testes, which are united into a common duct near the caudal end and at the cloaca this unites with the intestine. On each side within the body is a muscular cord extending the entire length of the worm. Female-The female does not moult again, but continues to enlarge enormously until it is gourd-shaped, and the paired generative organs, opening by a common passage at the vulva in the- posterior part of the body, form long tubes which lie coiled in the body of the cyst, free at their anterior end. As the embryos are developing the body of the cyst breaks up into an amorphic gelatinous mass in which the young larve and eggs are found floating within the cyst cavity. Length of life cycle, one month. METAMORPHISM OF HETERODERA.-One of the features of the greatest morphological interest in Heteroderais its singular metamorphic character. This metamorphism finds its completest analogy in some forms of the Coccidce* where the larve, after pursu*Strubell, Ad. Untersuchungen tiber den Bau und die Entwickelung des Riibennematoden, Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. (Bibliotheca Zoologica. Originalabhandlungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Zoologie, hrsg, von R. Leuckart u. C. Chun. Heft 2.) 40. 50 pg. 2 Taf. Cassel (Th. Fischer) 1888. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Bd. VI., No. 15, pp. 423429, Jena, 1889. Miiller, Mittheilungen uiber unseren Kulturpflanzen schcldliche, das Geschlecht Heterodera bildenden lWiirmer. Landwirthschaftliche JahrbiUcher, 192 21 ing for a time a wandering life undergo a metamorphosis-, accompanied by what appears to be a retrogression, so that the creatures lack the power of locomotion. At the third moult of the male it is transformed again into a more highly organized being, possessing wing s and capable.of seeking its mate. On the other hand the female remains fixed and incapable of locomotion and after impregnation by the male becomes enormously distended with eggs. It must be borne in mind, however, that this analogy is only superficial. Heterodtera des not lose its power of locomotion through any retrogression of form like the loss of organs which occurs in the Cocciclce, though according to Strubell some parts of the head undergo retrogression. It is because of the rigidity and distention of the body of both male and female so that it cannot perform the undulatory movements of the body by which locomotion in the larval state and in the adult male is accomplished. The fact that the cyst is surrounded by the tissues of the plant does not interfere with its independent locomotion. The cysts differs morphologically from that of Nematodes like Trichina where the larva becomes encysted in the muscles of its host and does not undergo any remarkable change of form in the formation of the cyst, the walls of which are formed from extraneous and excreted matter. It somewhat resembles in its origin and earlier stages the earlier stages of certain of the Cestodes like Tccw-ia§ where the embryo after it is located in the tissues of its host develops by distension into a vesicular body. Here, however, the resemblance ceases, and the walls of the §Iienia cy st by invagination or evagination produce the head of the worm, or scolex, or in some cases the brood capsules, from which. several heads are produced. In Iftterodera the vesicular distension of the larva Bd. XIII., Heft I., 1884. Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankhieiten, Zweite Auflage, Erster Band, pp. 852-854, 1886. Strubell, Ad. Ueber den Bau nnd die von lieterodera Scinchtii Schmidt. Zoolog. Anzeiger, No. 242, 17,9, nnar 1887. pg. X42-46, and no. 213, 31, Januar1887, pg. 62-66. Centralblatt far Bakteriologie nnd Parasitenkunde. Band I., pp. 603-604, Jena, 1887. tcomstock. An Introduction to Entomoloy, Ithaca, N. Y., 1888. Entwickelunig Ann. Rtept. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1880. IMy use of the term cyst is mainly for convenience. §Text Book of Zoology, clans and Sedgwick. 193 22 begins after a period of wandering through the tissues of its host. Instead of invagination the wall of the male vesicle is cast, and retains the cystic form while the worm elongates and coils within it. In its "pupa" condition the male more nearly resembles Echinorhynchus where the embryo after a wandering state comes to rest in the tissue of its host, develops a small elongated larva which is surrounded by its firm external skin as a cyst.* The female vesicle continues to distend until in age its body is filled with eggs and young larvae. This condition of the female has been termed by somet a "brood capsule" but it of course bears no morphological semblance to the brood capsules of certain Cestoda. I regret that I find it necessary here to call attention to some serious errors on the part of some of our American investigators. One of these errors is that into which Dr. Neal$ has fallen in his treatment of the life history of this parasite. He speaks of the eggs as "cysts." This may have been due to the fact that he regarded the numerous yolk globules in the ovaries as cells, for he speaks of the cysts (loc. cit.) which were at first without any "epidermis", being formed by "an agglomeration of cells". What he represents in Plates IX. and X. as segmentation of the "cysts" is only a representation of the first stages of segmentation of the egg. It appears that Prof. Scribner made a similar mistake in speaking of the "cysts" and "eggs" of the nematode which causes the new disease of the §Irish potato described by him. What he speaks of as the "cysts" are the egg membranes still containingthe young larve. What he figures as the mature worm is a young one and the round granules which he speaks of as eggs are probably fat globules. I have foundpotatoeshere affected with asimilar disease while also attacked by Heterodera radicicola. I have found the worms representing all stages of development. It appears that they do not form cysts in the proper sense of the word. Fig. 46, Plate VI., represents a mature female of this worm. At a is *Text Book of Zoblogy. Claus and Se('gwick Vol. I.,p. 362. Heft 2, TStrubell, 1888. Ad. Untersuchungen fiber den Bau und die Entwickelung des Rii- bennematoden, Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. Bibliotheca zoologica. Centralblatt fuir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Band VI., No. 15, pp. 423429, Jena, 1889. -Bulletin 20. U. S. Dept. of Agr. Division of Entomology, Washington, 1889. §Bulletin of the Agr. Exp. Station, Tenn. Vol. II., 2. 1889. No. 194 23 a fully developed egg yet within the uterus, while b represents young ova not fully developed. In the body of the worm as well as in the eggs can be seen the round globules. Figs. 42 and 43 represent eggs, 43 an egg having undergone fission. Other eggs were observed in different stages of development up to the fully formed larva represented still within the egg membrane at fig. 44. Fig. 45 represents young worms of this species. Fig. 47 represents a different species occasionally found accompanying these worms, but whether they are parasitic or not I have not yet had the time to determine. Several of the worms which Dr. Neal has figured do not belong to Heterodera. Especially in decaying tissues one is apt to find species which are not parasitic. However, wherever they were found it is very clear that some belong to other genera than the worm in question. For example his figure 2, Plate XIII. (loc. cit.), is a mature female of another genus. An egg is represented in the uterus near the letter B, and the numerous yolk globules he speaks of as a peculiar arrangement of cells. COMPARISON WITH HETERODERA SCHACHTII SCHMIDT.- There are many points of very close resemblance between H. radicicola and H. Schachtii. Both of these are European species, and each is known to attack widely different plants, so that the selection of a particular plant or family of plants, as a specific peculiarity is not their habit. Notwithstanding the points of resemblance there are a number of differentiating characters heretofore used the value of which can only be determined after careful study and experimentation, and even now some of these are known to be variants possessed by both The female of H. Schachtii is said to be ecspecies. part of its body being nearly toparasitic; the posterior or quite exposed. This results from the larva locating very near the surface so that its distended vesicular body breaks the surface and becomes exposed. This does not seem to be a character of very much value since many of the female cysts of H. radicicola are exposed. The chief morphological differentiating characters which have been employed are as follows. The posterior part of the body of 195 24 the female is rounded in H. racicicola. In H. Schachtii* the posterior part of the body of the female projects inAccording to a short stout process in which is the to Strubell (1. c.) the exsertile spear is somewhat differently;constructed in the females of the two species. I have only, found one female which possessed the stout process at the posteriorart One of the most prominent differentiof the body. used in the case of the males is the ating characters presence of the slender tail process in the cyst in H. radicicola aud its absence in H. Schachtii. Dr. E. L, Mark, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,'Cambridge, Mass., who, before my copy of Strubell arrived, kindly compared for me some byStrubell, and copies of my drawings. with those of H. of some of the phases of egg aided me in the interpretation segmentation, has made the suggestion that possibly the slender tail process in H. racdicicola may be the result of the retention of the first larval skin which is lost in H. Schachtii._After1 this suggestion it has occurred to me that the first larval skin (at second moult) in those I have observed is cast at the time the larva comes to rest preparatory to passing into the cystic stage. In such moults I have only observed the skin as it was loosenedfrom the anterior part of the body. Strubell says in the case of H. Schachtii (I. c. p. 44) that frequently the old larval skin remains attached to the hinder part of the larval envelope'cyst") so that it has the appearance of being pointed. He is also inclined to think that the grounds for considering the two species distinct are questionable. In a foot note p. 11 he states that he is strengthened in his belief by the recent researches of Ritzema Bos in -(Biolog. Centralblatt, Bd. VII) who finds that such species as Tylenchas devastatrix, allii, Havensteinii et Askenasyi must be united into a single species. That these two species of Heterodera are identical has been suggested by others=. vulva. Schachtii Wageningen *Strubell, IUntersuchungen iiber den Ban nnd die Entwickclung des Thibennematoden, Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. Bibliotheca zoologica. Heft 2, 1888. Muiler, C. Mittheilungen iiber unseren Kulturpflanzen schuidliche, das Geschleclit Heterodera bildenden Whrmer. Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher. Bd. XIII., Heft I. 1884. tSorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Zweite Auflage, Erster Band. Foot note pp. 854-855. 196 25 During my study of H. radicicolaI have been strongly inclined to consider it identical with H. Schachtii since many of the variations of the two species tend to reconcile the above mentioned differences. However, since my copy of Strubell's work has arrived and I have had an opportunity to compare it carefully with my own researches I find there exists a difference in the structure of the males of very great morphological importance. Strubell states that the genital apparatus of the male is an unpaired tube,* the single tube occupies the ventral side of the body cavity for half its length, the posterior end unites with a short efferent duct which itself unites with the intestine to form the cloaca. As I have stated in a former paragraph the genital apparatus in the males I have studied is paired, the two tubes unite near the posterior end of the body to form the efferent duct. It is difficult to see how Strubell could have overlooked a second tube, if it existed, since his work was done under the segis of Leuckart. This character possessed by comparatively a few Nematodes seems of too great importance for specific variation. To reassure myself I referred again to my microscopic mounts of the male. Miller's (loc. cit.) imperfect study of the male leaves us no clue as to the structure of thie genital apparatus in H. radicicola. Until the European species is studied it will be impossible to say whether mine is a distinct species. My figures 21, 23, 25, and 26, Plate IV., represent a male which differed from H. radicicola mainly in the presence of a short curved. caudal process represented at a, fig. 26. At first I thought this might possibly be a different species from H. radicicola, but as I only found one specimen I have concluded it may possibly be an accidental variation. All of the males which I have studied were found in potatoes. My impressions are that the species in all the different galls found here are identical. More than this at the present time could not be said. As this report is only preliminary, and it has been impossible for me during the very short period of my observations to find and carefully study the males where we must probably *"Bei unserer Heterodera prisentiert sich derselbe als ein einfacher Schlauch,' etc., p. 22. See also his fig. 1, Taf. I. 197 26 look for the most satisfactory specific characters, in the different galls, I hope to continue these investigations during the coming year. This will also afford me an opportunity to study more fully some structural features necessarily passed over in the present work. DISTRIBuTION OF HETERODERA.-The genus Heterodera is world wide in its distribution. It has been long known in central Europe where T. Schachtii was discoverediby Schacht* in 1859 and named by Schmidtf in 1871. H. radicicola was first recorded in 1872 and named as Anguillula radicicola by Greeff$, and red to this genus by Miiller§ ia 1884. It has been found in Java in the roots of sugar cane by Treub who named the species H. Javanica, the characters being based on some differences in size of the females from Hi. radcicicola. Beijerinck doubts if it is distinct from I. radicicola. It was known in Brazil in the year in the roots of the coffee tree, and has since been studied and published under the generic name Meloidogyne by Golbi-IIj. Leuckart is of the opinion that this is a species of Heterodera (see foot note in Centralblatt fur Bak transfer- 1878§§ *Ueber einige Feinde derlijibenfelder. Zeitschrft. d. Ver. d. RAberzuckerin dustrie, Bd. IX., S. 175-179, 1859. tUeber den Riuben-Nematoden (Heterodera Schachtii S.). Zeitschr. d. Ver. f. d. Riibenzuckerindustrie im Zoilverein. Bd. XXI., 5. 1-19, 1871. (Both cited by Muller, Mitthilungen fiber unseren Kulturpflazen schadliche Wiirmer.) A. tSitzungsbericht. d. Marburger Geseilsohaft z. Befbrd. d. Naturwiss. 5. 169, 1872. (Cited by Muller, Mittheilungen, etc.) §Mittheilungen Ulber unseren Kulterpllanzen schadliche-, das Geschlecht -Heterodera bildenden Wiirmer. Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbulcher, Bd. XIII., Heft I. 1884. I.Qulques mots sur les effets du parasitisme de 1' Heterodera Javanica dans les racines de la cannea sucre. Ann. d. jardin bot. d. Buitenzorg. Vol. VI., Part I., pp. 93-96, Leide, 1886. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXVIII., p. 269, 1886. The Gardenia-root diease. Gard's. Chron. zer. III., Vol. I., p. 488-489, 1887 Abstract in Bot. Centrabllatt. Bd. XXXV. p. 92, 1888. §§Snr une maladia du Cafeier observe'e an Bnisil. Comnpt. rend. hebd. acad. sc. Paris, 1878, T. LXXXVII., No. 24, 5. 941-943. Abstract in Bot. Jahresbericht (Just) p. 173, 1878. illIRelatorio sobre a molestia do cafeeiro do Rio de Janeiro. Bd. VIIL, Archivos do Museo nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Biologische Miscellen aus Brasilien, VII. iDer Kaffeenematode Brasiliens, Meloidogyne exigna G. Zoolog. Jahrbiicher, abth. f. System., Ge.ogr. u. Biol. d. Thiere, Bd. IV. Hft. I., pp. 262-267, Jena 1889. Abstract in Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie and Parasitenkunde, Bd. V., pp. 839840. 1889. 198 27 Bd. V. p. 840, 1889). It is also teriologie und Parasitenkunde. known in Scotland according to W. G. Smith*. Dr. Nealt states that it cannot survive the cold of severe winters in America north of about the January isotherm of 500 as shown in the No. 2 Isothermal Lines of the U. S. Signal Service, 1881. I do not know that any experiments have been conducted to demonstrate this. If it can survive the winters in Scotland it can endure the winters of all our Gulf and South Atlantic States. The January isotherm of 500 strikes the Atlantic coast just below Savannah, includes the southeastern corner of Georgia, the very southern limits of Alabama, and a corner of Louisiana. The isotherm of the same month and year which passes near this place is 450. It starts above Charleston, cuts Georgia through the center and passes a little south of Montgomery. The isotherm of 40 ° starts near the boundary corner of Virginia and North Carolina, passes north of Atlanta, and includes the major part of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. The average temperature of Edinburgh, Scot., during the month of January is about 390, so that we might fully expect the root-gall nematode, if once introduced, to thrive as far north as the January- isotherm of 356, or even farther. This isothermal line starts in at the coast north of Norfolk and runs through middle Tennessee. Indeed I am inclined to think if a favorable opportunity should occur for its introduction into our States even so far north as New York and Ohio that from its habit it might easily pass the winter in sufficient numbers to become a terrible pest. On long rooted plants like the parsnip I have found them in great numbers fifteen inches below the surface of the ground. On tomato roots, which were placed in the soil very deep to get them if possible out of the way of the attacks of the worms, I have found them so low as eighteen inches below the surface. This depth would protect them from the frost in the very severe winters of some of our northern States. *Disease of Oats. Heterodera radicicola Muller. Gardeners' Chronicle. New Ser. Vol. XXI., p. 172, 1886. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXI., p. 247, 1878. tThe Root-knot Disease of the Peach, Orange, and other Plants in Florida, due to the work of Anguillula. Bulletin No. 20, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr. Washington, 1889. 199 28 There is to some extent a natural barrier to the spread of the root-gall nematode from the southern to the northern States, which is explained by the fact that very few, if any, perennials grown in the south are transported north for cultivation. However, the subject is of sufficient importance to the northern States to justify an inquiry into the possibility of its being successfully carried through the winter under the conditions I have stated. VI. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISEASED ROOTS. NOMENCLATURE.-The abnormal growths on the roots, caused by Heterodera radicicola have long been termed popularly, in this country "root-knot". In Scotland they are known as *-'root-ill", "thick-root", "tulip-root", "segging"; while in Germany they have long been known under the name "Wurzelgallen". The tubercular swellings on the roots of Leguminous plants (see comparison of root galls with the tubercles of the Leguminosece, at close of this Section) have long been known and published in Germany as "Wurzelknllchen" (root-knot). In order to avoid a confusion of the tubercle with the abnormal growths dealt with here I shall use the term nematode root-gall, or root-gall. There is a tendency with some writers to use the term "gall" only for those abnormal growths which have their origin through the irritating presence of animalst. These nematode root-galls would belong to the same class of abnormal growths sometimes denominated Helminthocecidien. The writer does not mean by the use of the term rootgall, that it has priority to the use of the term root-knot, but in view of the appropriateness of the word, teratologically, and for the reason stated above he would recommend its adoption. EXTERNAL CHTARACTERS. For the purpose of preparing the reader for a study of the life history and transformations of the parasite, Section II. was introduced in which attention was called to the general external morphological characters of the galls in a few plants. It is now in order to discuss more at length *Smith, G. W. Disease of Oats. Heterodera radicicola Muller. Chron. New Ser. Vol. XXVI., p. 172, 1886. XXXI., p. 247,1887. Abstract ii Bot. Gardeners' Centralblatt, Bd. tSorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten., Zweite Auflag e . Heft I. 200 29 the variations in form of the galls, and then to point out the special histological changes induced. The external form of the gall is to a great extent dependent upon the number of worms and their distribution in the tissues of the roots, as well as upon some specific peculiarities in the growth of the roots or habit of branching. If the worms are numerous and the attack is made pretty regularly in a peripheral plane at a particular point in the root the gall will be symmetrical, and either short and ovoid or elongate and fusiform according to the extent of their distribution along the axis of the root at that point. If fewer worms attack at a given point the gall is more likely to be lateral, owingto the less certainty of an even peripheral infection. Often, however, lateral galls may be so near as to unite into one, when the appearance is that of a very irregular and knotty gall, the enlargements passing by abrupt changes on different sides of the root. For the forms of the galls in the roots of the tomato, potato and peach the reader is referred to Section II. The galls found in the "poke-weed" (Phytolacca decandra) were very large, lateral and ovoid. In a species of the plant called coffee weed (Cassia obtusifolia) lateral galls were found on the tap root near the surface of the ground. On the grape the fibrous roots usually possessed small ovoid lateral galls, while the galls on the larger roots were irregularly fusiform and not very prominent. The galls on the cow pea (Dolichos catiang) are quite peculiar. They are usually irregularly pyriform and mostly lateral, with the larger end of the gall below. When a root is attacked it appears in many cases to die just below the point of attack so that the gall is abrupt at this end while there is an opportunity for the worms to distribute themselves in a diminishing ratio a short distance above the gall which makes the sloping narrowed portion of the pyriform body. The size and irregularity of the larger end of the gall is increased by one or more lateral roots which develop very near the lower end of the gall, and continue the direction of growth of the main root which died. This in turn may be attacked, develop a gall, die below the gall and produce a branch ,and so on successively until several pyriform galls are formed 201 30 on successive branches appearing like a string of pyriform beads, the string of which runs obliquely through them. In badly infected specimens this is more marked and presents a very singular appearance. The galls on bird's foot clover (Lotus corniculatus) are short and ovoid, or more usually by the very close proximity of several, elongated and very irregular in outline. This irregularity is increased by the numerous small rootlets put out by the diseased root into the bases of which worms distribute themselves and form small convex elevations on the larger gall. In the roots of Amarantus retroflexus the worms were quite abundant but the galls were not prominent. On the larger roots they were irregularly fusiform, slightly twisted, and while in some cases one half inch, one inch or more in length, the diameter of the root was not greatly increased. In places the surface possessed small brownish or dirty white pustules in which were cysts located very near or quite in the surface of the gall, while in the same gall other cysts were imbedded in the central cylinder. It is unnecessary to detail farther in this preliminary report the forms of the galls on the other diseased plants. Enough has been said to show that great variation prevails and to give the typical forms about which all may be easily grouped. A list of the diseased plants which have thus far been found in this section will be given in Section VIII. while a comparison of the disease with some other characters and diseases of plants with which it might be confounded upon external examination, will be made after the discussion of the microscopic details of the diseased tissues. HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (See also references below*).-The worms locate preparatory to passing into the cystic state at various depths in the tissues of the root. They are not confined to any par*Goodale, Physiological Botany. Vol. II., Gray's Botanical Text Books. Van Tieghem,Traite de Botanique, Deuxieme Edition, Fascicule 5. Miuller, Mitthleiungen fiber die unseren Kulturpflanzen schidliche, das Geschlecht Heteroderc bildenden Wiirmer. Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher, Bd. XIII., Heft I. 1884. Jahresbericht fiir Wiss. Bot. (Just) 1876, p. 1235. Idem, 1877, pp. 516-517. Idem, 1878, p. 174. Idem, 1878, p. 169. Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Zweite Auflage, Vol. I. Frank, Krankheiten der P lanzen, and others. 202 31 ticular tissue element or system but locate in the vascular tissue of the central cylinder, the cambium, parenchyma or even in the bark so that the body of the mature female cyst is frequently only protected by a thin layer of the dead peripheral tissue, or sometimes is even exposed. They seem to flourish better, however in or near the softer tissues of the root. It is a very common thing to find dead undeveloped female cysts, the majority of which I have always found in the woody tissue of the central cylinder. Possibly surrounded as they are by the harder, more compact tissue there is less certainty of the male reaching them for fertilization. This, however, is only a suggestion. I have not demonstrated it. :All of the tissue elements in the diseased roots undergo hypertrophy, while some of them are subject to special changes in form as well as direction of growth. The parenchyma cells which normally have their tangential diameter greater than the radial are so changed that the radial diameter is the greater. This change in form of the parenchyma cells seems to obtain in nearly all of the parenchyma in the gall whether very near a cyst or distant from it. The increase in number of the wood and vascular cells of the central cylinder takes place though the cyst may not be located in or very near it. In such cases the fibres and ducts have their normal longitudinal direction. But if a cyst is located in or very near the central cylinder the ducts are turned in their direction of growth perpendicular to the axis of the root, bent around the cyst and then converge on the peripheral side, when, left without any controlling influence over their direction of growth they often perform very curious evolutions through the parenchymatous tissue in all directions. A glance at figures 29 and 30, Plate V., will show at once a great difference in the arrangement of the tissue elements and the form of the cells of diseased roots compared with the same in a healthy root. These figures represent sections of roots of the cotton plant. Fig. 29 is from a section through a gall on a small lateral root, while fig. 30 is from a healthy lateral root of the same size as the non infected portions of the root from which fig. 29 was taken. Both are drawn to the same scale and the natural size of the lateral root from which fig. 29 was made is represented in fig. 203 32 31. In the healthy lateral root (fig. 30) it will be noticed that the differentiation of the woody tissue, which contains the large tracheal vessels, with the parenchyma is not so marked as in most roots so that the stellate appearance is not well represented. One of the most marked of the deformities is the displacement of the liber fascicles. In fig. 30 they are shown in normal position at e. In fig. 29 only one group is in what would be the normal position if the root were not diseased and of its normal size; this t group is shown at e, fig. 29. e1, e1, e , e1, represent displaced groups; that is in the lapid and abnormal increase of wood cells from the central cylinder they have been pushed far out of their normal position while cells of the parenchyma on the one side, and wood cells on the other have grown around the group e. el represents one group not displaced but turned to grow in a tangential and radial direction, while et 11 represents one group not only displaced but turned also in a tangential direction. c represents cells of vascular tissue which are turned in a tangential direction around the cavity of a cyst which is just below and was reprsents also section. d the making in removed cells of vascular- tissue turned out of their normal course by the near presence of a cyst. Ata is a cyst located in the edge" of the vascular tissue of the central cylinderbordering on parenchymatous tissue; behind the cyst the cells of the vascular tissue are turned tangentially and this part of the bundle reaches over outside of the parenchymatous tissue bordering the liber fascicle e. The parenchyma cells between the cyst and the liber fascicle e are elongated radially instead of having their tangential diameter the longer. In plate VI. figs. 36 and 37 represent the structural characters of the galls on tomato roots. The cysts a and b are seated in the parenchyma, the cells of which have long radial diameters and converge around the cyst. The parenchyma cells in this section in a peripheral plane are longer radially than tangentially. At c is represented a dead cyst, probably not impregnated, which lies in the woody tissue of the central cylinder. The pitted ducts can be seen to lie radially or perpendicular to the axis, turned from their normal longitudinal direction. Behind the cyst by 204 turning in a direction they converge from either sice and meet. Fig. 37 represents a section through a mature cyst lying in the vascular tissue, the cavity of the cyst at a is filled with eggs and young larvo. At b are represented the vascular cells which lie in a normal direction cut transversely. On either radial side the ducts curve around closely following the contour of the sides of the cavity. At c the outer tangential side of the cyst cavity the ducts from both sides and from below converge and meet. Fig. 36 represents a section from a moderately sized young gall. In older ones where the cysts are numerous there is often presented an intricate maze of these pitted ducts coursing in all directions. In potato tubers the parenchyma cells are elongated so that their longer diameter is perpendicular to the surface at that point (see fig. 38, plate VI.). When the potatoes remain in the ground for some time, or have been infested for some time during their growing condition large warty growths are sometimes formed as represented in the upper right hand figure in Plate I. Again the tubers which have lain in the ground after maturity and sprouted ("volunteers"), being badly infested the young sprouts are attacked and large galls produced on them close to the surface of the tuber. In these cases pitted ducts are developed to a very great extent and a large majority of the mature female cysts are surrounded by an intricate net work of these ducts. In making sections of such galls many of these cysts are cut through and by removing the remains of the cyst, there is the appearance of a beautiful microsconic basket woven from the ducts and imbedded in the looser parenchymatous tissue close by. In the galls of the peach root beside the special structural derangements which could be classed under the head of the foregoing characters there appears in.many of the nearly mature, or old female cysts a secondary growth of pseudoparenchymatous tissue from the inner periphery of the cavity which in some cases nearly fills the cavity with tender loosely compacted cells, so that the cyst is often deformed by the pressure of these ingrowing cells, and in very old ones the larve lie in different places in the tissue. It requires in some cases very careful search to find a female cyst which can be removed and recognized as the ferpale of Heterodera. 205 tangential 34 COM\PAItISON OF THE EXTERNAL APPEAI.AINCE OF THE IOO - GALL DISEASE OFTHE POTATO WITH "POTATO SCAB".-In some of the peculiarities of the disease in the potato tubers caused by Heterodera radicicolathere is a striking resemblance, especially in the earlier stages, to the effects of the disease called "potato scab" and attributed by Brunchorst* to the action of a parasitic organism of very simple structure which he calls Spongospora Solani, and considers to be closely allied to the organism called by Woronint Plasmodiophora Brassicce which causes the disease of cabbages and turnips vulgarly known as "club-foot". The surface of a healthy potato is quite smooth with here and there minute rounded elevations which are usually of a little lighter color than the ground color of the surface and slightly roughened or granular. These are known as the "lenticels", the cork rounded have many cells of which being loose and of intercellular spaces and permit an easy interchange gasses between the cells of the potato and the outside. It is supposed that the potato scab disease begins in the vicinity of these lenticels. An increase in the tissue of the potato takes place here so that a low convex elevation is formed the surface of which becomes "scurfy" by the pealing off of the outer coats. From this the tissues break down and decay sets in and unless the disease is arrested the whole surface of the potato is affected. It appears that the larvee of Heterodera radicicola mainly attack a potato in the vicinity of these lenticels for the first external sign of the presence of the parasite is the enlargement of these lenticels until elevations of considerable size are formed which are scurfy on the surface. Finally the elevation cracks, decay sets in and in many cases the external appearance strongly resembles a "scabby" potato. Usually, however, when the disease is arrested, the tissues being softened gradually shrivel and the potato has a wrinkled and shriveled appearance which I never saw in a potato affected by what is called the "scab". Usually also the roots will present the irregularly fusiform or ovoid galls. For the purpose *Ueber eine sehr verbreitete Krankheit der Kartoffelknollen. In Bergens Museums Aarsberetning for 1886, p. 219. See also "Potato scab". J. E. Humphrey, Mass. State Exp. Station, 6th Annual Report 1888. tPringsheim's Jahrbiicher fUir wissenschaftliche Botanik, Vol. XI., p. 548. 206 of comparing "scabby" potatoes with those infested by the Heterodera requests were made of several gentlemen in Alabama and in some of the Northern States for "scabby" potatoes from their respective sections. Specimens were received from *Peter Collier, Director of the Tew York Agr. Exp. Station at Geneva, N. Y.; from Prof. E. S. Goff, Horticulturist of the Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Station at Madison, Wis.; from Mr. Clarence M. Weed, Entomologist of the Ohio Agr. Exp. Station at Columbus, Ohio; from Mr. Wilson Newman, Asst. Director of the Canebrake Station, Uniontown, Ala.; and from Prof. T. M. Watlington, Abbeville, Ala. From the last named place the specimens received were very badly infested with the Heterodera radicicola, and with a few of the nematodes which cause the disease described by Prof. Scribnert. I did not find the Heterodera present in the potatoes from any of the other localities. When the potatoes remain in the ground for a long time the fissures in the elevations become so deep and in some places the corky growths are so large and prominent as to be easily distinguished from the appearance of "scab" in any of the potatoes the writer has seen. In Plate I. the upper left hand figure represents the very early stages of the disease caused by Heterodera radicicola, while the upper right hand figure represents one which has long been infected. COMPARISON OF ROOT-GALLS WITH "CLUB-FOOT" OF CAB- BAGE.-It will be of great interest to compare the diseased condition of the cabbage roots caused by Heterodera radicicola with the disease of the roots vulgarly known as "club-foot" of cabbage, since in many respects the external characters are very similar while the two diseases are caused by very widely different organisms. The one which causes root-gall, Heterodera radicicolU, is, when compared with organisms of a lower grade, an animal of quite a complex and high organization. The one which causes "club-foot" is one of the slime moulds, a plant of the very lowest organization, called by Woronint, who first discovered it to be the cause, PlasmodiophoraBrassicce. This parasite when in its ma*The author wishes to express hls obligation to these gentlemen for their kindness. tBulletin Agr. Expt. Station, Tenn. Vol. II. No. 2,1886. SPringsheim's Jahrbiicher fuir wissenschaftliche Botanik, Vol. XI., p. 548. 207 ture state consists of numerous very minute rounded bits of protoplasm, each independent and protected by a thin covering or wall. These remain in a resting condition through the winter in the diseased roots or in the soil. In the spring by decay of the roots these spores are freed. Under proper conditions of temperature and moisture they absorb water until the wall cracks and the bit of protoplasm is set free as a swarm cell, that is, a microscopic bit of plastic protoplasm with a very slender cilium, or hairlike process. After a time it loses this cilium and then the plastic bit of protoplasm moves slowly about in the damp soil by a streaming movement in various directions. It is capable of streaming out in such very fine threads as to enter the roots of the cabbage along with watery solutions of nutriment. Once within the root it locates in a cell and commences to appropriate the living matter of the root to itself. In this way it grows in size still remaining a very plastic body of simple protoplasm. Thousands of these enter the roots of a single cabbage. Not only do they appropriate to themselves the living matter of the root but they cause the root of the cabbage to produce an increased number of cells, so that oval or fusiform enlargements are formed. The cells of the root in which these parasitic masses of protoplasm are seated increase greatly in size compared with those which do not contain the parasite. The plasmodium,. for so this mass of protoplasm is called, is yellowish in color. Late in the season it divides up into countless minute bits of protoplasm each of which secretes a protective wall about itself, and its life cycle is completed. The diseased cabbages become sickly, turn yellowish and either die or do not head. Now in external appearance these enlargements of the roots which are called "club-foot" very much resemble the enlargements called root-galls which are produced by the nematode. Unless one was pretty certain of the locality from which the diseased specimens came, and knew the history of the disease in that locality it would be venturesome to undertake to say whether it was root-gall or "club-foot" until after a microscopic examination of the parasite, or of the structural characteristics of the diseased root. 208 37 I have some very fine specimens of "club-foot" before me which I obtained from Eastern North Carolina nearly a year ago. Having been placed in strong alcohol the enlargements are a little wrinkled and shriveled. But so closely do they resemble, especially in a fresh condition, the root-galls that when I collected specimens of cabbages here this autumn with enlargements on the roots I expected to find PlasmodiophoraBrassicceuntil after I had made the microscopic examination and found the cause to be a worm. Perhaps the enlargements of "club-foot," before they begin to crack, are a little more even in contour than those of root-galls and in the specimens I have seen those of "club-foot" are larger, especially on the tap root where very large lateral growths are formed. But if we take a thin transverse section of an enlarged root of each and compare them all resemblance vanishes. In a cross section of :"club-foot" the first thing to attract attention is the great number of yellowish plasmodia, or else the spore masses within large cells, distributed all through the tissues. If the section is from an enlargement of a lateral root, unless very large, there will be little else to attract the attention when compared with a healthyroot unlessit be a slight enlargement of some of the other cells. The general character of the root structure is but little changed. The tracheal tissue of the axis cylinder, but little attacked is arranged in the same stellate form which we find it in a healthy root. The ducts, even when immediately in contact with cells containing plasmodia, are not turned from their longitudinal direction, or if so only slightly. The cells are not elongated and curved around the enlarged cells containing the plasmodium, but resemble the normal arrangement of small cells around a large one. Nor is the radial diameter of the parenchymatous cells proportionately increased, but if the cells are enlarged it is usually a proportionate or nearly symmetrical enlargement. In the section from the root-gall here and there is a cyst, or the amorphic remains of one containing eggs and larve. The color is not so yellowish as that of the plasmodia nor are the cysts so numerous. Indeed the most striking feature in the appearance of the cross section is the twisted, curved and distorted condition of the cells,especially of the tracheal vesO09 38 sels. In some places these are beautifully wreathed about a cyst, and by their side run very much elongated parenchyma cells, while in another place a labyrinth of vessels is woven with the parenchymatous tissue, giving to the section whole, viewed with the compondcl microscope, the appearance in miniatureof a heavy field of grain after'a driving storm, when the stalks of grain are twirled in all directions and matted in inconceivable ways. When very large lateral "clubs" are formed, as on the tap.root the tracheal tissue is turned in an outward direction and curved in various ways. But even then it is confined to more or less recognizable bundles, is rarely sharply curved, and never is wreathed around the plasmodia as around the cyst in the root-gall. COMPARISON OF THE ROOT-GALLS WITH THE "TUBERCLES" OH "WURZELKN6LLcIIEN" OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.-To remove all possibility of a confusion of the root-galls with the tubercles (or Wurzelkndllchen) of the Leguminosece, which has probably sometimes occurred, this comparison is introduced. These tubercles, which recent experinents* seem to show play an important role in the acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by Leguminous plants, are irregularly oval enlargements of the roots, from the size of a pin head to a large pea, or sometimes elongate, or clavate and very much branched and convoluted. The root- as a galls will usually not be mistaken for the tubercles by one familiar with these bodies. The tubercles are formed only on the ver~y youngest roots, so that they are connected with the root from which the diseased one branched by a very slender attachment. Sometimes, however, the attachment is very stout. Usually the surface of the tubercle, though it may be greatly convoluted or lobulated, is smoother and does not present the scurfy or cracked appearance so comnnon, especially in age, on the surface of the root-galls. The *Atwater, W. 0. Atmospheric Nitrogen as Plant Food, Bulletin No. 5, Storrs' School Agr. Exp. Station Conn. Oct. 1889. Bertholet, MI. Expeiriences Nouvelles sur la de 1' azote par certaines Terres Y~gcrales et par certaines plantes. Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. Snie serie, T. XVI. Avril, 1889. Hellriegel andi Wilfarthi, Unterschungen uhber die der Gramineen tend Leguminosen. Beilagehaft z. d. d. Ver. f,., l tibenzucker-Indl d. ID. H. Berlin, 1888. Abstract in I3ot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX, pp. 138-143, 1883. fixation Zeitscli. Stickstoffnahrnng 210 39 root-galls may occur on proportionately large roots, and in a jority of cases the attack is made some distance from the end of the root, so that the root continues to grow beyond the gall root and several ,galls may be formed on the The root also continues to enlarge so in succession. that few of the galls are attached by such slender pedicels as the attachments are in the case of tubercles I have seen. Since the tubercles vary greatly on the roots of different species* there are probably cases in which it would be difficult from an external examination to say whether the enlargements were root-galls or "tubercles". The structural characters are, however, so very different that it will not be out of place here to note briefly the chief structural characters of the tubercles, and give a short resumd of the leading opinions regarding their func- ma- sa-e tion. Very different views have been entertained from time to time as to the nature and significance of these tubercular swellings. The interior of these tubercles is composed of a loose parenchymatous tissue. In the younger parts of this tissue all observers agree as to the presence of strands, or threads of a very plastic nature,with no cross partitions, which course between and through the cells, often sending short flask-like branches into the cells. These possessing a resemblance to the strands of plasmodia or threads of certain fungi, were so regarded by Erickssont, Kny$, Franks, Lundstroiin l(. ing In the older parenchymatus tissue all agree in observ 1874; in the plasmic contents of the cells bacteria-like bodies of variously branched forms, forked, or Y and X forms. These were regarded by Worouin and others as bacteria. Brunchorst** be*Soraner. Pflanzenkrankheiten. Zweite Auflage. Erster Band. p. 743. Lund, 1874; Bot. Zeitung, S. 881, iStudier iifver Leguminosernas cited by "Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Zweite Auflage, Erster Band, p. 744; and p. 650, 1881. by Frank, Krankbeiten der Pflanzen, Zweite ilte, t~itzungsber. d. bot. Ver. d. Prev. Brandenburg. 28 April, 1878; cited by Soraner (1. c.). §Krankheiten der Pflanzen (1. c.). lJUeber Mykodomatien in den Wurzel der Papilienaceen. Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. xxxiii. , pp. 159-160 and 185-188, 1888. lMem. Acad. imp. deienctiu. d. St. Petersbuurg, x., 1s66. cited in Seraner, Pflanzenkrankheiten (1.e.)._ **Ueber die Knollchen an den Leguminosen'wnrzeln. Bericht. d. IDeutschen bot. Geselisdilaft, Bdl. II., pp. 241-257, 1885. Abstract in Bet, Centnalblatt1 Bd, t(XIV., pp. 333-334, 185. rotknblar, 40 lieved the tubercies (Knoillchen) were normal structures, and that the bodies which Woronin and others assumed to be bacteria were formed by a differentiation of the plasmic, protein.contents of the cells into these forms, since they were found to be very rich in protein matter, and not accepting them as bacteria he called them He regarded the "bakteroids" as reserve material which at fruiting time was absorbed by the plant. Supporters of this view were found in Schindler*, Tschirchf, and others. Many observers have noticed in these plasmic "strands", or fungal hyphce (hyphenpilzen) minute rod-like bodies very closely resembling bacteria. These were first called bacteria by Beijerinkt, who regarded the plasmic strands in which they were found as the remains of nuclear division in the cells of the tubercle. Ward§ regarded these "strands" or""hypho" with their contained rod-like bodies as fungi in some respects resembling the smuts, or Ustilaginec. Vuillemini also believed the tubercles to be caused by a fungus, but classed it with the Chytridiacecc,with affinities for the genus Cladochytriumi and he named it Cl. tuberculosrn. He claims to have studied the sporangia and z iAspores. Prazmowski first considered the tubercles to be caused be a parasitic fungus in some stages resembling iPlasmodiophora Wor., but after laterresearcheslI II he comes to the conclusion that the question are bacteria. of the most interesting of recent views, and that held by Prazmiowski, Ward, Vuillemin (1. c.) and others, supported also "bakteroids". Brassicc6 organismsin One *Ueber die biologische Bedeutung der Wurzelknollchen bei den Papilionaceen. Jour. f . Landwirth. Henaeberg, XXXIII. , pp . 325-336 . Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXYIJ., pp. 108-109, 1886. tBeitriige zur Kenntniss der Wurzelknollchen der Papilionaceen. Bericht. d. Deutschen bet. Gesel1tichaft. Bd. V. 188x(. Cited by Sorauer, Bet. Centralblatt. Bd. XXXI., p. 308. 1'Die Papilionaceenknbllchen. Bet. Zeit. p. 726, 1888. Abstract in Bet. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXVIII., No. I., pp. 458-459, 1889. §On the tubercular swellings on the roots of Vicia Faba. Philosophical transactions, Roy. Soc. London, Vol. 178, B. pp. 539-562, 1887. Abstract in Bet. Central- blatt, Bd. XXXIV., p. 305, 1888. fILes tubercies radicaux des Legumineuses. Ann. des. Sc. agron. franc. et etrang. 80, 96, 1888. Abstract in Bet. Centralblatt, Bd. pp. 1889. Ueber die Wurzelknollchen der Leguminosen. Bet. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXVI. p. XL., 123-125. pp. 211-219, 248-255, 1280-285; 1888. 1111istocie i znaczeuiu biologicnem brodawek Korzeniowych grochu. Bericht aus den Sitzungen der k. k. Akadeniie der Wissenschaften in Krakau. Juni, 1889. Das Wesen and biologiseie Bedeutung der Wurzelknollchen d~er Erbse, Bet. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX., pp. 356-362, 1889. 212 41 by the best experimental evidence is that certain microorganisms, either fungi of a very simple organization or bacteria, by an endoparasitism produce the abnormal growths, and for a time live at the expense of the host plant, but being locked within the peculiar structure of the tubercle, dissolution of their bodies takes place followed by an absorption of their protein contents by the plant, so that not only nearly all of the substance which the plant yielded to the parasitic organism is thus finally restored, but in addition a more costly element, atmospheric nitrogen, which the organisms have assimilated and prepared for their host. The chemical and physiological researches of Hellriegel and Wilfarth*, Bertholett, and Atwater show that the plants with tubercles on their roots grown in a soil with very little nitrogenous substance gain more nitrogen than the soil contains, but when grown in a sterilized soil no such gain is made. The experimental researches of Prazmowski (loc. cit.) were directed to the biological nature of the parasitic organism as well as to proving that they were the specific cause of the tubercles. The plants experimented with were peas, but he draws the inference that the rest of the "Papilionaceen" are not essentially different in the character of their tubercles. In brief the results of his later researches§ are as follows. The root-knots (Wurzelknllchen) of peas arc not normal structures, for in sterilized media protected from accidental infection they are never formed, but they always result from infection. in form and characters. trient media. The infecting knot-organisms are bacteria identical with them The bacteria were taken from young in nuThe causal connection between the bacteria thus knots and increased through many generations by culture isolated and the root-knots was proven by a long series of careful *Untersuchungen hber die Stikstoffnahrung der Gramnineen und Leguminosen. Beilagehaft z. d. Zeitsch. d. Ver. f. d. Riibenzucker- Ind. d. D. R Berlin, 1888. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX., pp. 138-143, 1889. tExperiences Nouvelles sur la fixation de l'azote par certaines Terres vigetale et par certaines plantes. Ann. de Chim. et de phys. 6 me sdrie, T. XVI., Avril, 1889. TAtmospheric Nitrogen as Plant Food. Conn., Oct. 1889. kau, Juni, 1889. Bull. No. 5, Storrs School Exp. Sta. §Berichte aus den Sitzungen der k. k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in KraBot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX., pp. 356-362, 1889. 213 42 experiments wherein infection was produced through the inoculation of cultivated plants with bacteria, originally taken directly from the knots, and cultivated through many generations. The formation of the knots occurs only on the youngest roots and their branches. The knot-bacteria make their way through young cell-membranes into the root hairs and epidermal cells of the root and multiply there at the expense of the plasmic contents of the cells. After the bacteria have increased to aconsiderable extent in the roothair they unite near the point into grape-like clusters of colonies which lie very close together, become enveloped in a tough, glistening membrane by means of which they are united with the cell membrane of the root-hair. There arises now near the point of the root-hair, on the inside of its wall, a glistening knob-like projection. Around this bacteria knob curls the end of the roothair in the form of a shepherd's crook, or of a screw. Out of this enveloping screw at the base of the root-hair grows the bacteriaknob as a hypha-like, or thread-like tube, which is surrounded by a glistening membrane and filled with bacteria. From this time on until the formation of the knot and the differentiation of its tissue the bacteria-tube resembles a real non-septate fungus filament; it grows at the apex and produces branches. After growing out of the enveloping root-hair the bacteria-tube enters the epidermis of the root, pierces the rind and grows sometimes so deep as the endodermis of the central cylinder. In its growth and branching it passes between the cells splitting the membrane between two cells and crowding the two lamella apart, forming more or less prominent distended places in the tube, the outside of which is bounded by the two lamelle and the inside filled with bacteria. The bacteria tubes also send short branches through the cell membranes into the cells which grow towards the nucleus, were formerly considered to be haustoria, and in unstained preparations are very difficult to distinguish from the cell contents. These Beijerinck* took to be the remains of nuclear division. In the early stages of the development of the knot no *Die Papilionaceenkniillchen. Bot. Zeit. p. 726, 1888. tralblatt, Bd. XXXVIII., pp. 458-459, 1889. Abstract in Bot. Cen- 214 43 bacteria are found free in the contents of the cells, they are all enclosed in the bacteria-tube. In consequence of the presence of the bacteria-tube in the deep layers of the rind the cells lying near begin to increase in number by division, slowly at first, but soon in rapid succession. At the same time the bacteria-tube grows into this newly formed tissue and branches profusely. Following this division of cells there arises at this point a meristematic, or growing, tissue which through rapid increase becomes of considerable size, in which now the characteristic tissue of the knot is differentiated. In the midst of this meristematic tissue there arises a parenchymatous tissue, of large cells, into which the bacteria-tube grows and branches profusely in all directions. Later through the dissolution of the tube the bacteria are set free in the parenchymatous tissue which now becomes the so called "bacteroid tissue." The outside of the knot is differentiated into the riid, a few layers of cells with little plasmic contents disposed radially, the outside layer of which becomes corky. Between the bacteroid tissue and the rind is a zone of small-celled tissue capable of division and growth and free from bacteria, the meristem or growing point of the knot. On the inner periphery of the meristem a zone of fibrovascular bundles is formed which originates as branches from the central cylinder of the root.. Between the fibrovascular zone and the bacteroid tissue a layer of starch containing cells exists. As the knot, or tubercle, enlarges the meristematic zone by growth advances in a peripheral plane. The peripheral part of the parenchymatous, or bacteroid, tissue also continues to advance by growth, and the peripheral part being younger contains the bacteria-tubes with their rod-like bacteria contents, and these bacteria-tubes continue to grow and follow up the advancing peripheral portion of newly formed parenchymatous tissue while behind follows up the process of dissolution of the membrane of the tube and the liberation of the bacteria into the plasmic contents of the cells making the bacteroid tissue. From several series of experiments conducted with every precautionary measure he reaches the conclusive proof that by means of infection with knot-bacteria the plants (peas) even when 215 44 grown in a soil deprived of all nutriment and providing for the exclusion of all other organisms, could provide the necessary nutriment from the store of nitrogen in the atmosphere. But whether from nitrogen in combination, or as Iellriegel (1. c.) claims from the elementary nitrogen of the atmosphere the researches have not yet been carried far enough to say. If bacteria taken out of the knots in peas are cultivated in suitable nutrient media they increase for an unlimited time by fission retaining a rod-like form. In the knots under the influence of the plant they increase in the same way and possess the same form until the time when dissolution of the membrane of the bacteriatube takes place and they are set free in the bacteroid tissue. In the plasmic contents of the cells of the bacteroid tissue they increase for a time but change their form and branch in a forked manner forming X and Y forms. At last their bodies become hyaline and dissolution takes place. The plant begins to empty the older cells of the bacteroid tissue by appropriation of their contents for its own use. The time when this absorption of the contents of the bacteroid tissue begins and the energy with which it proceeds bears a distinct relation to the amount of nitrogenous matter in the soil at the command of the plant. When the soil is well supplied with it the knots grow to considerable size, the bacteroid tissue is filled with bacteria and bacteria-tubes and presents a flesh-red color, and remains in this condition until the maturity of the plant. The dissolution of the bacteroids and the emptying of the bacteroid tissue proceeds very slowly and irregularly. On the other hand when there is a scarcity of nitrogenous matter in the soil at the command of the plant the dissolution of the bacteroids and the emptying of the bacteroid tissue begins early and proceeds rapidly while the bacteroid tissue has a greenish color. In both cases the emptying begins in the oldest part of the bacteroid tissue and advances towards the meristematic zone. Even in the oldest part of the bacteroid tissue remain numerous living bacteria and tubes containing bacteria which with those in the peripheral zone of the parenchymatous tissue escape into the ground upon the decay of the knot and there increase and perpetuate the infectious character of the soil. 216 45 In knots partly eaten by insects, which is quite common, the masses of bacteroids become surrounded anew by a membrane and the bacteria-tube thus formed, by sprouting divides into successively smaller colonies surrounded by membranes, which Prazmowski first took to be a kind of spore formation when the real nature of the organisms were unknown to him. The structure of the knot is adapted to favor the symbiotic relation which exists between the host plant and its parasite. The corky layer of the rind prevents not only the ingress of foreign organisms but prevents the escape of the bacteroids, while the fibrovascular tissue which surrounds the bacteroid tissue provides the channel of communication between the plant and the contents of the knot. The plant being the master imprisons the bacteroids within the tissues of the knot, for a time nourishes them with the material which is the product of carbon assimilation in the leaf and the willing-bacteroid slave assimilates atmospheric nitrogen producing protein matter, when finally the plant completely overpowers them, dissolves their bodies and carries off their protein contents for its own use. VII. TREATMENT. The following discussion of the treatment of the root-gall nematode is mainly suggestive, and anything farther must be preceded by careful experimentation. DIFFICULTY OF REMEDIAL APPLICATIONS TO PLANTS ALREADY DISEASED.-It is evident from the endoparasitic habit of the worms that direct applications of vermicides to the roots will not destroy them without fatally injuring the plants themselves. When the worms first enter the tissues of the roots they are so minute that no channel is left large enough for the entrance of any poisonous fumes which might be applied in the soil. Also the hypertrophy of the tissue of the roots incident upon the pres- ence of the parasites would effectually close up any aperture made. Dr. Neal* in some experiments conducted by him under the direction of Dr. Riley has shown that the application of bisulphide *Bulletin 20, U. S. Dept. Agr. Division of Entomology. 217 46 of carbon, kerosene emulsion and various arsenical solutions, In quantities sufficient for the destruction of the worms was generally fatal to the plants themselves, while the use of alkaline fertiiizers, like hard wood ashes, muriate and sulphate of potash, kainite, etc., produced a hard growth less susceptible to attack. STERILIZATION OF THE SOIL BY STARVATION.-The cheapest and probably at the same time the most effectual mode of sterilizing the soil will be to starve out the worms by a rotating system applied to the selection of fields, or plats of ground, upon which are grown only such plants as are positively known to be insusceptible to attack. A real difficulty arises even here for so many plants in widely different families are known to be susceptible to the disease, and plants that are absolutely insusceptible can in some cases only be determined after a series of trials. Dr. Neal reports (loc. cit.) that according to his experience Amarantus spinosus is the "most dreaded and destructive agent in the spread of the root knot." In this section, even in the immediate neighborhood of other plants badly diseased I have found this species free so far as examined, while Amarantus retroflexus, growing side by side with it, is diseased. Similar cases in the habit of a related species of Heterodera (I. Schachtii Schmidt) are reported from Europe. This species is very destructive to sugar beets and many other plants. Among a number of plants which were supposed to be insusceptible was barley*. Upon a piece of land very badly infected by the "Rilbennematode" barley was sown for three years 'uccessively. The first two years no injury was noticed, but in the third year the crop was destroyed a short time before harvest by severe attacks of the worms. Dr. Neal (loc. cit.) also s eaks of the Japan Clover (Lespedeza striata) as a substitute for the Cow pea (Dolichos catiang) as a forage plant and fertilizer. In this vicinity Lespedeza striataranks as one of the species slightly affected, while "birds foot clover" (Lotus corniculatus) is very badly affected. It is evident that thorough investigations must be made to determine the useful plants which are very nearly, or quite, insusceptible to the attacks of the worms. By growing such crops upon selected ground for a period of a few *Quoted from Sorauer, Pflarzenkrankheiten, Zweite Auflage, Vol. II., p. 853. 218 years, exercising at the same time great caution in not allowing any weeds or grasses, which may be susceptible, to grow, the area selected could be sterilized. Now by taking up successively different areas and treating them in the same manner a persevering farmer could practically rid his land of the worms. So far as observed here buckwheat and alfalfa are among the insusceptible plants which could be experimented with. ROTATION OF CROPs.-Here we find occasion again to empha- size the oft repeated necessity of a judicious rotation of crops, but with special reference to a wise alternation of insusceptible with susceptible plants. It is evident that if we start with a sterilized soil and grow for one year an annual which is liable to the disease there is little danger of infection of the ground. If the following year this is followed up by the cultiyation of another nearly or quite free from attack the soil will with greater safety bear another crop of the plant grown the previous year. CLEAN CULTIVATION.-The absence of clean cultivation is one of the most fruitful sources of the thorough impregnation of the soil with the worms. It was of course impossible to make an application of this principle to the enemy in question before that enemy was known, and especially before the time required for its complete development from the egg had been determined. Now-that these facts are known and since we know many of the plants subject to the disease it is to be hoped this method will be employed by those desirous of subduing the worms. Not only should an effort be made to prevent the growth on arable land of all plants growing wild which are liable to serious infection, but so soon as a crop has been gathered, or it is found that the crop will not be worth gathering, from any cultivated plant liable to serious infection the farther growth of the plants should be stopped, or what is better the roots of the plants should be gathered and burned when possible. In gardens this would not be a serious task compared with the benefit to be derived. I have noticed cabbages, tomatoes and potatoes, all which are seriously susceptible to the disease, growing in an abandoned condition for two months in the latter part of the season, all the while providing for the rapid development 219 and multiplication of the parasites. During this time tWo stieeOsive generations of the worms are developed. Each female egg would on the average, making no allowance for fatalities, produce in the first generation 200 young. Allowing 50 per cent of these for males there would be 100 to start the second generation for every one at the beginning of the first. These would then on the basis of a similar computation produce 20,000 young or 10,000 females to be the producers of the third generation. Then during the time of the abandoned growth of these diseased plants every productive parasite has produced 10,000 productive parasites. TREATMENT OF PERENNIALs.-The greatest care should be ex- ercised in the cultivation of perennials like the grape, peach, fig, etc. The young plants should be obtained from sources where it is known they have been grown in non-infected soil. The orchard or grapery should be selected and by a system of cultivation of insusceptible plants be rendered sterile by starving out the worms. Then the practice of cultivating either for forage or as a fertilizer plants liable to the disease in the orchard should be discontinued. Where orchards or graperies are so seriously injured as to interfere with the productiveness of the trees or vines, they might be preserved for a few years while the orchard is renewed in soil freed from the worms, when they should be destroyed. The peach trees and grape vines which I have examined in the vicinity of Auburn, while slightly affected do not appear yet to suffer any serious consequences. Young trees and seedlings are more seriously affected. The most badly diseased grape cuttings I have seen were those grown very near diseased cabbages and tomatoes. Care should also be used in the cultivation of seed potatoes which are not infected. TRAPPING THE WoRM.-In Germany cultivators of the sugar beet have resorted with a degree of success to trapping the worms of a related species (H. Schkachtii)* from badly infected soils by the cultivation of plants very susceptible to the disease, and then gathering the roots before the worms are fully developed and destroying them. Such plants they call "catch plants" ("Fangpflanzen"). *Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Vol. II., p. 854. 220 49 COMPoSTS.-If roots are ever used in the making of composts great caution should be used since there is danger of infecting soil hitherto free from the worms by fertilizing such land with compost material containing diseased roots. s-nn* has shown that such infection does take place in the case of related species, Heterodera Schachtii.Schmidt,and also states that the material may be rendered innocuous by placing unslacked lime in layers with the infected refuse of plants which may be used in compost. For distribution see close of Section V. VIII PLANTS AFFECTED. The following list of plants affected with the Nematode root galls is by no means complete. It comprises only such as with limited time I have been able to determine thus far in the vicinity of Auburn. From the foregoing study and comparison of the root- galls with externally similar teratological root-growths it will be seen that two essential characters must be determined before in all cases we can say the abnormal growth is a nematode rootgall: a microscopic examination to detect the presence of the worm and the histological changes accompanying its parasitism. Both of these tests have been applied in making up this partiallist. Those marked with a are badly affected. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Amygdalus Persica (peach). Ficus Carica (fig). vitis vinifera (grape, several varieties). *olnu tuberosum (potato). Solanum osculentum (egg plant) . *Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato' . Physalis sp. *Abutilon sp. Gossypium herbaceum (cotton). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 19 Hibiscus esculentus (okra). Sida spinosa. Modiola multifida. Cassia obtusifolia (coffee weed). *Dolichos catiang (cow pea). Phaseolus. Lespedeza striata (Japan clover). *Lotus corniculatus+ (bird's foot clover). Melilotus alba. Ipomcea tamnifolia. *Die Ruben Nematode. Zeitschrift des landwirthschaftlichen Central-Vereins der Provinz Sachsen. No. 12, pp. 332-335, 1S70, t Determined by Dr. G. W. Vasey. 4 .221 50 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 14 35 36 Ipomcea lacunosa. Clematis sp. Phytolacca decandra. *llelianthus annuus (sunflower). *Citrullus vulgaris (watermellon). *Cucumis melo ("nutmeg melon," "citron"). Beta vulgaris (beet). Amarantus retrofiexus (spineless careless weed) Chenopodium Anthelminticum (worm seed). Zea mays (corn). *Brassica oleracea (cabbage). Brassica Rapa (turnip). *Brassica campestris rutabaga (rutabaga). Marrubium vulgare (horehound). *Pastilsaca sativa (parsnip). Lactuca sativa (lettuce). *Tragopogon porrifolius (salsify). LST OF WORKS CONSULTED. The following ist of works is not intended as a complete bibliography upon the subject, but is a list of those which have been consulted by the author during the preparation of this report. Those marked by a * were not seen in the original, but abstracts in either the Bot. Jahresbericht (Just's), the Bot. Centralblatt, or the Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. 1. Atwater, W. 0. Atmospheric Nitrogen as plant food; Bulletin No. 5, Storrs School Agr. Exp. Sta. Conn. Oct., 1889. 2. *Beijerinck, M. W. Tbe Gardenia root-disease. Gard's. Chron. ser. III., Vol. I., p. 488-489, 1887. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt. Bd. XXXV. 92, 1838. 3. *Beijerin M. W. Die Papilionaceenkuizll Chen. Blot. Zeit. 726, in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXVIII.' pp. 458-459, 1889. Review ,-k, p. p. 1888.- 4. Bertholet, MI. Experiences Nouvelles sur la Terres Vegetales et par certaines plantes, (Introduction and three Memoires), Ann. d. Chim. et d. Phys. 6 me serie, T. XVI., Avril, 1889. 5. Breal, E., Fixation de l'azote par les Digumineuses. Compt. Rend. herbd. d. sc. d. l'Acad. d. Sci. T. CIX., Oct. 28, 1889, Paris. 6. *Brunchorst, Ueber die Kniziuchen an den Leguminosenwurzeln. Bericht. d. IDeutschen bgot. Gesellschaft. Bd. III., pp. 241-257, 1885- Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt. Bd. XXIV., p. 333-334, 1885. 7. *Chatin, J. Sur les kystes bruns de l'anguillule de la betterave. Compt. rend. d. l'Acachimie d. Sici. T. CV., No. 2, pg. 130, Paris, 1887. Ibid. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie undi Parasitenkunde, Bd. II., pp. 390-391,1887. 8. Comstock, J. H. An Introduction to Entomology. Ithaca, N. V., 1888. Ann. Rept. UT. Dept. Agr., 1880. S. 9. Comau, Max, Bot. Jahresbericht (Just), S. 162, 1878. 10 *Golbi., Relatorio sobre a molestia do cafeeiro do Rio de Janeiro. Bd. VIII., Archivos do Museo nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Biologische Miscellen aus Brasilien, VII. Der Kaffeenematode Brasiliens, fixation de l'azote par certaines 222 Meloidogyne exigua G. Zoolog. Jahrbilcher, abth. f. System., Geogr. u. Biol. d. Thiere, Bd. IV. Hft. I., pp. 262-267, Jena 1889. Abstract in Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie uncl Parasitenkunde, Bd. V., pp. 839840. 1889. 11. *Hellriegel und Wilfarth, liTntersuchungen fber die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen, Beilagehaft z. d. Zeitsch. d. Vereins f. d. Ruben zucker Ind. d. D. R. Berlin, Nov. 1888.-Reviewin Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX., No. 5, pp. 118-143, 1889. 12. Horn, Paul. Die Aelchen-Gallen auf Phleum Boehmeri Wib. Archiv des Vereins der Freunde d. Nalargeschichte in Mecklenburg. pp. 139-155, 1888. Horn, Paul. Die Aelchen-Gallen auf Phlenm Boehneri Wib. Abstract in Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Bd. IV., pp. 243-244, 1888. 13. Humphrey, J. E., Potato Scab. Mass. State Expt. Station, 6th Ann. Report, 1888. 14. *Jobert, C. Sur une maladia du Cafeier observee au Bresil. Compt. rend. hebd. acad. sc. Paris, 1878, T. LXXXVII, No. 24, 5. 941-943. Abstract in Bot. Jahresbericht (Just) p. 173, 1878. 15.. Kuhn, Jul. Die Ruben-Nematode. Die Zeitschriftdeslandwirthschaftlichen Central-Vereins der Provinz Sachsen, No. 12,,pp. 16. KUhn, Jul. Die Wurmfhule eine neue Erkranknngsform der Kartoffel. Hamburgen Garten-und Blurenzeitung, pp. 561-567, 1888. Abstract in Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, Bd. V., pp. 390, 1889. 17. Lundstriim, A. N. Ueber Mykodomatien in den Wurzeln der Papilionaceen. Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIII., p. 159-160, 185-188, 1888. 18. *Magnus, S., Ueber Wurzeln von Passifiora mit kleinen seitlichen Verdickungen, verursacht von Heterodera. Sitzungsber. der Gellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin. p. 170, Nov. 1888. Abstract in Centralblatt fir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Bd. V., p. 650, 1889. 19. Miller, C. Mittheilungeniber unseren Knltnrpflanzen schiidliche, das Geschlecht Heterodera bildenden Wiirmer. Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher. Bd. XIII., Heft I. 1884. 20. Neal. The Root-knot Disease of the Peach, Orange, and other Plants in Florida, due to the work of Anguillula. Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, UI. 5, Dept. Agr.Washington,1889. 21. Prazmowski, A. Ueber die Wurzelknoillchen der Leguminosen, Bet. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXVI., No. 6, pp. 215-219, No. 8, pp. 248-255, No. 9, pp. 280-285, 1888. 22. *Prazmowski, A. istocie i znaczeuiu korzeniowJ ch grochu. (Beriebte aus den Sitzungen der k. k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Krakau. Jtuni, 1889. Das Wesen und die biologische Bedeutung der Wurzelknoillchen der Erbse. Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXIX., pp. 358-362, 1889. 23. *Schindler, F., Ueber die biologische Bedeutung der Wurzelknoillchen bei den Abstract Papilionaceen. Jour. f. Landwirth. Henneberg, XXXIII., pp. in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXVII., pp. 108-109, 1886. 24. Scribner, F. S. A new Disease of Irish Potato. Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tenn. Vol. II., No. 2, pp. 37-43, 1889. 25. *Smith, G. W. Disease of Oats. Heterodera radicicola Muller. Gardeners' Chron. New Ser. Vol. XXVI., p. 172, 1886. Abstract is_ Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXI., p. 247, 1887. 26. Sorauer, P. Zusammenstellung der neueren Arbeiten Uiber die Wurzelknolilchen und deren als Bakterien angesprochene Inbaltskiirperchen. Bot. Centralblatt. Bd. XXXI., pp. 308-314, 333-345, 1887.. 332-335.1870. 389- No. 0 325-326. 52 27. Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Zweite Auflage. Die Iibennematode, pp. 852-854. Ibid. Die Wurzelkiillcben, pp. 854-858. Ibid. Wurzelknbilchen, pp. 743-748., 28. Strubell, Ad. Ueber den Ban und die Entwickehmg von Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. Zoolog. Anzeiger, No. 242, .17, Januar,1887. pg. 42-46, nnd no. 243, 31, Jannar 1887, pg. 62-66. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Band I., pp. 603-604, Jena, 1887. 29. Strubell, Ad. Untersuchngen ilber den Ban nnd die Entwickelung des RUbennematoden, Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. (Bibliotheca Zoologica. Originalabhancllungen ans dem Gesammtgehiete der Zoologie, brsg, von R. Leuckart n. C. Chun. Heft 2.) 40. 50pg. 2 Taf. Cassel (Tb. Fischer) 1888. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie nnd Parasitenkunde. Bd. VI., No. 15, pp. 423 429, Jena, 1889. 30. *Trenb, M. Quelques mots snr les effets dn parasitisme de 1' Heterodera Javanica dans les racines denla canne a sucre. Ann. d. jardin bot. d. Bnitenzorg. Vol. VI., Part I., pp. 93-96, Leide,1886. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXVIII., p. 269, 1886. 31. *Tschirch, A. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Wnrzelknllchen der Leguminosen. Bericbte d. Denschen hot. Gesellschaft. Bd. V. 1887. (Quoted by Sorauer, Bot. Centralblatt, p. 308, 188. 32. Van Tieghem,Traite do Botanique, Denxidsne Edition, Fascicule 5. 33. *Vnillemin, iLes tnbercles radicaux des Legumineuses. Ann. d. Soc. A gron. franc. et 6trang. 80, p. 96, 2 p1. 1888,-Review in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XL., No. 4, pp. 123-125, 1889.. 34. *Ward, H. M. On the tnbercular swellings on the roots of Vicia Faba. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soc. London. Vol. B. p. 539-562. Pl. 32, 33, 1888. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt. Bd. XXXIV., p. 305, 1888. 35. *wigand, A. Bakterien innerbalb des geschlossenen Gewebes der knollenartigen Anscbwellnngen der Papilionaceenwnrzeln. Wigands hot Heft II. p. 88-97. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXI. , p. 145, 1887. 36. Woronin, Plasii~oiopbora Brassicae. Pringsbeim's Jabrbiicber fihr wissenscbaftliche Botanik, Vol. XI.,7 p. 548. 178, 224 53 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. [All the Plates are original, and except the first two, which are from photographs, were drawn by the author from nature. In Plates IV, V and VI, all the figures are magnified except 31 and 32]. PLATE I. IRISH POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum).-The cracks in the large potato (seed potato), result from the increased growth of cells at the points where the Heterodera exists. The upper left hand figure is a small young potato taken from this same plant, the elevations and projections caused by presence of the Heterodera. The enlargements on the roots of the potato are the galls. (Natural size, from photograph.) PLATE II. Tomato root showing root-galls two-thirds (natural size, from photograph.) PLATE III. Parsnip and Salsify, showing root-galls, natural size. PLATE IV. Development and transformations of Heterodera radicicola (Greeff.) Miill. Figs. 1-9 different stages in segmentation of mature eggs; 10 invagination at anterior pole; 11, young embryo of the length of the egg, beginning to elongate and coil inside of the egg membrane, the caudal end, which is below in the figure, turning toward the ventral side, the cephalic end, above, granular and nearly hyaline; 12, 13, 14 farther elongation of embryo, 15 mature larva coiled five times within the egg membrane. Fig. 16. Larva coming from egg membrane, and moulting at same time, the partially cast skin can be seen slipped from the head and tail. At the boundary between the hyaline and strongly granular portion near the tail end can be seen the anal opening. Fig. 17. Sexually immature worm, larva; 17x same not so greatly magnified 19, in one of the various forms sometimes found prior to the cystic state; 18, 19z various degrees of distention of the larva; 20 young female cyst, showing ovaries; 21 male undergoing metamorphosis; 21x and 22 same with metamorphosis complete, in pupa state; 23 emergence of sexually mature male from cyst; 24 front view of head of male showing the position of the lamella around the spear; 25 anterior end of female, a exsertile spear, b anterior part of the oesophagus: 26 posterior end of a male (see page 25), a caudal appendage (probably an accidental variation), b spicules; 21z sexually mafure male very greatly magnified, showing the paired testes. Fig. 27, Mature female cyst, a middle part of oesophagus (suctorial bulbj, b anterior part of cesophogus, c exsertile spear, d vulva, e genital tubes, the anterior ends of which form the ovaries. Fig. 28. Genital tubes of female cyst with mature eggs still farther enlarged; a vagina; the uterus extends from the vagina a little more than onethird the length of the tube, near the middle is the receptaculunm seminis, the oviducts and ovaries occupy a little more than one-half of the free ends. The small ova are very tender and flexible, but by pressure of the mass are held in a polygonal form within the ovaries. If the ovary is broken at a point as at b or c the young ova escape and assume a spherical form, and not yet being free cells are held together in a beautiful cluster as represented in the figures. As the young ova increase in size by growth, the pressure causes them to move toward the oviducts, they gradually develop numerous yolk globules which darken their appearance, passing through the receptaculum seminis are fertilized, and entering the uterus segmentation begins, finally the mass of developing eggs in the genital tubes ruptures them and the eggs and embryos are set free within the body of the cyst. PLATE V. Structural effects of the disease in roots of cotton and peach. Fig. 29. Cross section of gall on lateral root of cotton plant; a female cyst showing ovaries, etc., b old female cyst showing eggs and young larve in the amorphie remains of the parent, c deformed vascular tissue by the side of a 225 54 cyst, d deformed vascular tissue, the tubes turned in a radial and tangenital direction to the axis of the root, e liber fascicle in normal position of healthy root, e'liber fascicle displaced, and, by increased growth of parenchyma and vascular tissue, carried far out from normal position, e " liber fascicle deformed and growing in a radial direction, e'" liber fascicle displaced and growing in a tangential direction. Fig. 30. Cross section of healthy lateral root of cotton plant, magnified but in proportion with Fig. 29. Fig. 31. Galls on lateral root of cotton plant (natural size). Fig. 32. Root-gall of Peach, natural size, but small specimens. Fig. 33. Section through female cyst in root of Peach, showing the ultimate growth of soft, pseudo-parenchytnatous tissue which sometimes entirely fills the cavity before the larvre have all escaped, a amorphic remains of female cyst showing eggs and part of genital tubes, b original outline of cyst, c hypertrophied tissue from surface of cavity of cyst, PLATE VI. Female cysts and structural effects of the disease in roots of the Tomato, and the tubers of the potato (excepting Figs. 42-47). All magnified. Fig. 34. Mature female cyst, a exsertile spear, b middle part of cesophogus, c ovary, d eggs escaped from the uterus, Fig. 34. Mature female cyst of a different form. Fig. 36. Cross section of diseased root of Tomato, a and b female cysts, c dead cysts which probably failed to be fertilized, Fig, 37. Section still more magnified, a cyst cavity of female showing eggs and larva in amorphic remains of the parent, b normal vascular tissue in cross section, c deformed vascular tissue turned in a radial and tangential direction around the cyst. Fig. 38. Section of outer portion of potato tuber showing a, female cyst ex ternal, with head end only in the tissues; b radial elongation of cells. Fig, 39, Sexually immature larva making its way through cells of the potato tuber. Fig, 40, Section of outer portion of potato, a young cyst in situ, b cork cells of lenticel (the section was through the side of a lenticel). Fig. 41. Section of outer portion of potato tuber where decay of the tissues has begun, a female cyst in situ, b cyst cavity containing amorphic remains of parent, and young larve and eggs. Fig. 42. Egg of 46; 43, cell division of same in process of development; 44 young larva in egg membrane; 45 young larva after hatching; 46 mature gravid female, a mature egg, b young ovum (Figs. 42-46 illustrate the egg, larva and mature female of the nematode which produces the disease of the Irish potato characterized by Prof. Scribner). Fig. 47. Mature female of a different genus found sometimes associated with the former, 226 Pi.,\,ri : I.-N i.,-m.vroi a I~()l 0 -G 1\ '. IRISH 1) OTA'IO. V ~ V~> V t V V~VV~ VIV I O 11, I O. T 7 :f . i ! 'IIi ! .I r Ja1 s 'C\em a nae'.out= .. : (Sli farsni p -.. '". +. : ., . - . . ": ' :*. _ ., ; ° ' , * i} ' : S t ., , .:, : '!' 'j' t9.. l .j \) /r I~ a: o A. ft " O G n j o 0. An Oe o "oo l b c Ar t, " 6 O 0 Oayo p o 70"F a"D c U o Ofi y "a 1 .rs J b.. i a d ' s .i e , O 1~ OO_ Y OQ O i' // / .F a m a O O C. e a _ l eq, ,Atttc sR ; d de.\. not- 4A da , r 11 e NI f a 6 P ' vi. h . , 1. ,\ ; ; 0 ." 4'x'1. 4r k s { 004,0°op a n e 1a9 , ^. a " ; . ,p . 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N. p J or e, P p I i t + 3I Frutn potato t b1'; V j , I. (I. IFE I.1 II VW T11 , I F.II ru )I\'.\I111 N10N IC - I I 01 l~lI. I1 ~ K I.F I II I HTLATE 11 2 1~ ,. /4 lp II 'I PJ l Iii Iw Gl ~ P i l (' Fr _ f u Ih): U l'I '/ -P L'Ii I.14 u nu n C r c - 'lIi NDON BULLETIN NO. 14.--NE NEW SERIES. SRI. REPORT -OF- rit ultuial frimnittin, OF THE Agricultural ald echaoical College1 AUBURN, ALA. - APRIL, 1890. PEA VINES AS A FERTILIZER. A The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 53 BULLETIN NO. 14. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. - APRIL, 1890. -BOARED HON. OF R. F. TISIOPS HON. J. B. MITCHELL. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT.STATION: J. G. GILCHRIST,....How. LIGON. BOA , Of' DIR8CTION President Director and Agriculturist Vice-Director and Chemist Meteorologist ............ ....................................... W. L. BROUN.. J. S. NEWMAN................. ............... N. T. LUJPTON............. ................... P. H. MELL. ...... GEO. F. ATKINSON .................. ............................... Botanist and *Biologist ASSISTANTS : ISAAC Ross. .1st Assistant Agriculturist, in charge of Live Stoc~k & Dairy Second Assistant Agriculturist JAS. CLAYTON.......................... .... First Assistant Chemist J. T. ANDERSON, PH. D ................. Second Assistant Chemist ...... .......... L. W. WILKINSON, M. P. L. HUTCHISON, B. Sc .,.............. ...... Third 'Assistant Chemist Sc A. M. LLOYD, B. SC ...................... .... Assistant Botanist caused by parasitic fungi and insects. *The special work of the Biologist is the investigation of the diseases of plants 54 NITROGEN AS . FERTILIZER. [N. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST.] In estimating the value of commercial fertilizers, phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen are the only constituents taken into consideration. Of course, these are no more necessary for the,growth of vegetation than other elements which enter into the composition of plants, but as they are more generally deficient in soils, especially after long continued cultivation, this deficiency must be supplied in order to produce abundant crops. The bones of animals, both recent and fossil, with the immense deposits of phosphatic material found in this and other countries, have furnished the farmer a good supply of phosphoric acid at a reasonable price. The natural sources of potash have also been sufficient to keep the cost of this element within moderate bounds. The supply of nitrogen, however, is not so abundant, and hence it maintains a high value in the commercial world. In addition to this, nitrogenous materials very readily undergo decomposition, and the gaseous nitrogen passes into the atmosphere. Its chief sources as a fertilizer, are blood, tankage, fish scrap, cotton seed, cotton seed meal, animal manure, the salts of ammonia from gas works, and sodium nitrate, or Chili saltpetre. While about four-fifths of the atmosphere consists of nitrogen, this immense supply is virtually useless as a fertilizer. It must be in a state of chemical combination, as it appears from the most reliable investigations, before plants can use it. How this combination is brought about in the ordinary growth of vegetation, is an interesting question. . The passage of electricity through the air is known to cause the union of minute quantities of nitrogen and oxygen, and some low organisms, called microbes, found on the roots of plants, are believed to change this element into 55 4 a form suitable for use by the plant, but whether atmospheric nitrogen, under any circumstances, contributes directly to the nutrition of plants is a disputed question. THE SOURCES OF THE NITROGEN OF YEGETATION. The question of the supply of nitrogen to vegetation, says a recent writer in the Chemical News, is one of the utmost importance, not merely from a theoretical, but from a practical point of view. Put ina slightly different form, it means, are we, as far as the nitrogenous constituents of our frames are concerned, living on the earth's income, or, as in the case of coal, on its capital ? Do plants denend for their growth on the combined nitrogen present in the soil and sub-soil, supplied by manures and by the decomposing remnants of defunct organisms, or brought down by the rain in the form of ammonia or nitric acid? Or, are they able to fix in their tissues, directly or indirectly, any portion of the unlimited store of free nitrogen existing in the atmosphere ? Such fixation might conceivably take place in various ways; by the direct oxidation of the plant, by the mediation of fungi or microbes, by some reaction of constituents of the soil, by the silent electrical discharge, etc. The ablest scientific and practical investigators in the field of agricultural science have been studying this question for years past, but it must be confessed, results are not concordant. Some conclude from numerous experiments, that certain soils have the power, under peculiar circumstances, to fix free nitrogen; that is, to cause it to enter into chemical combination ahd serve as plant food; others like Berthelot, the distinguished French chemist, and the German chemists, Hellriegel and Willfarth, believe that free nitrogen requires the influence of living organisms, or microbes, which are found on the roots of some plants, to bring it into organic combination, while Boussingault is quoted in an article in the Chemical News, above referred to, as saying : "If there is in physiology a fact perfectly demonstrated it is the non-assimilability of free nitrogen of plants, even those of an inferior order, such as mycoderms and fungi." 56 Thus we see how, different are the conclusions of the most skillful experimenters in this difficult field of investigation. PLANTS AS COLLECTORS OF NITROGEN. Whatever views may be held in regard to the relation of atmospheric nitrogen to the nutrition of plants, every educated farmer knows that certain crops collect this important element from some source and accumulate it in the soil. Prof. Wagner, Director of the Agricultural Research Station near Darmstadt, Germany, in a recent publication, divides plants into nitrogen-collectors and nitrogen-consumers. He concludes from many carefully conducted experiments that the nitrogen-collectors-peas, clover, lucerne, and leguminous plants generally-have the power to fix atmospheric nitrogen and by accumulating it in the soil, add to the capital of the farm, while cereals, grass, potatoes, turnips, tobacco, corn, cotton, etc, as nitrogen-consumers, have no such power, but take up from the soil, in the form of nitrogenous salts, all the nitrogen contained in the crop. THE VALUE OF PEA VINES AS A FERTILIZER. Pea vines and clover are universally recognized as enrichers of the soil, and are grown to some extent for purposes of fertilization. With a view of encouraging the growth of these valu.,ble plants, especially of peas, and of answering some important questions, an investigation was undertaken a few months ago, to determine the real value of pea vines as a fertilizer, and the relative value of vines and roots. With the aid of Dr. J. T. Anderson, assistant chemist in the State Laboratory, some interesting results have been obtained. Several chemists have investigated the composition and value of roots, among whom may be mentioned Dr. Walker in England, Dr. Weiske in Germany, and Dr. Atwater in this country; but I have found no presentation of the comparative value of the vines and roots as fertilizers. To determine this question, four samples were taken October, 1889, from a crop raised on the experiment farm, as follows: Sample A was taken from a space one 57 yard square.. The vines were carefully cut, leaving the usual amount of stubble with the roots. A trench was dug around this square yard to a depth of several feet, and the earth washed away by a stream of water from a suitable hose. The roots were collected as completely as possible. Samples B, C and D were from a cubic foot each, selected at random in the patch, the earth was removed entirely, dried, and then carefully sifted from the roots. Care was taken to secure, as far as possible, all fibres, however small. It was found that in this soil, a sandy loam with sandy sub-soil, the roots were virtually all included in the first foot in depth. Vines and roots with stubble attached were air dried, and weighed with the following results: Weights Expressed in Grams. ................. Weight of vines..:.... Weight of stubble and roots .................. A. 210 67 B. 137 20 C. 58 11 D. 69 9 Calculated for one acre, these give in pounds: A. Weight of vines .............. Weight of roots....................... ............ ...... 2,236 713 B. 13,128 1,916 C. D. 5,558 6,612 1,054 862 Thus we have in A a little more than three times as much vines as roots ; in B nearly seven times as much; in C five and a half times as much; and in D a little more than seven and a half times as much; the average being six of vines to one of roots. The vines and roots yielded as follows: A. per cent. B. per cent. C. per cent. D. per cent. Vines, Roots Vines, Roots Vines, Roots Vines, Roots Phosphoric scid...... .......... Potash.. ....... Nitrogen Moisture ........... ... Crude ash 1.03 1 09 0 56 0 56 0.55 0.62 0.44 0.30 1.24 1.17 1.25 1.11 1.33 1.24 1 35 1.14 2 62 1.09 1 73 0.75 1.45 0.5,4 1.45 0.36 11.79 10.95 10.49 11.10 11.48 9.05 11.04 9.53 14 37 20.65 8.87 23"54 7 81 18.18 7.31 17.53 58 The amounts of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, calculated for one acre, are given in the following table in pounds: A. pounds. Phosphoric acid ...... 23.03 Potash .............. 27.72 Nitrogen ...... 58.58 B. pounds. C. pounds. D. pounds. 2.58 9.82 3.10 Vines, Roots Vines, Roots. Vines, Roots Vines, Roots 7.77 73.51 10.72 30.56 6.53 29.09 8.34 164.10 21.26 74.10 13 06 89.26 7.77 227.11 14.37 80,59 5.69 95.87 Table expressing averages in pounds on one acre with commercial values, taking the yield of the four samples analyzed : pounds. Vines, Value in dollars and cents. Roots. Vines, Roots. .52 .13' 2.50 3.15 Phosphoric acid...................... 39.05 6.90 $ 2.93 Potash ............................ 88.79 13.12 89 Nitrogen............................ 115.54 7 70 22.53 1$ 26 35 To determine the loss of nitrogen caused by allowing the vines to lie upon the ground during the fall and winter, samples of dry vines were collected during the last weeks of December and January, and the percentage of nitrogen determined. The following table gives these results, and for comparison, the percentage of nitrogen in green vines is also given as previously obtained: Percentage of Nitrogen. (1) Green vines collected in October ......... 2.62 (2) 1.73 (3) 1.45 (4) 1.45 Dry vines collected in December......... Dry vines collected in January............ 0.81 0.66 0.88 0.72 .... .... 0.66 0.70 The leaves had mostly disappeared from the dry vines, and such changes had taken place by atmospheric agencies, that it was impossible to institute, with any degree of exactness, a comparison between the weight of green vines on 59 a given area, air dried in the Laboratory, and the weight of same when dried in the field and gathered in December and January. The shrinkage from loss of moisture and decomposition by atmosperic agencies would, however, greatly increase the relative loss of nitrogen as exhibited in the above table. CONCLUSIONS. It is evident that much of the nitrogen collected by pea vines is lost when the crop is left exposed on the soil where it grew. No experiments have been made to test the view of those who hold that more or less of this nitrogen becomes oxidyzed and passes into the soil as nitrate. The gaseous condition of nitrogen, ammonia, and other compounds of this element which result from the decomposition of organic substances, renders it, however, more than probable that the nitrogen escapes into the air. Many of our best agriculturists, however, condemn the practice of turning under the pea vines while green, in our climate, unless some other crop is to follow immediately, believing that the saving of nitrogen contained in the vines will not compensate for the loss produced by the exposure of the ploughed land to atmospheric agencies during the fall and winter. An excellent plan would be to use the vines as a feed stuff, preserve the manure, and return it to the soil just before the time of planting. The following conclusions are di awn from these results: 1. Pea vines contain a large percentage of phosphorio acid, potash and nitrogen, the three valuable constituents of commercial fertilizers, and are especially rich in nitrogen, which they accumulate directly or indirectly from the atmosphere and furnish as a fertilizer to other crops. 2. In these experiments'the vines weigh about six times as much as the roots, and are about eight and a third times as valuable as a fertilizer, calculating their value on the basis of valuations used in Alabama for commercial fertilizers. 3. The vines lose a large percentage of their nitrogen when left on the ground during the fall and winter months. 60 9 No. 1519. COTTON SEED HULL ASHES FROM CENTRAL OIL Co., SELMA, Moisture.........................................11.00 ALA. per cent. Organic matter.......... 8.95 Insoluble matter (silica)..............................7.95 Oxide of iron and alumina............................3.03 Lime, or calcium oxide............... ............. 2.22 Magnesia, magnesium oxide..........................8.84 Potash..........................26.14 Soda . . . . . . . .17 Phosphoric Acid (P2 O )1.......1.69 Sulphuric Acid (S 03)..........2..5....... Chlorine..........................................0.96 Caibonic Acid (calculated)............................5.31 100.00 ........................... " " A sample of fertilizer marked "Acid Phosphate with Potash "from Messrs. T. S. & J. P. Kirley, Scottsboro, Ala., was examined Feb. 6, lead in grains or particles. varying in size from that of mustard seed to that of a buckshot. Eight ounces of the fertilizer contained one und one-sixth1 ounces of lead. Another sample sent by the same parties was examined March 11th, which contained metallic as in the previous sample. P-90, and found to contain metallic *lead 61 Analyses Reported b~y Dr. N. Ti. Lupton from October 1, 1889, to April 1, 1890. PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH. r.N ~~ptnfrmOcoe B WHOM SENT. Phosphor'ic Acid. m N b mb z O 0 O cc3 NAME OF FERTILIZER. 0 Cs zC 0 1.99 2.24 2.3 1.45 1.44 0.83 1.60 1 95 1.90 1.65 1.31 1.72 1 93 3.69 6.13 0.84 1.51 0.50 0.91 2.23 2.68 2 90 0 80 3.00 2.31 1.82 1.78 1.68 2.17 2.31 2.10 1 68 1.96 3.36 3.01 2.73 1.261 1.89 1.12 4.96 1.40 2 38 2.80 1.75 1.82 1.75 4.75 2.66 1.50 2.00 2 04 1.18 1.92 0.85 1.81 1 .30 1 21 3.00 3.31 2.20 1 31 2.06 0.08 1.47 3.39 2.15 2.08 1.02 0.42 2.37 5.55 1.82 0 $22 92 24 64 24 41 24 29 24 51 17 21 26 26 25 68 26 07 31 10 31 39 29 11 22 04 24 74 15 07 30 86 27 30 23 23 23 35 25 4. 80 8.21 9.44 8.00 .,.. John C. Cheney, Montgomery, Ala. 6.73 J. C. Webb, Demopolis, Ala............. ~oTroy, Ala........ 2.72 Troy Fertilizer company, 9.79 9.92 9.58 7 27 . Adair Brother & Co., Atlanta, Ga .......... 8.08 7 16 . ..... ..... 1415 Buffalo Bone 7.50 1416 F. F. I. Co. Soluble Bone ...... Maryland. 7.56 1421 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone........ John Merryman & Co., Baltimore, 6.33 A.. St. C.. Tennille, Troy, Ala...... ... ... . 1425 Phosphate & Crushed cotton seed.. 1.42 .. ... . J. C. Webb, Demopolis, Ala........ .... . 1435 Webb's Excelsior.......... 7 94 Eufaula Oil and Pert. Co., Eufaula, 1439 C. S. Meal, Oil and Guano ... ....... 10.02 MVa1l Rucker & Co., Atlanta, Ga... dog, 1441 Southern Ammoniated Dis. bone.. .L '' '' G. 10 92 1442 Old Dominion Guano ................ 9.06 1443 F'armer's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga... 8.50 ...... ............. 1444 Old 8.42 1445 Ga. State Stand. Amm'd Superphosphate 6.99 1448 High Grade Veg. Fertilizer........... . 4 45 Davis, Marshall & Co., Mobile, Ala ... 1455 Magnet Soluble Guano............... 1399 Fertilizer ........................ 1402 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer . 1403 Amomoniated Dissolved Bone........ 1404 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1405 Rock City Guano.................. 1408Fertilizer ........... ....... 1410 Troy Perfect Guano ....... 1411 Pike County Guano............... 1412 Farmer's Alliance Guano. 1413 F. F. I. Co. High Grade 1414 Golden Grain Fertilizer............... i3uldwin Fertilizing company, Savannah, Ga.. . o C C ......... Guano. iano; ............. c Guano..... Ala.. Reliable.. 3.48 2.16 0 85 3 04 2 69 2.19 1.05 1.97 1.90 2.73 2.82 3.69 3.05 2.6t, 0.76 5.28 2.83 0 61 0.82 1.20 1.99 0.94 0.92 4.10 25 00 37 61 23 24 23 93 01 1458 Carolina Fertilizer............ 1459 B. D. ea Fowl Guano............... 1460 Eagle Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. 1461 Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone... 1462 Bradley's Patent.................... 1465 Americus Guano.................. 1466 Eufaula Fertilizer.................. 1468 Fertilizer.......................... 1171 Ammoniated Guano................. Pacific Guano............... 1472 1475 Home Mixture 1476 East Alabama Fertilizer No. 2......... " No. 1........ 1477 East'" 1478 Lister's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... 1481 Atlantic Soluble Guano.............. " Fertilizer.................. 1482 soluble' 1483 Fertilizer ............ 1 M~1486 MI. S. Guano...................... 01486, Gossypium Phospho................ 1489 Home Mixture..................... 1490 Patent Pacific Guano............... 1493 shepoo Fertilizer .................. 1497 Ammoniated 1499 Fertilizer........................... . 1502 imericus Guano ................ . 1503 Home Mixture . .................... ....... 1504 Fertilizer..................... . 1505 Fertilizer ......................... . 1509 Lee Fertilizer ..................... ... 1510 Farmer's Club Guano... .......... 151i Disolved Bone......... . Coweta High 1512 Aurora Am'd Phosphate............. 1513 Fertilizer .......................... 1514 Homestead Guano .................. 1515 Adair's Amd. Dissolved Bone...... ... 1517 East Alabama Fertilizer No. 3......... Grade................ . . . . . . 8.83 8.81 8.79 cc " 8 48 11.28 Williams & Clarke Fert. Co., N, Y........._, 8.04 Eufaula Oil and Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Ala.. 8.04 6 89 S. E. Greenhill, Pleasant Site, Ala......... . 6 24 Reasin Fert. Co., Baltimore, Md ............. W. J. Pollard, Augusta, Ga ............... 6 54 . Co., Columbus, Ga........ Columbus Fert. 7 29 East Alabama Feitilizer Co., Clayton, Ala....I 9.19 8.08 Lister's Ag. and Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. 7.76 7 10 Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. 5.76 6 52 . Albany Fertilizer Co., Albany, Ga ......... 5.76 W. J. Hudson, Mobile, Ala.............. 6.40 S. E. Greenhill, Pleasant Site, Ala.......... J. W Crawford, Lawrenceville, Ala........ 6.47 10.59 Southern, Phos. Co., Atlanta, Ga.......... 7.66 Ashepoo Fertilizer Co.. Charleston, S. 6 89 W. F. Vandiver, Montgomery, Ala......... 8 54 Wight, Weloskey & Brown, Albany, Ga.. Clarke Fert. Co., N. Y.......... 9.38 rWilliams 6.02 Columbus Fert. Co., Columbus, Ga........ 7.27 Chattahoochee Fert., Co, Eufaula, Ala... 7.06 R. Q. Edmondson & Bro., Eufaula, Ala... 7.08 ........ MI T. Trawick, Opelika, 7.60 8 71 Coweta Fert. Co., Newnan, Ga.. .......... 8.14 7 81 . J. C. Killebrew, Newton, 8.85 Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga............ 8 23 East AlbmaFrto.latn 6.79 c. cc cc Bradley Fert. Co., Boston, Mass........... 2.27 2.19 2.24 2 20 0.67 1.52 2 33 330 3.44 2.01 2.38 2.25 1.55 1.85 4.43 1.66 4 43 2.08 2.42 0.89 2.20 3.75 1.81 1.69 3.44 2.19 4.22 1.75 2.26 0.76 0 71 1.21 0 72 1.63 1.58 C.... 00.... Co.. 1.01 1.03 1 56 1.56 0.33 1.72 1.84 1.47 2.46 3 38 1.24 1 08 ~2 11 2.42 1.47 3.80 1.35 3.80 2 46 1.45 0 76 2.60 3.93 & 0 74 0.94 1 .08 1.08 East labaa Fet. C., Cayto, Ala. ...... Al....... o Ala............. 2.87 1.80 1.58 1.20 1.11 2.90 0.87 2.02 2.65 1.89 2.31 1.82 2.52 1.89. 1.68 1.68 2.59 2.24 2 17 2.03 154 2.52 2.10 1.96 1.54 2 80 1.57 266 2.31 2.38 1.61 1.33 2.80 2.24 2.10 2.17 1.40 2 10 2 03 1.13 1.59 0 79 1.21 1.00 1.06 3 70 1.80 1.85 1 26 1.82 3.19 2.19 1.48 1.73 0.95 1.74 0.95 1 64 1 92 2 13 1 14 1.65 1.40 1.20 2.28 1.90 1.13 1 94 2.24 2.10 2.10 1.82.. 2.66 1.82 2'38 2.14 2.73 2.08 1.97 2.77 25 27 24 27 26 21 24 25 25 24 23 26 27 22 22 22 24 22 24 24 28 22 22 27 26 24 24 23 23 25 25 2.4 23 21 27 22 15 09 42 05 29 95 41 73 02 69 68 54 50 66 79 23 93 35 73 25 63 20 79 84 53 66 63 51 37 17 07 19 80 44 13 41 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T Lupton from Otober 1, 1889, to April 1, 1890-Continued. PHOSPHORIc AcID. PHOSPATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH. z 0 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. j 06 O tlnan BY WHOM SENT. 03 Bone........... Kennesaw Guno Co., Atlanta, Ga......... 1521 iiooiiialed DiI 6 1522 digh Grade Ammoniated Guano"....... Pike Martin.Mntgomery, Ala.. 1524 'omplete Fertilizer. ................ Ga. Treadwell, Abbott & Co., 1528 Jrow n Guano..... ................ Ala. 1531iEast Alabama Ftitilizer No. 5.........East Alabama Fertilizer Co., ssolved < 6.......... 7 ...... z O 0 U oC) la, a Atlanta, ' 1532 Clayton, ' " Fertilizer . ' ~ 1533 1535 < " ................ < Iunsil 1535Ferilier...................Huntsville Fert. Co., Huntsville, Ala. J. C. Killebrew, Newton, Ala. 1539 Guano, lot No. 1 .................. 1540 Guano, lot No. 2. ................. 1541 Guano, lot No. 3................... 1543 Soluble Pacific Guano............... W. L. Sampey, Clan ton, Ala ....... ....... John H. Murphey, Mt. Pinson, Ala......... 1544 Fertilizer, No. 5..................... Co, Atlanta, Ga ... 1546 Ammoniated Thssolved. Bone........ Treadweli, Abbott 1547 Buno .... 6.45 6 91 1 .07 8.00 7.10 6 77 6.95 7 64 7.4t 7.91 8.35 8.85 8.5:& 1548 Gilt Edge Guano................. .. ...... 1549 Chatham Guano. .. 1552 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer. . ....... ..... 1555 Guano ............... 1557 Fertilizer. 1559 Fertilizer Fertilizer. *.................... I ....... ......... ono Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, & G. Harnies, Trimoble, Ala.......... J. S. Lisenby, Echo, Ala ................ .. .. 0..W. Cooper, Oxford, Ala Ridge, Ala..... 11. I.i'teed, H11wA .1. P. Darr, Millp ort, MdI . .... .... . G. H. See, New Castle. Ala................ Ala. Nio. 1561 Fertilizer....................... ............ 1562 Fertilizer. ..... 1563 Fertilizer. ................... 1567 Fertilizer......,.................. < .... ..... << W. J Hudson, Mobile, Ala........ ..... . ..... Byars (Coale, Carrolton, Ala .. . .. J. H McGaha, Coal Fire, Ala ........ 6.79 6.8 5 7.37 7.75 7.12 5.95 7 54 7.66 5.74 2.9 6.16 6.24 1.92 4.16 2 34 13 61 3.04L 1.01 2.36 3.52 . 1.92 2.52 2.41 2 70 2 45 2.48 3.65 0.82 2.49 2.04 2.33 1.97 2.22 2.29 2.07 0.94 0.52 1.6 2.03 3.98 3.96 0.88 3 59 2.07 2.61 3.54 1.75 4.51 1.83 1.03 1.15 1.74 2.39 2.31 3.12 1 87 4.72 1 62 2 12 1.-70 2 27 1 93 2.24 2.24 2 .52 2 66 1.75 1.75 1.61 2 94 1 96 1.96 1 82 2.10 2.3b 2 73 1 .96 2.80 1.89 1 75 1 89 2 45 1 cci 3 01 '2 10 75 2 52 2.55 23.01 1.74 24 34 16 11 1.94 27 85 2 72 23 07 2 96 23 55 2.37 '22 74 0.50 23 04 2.47 25 06 2.37 25 41 2.15 25 06 0. 92 25 49 1.45 24 29 1.41 25 28 2.2 26 13, 0.97 28 33 2.45 25 37 2.07 22 19 1.52 20 57 1.39 23 97 1.50 23 41 2.57 27 5~ 0.67 20 39 2 09 24 33 2.00 24 86, 1569 1570 1571 1573 1578 1579 1583 1585 1586 .. . ...... J. A. Gass, Benevola, Ala............. Globe Guano ................... Geo. A. Folmer & :on, Lucerne, Ala Rock City Guano...................S. P. Barrun, Andalusia, Ala.............. ..... J. Bradley, Beard, Alabama..... Fertilizer.......... .: Southern 1Akmmoniated Dissolved Bone.. R. E. L. Bugg, Goldville, Ala ... tieflin, AlaL Georgia State Grange Fertilizer......... W. R. Hunnicutt Mfobile Standard Guano ............... J. M. Funderburk, Reform. Ala . Troy Fcrt.. Co, Troy, .... Troy Perfect Guano ..... ............. Georgia State Grange Fertilizer .. S. J. Brown, DDadeville, Ala ... Fertilizer ........... 6 54 1 59 6 98 7.08 1.69 8.70 2.27 2.06 1.85 1 24 1.06 2.66 4 34 1:82 2.36 25 07 5.05 37 40 1 21 22 17 240 2.539 23(;2.38 & son, Ala, 7.83 7.56 3.05 9 13 7.35 1 54 1.58 4.82 0 76 2.19 1 40 4.26 4 93 1.6 2 10 2 841 182 1 78 2.24 1 89 1 35 21 95 05 2 15 1.6+ 20 4;; 2 73 26 39 1.95 2:36.; 2.1 ACID PHOSPATE WITH POTASH, PhosphoricAcid. z " GT OF FERTILIZERa. By WHOM SENT. m m iNAME 1401 Bone and Potash...... .... 14C7 Phosphate with Potash.... ........... .. .. John C. Cheney, Moutgoiaery, Ala....... .. 11.02 1417 Phosphate with Potash ..................... Adair Brothers & Co., Atlanta, Ga.......... 7 66 1529 Crown Acid Phosphate...... ... ..... ..... freadwell, Abbott & Co., Atlanta, Ga ....... 10 90 1587 Dissolved Bone....... ................... J. B. Smith, Mulberry, Ala ... ............. Baldwin Fertilizer Co., Savannah, Ga ... 10 54 2 22 1 85 4 2 57 10.,561 4.15 3.43 1 75 1 7. 1.56 0.21 2 27 22 6' 2 65~ 20 3( 2 47 2:3 9( 0 6, 20.0k 02 $2;3 1( (i 5 6 2 36 5 Analyses Reported by Dr. ... Lupton fronm October 1st, 1889, to April lst, 1290. ACID PHOSPHATES. Phosphoric Acid. z 0 0 NAME OF 'FERTILIZER. oSPHo BY WHOM SENT. r 23 nnn Seir CO er 1398 Phosphate.... 140C. Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate. 1406 Phosphate........................... 1409 Troy Acid Phosphate................ 1418 Phosphate ............................. 1419 Magnet Acid Phosphate............... S1420 Phosphate 142, Phosphate. ......................... 1424 Phosphate saturated with C. S.Oil......... 1438 Phosphate .............................. . 1440 Southern Acid Phosphate ........ 1446 Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate ... 1449 English Acid Phosphate................... ... ..... . 1463 Palmetto Acid Phosphate ......... . 1467 Acid Phosphate .......................... ...... ......... .. 1469 Phosphate .... ..... . 1470 Acid Phosphate..... .................... ........ 1473 Tinsleys Phosphate ............. ............... 1474 Soluble Bone....... 1479 Atlantic Dissolved Bone ................... ........ . 1480 Atlantic Acid Phosphate ....... 1485 Berkley Phosphate.,...........,........... . S. Acid Phosphate.... ......... ].487 Tinsley Fertilizer Co., Selma, Ala............. Baldwin Fertilizer Company, Savannah, Ga. John C. Cheney, Montgomery, Ala. ...... [roy Fetilizer Company, Troy, Ala........... Adair Brothers & Co., Atlanta, Ga............ Davis, Marshall & Co., McMillan & l insley Fertilizer Company, Selma, Ala........ A. St. C. Tennille, Troy, Ala............... East Alabama Fertilizer Company, Clayton, Mobile, Ala............ Ala........... Harrison, Mobile, . Maddox, Thicker & Co., Atlanta, Ga .......... Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga .......... Co., Montgomery, Ala .. \V. F. Vandiver & Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, M..ss.. Chattahoochee Fertilizer Company, Eufaula, Ala.. C. A. Hughes, Get-np, Ala Ala.. ... Rasin Fertilizer Cooapany, Baltimore, Md.... W. C Kennon......... Columbus Fertilizer Company, Columbus, Ga... . Atlantic Phosphate Company, Charleston, S. C.. M. T. Trawick, Opelika, Ala................. W. J. Hudson, Mobile, Ala. ......... . .............. M. 7.31 1015 11.88 1'x.40 11.40 11.92 10.50 10.50 8.65 6.7 9 13.63 12.26 12.21 12.23 10 69 10 06 13.44 11.44 10 56 12.44 11.07 10.54 11.50 2.43 202 ImpiS 0 ne.r, 4.36 2.39 3.02 2 42 5.61 1 24 2.00 2.44 1.18 3.13 5.78 2.08 2.54 3.15 1.50 1.58 3.30 3.06 2.32 f17 4 42 18 1.80 21 -1.47 23 0.92 23 1.92 21 1.92 20 0.28 19 4.47 21 2 50 21 0.14 22 1 31 21 1.84 21 0.60 20 1.88 20 2.76 23 1.28 23 2.55 20 2 01 20 2.09 20 1.50 20 3.13 21 2.00 21 8~ 73 4(. 1:3 64 4( 38 3& 39 7( 3( 39 97 11 7? 7(. 2 97 56 91 00. 76 84 .4 1491 Phosphate.... ................ ., ... C. A. Hughes, Get-up, Ala.... . ... .... .. 9.35 1494 Ashepoo Phosphate......................Ashepoo Phosphate Company, SC 12 74 1495 XX Phosphate..........................V. F. Vandiver, Montgomery, Ala..............11.50 1496 Diamond Solable Bone..................... c " 11.78 1506 Berkley Acid Phosphate...................Chattahoochee Fertilizer Company, Eufaula, Ala 8 90 1516 Adiar's Acid Phosphate....................Adair Bros & Co., Atlanta, Ga.........11.82 1523 High Grade Acid Phosphate...............Kennesaw Guano Company, Atlanta, Ga.........9.75 Burkes, Auburn, Ala...........:.. ... 12 36 1525 Berkley Phosphate.......................J. 1527 Acid Phosphate...................... C. W. Williams, Bosenburg, Ala......... 3 55 1534 Dissolved Bone..........................East Alabama Fertilizer Company, Clayton, Ala 11.67 1536 Phosphate No. 1.......................... McQueen Smith, Prattville, Ala........ . . . .. 12 55 Charleston, 4.83 2.81 3.04 21 2.33 2.30 2.09 1.22 3.79 2.07 4 20 2.26 2.31 21 21 18 23 20 19 16 20 24 0.46 23 32 27 2.66 2.70 3.42 3.54 3.68 0.91 7.39 1.83 3.84 4.08 5.65 24 72 48 04 14 90 41 25 58 1537 1538 c " "c "c 2 ............. «3. 13.03 9.77 0.53 25 66 3.08 23 13 1545 Wando Acid Phosphate................... W. L. Sampey, Clanton, Ala.......... 1550 Phosphate No. 9.. ....................... McMillan & Harrison, Mobile, 1551 cc cc 7. . . ... .cc ..... 1553 Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate........0. W. Cooper & Co., Oxford,.Ala..... -~1556 Atlantic Acid Phosphate.................... 0. T. Jeter, Boyd Tank, Ala... ........... y 156t1 Phosphate ................... .... ... J. P. Darr, Millport, Ala.. ..... ... Ward & May, Cuba Station, Ala ... 1564 "c............... 1566 " 4............... .... J. H. ,McGaha, Coal Fire, Ala....... ........ 1568 "c......... .. ,........ J. D. Connell, Brundidge, Ala...........12.13 1572 Acid Phosphate............................ S. P. Barron, Andalusia, Ala................... 1576 1577 Ala............ .. ... 10.88 9.86 3.13 4.56 2.79 21 01 1.51 21 63 10.11 9.19 11.57 12.36 11.90 9.38 9.60 11.63 8.33 2.46 2.00 2.62 5.30 4.12 3.70 2.94 2.24 168 4.42 1.98 2.89 4.01 Phosphate.... ............. " 1.29 3.74 1.63 1.82 2.08 2.10 1.29 3.71 18 16 19 25 21 22 24 19 85 76 87 17 90 02 37 95 ........ .. .............. 1580 "c ............. 1581 High Grade English 1584 Phosphate . .. 1582 Tinsley's Acid Phosphate No. 1. Acid ....... ... .... .. Farmers Alliance, Auburn, Ala................. .J. H. Burgess, Beard, Ala ..................... .. H. B. Rives, Portland, Ala...........10.17 2.09 21 85 1.64 15 85 Phosphate No. 2 .... A..C. Lunni, c Pine Apple, Ala ................. c....... .. 10.52 11.15 3 82 18 2% 2.56 20.11 1.60 22 74 .... E M. Rice, .Auburn, Ala........ .. 6.89 4.37 3.60 16 80 MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS. 0 Z NAME OF FERTILIZER. Phosphoric Acid. BY WHOM SENT. Watar Citrate Acid Soluble. Soluble Soluble. 3.34 B4 0 CSI 1423 Kainite...... ............................ 1436 Cotton Seed Meal........East 1437 Muriate of Potash...................... 1447 Kainite.......... 1453 Muriate of Potash..........................[roy 1454 Concentrated Tankage..................... 1456 Carib Guano....................... 1457 ' ... McVillie in & Harrison, Mobile, Alabama Ala ,bama Fert. Co., Clayton, " .. ....... Hammonad, Hull & Co., savannah, Ga Feertilizer Co., Troy, Alabama. John Q lite, as, Sa.a 7.28 12.96 1.67 50.69 12.44 50.24 Mobile,.......... cc .... .. ' .. ......... 1484 Swan Island Guano........................A. 1492 Green ....... .... 1500 Cotton Seed Meal......... c1501 C. S. Hull ashes. ........................... 1507 [tankage ................................. 1508 Carib Sand...............................Foster ... 1518 Muriate of Potash .. ............. 1526 Natural Phosphate.................... 1530 Cotton Seed Meal....... ................... 1542 Swan Island Guano ............ 1558 Guano........,,................. .. ...................... ...... Montgon nery Oil Works, Montg'iy, 6 B. ME ayer, Mau'f Co., St. Louis, Mo. Alabama W. J.] Hudson, Mobile, East AlalLbama Fert. Co., Clayton, Huntsvil: Fert. Co., Huntsville, N. Adaii: s, Mobile,......... .. J. G. Stewart, Shelley, Booker Adam M1. Kirksey, Eutaw 6.938.50 2.67 1.20 19.38 12.34 12.33 0 028 3.20 6 82 4.78 17.35 1.13 2.75 15.19 14.76 3 86 19 82 0.88 11.83 7.28 2 52 0.115 1.71 27.20 48.87 ....... Ile 4.90 1.29 1565 Bat Manure .... ... ............ ............ 1574 Fertilizer....... .... ........ .... ........ 1575 Supposed Phosphate ..................... Bone Dust . lobertson, Carrolton,..." W. G. B3 Richland Springs, Texas.. W. S. W1 0.12 5.79 all, 2.17 8 05 1.31 & Birmingham," Co., Mobile, Alabama. FERTILIZERS USED ON EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Nos. 1588--1592 Cotton Seed Meal............................................ ........ 2 51 ... 10.64 10.92 5.47 4.46 1 10 1.33 Amnmonium Sulphate................................................... Dissolved Bone Dust............................................... Edisto Acid Phosphate........... ........................... 4.18 11.71 1.73 Kainit .................................................. ............... ......... 12.75 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, as rendered to Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers---Sea;o PHOSPHORIC ACID. 8-0 BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZER OB CHEMICAL. NAME AND ADDRESS. BY WHOM MANUFACTURED. WHERE MANUFACTURED. CC? C t s Cumberland Bone Sup. Phos. of Lime... Charles Ellis, Savannah, Ga. 3 i Charles do. Elliston Acid Phosphate............. Ammoniated Guano................ do Davis, Marshall & Co.. Edisto Phosphate Co.. Imported .... Davie & Whittle ... Davie & Whittlc, Petersburg, do do do .Jo. C.. Webb,. Demopolis, Ala.... . John C. Webb ... do do ...... do Columbus Oil Mills, Columbus, Miss Columbus Oil Mills.... Standard Fertilizer .... ....... do do do .. , ............. . Acid Phosphate ....... McMillan & Harrison.. McMillan & Harrison, Mobile, Perfection Guano...... ............. Imported ............. do do Kainit ........................... do . do do . Acid Phosphate................... Kennesaw Guano Co, Atlanta, Ga... Kennesaw Guano Co.. Kennesaw High Gradeoe.. ............ enswA.Ds Am do do .. .. do do do .. do Kennesaw High Grade Acid Phos... do do . .. do Mark Clayton's Choice Am. Dis. Bone. Co., Atlanta, Ga. Clifton Ch. & Phos. Co Clifton- Complete Fertilizer........... Clifton do do do Clifton acid phosphate............... Treadwell, Abbott & Co, Atlanta, Ga. Walton & Whann.Co .. Crown guano.............. ......... 7 Eddystone Sol. Guano............... Magnet Sol. Guano................ Magnet Acid Phosphate............. German Kainit................... Owl Brand ........................ Owl Brand......................... Webb's Excelsior S................. Webb's Excelsior..................... No. 1 English Acid Phosphate....... Americus Guano.............. John M. Green's Formula.......... Americus Dissolved Bone........... do do ... Lorentz & ]ittler, Baltimore, Md. do do ... Americus Guano Co., Americus, Ga.. do do do do do do Davis, Marshall & Co., Mobile, Ala. do do do do Ellis.... ......... ... .New York. New Lorentz & Rittler do do. do. B tim're, Md Baltimore, do do York.. 200 1.50 IIS 200 Americus Guano Co.. Aniericus, Md.. Ga 20( 20 200 2 6 11.75 6 2 12 7 22 3 1 1.25 2.3 2 1 1 Va... ...... I Ala.. 600 Chem. &Phos. 7 2 2 2 3 10 20T 200) 2 2 7 2 do 200 2.50 4 4 1 Mobile, Ala 200 1 6 6 Charleston, S. C. Germany... 200 .10 2 1 Petersburg, Va 200 1.50.. 2 1.85 6 3 do 200 2.68 327 53 316244025 Demopolis, Ala do 200 4 96 1 42 5.280.84 1.47 732 50 60 3.11 l28 13 1 2.85 6.273 Columbus, Miss. 22 78 12.52 2.612.08 .. do 100 21 17 2 3 5.252 1 Mobile, Ala .... 200 200 do . I.10 2 0.25.12.50 )1250 1800 200 do .. 50 22 05 3.50 .1 25 tlan ta, Ga .... 200 21 55 1 3 50 .. 2 5 200 do 200 2.. 10 3.50 ... 2025 do do 1.50 22 05 200 3.50.. 2 5 do .. 23 80 1 8 22 200 2 do ... .: 1950 2 2 11 200 do .. 1 1 2035 Charleston, S C.. 200 1.50 6 3 4141 1.50 )20 85 .. 19 50 22 80 .. :1950 1 22 30 22.30 1 19 ..... 50 22 30 1 22 75 1 ... 18 00 1000 18 85 1 1 25321 96 8 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, as rendered to the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers-Continued PHOSPHORIC ACID. C 0 BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZER OR.CHEMICAL. NAME AND ADDRESS. BY WHOM MANUFYACTURED. WHERE MANUFACTUI ED. Mat 0 Treadwell, Abbott & Co., Atlanta, Ga. 4m. dissolved bone................. do do ..... Crown acid phosphate.... do do T. A. & Co's. ammoniated dissolved bone Complete fertilizer................. Schoize Bros., Cbattanooga, Tenn do do &cid phosphate................... H. C. Fisher, G. M., Newn, ... Coweta high grdde....... ... do do Aurora am.- phospho.... Georgia State grange fertilizer........ Baldwin Feet. Co., Savannah, Ga.... do do Am. dissolved bone............... do do Bone and potash. do do Georgia State grange acid phosphate do do Bone compound..................... .no. Merryman &Co., Baltimore, M1. bone................ Am. dissolved do do Georgia Test................. (d0 do High grade acid phosphate............. National Pert. Co., Nashville, Tenn.. .......... Rock City guano do do Tjennessee guano..................... do do . Old Hickory guano...... .............. do do . National dissolved bone................ (10 do Am. dissolved bone................... do do National tobacco fertilizer... ........ do do Nationnl vegetable fertilizer.......... . do do ..... Acid phosphate do do with potash...... Acid 'phosphate. Edisto Phos. Co., (Charleston, S. C Edisto acidulated rock...... ......... do do . .... Edisto dissolved -bone.......... do do Edisto am. sup. phos................. . Bowker Fertilizer Ga. Charleston, S. C. do do 4cholze .... Chattanooga, T. Whann Co.. Charleston, S. C. Walton Coweta 1 ertilizr Co. _ Newnan, Ga do do Baldwin Fertilizer Co.. Port Royal, S. C. do do do do do do Jno. Merrymaii Co.. Barren bisd, N Y do do do do Nashville, Tenn. Walton & Whann Co.. Co.. Brighton, Mass & Bros d'r & 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 167 167 1.50 rolz 6 2 1 1 1885 1.75 2 10.. 2.......10 1 1 1.85 7 2 22 71 1.' 5 1.5020 32 6501.501 1.75 82 1.502 23 82 1.75 8 23 82 2 1.50 2 9 2 1.50 10 2 do ..... do do do do do Edisto Phosphate du do Co.. 200 200 200 do 200 do 200 do 200 (10 200 do 200 do 200 do Charlcston, S. C. 200 200 do 200 '1.23 do do 200 [.75 1.65 1.65 2 4 2050 18 00 8 6 2 2 1 50 ...... 2.50 1 2182 6 10 1.65 6 1.65 6 .1.656 .83 8 .83 8 2 06 6 2.50 6 10 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 50 1 19.43 1 ..... 1650 1 1943 1 1 1943 1 1 1 1943 1 1 1943 2 2 2 2 1924 1 ...... 18 24 1 1 1 3 2 ..... 23 03 2375 18 00 10 9 9 7 2 3 3 2 1 2 2000 1 50...18 00 1.50...1800 1.50...,18 29 Edisto am. dissolved bone........... Edisto soluble Edisto am. fertilizer................ Edisto acid phosphate.............. Lister's am. dis. bone phosphate. Standard am. sol. guano............. Stern's am. raw bone sup. phos. Champion farmers choice........... Dissolved bone Alabama cotton grower............. Gossypium phospho................ Scott's animal am. guano............ Scott's potasso. phospho............. Scott's high grade acid phos.. . Bowker's cotton fertilizer............ Nassau guano..................... Drown guano..................... Bowker's dissolved bone phosphate. 4assau dissolved bone phosphate. mixture.................... soluble bone...................... Farmer's friend fertilizer........... Standard........ .... ............ bone ....... ...... Home do do do do do do do do Lister's A. C. Works, Newark, N. Standard G. Mfg Co., N. 0.. do do do do do do do do Geo. W. Scott Mfg. Ci'., Atlanta, Ga. do do do do do do Jno. D. Weld, Savannah, Ga. do do .... do do .... do do ... do do Columbus Fert. Co, Columbus, Ga do do Read Fertilizer Co., New Albeny Fertz F. I. Co., Albany, Ga. Slingluff & Co., Baltimore, Md .. 3altimore dissolved . do do ... ugh grade acid phosphat........... . do do ... )skalimne.......................... do do ~atapsco am. sol. phosphate....... .. . Potapsco Guano Co., Augusta, ... . Ga.. gm. dissolved bone.................. do do .. ~atapsco acid phosphate....... ..... . do do ~atapsco acid phosphate. ....... ..... . do do Lshepoo fertilizer .............. Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.. lutaw fertilizer..................... do do Lshepoo acid phosphate.... ......... . do do lutaw acid phosphate.... ... .... .... . do do Lainit .... ...... :............ ...... do do guano............... & Chem. J.. ,.mmoniated bone... & York. do do do do Lister's A. C. Works.. Newark, N. J.. Standard Guano . New Orleans, La and Chem.Mfg Co.... do do do do do do do G. W. Scott Mfg Co.. Atlanta, do do do ... do .do do 3owker Fertilizer do do do do do do de do Columbus Fertilizer Co Girard, Ala... do do .. Read Fertilizer ,New York... Albany Ft. Co & F I Co Albany, Ga.. do do do do 200 7 5 1 2 2000 200 7 50 550 1 . 200 1. 75 7 2 2 1 2521 57 200 1.75 7 2 2 1.2521 57 200 1.75 7 2 2 1.252157 9 2 200 1251775 200 10 3 2 .... 1950 2u0 2 25 6 2 2 1.50 22 27 200 .. 10 3 1 ..... 200 1 85 6 3 2Z 1 21.71 200 2 75 6 25 1.6023 57 Baltimore, Slingluff & Co ... 6 3 1 2 23 30 200 2 .. . . do 200 1.50 7.50 3 do 1 2 23 60 do 200 .. . , do 50 2 1 11 9 1 3.50 22 25 do 200 do . .. . 25 151 1 22 30 do Patapsco Guano 200 2 21 32 do 200 1 75 6 75 2.25 1.50 1 do 3 1 1 1900 9 do do 200 200 10 3 1 ... 1950 do do.. 2096 1 Ashepoo Phos. Co.... Charleston, S. C. 200 1.85 6 2~2 252 1 20 96 200 1.85 6.25 2.25 2 do do.. 200 8 502 1 ..... 1575 do .. do 1575 .... 8.0 I 200 do .. do 200, 11 1100 i,. .. ..... do d0 Ga..... 200 1 56 200:1.64 200' 1.64 200;2.06 200 167 1.65 200- 1.84 200. 200 1 84 200 200- 2.25 200; 2 7 7 2 2 1.50..1990 1.50. 3 0 50 1 .19 90 7 8 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 1.50.. 2153 1.50 .. 1500 1 2 2 .20 1943 25 1.84 21 18- 21 18 4 13 4 4 0.50 0 50 1 1 0.67 19 85 2 1 22 77 6 6 4 3 3 - 1 5022 80 Co.. 2093 1950 2 Co.... 1950 19. Md.. 1.501 Co.. 6.752 503 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, as rendered to the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers-Continued. PHOSPHORIC ACID BY WHC~EOM IEEPO~ITED.B NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME AND ADDRESS. WO MANUFACTURED. THE. RE MANU d) , m a) 4 rrre RSBN~FTU mobile standard guano..............W. J. Hudson, Mobile,'Ala.......W. J. Hudson .Viubile obile standard acid phosphate. do do do do loulding's bone compound .... W. & H. H. Goulding, Baltimore Md & H. M. Gouldiig. ialtim ore gm. dissolved bone.................N. W. Fertilizing Co. Chicago, Ill....N W. Fertilizer Co Chicag IllI 2nglish acid phosphate.............. N. H. Holmes, Montgomery, Ala. mported...........Englar Elolmes' formula..:.................. .. do do ... S. H. Holmes. ery, Ali, ontg' Ivey's formula..................... do do .. , do.do do do .... do. ............... do guano. .ell's ammoniated bone super-phosphate rhe Zell Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. the Zell Guano Co .. Baltim dell's economizer...................... do do* do. do Zells calvert guano....................... Mo do.dodo ... do Brown's cotton and corn..............L. B. Brown Oil Co., St. Louis, Mo.. R. B. Brown Oil Co.. St. uis Lio Soluble Pacific guano................Pacific Guano Co , Wood Hall, Mass Pacific Guano Co .. Vood ore .1,Mass Baker standard guano ........ .. ..... Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore,Md Chem. Co. of Canton.. Biltim, ,Md .. Pure dissolved ammoniated bone., .-. do do do . do Resurgam guano........................ do do do . do Pure dissolved South Carolina bone..., do do do . do Atlantic soluble guano................ Alantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.. Atlantic t'hus Co... Charles 6, S. C. Atlantic acid phosphate .............. do do do .. do High grade acid phosphate ............ do do do .. do W. ~A ~d ~ Ala. \r H.O 11 d MIdl. 2001.86 4 20 11) 2001.7; 200 1T75 5 3J 1I 1 L = 7 2 2 5165.80 -Tuanaco 200 .. 11 200 2 0(, 6 20U02 06 6 2 2 J 1 1 1 1 2002 6 U 2 3 200 1 87 lo 2001.87 u1 u75 2002 6 6 8 7 5 5 4 3 2 3 2 21 75 9 50 1 21 32 .56 19 77 .... 1950 5 20 30 .511 2cu 30 1 20" 80 1 25 2204 1 25 2204 1 1Y 82 1. .. r..+dl 5() 200215 75 20(4 75 200 125 20(11 Istot 200 .. 9 2001 6 200 ... 10 200 200 .. 8(13 20 3.16; 2 803 203 It 2 803 2 3 10 2 5 .3 2 1 224 38 2 2 2 Cherokee dissolved Atlantic dissolved bone ................ Soluble guano...:............:........ Ashley Cotton and corn combined............. ... Small grain specific...................... Ammoniated dissolved bone.....:..........do Soluble fish guano........................ bone.................. do do do .... do .. 10 9 2 2.50 2 . 1.50 2 2.50 1.50 1 do do do .... Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C... Ashley Phosphate Co.. do do .. do .. do do . do .. , do . do . do do .. do . do do do do do do 200.... 2002 2001 9 4 2 1.50 2 1 1 4 2001.75 4 2001 75 200 2.50 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 22 32 22 32 1887 210 ) 17 90 18 00 18 00 7 50 17 50 20 80 1982 19 82 16 90 22 75 R ED) 'do do do Atlantic Phos. Co .... do.. do ... do Sons Co G. Ober do.. do.. do . Bone Fertilizer Co tradley Fertilizer Co.. do do do do do do do do"do do do do do do do Co. Eufaula,.Ala. Eufaula Oil and Ft. Co Eufaula Oil and Fert. Br rkeley Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. erkeley Phous Co do do (10 do ho do do do do Ala. Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala.... Alabama Fert.. Co do do do .. .. ... Favorite forimiula fertilizer. . do.. do do .. Ala. Fertilizer Co acid pihosphate... . Imported ... do do ,. Kaini t........................ do do.. do.. ... Muriate Potash .... Clarence Angier, Atlanta, Ga Ga. Chem. Works Sterling guano.................. do do do Lockwood Cotton grow or ..... ...... . .. do do.. do . Sterling acid phosi hate.. ....... do do .. Lockwood acid phosphate ........... . do do do .. do.. Lockwood cotton grow r ............ . do do ... do Sterling guano..... .. ......... do do do ,.... . Lockwood acid pho. pite....... do do,.. Sterling acid phosphate ............... do .. Acid phosphate................... Dissolved bone.................... Kainit................ Atlantic ammoniated dissolvedbone dissolved Lone............. acid phosphate............. fertilizer............... Dissolved bone phosphate So. Car Georgia cotton compound..... Soluble ammoniated snp. phos. of lime.. Farmer standard phosphate. Bono fertilizer.................... Bradley's patent B. D. Sea Fowl Guano............... Palmeito acid phosphate ....... Carolina Fertilizer ................. Eac'le Am. sup. phosphate.......... Bradley's Ar: dissolved bone........ Eufaula fertilizer. Berkley acid phosphate Berkley dissolved bone ............. " soluble guano............. dissolvd bone.......... '~Am. ..... Alabama fertil zer do do do do do do PelzeriRodgers&Co , Charleston, S.C do do do do do do G. Ober & Co., Baltimore, Md Sens do do do do do do Blono Fertililer Co., do Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. & do do do do do do do Baltimore, do do do do B)ston, Mass do do do do do Eufaula, Alan Charleson, S. C do do do Vioni gomery do . do Imported... do :. . Augusta, G4 do do .... .... Md 200 200 20 200 1 200 20u 2(02 200 20u 2 200 1.75 20. 1.65 200 1.85 200 1.85 200 . 20)0 1.85 20(.1 1.65 200 1 2f.) 1.25 20( 200 200 2 '65 .06 200' 1 05 20( 2 5t 200 2 St 200 200 20(- 200 1 75 do do .. .... do do 200 1-75 200 .. 20( 200 1.75 200 1 75 200... 200..'.. 16 00 1 18 00 13 00 13 2 1.50 1 19 90 8 2.,50 18 00 10 2 9 17 50 1 50 1 2 21 80 6 25( 2 50 2 1725 1 9 1 23 80 67T 2 2 5 151 23 80 50 1 67T 2. 2 tai 7 s.5 '22 80 1 1 50 2143 7 2 51 2 1 21 71 1 21 71 6 5 2 St;218 00 3 1 21 71 65 2 50 2 19 43 2 1 65 2 1 19,43 2.5 2 1.25 2.50 2087 1.05 1605 1800 10 5 1.50 1l05 21 08 7 1.05 1948 26 75 2 10 2 8 22 75 2 8 1 6 1950 13 11 11 00 11 80 00 80 ,1 32 21 32 1 6 9' 1900 1900 9 22 82 6.75 2 25 1.50 1 22 82 6 762 25 1 50 1 1900 1 9 3 1 1900 1 1 a 6 7 52 2 5 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, as rendered to the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers -ContinuEd PHOSPHORIC ACID. U J 200 pO C BY WHCM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME AND ADDRESS. BY WHOM MANUFACTURED. WHERE MANUFACTURED. East Alabama Fertilizer............ L. & W. I. X. L. Am. Sup. phosphate L & W. diss. bone with am. and potash L. & W. high grade acid phos. Trawick's dissolved boue........... Lec fertilizer...................... Farmer's club guano.............. Trawick's dissolved bone............ Planter's pride.................... Piedmont acid phosphate.. Ga. state standard acid phosphate. Crescent bone acid phosphate. Forest City acid phosphate......... Ga. State standard dissolved bone phos.. Port Royal acid phosphate ...... ...... Port.Royal dissolved bone Oglethorpe acid phosphate........... Hardie's cotton boll acid phosphate. Oglethorpe dissolved bone phosphate.... Genuine German Kainit ....... ..... . Ga. State Standard Am. sup. phosphate. Port Royal cotton Fertilizer .......... Oglethorpe Am. dissolved phosphate... Forest City dissolved bone Crescent bone fertilizer .............. . Farmers am. dissolved bone.......... bone.. ............. . Clayton, Ala Charleston, S. C. 2001.50 2002 do do du ... do do o do do d (10 20 Opelika, Ala. T. Trawick M. T. Trawick, Opelika, Ala.. 2002.25 do do do Lee Fertilizer 2002 do do do .. do 200 do do do. do Marietta Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.... Marietta Guano Co.... Atlanta, Ga.... 200 1.50 200 do .. do co .... do 200 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga. Hammond, Hull & Co.. Savannah, 200. do do do do 200 do do do do 200 do do do do 20 do do do do do 200.. do do do 20U do do do do 200 do do do do 200 do do do do 200 do do do do 20t) 1.65 do do do do 167 1 65 do do do do 200 1 65 do do do do 200 1 65 do do do do 200 1.65 do do do do 2001.65 do do do do 2001.65. do do do do East Ala. Fert. Co., Clayton, Ala .. East Ala. Fert. Co Langston & Langston & Woodson, Atlanta, G .... Woodson.. . Works.. Ga.. 21 53 2 8 1 121 23 80 1 7 502.50 1 22 63 1 7.502.501 18 00 ,. 8 503.501. .. 1950 2 2 11 2427 2 8 1 1 8 1 1 1.75 2305 11 2 2 .... 1950 18 85 1 6 22 16 50 10 1 .50.. .... 18 00 1 2 10 10 2 1 .... 18 00 .. 18 00 2 1 10 1 ... 18 00 10 2 ... 18 00 10 2 1 .. 18 00 1 2 10 18 00 10 2 1 18 00 1 2 10 2 1 .. . 18 00 10 11 00 .. 11 2043 2 7 1** 1 2 2043 7 1 1 20 43 2 7 1 1 2 2043 1 7 1 '2 20 43 7 1 1 20 43 7 11 2 1 1943 1 7 1 Alliance am. dissolved bone......... do do Old Reliable..................... do do So. Ca. am. dissolved bone........... do do H. H. & Co. pure animal bone, high grade vegetable fertilizer............. do do Eng. cotton boll acid phosphate. do do M. H. & Co., am. dissolved bone. do do M. H. & Co , H.G. acid phosphate. do do O. C 0.0..... Coweta Fertilizer Go, Newnan, Ga W. ............ W. G. & Co., manipulated guano. [he Wilcox Gibbs G. Co. Savan. Ga Excellent Ga. standard guano. do do W. G. & Co., sup. phosphate......... do do Pure Eng. acid phosphate............ do do High grade acid phosphate......... do do Standard home mixture............. Meridian F. Factory, Meridian, Miss. English acid phosphate............. do do Huntsville fertilizer................. Hun tsville F. Mo., Huntsville, Ala Allen's Truck guano................. The Tygert-Allen F. Co , Philadel. Pa. Empire guano...................... [he IBasin Fert. Co., Baltimore, Md.. Sol. Sea Island Guano do do So. American guano.............. do do King Guano ......... do do Giant guano ........ ............... do do Folm er's guano .................... . Globe Fert. Co , Louiiwille, Ky ... Boguss phosphate ...... ............ . do do ... Tinsley's standard fert.* (see note) . . [insley Fertilizer Co., Selina, Ala .. Tinsley's standard acid phos.......... do do Eddystone soluble guano ............ . .Tno. M. Green, tlanla, Ga........2 Atlanta am. sup. phosphate .... do do ... .. " soluble bone................ . do do .. . Rainbow sol. phosphate ...... ....... . do do Sunny South acid phosphate.... .... . do do Wando soluble guano......... ....... F. B. Hacker, Charleston, S. C ... Wando am. dissolved bone........ ... . do do ... Wando acid phosphate. ............ . do do Wando dissolved bone ................. do do .. W7. .. ... .... .... .... do do. do. ., do do do 20001.65 '200 01.65 20001.65 7 7 7 7 10 7 10 8 6 6 6 11 8 6 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 2 1 I 2 1 2.75 '2 2 50 '2 4 '2 2 1 19 43 .10 18 53 .10 18 53 5 do do r eorgia Fert. Co ... & & A 200 200 200 01 65 do. do 2012 2 Coweta Fert. Co .. NNewnan, Ga 20k' 2. 10 Wilcox & Gibbs G. Co. Savannah, 200 do do 200 01.75 do do 200 D1 .75 do do 200 do do 201 2 eridian Fert. Factory Meridian, Miss 200 Imported England.. ... luntsville & M. Co Huntsville, Ala. 200 2 25 200 8 ygert-Allen Fert. Co. Philadelphia, Ps 200 Rasin Fertilizer' Co . Baltimore, Md '200 2 ... do do 200 2 2 do ... do 200 2 do .... do 200 2 do ... do 200 4 Globe Fertilizer Co .. Louisville, .. do do 200 1.25 "insley Fertilizer Co.. Selma, Ala.... 200 2 200 do do o .. Atlanta Guano Co... A.tlanta, 200 2 do .. do .. 200 2 .. do .. do 200 do. do ... 200 1 .. do do 200 Wando Phosphate Co.. Charleston, S. C. 200 1 65 do .. do 200 .75 .. do do 200 do .. do 200 01.7 do do do Ga.. F. Ky.. Ga.... 36 50 18 00 1943 15 00 2 24 80 2 50 23 82 1 2057 2.50 24 32 26 32 19 50 4 '2 1 23 80 10 16 50 6. 75 3.25 75, 1 24 77 2 250 42 70 4 .5 2 1.75 23 05 4 5 2 1.75 23 05 4 5 2 1.75 23 05 4 a 2 1.75 23 05 4 5 2 1.75 23 05 8 2 5 2300 8 2 17 87 1 8 1 1.50 24 30 11 21 00 12 7 22 30 '2 1 7 22 30 8 15 00 '2 1 8 2.. 1990 '2 8 15 00 '2 1 6..50 19 68 7 18 92 10 .50 16 50 10 16 50 .50.. 1 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, as rendered to the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers -Continued. PHOSPHORIC ACID. BY NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. WHOM REPORTED. WHOM MANUFACTURED. BY WHERE MANUFACTURED. Ac v A 4 NAME AND ADDRESS. 1 1 9 1.75 5 2 2 do Etiwan Phosphate Co. 200 1 50 5 2 1 do do 200 7 2 1 do do 200 .87 10 1 *.. 1do do 200 1 do do 8 83 200 1 2 10 A\tlan ta, Ga southern Phos. Co 20 7 1.5+2 do .. do 200 2 2.25 8 1 50 2 do do 200 1501 .. 8 do do . 6 3 Ga.. Georgia Chem. Works. 200 2 3 . 9 do .. do 200 . 3 do do 200 1.75 6 3 10 do do 204 6 33 .. do do 200 6 3 3 do .. do 200 1.75 9 3 2 do do .. 200 3 ;2 10 do do 200 2 6. 7 52 2511.50 do 200 2 2 2 6 Walton & Whann Co.. do 200 2 do Chrlon .C 200 1 50 5 1 2 do do 200 87*107 1 1 do do 20(0 10 *1 1 do do 200 10 1 1 do do 200 11,5(1 1 do 200 1 65 6 1 3 Savanniah, Ga.. C. L. Montague & wan do PhosphateCo.. Charleston, S. C. 200 E. B. Hacker, Charleston, S. C.... Etiwan Phos. (o., Charleston, S. C.. guano..................... do do am. sup. phosphate......... do do am. dissolved bone......... do do am. dissolved bone......... do do acid phosiate Southern Phos. Co., Atlanta, Ga.... ..... bouthern acid phosphate. do do ... ... southern am. dissolved bone do do )ld Doninion guanoo............... do do ?atent Pacific gu.ao ... Ga Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga... atapsco ain. sol. phosphte do do acid phosphate............ " .. do do0 '6" au. d ssolved bone......... do .. do . Vastodon ami. sol. phns . do do . . 3xeorgia F o rmDul a........ ... ...... do do .. ....... ~.cid phosphate .... do do .. (do do .. . Nastodon am. sol. rio do .. Georgia Formiula...... ........... Plow brand raw bone sup. phosphate.. . Walton Whann Co , Charleston, S.C do do Reliance am. sup. i~h -sphate do do W. & W. Co. amu. dissolved bone .. do do Diamond soluble bone........ do do ......... X X acid phospba: e.. do do . acid phos. high grade . do do High grade Eng. acid phosphate... Co., SavanLah, Ga.. So. States standard am. bone......... C. L. Vando acid phosphate.............. Itiwan tiwan tiwan itiwan itiwan lugnsta, 2 2 1 163 00 1 2551850 1735 1 1 1789 16 50 1 1750 21 00 151!'21'55 1,50U24 52 1.54 phosphate....... & 1 Eng. Montague & Co.. 22 30 1900 21 32 1 19 50 2230O 1 1 21 32 1 1900 1950 22 30 1 2.25 522 05 17 35 1 1789 1 1650 .. .1650 .. 16 50 1875 1.25 521 18 1 1 .. 23 75 State Alliance favorite............... do do Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.. Alliance standard................. do Our own am. bone................ do do do Excelsior am. bone............... Diamond cotton food am. bone. oo do do do Dissolved bone acid phosphate........ do do English dissolved hone acid phosphate. Standard -of Alabama.............. do odo do Southern Pacific guano........... Farmer's favorite do ....... do Acid phosphate........... Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, it do do .. Furman's high grade guano.......... A<2 Muriate Potash. 5.54 23.21 6.33 '24.46 6 42525.2 9.3 41.8 9.9 13.5 45527.5 9 1 39.2 11.3 12.8 125~2 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal.. 19-522ls (210 lbs. Raw Phosphate.. Muriate Potash lbs. Raw 6"70 lbs.. Crushed Cotton Seed 210O 20 67() lbs. Green Cotton Seed (500 lbs. Compost of Stable 21 . Manure, Cotton Seed & Acid 2.50 24 10 and fermented. . (Phos. Average O .............. 1~1 1L~.1~1 LIVII I111-)I C~~ LL 52Y2 lbs. Phosphate.. Muriate Potash 33, 2-c.85 41026 Ii9 I41 96 13.1 mixed 27 110 4 ,39 41 9 8 14 2 289 U U -4o " fi;> - U) U o 00 0u~r ccts, *' 3 0 O_ CO O OQ$-U) - f H x " w y OC3 U N r U U r: 0-0 r ^Jc 0 C 0 ... ^ ' F ____ H 5t Cot V ritie. pi. U~. . Hu~CU ilpe eedCoton 6C) L r \ce Lnt. % VAITE Plne Pla N . OFCTOZOPRD 1 lansL ngSape . ....... 89% 15 02 net o2Ba .. ...... . .. .. 04a 2 71 32 0 Painted ImrothdProi. 8 "Yield.. per1 cre. 21 227'/ 1 30 4 2 1.0 72 S3 Allan'..Long.Stapl..............661 .. 782j Baernett...................... ... .69114 ChaesClust... ....... King's Oklnra..........................66-13- 223, 22874 241 32 04 33.64 32 30 PoedPrlif.........26 ....... 237'Y 735 476 34.43 14 15 Peter kin .............. Hope............1730 Southern 1947 39 53 27.5 CLASSIFICATION BY MR. C. E. PORTER. an-Expert. REMARKS. z 6 Variety. Class. Length of Staple. Staple 1 Allan's Long Staple. Strict Good Mid3inch..........moderate only 2 Barnett ......... 13-16 inch... . .. Strict Good 1\.M'id irregular . Staple very irregular. and 3 Cherry's Cluster.... Strict Good Mid % 4 Ellsworth... " Ellsworth inch.".... .St'pl~e regular. st 'ng and inch.........Extremely Strict Middling.1 " fine Staple., 5 Hawkins' Improved. Good Middling 13-16 inch..... .. St'ple str'ng 6 Jones' Improved..... Good Middling. 1 inch.....,....St'ple str'ng and firm. Staple ex7 King's Imp'vd Prolific Good Middling. 1 to 1&1-32 inch... trem'y strong and regular . Staple unusually strong 8 Okra or forked leaf.. Good Middling. 1 inch....... .. Middland Aexcellei.t 9 Peerless............ Good Middling 13-16 inch 10 Rameses.......... 11Trnitt........ .... ii 12 Overl'ked by classifier Middling Fair.. 1 inch... Strict Good Mid 1 inch ................ 13 Zellner ........ Strict Good Mid Y mil'ng cotton Staple unu. . sually strong and fine lint. St'ple reg'lr .and strong;. 'handsome cotton. Staple extremely fine. Staple strong Staple moderatey str'ng fine lint. Magnificent cotton These inch .......... 14 Peterkin........... Strict Good Mid 8inch ......... Strict 15 Southern hope ...._________mil'ngMiddling. 1 1-8tol 3-16 inch As each variety was ginned, a sample was taken and numbcred were sent to Mr. Porter, with numbers, without the names. EXPERIMENTS No. 1 4 5 6 7 8 WITH, COTTON PLANTED AT DIF- FEI RENT DISTANCES-Plots Distance. Feet. 4x4 4x3 4x2 acre each. Lb.Lit it s 294 340 320 Lbs. Seed Cotton. 913 1073 991.2 oLn. ~o it 32 99 31 69 32.24 2. 3 4x1 4x5 5x5 3x1 312 x1 1001 806 824 X832 312 '266 268 267 242 31.16 33 32 52 32 0.9 3 273 31 88 } x1 Deep. 856 9 10 312 x1 Sh'low, 739 240 32.47 In the above experiment su'fficient Lare was not employed to preserve a full stand in Nos. 1, 5 and 6, which placed them at a disadvantage. The stands-1-o-.the1-remaining.. lotswrutsaisf-1-4 r....4 4,actory.4lot-9nwasicl- 746; 32 4 20 RYE FOR SOIL-FEEDING IN WINTER. For the purpose of determining definitely the yield of green rye from successive cuttings during the fall, winter and spring, a plot from which summer cabbage had been harvested was sown in drilled rye 25th September, 1889. The land was well fertilized for cabbage but none was applied to the rye. The seed sown were grown upon the station-Northern grown seed will not answer. The rye was sown very thickly in the drills which were two feet apart. The plot was cut four times with the following results : LBs. GREEN RYE PER ACRE. First cutting, Oct. 30th to Nov. 14th, 1889..............7,067.05 Second cutting, Nov. 22nd to Dec. 24th, 1889......4,323. Third cuitting, Jan. 2nd to Feb. 10th, 1890........6,437.10 Fourth cutting, Feb. 20th to Feb. 27th, 1890............3,564.70 Total...........................................21,392.50 lbs. or 10.69 ton's per acre of excellent green food during the months of November, December, January, and February. The unprecede11 ted freeze of March 1st so seriously injured the roots, exposed by the recent cuttings, that the stubble was plowed in for another crop. No farm in the cotton states should be without its patches of rye or barley to be cut or pastured during fall, winter and spring. CHUFAS. ,Half an acre of very thin sandy land was planted in chufas in 1889 to be gathered by swine. A portion of the area was carefully gathered by sections of the class in agriculture, picking by hand the nuts from each hill. These were measured green and showed a yield per acre of 172 bushels. Assuming a shrinkage of one third in drying the yield per acre of dry chufas was 115.24 bushels. Eight average hills were selected from which the chufas were carefully gathered and counted. The average number per hill was found to be 568 or a production of 568 nuts from one, planted. BULLETIN NO. 17, - - - JULY, 1890. OF THE AgricuIturaI and Mechaoical CoIIee 1 AUBURN, ALA. ---JULY, 1890. Dry Application of Paris Green. and London Purple for the Cotton Worm. REPORT OF ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 119 Board of "Visitors. . HON. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: ION. J. G. GILCHRIST..... HON. R. F. LIGON .. J. B. MITCHELL, Board off Direction. W. L."BROUN..........................................President. J. S. NEWMAN................. ....... Director and Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON..............................Vice-Director and Chemist. P. H. MELL............ ................... Botanist and Meteorologist. GEO. F. ATKINSON...... ................. Biologist. -ASSISTANTS: ISAAC Ross. .1st Assistant Agriculturist, in charge of Live Stock & Dairy. JAS. CLAYTON .......................... J. T. ANDERSON, ................... First Assistant Chemist. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc.. ................. Second P. L. HUTCHISON, B. Sc................... Third Assistant Chemist. A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc............................Assistant Botanist. W. B. FRAZER................................. Clerk and Accountant. PH. D Second Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant. Chemist. 120 THE DRY APPLICATION OF UNDILUTED PARIS GREEN AND LONDON PURPLE FOR THE COTTON WORM. GEO. F. ATKINSON, Biologist. In order to obtain an expression of opinion from some of the practical cotton growers of the State, in regard to the value of a recent method of the dry application of Paris green or London purple, for the destruction of the cotton worm (Aletia xylina), one hundred circular letters were sent; to prominent farmers in the southern portion of the Staten. Since but few have as yet tried this method the letters weresent "at random," not knowing whether the party addressed had given it a trial. Up to date of this writing (June 9), twenty-five replies have been received, a very large percentage considering the probable fact that many, not heard from, are unacquainted personally with the method. Of this number four had not applied the poison according to the method described; of the twenty-one who had, only one spoke unfavorably of it; the twenty who favored this method of application were very emphatic in declaring it to be, all things considered,.. the very best method yet known. In view of this remarkable consensus of opinion as to the. cheapness, ease of application, and the effectiveness of this. method, and the very intelligent character of the replies, it has been deemed wise to publish a bulletin for the farmers. of the State based entirely upon the information gained by/ means'of the circular letter. Following is the letter: CIRCULAR LETTER. ALA., May 14, 18 Dear Sir-In view of the importance of any improved method in the apAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, plication of Paris Green or London Purple to cotton for the destructionef the cotton worm, you are respectfully requested to answer the follewing questions in regard to the dry application of the poison which, according, 121 to a recent method, is allowed to dust through osnaburg bags suspended .at the end of a pole, the pole being carried by a man mounted on a mule, and the animal trotted across the field. If you have not tried this method will you please h:and this circular to one of your intelligent neighbors who has and request him to forward the answers to us. For this purpose a stamped envelope is enclosed. 1. Did you use the Paris green pure, that is, unmixed with any other substance, or did you mix with plaster of Paris, or flour, etc? If so, in ,what proportion ? 2. What was length and size of pole used ? 3. Size of bag and material used for bagging ? 4. How many rows will be poisoned by one passage across the field ? 5. Does the poison float about long enough in the air to poison the under side of the leaves as well as the upper side, or is only the upper side of the leaves poisoned ? 6. To what extent does the wind interfere with its application ? 7. Will it answer to apply it at any time during the day, or must it be applied when the cotton is wet with either dew or rain? 8. What amount of Paris green is required per acre ? 9. How many acres will one man poison in a day? 10 How many applications did you make during the season ? 11. Do you consider this method of application so effective in killing the worms as spraying with Paris green water? and will you try it again this year if the worms are troublesome ? 12. Do rains wash off the applications ? 13. Is the man applying it, or the mule, in any danger of being poisoned? If so, would not a wetted sponge tied over the mouth and nostrils prevent any danger? 14. Is there any danger of poisoning stock which are feeding in adjacent pastures and fields ? 15. Did you use Paris green, or London purple, and which do you consider the better poison to use, all things considered? Why? Please write the answers to the above questions in the space after each one, and on a separate sheet of paper kindly add any information regairding your trial of this method which you may think of value. Very respectfully, An early reply will be appreciated. GEo. F. ATKINSON, Biologist. The names and addresses of those who had tried the method are as follows: Hon. Jas. G. Gilchrist, Hope Hull, Ala, C. S. G. Doster, Prattville, Ala. J. H. Redding, Gallion, Ala. John P. Streety & Co., Hayneville, Ala. J. V. Tutt, Belmont, Ala. Maj. I. F. Culver, Union Springs, Ala. Hon. H. B. Inge, Greensboro, Ala. 122 5 Winm. H. Miller, Union, Ala. H. A. Stollenwerck, Uniontown, Ala. W. F. Strudwick, Demopolis, Ala. W. E. Browning, Pleasant Hill, Ala. J. W. Edmunds, Faunsdale, Ala. B. L. Garber, Laneville, Ala. Hon. G. R. Banks, Tallassee, Ala. Walter Bros., Woodley, Ala. Jas. A. Speir, Furman, Ala. S. M. Cathcart, Alberta, Ala. Unknown. Letter mailed on Cleveland and Selma R. R. Hon. A. C. Davidson, Uniontown, Ala. Hon. Mims Walker, Faunsdala, Ala. J. Orum, Fitzpatrick, Ala. The replies have been tabulated and are presented in that form on the closing pages of this article. Instead of repeating the questions the numbers only appear in the table, the answers to each underlying the number in the proper column. I found it necessary to abbreviate a number of the answers in order that they might appear in a tabulated form. Therefore, for an intelligent understanding of the table it will be well to make some remarks upon the nature of the replies and their practical bearing. At the same time an opportunity will be had of quoting more fully some of the more important parts of the replies, as well as some valuable additional information offered by a few, on a separate sheet. It will be noticed that only one (Mr. Miller) diluted the Paris green, using 5 lbs. flour to one of Paris green. The remarkable thing about the use of the dilnent here is that more Paris green was used per acre (3-5 lbs.) than by any one who used it "pure." It will also be noticed that although the pole was seven feet long the number of acres covered per day (column 9) was less than that reported by any one else, even where the pole was only half so long. However, the number of acres per day is not a very good criterion for it is largely dependent upon the rapidity with which the man works, and the aids he has in filling the bags, as well as the time of the day devoted to the work. Mr. Miller prefers to apply it when the plant is damp, and perhaps did not keep the man at work all day. In column 4 123 we probably have the chief reason for the greater amount Paris green and the less number of acres covered per lday. One passage across the field covered "two middles," which is equivalent to two rows, so that the pole lapped °over about one-half of' each previous application, whereas sa pole three ft.-four ft. long-according to others, covers two rows, while a pole eight feet long covers from 4-10 wrows. It may be that when mixed with flour it does not "float" in the air so long, or so far, but falls more quickly 'to the ground, and hence cannot cover so much ground at ,one passage as a pole of equal length used with undiluted Pazis green. Until the two methods have been compared with a view to settle this question the suggestion given .above is all that is warranted. The favorite length for the pole seems to be about 8 feet. The Hon. H. B. Inge, and the "unknown" gentleman use a narrow board, or "plank," 1 x 4, or 1 x 3, inches. In this case I believe a hole is' bored through each end of the 'plank," where a stopper can be inserted, and the bag is }tacked by the edges around the hole, where it can be easily dilled. The former gentleman cuts a place in the middle to fit the bhand but not enough to make the "plank" limber. It will be seen that the size of the bag varies a great deal also. Some of these need explanation. That used by Mr. Redding, for instance, is 30 incheslong, but it is open at end until slipped on to the end of the pole, and then, 1855 1856.... . .d ~. C. +E 0.25 0.99 1.85 2.28 5.53 1.90 6.83 0.88 1857.5... 5.39 1.10 3.68.... 1881.. 3.72 4.11 7.57 4.87 1882..... 4.47 11.31 9.28 4.34 1883 . .. 8.79 2.46 12.82 1884..... 5.38 4.2010.07 2.9 7 1885.... 9.25 3.59 3.41 2.03 1886..... 7.92 4.31 8.03 4.02 1.887..... 4.05 6.79 2.27 1.59 1888..... 3.13 7.3411,.24 2.47 1889..... 9.48 5.72 2.81 3.73 2.58 1.72 1.89 3.85 5.86 1.64 2.47 5.38 9.3437.52 -0.83 6.47 2.38 4.86 0.58 0.4610.92 4.0045.64 6.79 ... , 4.34 3.731.07..........5.76 0.73 4.25 2.50 6.03 4.11 4.91 5.12 6.3054.22 2.45 2.93 9.18 3.42 7.9 2.14 2.48 5.0965.01 01 1.85 5.47 2.05 6.22 ........ 0.61 11.52 5.38 2.31 0.21 0 57 2.52 4.78 50.52 7.44 3.30 6.92 3.45 5.08 4.70 2.9856.92 3.69 8.15 4.40 5.24 0.40 0.00 5.04 3.9255.12 3.73 * 21.09 4.32 7.16 2.74 6.50 5.31 3.25 4.52 4.90 4.39 4.96 2.9460.95 1.52 2.71 3.75 373 3.42 1.52 6.26 0.6845.13 4.77 0.0813.84 Means... 5.61 4.4c 5.80 3.82 3.17 5.28 4374.20 3.29 2.48 4.49 5.4352.42 *The records were destroyed by fire June 27th, 1887. CARLOWVILLE. PRECIPITATION. . to . Year. 1856 ..... 1857 .... * ° . :................9.14-1.39 4.97 2.10 4.8E 4.88 4.85 6.75 2.05 4.96 6.92 1858 .. 1859 .... 1867 .... 1868 .... ... 6.80 3.99 9.09. 7.68 1.25 5.01 3.10 4.02 1.90 7.75 2.12 6.50 59.21 .. 59.17 .. 1.88 3 39 7.80 6.37 4.41 4.52 2.26 3.72 4.50 2.87 3.87 8.80 49.39 8.63 6.79 3.5'010.46 0.80 2.70 5.60 3.13 8.01 3.50 8.21 4.69 '1.32 .2.24 1.10 0.30 15.60 6.28... 0.85 3.90 3.87 47.44 6.51 6.40 3.44 2.97 0.57 8.66 1.65 9.37 1869 1870 1871 8.30 10.82 5.7010.05 1.54 3.54 5.67 6.63 1.95 2.40 5.93 6.7169.24 5.05 6.75 7.87 2.84 6.9064.86 7.70 62.88 .... .... 1872 1873 .... :... 4.95 12.14 '11.4.E 5.24 6.73 13.00 9-21 0.75 6.04 9.39.1.48 3.61 72.65 1874 1875 1876 1877 .... .... .... .... 6.10 2.51 6.05 11.39 12.8111.17 10.28 1.15 4.90 7.46 4.92 8.04 2.1718.55 2.84 0.48 1.23 6.90 5.08 78.72 4.71 3.90 3.72 5.84 1.85 2.52 2.63 67.50 9.46 5.70 1.49 0.10 1.24 2.75 7.14 65.37 8.07 9.63 20.50 4.08 1.02 1.88 3.31 1.9712.65 1.88 8.72 5.63 79.34 6.19 7.6110.9512.52 4.57 1.76 5.41 2.80 2.05 1.38 3.30 7.33 65.77 5.84 2.36 7.35 15.10 2.15 5.76 2.56 1.56 12.43.... .... .... .... Means .. 5.911 7.01 7.77 7.83 3.77 5.01 4.81. 4.04 4.00 2.33 5.93 5.63 65.19 156 21 DECATUR. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. cd e I v o 1879............3.30 1880 1881.. .. ..... 8.10.... ...... 1.401.601.902703802.80.. 2.45 13.85 8.85 3.75 0.85..4.60. 1.70 4.35 5.75 5.30 3.95 1.30 3.20 3.55 5.55 5.65 44.20 1882........13.70 6 90 5.21 4.85 2.952 00 6.194.811.002,305.151.9557.01 1883....... 7.10 4.60 4.30 5.673.424.04......................... 1.00 1.90 .7.28 8.90 6.55 5.35 0.85 4.25 6.95 2.25 2.40 3 45 5.90 5.10 2.90 2.85 2.75 46.80 1886-......6...70 8.40 3.40 3.95 5.74 1.43 1.54 3.25 0.05 8.75 2.5049.26 2.80 3.152.49 5.20 2.03 3.95 0.80 4.0044.37 1884........ 1885.........7,65 4.10 3.55 1887.........6.80 6.85 Means. . 0.80 1.702.103.7050.68 2.90 5.55 1.25 4.31 1.99 .27 5.00 .6.37 5.003.403.45 3.582.422.13 2.454.533.3148.91 *25 days. GREENSBORO. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. a v 6 1855..... *1.33 1856. 1857. .... '3.52 5.17 2.16 1.44 1.64 0.591.7 3.99L68 6.416.291.45 5.245.7537.60 6.16 3.95 5 23 6.37 1.91 2.750.580.4412.995.7352.23 2.21 3.34 3.43 8.551.71 4.73 2.46 0.841.49 6.04 7.99 47.96 2.60 6.13 1858...... 9.29 3.58 3.15 4.55 3.26 1.11 0.91 1859 . .4.29 6.33 7.00 2.657.20 1860...... 0.91 2.63 1.41 3.35 4.06 11.61 3.90 4.52 3.02 2.88 2.32 2.51 4.41 2.31 5.12 0.36 1.00 4.14 0.58 6.13 4.611.83 5.840.48 2.85 9.15 2.04 3.84 6.79 4.30 6.27 1.96 X3.880.142.'67 3.93 5.521.56 3.19 7.87 43.60 1.95 4.79 53.45 7.77 1861...4.85 1862 .8.39 1863...7.50 1864...2.45 1865....*. 4.85 13.09 1866...... 3.05 7.05 1867...1.86 1.67 1868 . 1869.... 6.21 9.76 9.51 1.75 7.16 1.29 3.70 1.93 1.74 2.74 1.32 7.73 13.18 1.79 6.36-54.81 6.11.5.90 1.02 1.37 2.14 ,..... 3.87 2.58 49.93 0.53 3.09 43.16 2.85 7.39 54.62 6.315.20 53.62 2.94 8.44 55.90 2.77 5.1147.94 ... 5.22 2.74 2.08 2.73 7.38 7.36 6.313.06 5.22 2.74 2.13 4.413.78 55.22 9.55 5.67 3.85 4.52 3.06 ............. .... 5.222.74 1.92 ..... 7....65 ....... 9.80 3.74 3.05 6.70................ . 4.505.90.... 1884.......... 1885..,.8.94 1886...10.15 3.33 2.92 3.17 5.88 4.00 2.51 5.34 11.72 6.97 2.86 6.73 5.95 2.23 1.84 1.37 ,. .. 6.09. 7.32 5.33 48.84 4.53 2.11 65.61 1887 ... 3.36 4.90 1.04 2.58 3.37 4.29 3.09 3.45....... ............. . 1888...4.38 4.38 11.20 x'.16 2.35 4.14 3.37 9.29 7.93 4.40 3.13 2.15 49.00 7.31 0.54 1.50 1889.-0..5.40 2.00 1.52 6.62 0.61 3.37 4.52 2.98 1.91 0.37 4.13 2.19 39.68 Means.. 5.36 5.00 5.02 4.48 3.13 3.92 3.16 5.27 2.99 2.18 4.815.52 50.84. 2 157 22 GREENE SPRINGS. PRECIPITATION. YEAR. 1854 .. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1866.. 1867 1868. 1869... 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 18;6.. 1877.. 1878. 1879....,. 1880.. 1881.. 1882... 1883.. 1884.. o - 0 1.09 1.20 2.91 2 65 4.12 3.64 8.69 6.48 4.17 7 87 2.12 4.90 1.70 1.38 11.04 3.03 5.96 9.16 4.77 4.74 5.95 7 90 3.45 4.80 4.87 7.78 4.55 6.02 4.92 5.50 3.89 5.09 6.21 5.66 2 82 2.52 5.56 4.68 0.95 4.03 6.45 5.10 7.36 5.35 10.47 5.00 7.76 6.48 -l 1 1.19 5.87 2.74 3.59 8.00 0.40 1.30 4.61 4 416 12 6.94 3.45 5.64 2.29 3.222 277 3 60 3. 12.26 3.13 3.13 1.20 4.98 4.41 6 16 1.80 6.62 4 57 5.56 3 88 6.36 8.81 2.79 1.64 2.20 4.50 1.001.35 0.00 4.29. 5.45 1.25 2.67 2.82 0.87 7.11 4.93 9.52 4.68 6.39 8.95 2 16 7.50 2.66 4.93 8.70 5.19 36.01 55.57 50.19 50.59 55.40 597 3 02 8.77 4.01 5.29 2.84 5.00 3.51 7.274.40 5.88 5'. 33 3.25 8. 22 0. 97 1.73 1.38 5.65 2.760 50 3.75 7 38.35 13.305.80 4.43 2.95 7.06 4.28 4.10 7.70 10.00 4.85 2. 57 5. 58 5.65 2 90 8.79 14.59 2.31 5.18 2.65 8.85 4. 19 2. 19 4.72 3.13 5.25 10 25 7.18 4.2S 7.60 5.50 9. 63 2. 31 3.13 4.89 5.20 5. 70 4. 09 8 36 2 50 1.22 5 905.86 6 84 4.50 10.76 10.154.59 4 21 2.00 10.00 5 031.96 3 87 1.73 7.15 8. 18 2.01 2.45 7.02 3 56 5.131.62 4.10 2.57 9.17 5. 181.18' 1.57 12 02 -I I Ii -f 4. 791.-75 4.37 4.99 2.1.0 1.77 1.38 3.83 2.41 40.48 3.72 3.66 7.17 4.17 4.19 58.37 2.32 1 672.50 4.30 5.90 47.36 2 55 0. 400.30 7.35 5.13 45.28 4.76 1.105.05 5 05, '235 66.93 0.16 3.50 0.05 2 30 6.70 54.34 1.86 4.11 1.00 1.19 1.25 43.70 1.48 2.67 0.79 1.06 3.42 53.51 3.15 4.35 1.00 3.59 7.13 52.73 4.22 2. 152. 15 0.52 3.18 55.76 2.31 14.11 4.85 5.05 4 75 68.40 8.32 2.55 2.32 2 81 7.11 54.30 5.08 0.989 85 4.09 5.55 60.11 5.45 5 005.12 10.54 8.28 71.03 11 06 2.983 90 5 43 4.75 62.20 7 0s 2.263-80 3.55 4.30 60.51 6 95 10.682 20 4 53 5.99 52.80 1 04 1.2512.41 2.0215.39161.47 -I Means. . 5 0715.041 6 l1 6.1313.4814.7.514.4114 551 2 99 54.83 NOTE.-Capt. J. A. Wright, of Livingston, makes the following comments in regard to the tables of rainfall and temperature for Greene Springs. W. 97[2-941 4.4914 -I 1 -( I GENERAL RESULTS-The temperature table shows the average temperature of our three winter months is 47 deg. ; spring, 63 deg.; summer, 79 deg., and autumn, 63 deg. The rather curious and interesting fact follows, that our average temperature for April and October, as well as for spring and autumn, is the same as the annual average of our climate, as obtained in these observations in twenty years observations) -that is 63 deg., and this 63 deg. would be the numoer on a map with Isothermal lines for our part of Alabama. The range between our average for winter and summer (79 deg.--47 deg.) is only 32 deg., and this is the very important element by which climates are compared. The range of temperature between the coldest monthly average, 45 deg. (January), and the warmest monthly average, 81 deg. (July), is 16 deg. The greatest range between the coldest month here recorded, 37 deg. (uecemher, '76), and the warmest mouth, 84 deg. (July,. '75, '78, and '88), is 47 deg. The extreme range of temperature.in this part of Alabama, from the warmest to the coldest hour'ever properly observed and recorded since t1854, with standard thermometers properly protected from direct and reflected rays of the sun, is a little more than 100 deg. That is, positively the highest ever so that was before the 104 deg: in the shade, observed by Prof. Tutwiler and myself very carefully etf Greene Springs. Only twice, since 1854, has the mercury, in properly placed thermometers,. (21,900 war-was observed-and ever our in from 'mercury stoodbeon105 deg.range ofdays, climate in Central Alabama,past, have2 ceg. below zero. Tbis shows the extremecoldest our anydifferent localities,years zero, to theI last thirty-five during (35) years, to Never, at time for thirty seen the thermometer, when properly shaded, as high, as 100 deg. in our part of Alabama, nor do I believe it has been seen so high by any one else, with a standard thermometer properly placed. I wish to place my testimony on record here, that the mercury very rarely, even on our hottest days in July and August, stands above 96 deg. in the shade, and that any record up to or been -. observed lower than 4 deg. (chat is, 4 deg. above zeto). In January, '84 and '85, the above. 100 years, is merely an error. Heat accumulated by roofs and walls and streets in cities may deg. for our part of Alabama, as a normal temperature for the last twenty-five 158 23 show a higher temperature, but can this he properly called normal? For the last three winters, our coldest temperature has been 20 in December and January, and the mercury with us very rarely falls below 20 deg. The rain table proves that March and April are our most rainy months, while May, September and October are our dryest--the least average rainfall occurring in October, while the averages for May and September are nearly the same. It shows that our heaviest rainfall, any one year, has been a little more than 71 inches (in '80); and the least, 437 inches (in '73). It gives the most rain in one month, more than 14 inches (Apf'l, '74 and September, '77); while the least rainfall, during any one month, was one-twontieth of an froh (0.03), in October, '72. It is worthy of remark, that the average rainfall of each of the three summer months, is between four and five inches, and of each winter mouth between and six inches, 'here was no month entirely without rain. The unusually small rainfall recently for six months, from December, '88 to May, '89, in clusive, furnishes a very interesting confirmation of the theory of Herschel other emi nent astronomers, that our years of maximum and minimum rainfall correspond with years of maximum and minimum sun-spots-periods of ten or eleven years from maximum to maximum and minimum to minimum. During the six months named, we had only about half the rainfall of our wettest yearsthe latter amounting to thirty-five or thirty-six inches, as in'83-84 and '71-'74, as can be seen from the rain table. Fhom Prof. Charles A. Young, of Princeton, who has made the sun and its spots a life study, I learn there were scarcely any sun spots in the six months from last December to May inclusive. Another period of minimum rain and sun spots was the winter of '77-78. It seems very reasonable, that the fewer the sun spots, the more light and heat we receive from the sun; the diryer the earth's surface and atmosphere becomes and consequently the less rain falls, and vice versa. N. B.--All annual and monthly averages in these tables of temperature and rain correspond so nearly with those at the important Signal Station,lMontgomery, that they may be safely used for Central Alabama, in general, %g. five and HUNTSVILLE. PRECIPITATION. 5. Year. w N .- , a t ' O Z o 1831... 6 71 234 4.26 4 164.30..66 1832....2 1833...... 7 7 3.46 1 93 5 6.87 11.4510 80 4 543 4 16 457083 1834..10.41 8.24 2.91 3.32 4.15 4.84 7.06 4 03 5.85 3.05 7.62 63.14 1835....4.86 3.19 6 10 12 30 3 18 6 37 1.67 4.961.52 60.29 1836....4.85 3 05 5.82 5.16 6.53 3.60 8.40 "6.131.2512.221.386.3654.75 905.918 60 2.15 00 3 tL66 3.741022.14 840 2.00 4 84 5 90 6.761 5.46 1.653602.2243.46 6.65 2.22 4.712. 5.57 46.33 2.49 2.04 3.82 2 90 4.6167.67 27 1837... 1838...:5.53 1839.....'2.63 1871..:.... 1.52 4.02 5.32 3.322.49 7.03 1 66 5.55 4.015 2.87 3.18 2.77 4.02 6.08 3.95 0.69 3.19 1.80 2.08 4.00 5.54 2.64 1 80 2.22 0.00 028 3.74 1.94 . . .23 3.053.88 47.08 9.12 5.1248.32 2.2129. 01 46.000.384,401.10. ., ....... 5 50 1.90 .. .. 10.50 2.45 2.4(= 0.85 .7.50 . 1873....... 660 8.50 3.50 1.40 4.10 8.30 3 80 3.40 4.30 5.05[.:60 4.7154.76 1872e.... 1874....5.47 1875....... 1876....5.93 . ... 5 5.94 .6-0510.46 2.61 4.55 9.03 17.39 2.00 6 6.40 1877...... Means:. 6.50 542 1131 2.831 20 9.90 9.603.71 613. 03 6 71 10.157.853.475.183.1981.02' 5.40 8.15 2.35 5 66j 5 64 5 79 3.98 5.16f 001.95.1'203.3058.26' 5.50,2.08....... ...... 64 2.93 3:284.'7154:1'0 5.931.831.226.228.12-58.25 4.55 4.88 .5.12 159 24 MOBILE. PREnCIPITATION. F.4 be 0 Year. 1840... 1841... 1842... 1852... 1869... 1871. 1872.... 1873.. 1874. 1875. ... 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879... 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883... 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887 .. 1888...:. 1889.. 64 4 4 G 0 z Q 5.59 3.87 6.50 3 69 4 16 2.48 5.79 3.14 6.30 4.57 i 6.401 8.211 6.601 4.411 2,461 4.5513.94162.65 5.33 6.68 1.01 61.58 2.77 5.65 3.70 68.18 1.85 3.23 2.97 68.61 0 00 2.04 4.17 56.36 2 32 3 063.01 62.66 0.37 5.36 7.18 58.60 6.15 4.76 5.99 68 74 4.84 6.31 7.64 63.47 5.15 4.79 3.38 57.33 7.39 3.71 3.25 7.36 9.15 90.97 8.29 2.67 .5.84 74.67 0.84 2.57 58.50 5 36 4.12 5 10 67.57 1.19 4.83 5.00 54 98 0.13 3 36 1.97 56.18 2 45 0.44 7.02 51.59 2.48 .2 46 0 08 6. 78 ).52 49.67 5.131 9.76 2.93 6.18 6.17 4.24 3.70 3.95 8.00;12.76 4.35 3.78 6 33 13 37 1.67 2.11 3.15 3.86 0.88 11.47 9.87 8.75 10 35 8.07 2.72 10.57 10.92 1.23 5 69 10.21 3.79 2 54 7.15 8.32 7.51 1 46 2.45 4 001 7.07 8.52 4.32 8.01 3 88 4.32 3.35 5.38 11.53 1.76 1.40 5.94 8.40 1.68 7.07 3 74 4.69 12.68 3.40 4 33 4.09 4.90 6.60 2.98 9.95 3.86 0 78 1.99 5 94 6.42 3.56 2.35 11.17 10.54 1.33 1.18 5.73 9 41 2.99 5.62 5.08 4.92 4.75 7.04 7.62 8.00 10.41 9 21 1.44 4.85 2.77 15.22 11.71 6.77 4 54 5.13 9.92 6.78~ 2.40 9.52 8.96 4.05 8.80 3. 63 4 21 7.25 8.51 9.42 3 31 5.88 0.96 7 4C 5.01 11.53 5.54 8.48 7.01 4.98 1.26 1 78 11.95 2.85 6.36 5.24 3 27 4 18 3.81 6.07 3 23 6.19 4.16 14 62 5.86 1.27 5.94 6.59 3.55 2.69 6.62 3.65 1 93 2.84 8 91 4.31 4.31 6 21 3.2C 10.33 7 24 3.39 7.30 13.56 5.36 14.35 3.04 5.07 4.64 3.48 1.65 2.78 5.35 9.55 2.80 6.97 f E 1 6 r 3 3 41 4.38 7115 40 4.611624I 7.24 6.7314642.824 Means... *Office, instruments and records destroyed by lire N4ovemnber 17, 188u. MONTGOMERY. f Ci l 2xI15 AC) 3299 I IIIIIIII L~II~7/1111 I ~~I r\ O c3 PRECIPITATION. v I I 50. .0.4 ~~-'1 84 i fII~ Year. Oct. 1858 to Dec., 1874.... 1872.......... 1873.......... 1874........... 1875......... 1876.......... 1877.......... 1878....... ... 1879.......... 1880... .. ..... 1881.......... 1882......... 1883.......... 1884.......... 1885.......... 1886........... 1887........... 1888.......... 1889.......... Means......... c V o 6.047. 48 37.29 5.75 4.791 7.28 3.23 1.91 1.12 4.979. 97 4.51 5.571 10.25 3.696.57710.66 9.45 2.03 6.717.86611.56 3.54 1.67 3.70 5. 07 77.33 10.99 6 55 10.36 0.82 6.672. 68 5392.59 2.64 5.91 4.06 2.062 14 12.68 4.50 3.90 1.65 6.11 19.26 6.42 7.07 3.58 7.0555.45 4.52 1.41 4549.27 6.92 5.03 2.94 7.20 2. 00 3.61 8.16 2.62 4.82 4. 80 9.50 3.08 1,18 9.72 3.68 32.93 392 8.92 6. 69 4. 10 6.86 7.38 2.95 5087.47 70.72 1.18 2.84 4.127.67 11.51 1.08 5.19 6.703.49 32.95 3.13 1.28 37.17: 2.10 4 65 3.38 0.53 5.73 11.0815 17 2.56 3.06 0.68 4.58 4.31 3.87 1.25(0.39 1.97 2.60 1.94 0.99 2.14f8 13 1.68 5.90 96 4.85 6.24 X3.05: 1.61 0. 3.42 2.94 3.43 1.07 4.07 251 3.75 2.55 3.49 3.92 5.85 4.59 )7.676 3.22 5.21 4.54 1.12 10.20 1.47 2.66 4.06 0.90 3.17 4.411 3.04 2.18 5.06 4.49 2.72 4.56 3.98 6.29 3.41 4.18 2.40 1.91 5.02 0.87 2.08 0.22 2.00 1.70 10.26 2.80 3.05 0.58 1.87 2.67 4.32 1.54 3.93 4.83 2.3813.59 8.61 3.37 5.37]1.12 0.03 6.72 3.31 8.56'2.04'2.03 2.47 0.79 4.82 3 86,6.51 5.73 5.39 3.38 4.02 3.70,6.33 4.35 0.01 6.17 5.26 56.90 4.08 2.61 5.14 51,93 6.04 38.16 5.97 59.74 4.79 30.26 6.74 35.40 7.42 18.46 5.68 34.22 9.75 33.81 3.88 54.75 4.23~ 39.71 11.00 48.61 3.13 58.89 3.05 36.25 8.25 44.74 2.13 61.39 0.49 44.62 5.5916 4666.77 5.64 4.33 6.06, 3.58' 2.58 2.08 2.27 4.19 5.06 54.61 1tbo 25 MOULTON. PRIECIPITATION. YEAR. r 1867... 1868.. .. 1869... 1870... 1871. .. 1872. .... U2 0 44.01 ................... 44.23 ................... 46'.30 44.78 44.24 4265 36.57- 1873...x. 1h74.. Means... . 3 64. 1.5716.41 3.4813.84 3 .2512.141 3.29255 2.'692 93 43.87 MOUNT VERNON BARRACKS.~ PR~ECIPITATION. Year. a 4 U bb 0 5.73 1840. S~lS 12.84 4.86 9.28 4 65 7.23 4.60 1841. 1]842. 3.81 5.90 9.22 5.17 0.72 16.67 6.11 2.18 3.49 5.04 6.2711.89 76 38 1843. 5 92 9.38 5.113 1844. 8.29 0.98 2.90 11.30 8.37 4.52 1.79 2.54 2.19 2.73 6.48 5.40 11.87 4.99 6.3468.52 1845.. 6.82 5.31 5.63 11.51 5.49 5.57 9.42 4.74 2.12 0.40 3.75 4:6.65.36 1846. 6.83 7.70) 6 45 3.77 3 94 4.05 11.92 7.39 5.8.5 0.42 4.10 °9.01 7143 1847. 3.90 5.17 3.50 2.78 2.15 6.35 3.10 4.39 2.99 1.54 X7:94 5.74 49.55 1848. 2.89 2.44 1.36 3.06 6.11 9 25 14.56 11.15 0.65 13.00 10.54'4.22 79.23 1849. 1850... 9.59 4.81 2.09 4.22 6.72 2.01 0.44 5 13 0.15 0.85 2.32 .5.22. 49.,55 3 89 7.26 0.77 1.14 3.44 5.35 1.84 8.69 4.42 2.07 6.99 2.91 48.77 1851 ... 1.92 1.95 1.52 6.24 6.75 1.56 1.92 9.64 0 70 2.40 9.74 7..5 51.49 1852 ... 11.18 8.110 16.45 6.59 5.34 2.00 12.64! 8.95 11.09 8.44 2.70 13.09 106.57 1853 ... 1854... 11.01 12.83 6.22 1.96 4.45 6.72 6.13 2.29 6.82 0.81 2.34 0.73 62.31 1855... 0.45 1.16 1.17 1.52 0.20 2.22 9.85 12.59 10.03 2.17 10.78 7.62 59.76 1856... 5.46 3.16 5.33 3.53 3.41 9.26 3.19 5.74 1.25 0.70 11.25 5.87 58.15 2.65 2.00 4.50 4.78 9.17 2.60 3.85 9.33 0.17 3.33 10 05 6.39 49.82 1857... 1858... 10.62 3.12 5.21 2.02 1.42 4.80 7.31 5.89 4.38 7.73 3.98 7.87 64.35 6.07 8.49 10.821 6.42 2.97 6.47 5.57 4.53 6.48 2.41 1.80 2.91 64.94 1859 ... 1860... 2.38 10.80 1.68j 1.58 2.56 3.45 1.25 6.98 5.10 6.93 4.40 3.50 50.61 3.25 4.40 3.50 .. 1873... 1874,....... 7.85 12.75 12.9512951.8013.05 8.80 4 05 3.25 0.15 2.04 5.95 85.59 6 00 10.81 1245 3.892.00) 3.37 2.46 3.85 7.81 4.90 3.70 3.283 64 52 1875... 5.13 8.32 579 3.25 7.48 8.94 2.51 1.94 0.50 5.80 5.33 59.74 1876 ... 5.88 8.41 4.98857 37914.54 11.26 1.79 2.26 0.68 5.88 74.55 1882 ... 1883... 3.22 4.1911.188.23 14.24 3.27 1.67 0.07 0.57 2.64 3.1 62.89 7.75 5.61 4.98 1.11; 5.76 4.73 3.10 69.37 1884... 4.76 14.68 5.615 3.52 7.89 815419 6.79 4.07 4.20 5.05 1.35 4.32 2.77 61.88 1885 ... 2.37 7.59 7.11253 7.41 6.50 6.90 0.76 0.00 7.03 1.43 56.75 1886... 6.93 0.93 0.67 1.12 6.17 6.01 3.37 4.84 4.06 1.18 9.92 49.69 1887. 1888.. )10.37 11.67 150 5.78 7.86 2.67 8.66 2.64 5.10 2.92 3.77 65.33 3 2 62 3.14 2.47 2 62 1.98 7.91 1.13 6.36 0.23 36.89 1.63 44.07 1889... 7101. LII5 -79 5 92 Means .. 1600 648 4733.91 6.14 6.33 I 0.101 I)-1- - I 3.45 ~ I3.721 -- i.::5221 ,5;12 63 14 161 THREE MILES NORTH OF UNION a4o SPRINGS. PRECIPITATION. Year. a .o 0 1871............. 3.876.35 6.82 6.47 5.519.76 0 34 5.91 1.941.581.611.55 54.71 1867...................................8.38 1.55 2.30.. 7.30 3.60 5.704.93 1.25 1.34 1870.............3.18 2.61 6.35 7.780.382.42 2.77 1.50 2.27 0.00 5.64 6.38 34.27 2 20 1868.............. 1869............. 5 80 4.90 3.00 5.40 3.35 0.25 6.50 2.221.16 4.00 46.51 2.59 3.79 2.88 0.53 0 45 4.47 4.65 41.79 1872... 1873............... ...... 1 57 5 95 6.20 2.97 3 431.26 5.96 1.63 0.97 1.97 5.03 10 9110 481.12 676 5.69 4.3412.32 1.90 2.37 4.71 1874.......... ... 1875............. 1.375 13 2.85 3.46 6.38 5.83 1876..o............ 1877.... ......... 1879 .............. 1880 .............. 306t..752.47 3.20 1.011.30 0.86 2.09 2.38 36.38 1.63 1.10 5.15 1.25 2.37 0.92 3.08 4 67 53.71 2 39 37.56 2.92 2.90 4.96 1.24 4.313.4:749.43 .5.115 4.75 2.42 6.76 1878.......:...... 3.461.87 2.99 7.83 1.07 3.55 3.88 4.413.77 3.44 831.10 3.792.43 0.431.74 2.27 5.84 37.52 1.83 1.44 3.80 2 22 4 87 2.66 43.20 3.28 5.321.67 1.92 7.32 4.23 44.32 7.05 5.02 0.47 4.63 0.80 3.64 2.03 4.00 3.63 6.00 47.76 1881............ ,. 5.13 2.86 4.26 6.43 6.614.3 71.851.75 4.33 53.01 1882......... ..3.676.09 1883..............7.22 1884............. 3.03 1-023.87 2.17 8.32 7.(2 0.55 5.30 34.40 1.541.21 2.94 5.74 1.83)74 3.17 5.91 3.54 2 641.63 1.45 5.25 2.35 3.60 2.92 3.95 38.13 3.010. 75 1885.............7.183 15 3.19 2.787.583.27 4.642.705.674.223.133.1050.66 00 5.19 2.77 48.50 1886............... 6.72 3.97 6.59 4.95 1.02 8.73 3.95 3.66 0 0.67 2.82 10.52 '4.66 A. 231.071.651.031.3 754.43 4.00 8 3.67 2.83 8.43 0.58 3.713,740.000-002.53 3.0841.40 73.05 43.27 1887.............3.634.85 1.992.665.0915.773.075 950 03 3 121.87 7.83 55.49 188.......:...... 3.45 6.57 13.48 2.08 3.37 5 87 1.33 4.156.988 534.082.3162.60 Means..........3.64 4.27 5.92 4,873 06,4.15^ 3 75 3 402.44 2.83 3.37 3.86 45.5.6 162 PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, AT STATIONS IN ALABAM~A. CdA $:L, 3.413 3.401.72 o Period of Observation. Auburn........... ......................... .................... Bermuda ................................... Birmingham. ............ *Calera-.......................................... 3.803-31 5.61 4.48 7.07 2.591 Carlowville.................................. 5.91 7.01 Coatopa ............. Carrollton. .. .... ........ .................. ..... 5.40 4.930 5.5 3.98 7.27 5.00 Decatur............................... ip Elyton......................... Florence............. IDemopolis .............................. SEdwardsville............. .................. ........... ... 7 335.48 3.94 4.40 ........................ Eufaula...... ...... ~evergreen. .... .................. ............. *Fort Deposit..................... Fort Mitchell....................2.29.5.52 Gadsden............... ................. Greensboro .......................... *Greenville.................................. *Fish River ................................. ............ ..... .......... ... o5.94 4.64 2.22 3. 83 3.49 2.00 06.06 4.34 o5.77 :3.77 5.36 5.00 7.054.22 5.17 5 04 Green Springs............................... 6.54 Havana...................................8.66 5.42 4.55 ......... .......... Huntsville.... .......... Jacksonville ...................... ... ...... 5 69 3.00 tLivingston................................ Marion ......................... Mobile.............................. ........... 3.22 4.25 2.50 5.00 5.39 4.38 5.80 3.82 3.17 5.40 3.86- 1.7s 11.51 7.76 3.06 . .4.45 2.91 7 777.83 3.77 6.60 3.00 4:0$ 2.25 5.35 4.99 6.37 5.00 3.40 . .6.20 1.81 4.76 1.9C. 6.7h 8.28 1.12 1.87 3.15 2.46 2.13 8.58 355 1.88 4.28 .. 1.00 3.95 2.30 4.57 .. 9.9E 4.68 4.61 6.70 6.30 3.47 1.80 5.84 5.02 4.4E 3.13 3.63 7.83 4.64 6.01 6.1,' 3.48 3:76 8 52 2.90 3.98 .4577.19 3.1E 6.03 1.54 5.06 7.87 3.48 5.50 7.10 8.92 4.61 5.46 5.28 4.37 4.20 3.29 2.48 4.49 5.43 52.4212 years. 58 3 03 44.90 4 years. 4.79 2.45 5.15 4.39 ... 3.40..... 5years. 4.28 3.07 3.84 6 years. .. . 6.09 2.76 2.58 1.87 0.49.. 5.01 4.81 4.04 4.00 2.33 5.93 5.63 65.1913 years, 4 months. 5.80 3.70 [.35 2.25 2.80 7.00 5.80 52.65 2 years. 45.45 4 years. 3.21 3.44 3.55 2.65 2.30 3.32 48.9' 7 years, 8 months. 3.45 3.58 2.42 2.13 . 2 years. . 7.60 4.44 5.36 1.76 2.66 5 19 4.84 3.74 2.68%1.702.254.5249.67 2 years. 3.75 3.25 4.00 46.32 2 years. 4.00 3 87 4.44 3.27 6.97 4.34 3.25 1.88 5.08 2.12 44.23 4 years. 7.72 2.43 50.43 4 years. 5.72 7.37 3.38 5 years. 3 02 5.69 7.52 5.23 0.89 2.33 3.32 ..... 4.20 .5.83 2.78 2.86 5.96 2.58 4.66 46.20 5 years. 4 years. 3.87 3 31 2.32 2.18 1.50... .... 1 year, 3 months. 7.08 [.75 4.28 [.22 5.22 3.76 3.52 2.48 2.40 3.51 13.44 47.9- 4 years. 18 years, 8 months. 3.92 3 16 5.27 2.99 2.18 8.89 4.66 32.33 1 51.7.39 2.35 58.10 6 years. 4.75 4.41 4.55 2.97 2.94 4.49 4.99 54.83 28 years. 0.66 3.16 3.24 4.59 6 35 3.45 5.08 56.92 2 years. 5.16 4.8S 5.12 2.64 2.93 3.28 4.7154-10 16 years. 3 years. 5.82 4.19 2.16 .... 1.69 2.6S 3.03.... 3.71 3.62 3.151.815.732.066 06 48.08 47.72 6 years. 2.74 3.37 2.56 4.81 6.24 7.24 '6.734.242.824.294.1562.9924 years. 2.45 4.53 2.7615.42 3.43 4.94 1.77 336 0.11 3.86 1.4845.20 4.81 5.5250.84 14.24 2.00 2 .60 4 years, Monroeville.... . ........... Montgomery.......................... Mount Vernon Barracks................. Mount Willing.. ................... ...................... Moulton. .. Newton. . Oswichee.............. ...... *Opelika .... ......................... Apple........ ................ Prattville........................ *Pine *Scottsboro ........................... Talladega................................. Selma........ .... Troy................................... 7'rinity................................... Tuscaloo sa........................ Tuscumbia * .... . ....... .................... . Uniontown.............. Union Springs............... .... ....... Valley Head............................. Wilsonville ........ ........... ......... Mea ..................... 3.68 6 69 4.65 5.52 7.04 5.59 6.46 6.77 5.64 4.33 6.00 5.92 6.48 4.73 3.91 8.59 6.28 1.47 4.87 5.2E 3.66 4.10 5.57 6.41 3.48 7.03 4.98 3:57 4.45 4.39 5.76 4.21 7.43 2.16 2.35 .. .6.48 9.08 6.13 2.67 9.17 3.69 1.87 2.44 7.25 4.31 6.43 8.74 6.55 2.16 3.63 7.5 2.17 1.9: 5.70 7.28, 5.98 x.995.38 4.60 4.77 .68 11.14 6.36 3.5 3.27 1.73 6.99 9.71 2.70 6.02 4.84 2.74 2.31 5.45 ..7.7:E . 3.64, 4.27 5.92 4.87 . 5.33, 0.44 12.78 3.72 . 4.08 3.36 6.384.87 -i 4.95 6.89 7.30 2.74 1F.56 5.72 4.15 60.89 35 years, months. 6.016 3.58 2.58 2.08 2.274 195.06 54 .61 122 years. 6.14' 6.33 6.10 3.72 3.45 5.24 5.1263. 132 years. 2.50 2.92 2.28 1.42 3.30 6.86..... .4 years. 2.93 43.87 10 years. 3.84 3.25 2.10 3.29 3.49 5.26 51.53 34 years. 2.45 3.82 8.08 2.61 8.36 5.08 6.55 1.21 3.80 2.90 5.45J54.26 2 yars 5.20 6.97 3.93 2.52 3.30 3.14 4.44. 8 years. 6 years. 3.46 3.86 2.44 1.24 1.33... 6.50 3.99 3.06 0.0(! 2.44 3.15 6.73 50.29 .2 years. 4.18 4.16 3.7r 2.20 2.50 4.97 5.93-55.91 13 years. 4.60 5.59 3.57 2.41 2.91 .573 6 years. 4.09 2.31 :3.82 5.57 2.33 2.08 7.20 49.84 2 years. 7.02 4.37 1.99 0.95 [.68 2.06 .578 51.08 3 4 years. 4.95 4 80 3.55 [.81 4.19 4.68 61.85 5 years. 3 33 2.71 2 06 2.05 2.61 2 34 1.36 41.75 S6 years. 5.78 5.07 2.52 3.77 2.46 3.25 5.1649.37 years, 1887 incom1.97 3.93 1.80 4.50 1.16 1.38...I 2 years. [plete 3.06 4.15 3.75 3.40 2.44 2.83 3.37 3 86 45.56 21 years, 3 months. 4 04 10.55 2.57 6.4212.22: 2.42 3.52 5.39 64.40 5 years. 2.79 56 3.85 3.91 2.61 3.203.4 3.50 48.62 6 years. 5 2-91.60 1 T4 14 5.3614.671 5.76 5.12 _ __ _ 3.95 4 804 404.01 2.74 2.4713.8414.49 51.89 jE t Two years' observations at this Station were made by Captain J. W. A. Wright, and two years by Observer of Belt Station. *Stations of the Cotton Belt Series.-The Observers at these Stations report only during the crop season, April 1st until November 1st. viz: Cotton From 30 The chart on the opposite page shows in an interesting man ner how regularly the mean maximum and the mean minimum temperatures follow the average temperature of the State. The extremes are not great. The high maximum shown on the chart occurred only once during the period covered by the diagram, and was recorded at .the signal office in Montgomery in July of 1881. The reader must understand that this does not represent an average for the State, but is an abnormal temperature observed only once during the period of twenty-one yerrs. 166 Cf I - ii UK ii I I I I I - za 33 3. YEARS OF DROUGHT AND WET YEARS. From special Bulletin No. 1, issued by the Alabama Weather service and compiled by Capt. W. H. Gardner of Mobile, the following extracts are taken concerning the con- dition of the weather prior to 1830. From 1830 to the year 1890 the data mentioned in this bulletin, came from the Reports of the Smithsonian uInstitute; Reports of the Department of Agriculture; Reports of the Signal Service; Patent Office Reports, and reliable agricultural and scientific journals: 1711. There was a severe storm and high flood in March on Mobile Bay which overflowed the newly organized town and caus, d its removal to its present site. 1746. A destructive cyclone visited the Gulf coast, which laid waste the plantations and totally destroyed the rice crop. This article was used in most families as a substitute for bread. 1807. The spring was wet and the water courses were high. 1817. A year of constant raing in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. 1825. A dry summer. 1829. A year of continuous rains in Alabama and Mississippi, and poor crops. 1832. A winter of heavy rains and extraordinary floods. 1833. A winter of heavy rains and great floods in the rivers of Alabama. The Tombigbee, above Gainesville, was higher than ever known prior to this time. 1840. The spring was dry and cool. The fields early in June presented a bleak and barren aspect. Famine seemed imminent. The summer was also dry and the farms were thoroughly cultivated. The Warrior at Tuscaloosa was very nearly dried up, resulting in the death of a great many fish. At Montgomery there was a slight rain early in August, and no more until late in October. The Alabama river was too low for navigation. An immense cotton crop was made, perhaps the largest yield per acre ever known in the State up to this time. There was no bad weather to prevent picking from August to the following spring. The total rainfall for the year at Huntsville was only 29.08 inches, and at Savannah, Georgia, 25.98 inches. 1843. The spring was late, with continued rains in July and August, throughout the cotton region. This wet weather acted so injuriously on the cotton that a most favorable fall failed to produce as large a crop as that obtained in 1842. 1844. The summer was dry and the season generally excellent for the growth of cotton. The crop opened very early and was large. Cotton picking was general August 1st. 1845. The spring and summer were exceedingly dry. 1846. A memorable year in Alabama. The cotton caterpillar made its appearance for the first time in the clay lands north of the Black Belt or the Cretaceous formation. The damage in central and south Alabama was fearful. Boll worms were also abundant. The rapid multiplication of 169 34 these insects was caused by the unusually wet summer. The cotton crop was 25 per cent. less than that produced in 1844. 1847. A wet summer, and insects were very numerous. Scarcely any cotton opened on August 27th. All the southern rivers were very high from the heavy rains in December. Rainfall for the year at Mobile was 71.43 inches. The season was unpropitious and backward. The spring opened late and the frequent occuirence of destructive hail storms and the prevalence of northeast winds, accompanied with chilling rains, until late in May, exercised an unhappy influence on the growing crop, placing it back three or four weeks. 1850. The winter and spring were so wet and the land was in such bad order it could not be well prepared for the crop. Much of the soil was ploughed up in wet clods that had not pulverized when the season for planting had arrived. Cotton insects were numerous. 1851. Excessive rains and very high water in April. The summer was dry and hot and there was but little rain from May 4th until August 10th; resulting in the poorest corn and cotton crops on the sandy and clay lands ever made. The drouth of seven weeks parched up the gardens in east Alabama. It also cut off the oats, except the autumn crop. About the middle of August, after an exceedingly dry year throughout the cotton regions it rained generally over the country. The fall continued warm and dry until unusually late and afforded to planters double the crops they expected in August. 1852. There was a frequency of rain in July and August that produced a too rapid development of weed in the cotton plant, and multiplied the injurious insects, that resulted in considerable damage to the crop. 1853. The March rains were heavy, while in April there was no rain of consequence. In May it continued excessively dry in the same districts affected in April and the drought was very severe. In July the rains became abundant and even excessive where the drought had been severe. These rains began early in the month and continued and were profuse, giving at the end of July 7.00 to 11.00 inches of rainfall, or nearly twice the mean depth. During September the rains were heavy, as much as 15.00 inches falling at Pensacola. Some damage was done by these rains in retarding the development of cotton bolls, and by flooding bottoms. The annual rainfall at Mount Vernon Arsenal, near Mobile, was 106 57 inches; the largest ever recorded in Alabama. The rains of September and the generally wet character of the latter parts of the season, together with the early drought, that lasted about three months, seriously reduced the yield of cotton. 1854. The weather of spring cold and dry and the wheat and oat crops were cut off. The severity of the drought was unprecedented, affecting more or less the entire country. Even the low lands, that heretofore gave large yields during dry years, materially failed in 1854. In the month of September the rains were abundant and damaged to a great extent the opening cotton. The grain crop was also seriously injured. 1855. A mild winter with considerable dry weather. Rivers were not navigable. Cotton that was planted in April and May did not germinate for want of moisture. Late in May there was sufficient rain to bring up cotton and late planted cereals. The summer was dry but cultivation was perfect and the cotton crop was very large. The yield per acre was the 170 35 largest ever realized except possibly in 1839. Total rainfall for the year at Green Springs was 39.27 inches; at Greensboro it was 37.60 inches, and at Auburn, 37.85 inches, or a deficiency of nearly 20 inches. The summer rainfall was well distributed and the deficiency was not so severe on the growing crops. 1857. No rain fell in East Alabama during the months of June and July. The year was distinguished by abnormal conditions of both temperature and rainfall. The deficiency in precipitation was fully 16 inches. 1858. During this year occurred great spring floods. August was hot and dry, except in East Alabama where the rains were continuous. The fruit crop was abundant and cotton and grain crops excellent. During the months of August, September and October little rain fell, and the cotton opened rapidly and early and the season was most excellent for gathering it. A large crop was saved. Oats were destroyed by rust. The corn crop was fair and there was an abundance of fruit. 1859. Another spring of heavy rains and destructive floods. The summer was seasonable, and the fall was like that of 1875 and 1876, and like those years an immense cotton crop was gathered in very bad condition. Picking was continued until March, 1860. 1860. The planters of Alabama made enough corn to do them. In a few localities of the State such was the length of the drought, and the intensity of the heat the crop was cut a little short, but in other sections more favorable there was enough corn made to spare. No rain fell in East Alabama from June 5th to July 27th. In this part of the State the effects of the drought were exhibited by the dried up creeks, stunted cotton bare of fruit and the forest shrubbery dying for want of moisture in the earth. There were two equinoctial storms-one August 11th and the other September 15th. 1865. The rivers were all high in April and May, but the summer was dry and fair crops were made. 1867. Continuous spring rains and the rivers over the State very high. The crops were replanted early in June, and by September promised a fine yield, but the cotton caterpillars appearing in large numbers, and no fruit having developed by that time, the crop was seriously damaged. 1868, The summer was moderately favorable, and the cotton plant was well fruited by July 10th. Continuous rains from August 20th until September 10th developed both boll worms and caterpillars which inflicted great damage, reducing the cotton crop on the black lands fully one half. 1870. A dry spring, particularly during May, The weather during June and July was favorable for cultivation, There was a late frost and the cotton crop was very large, 1871, March and April were very wet. May cool, with frequent rains, and June was showery, July was dry and favorable for farming operations, but August produced heavy rains. September, October and November were favorable for gathering the crop but the yield was light. Caterpillars did great damage in central Alabama. 1872, A year of moderate temperature and favorable distribution of moisture, The cotton crop was very forward. July and August were very warm with light rainfall. Cotton opened very rapidly, the fields being white by August 24th. The yield was large, 171 36 1874. January and February were pleasant months. April was wet and May was dry. Heavy rains in June. [Caterpillars did considerable damage in central Alabaima. 1875 April and May dry, Poor stand of cotton, There were general rains about the middle of June which gave healthy, vigorous growth to the plants, the lands having been placed in fine condition during the dry weather of April and May. Jul; and August were very dry in middle and southern tlabama. The fall and winter months were continuously wet and the very large crop of cotton was gathered in very bad condition. There was no frost of consequence until December 8th. 1876, March 19th a very heavy snow storm swept over west Alabama, ,resulting in a heavy rainfall at Mobile. Caterpillars were more generally prevalent than ever known, but coming late did no material damage. 1877, An equinoctial storm swept over the State on Septemb r 18 and 19, in which the wind was not high, but the rain fell on the north west limits of the storm in torrents. At Tuscaloosa 14,00 inches fell in two days, The Warrior river was 63.6 feet above low water and destroyed all the corn and cotton crops on the rich bottom lands between Tuscaloosa and Eutaw. The rain fell without intermission. 1879. The season up to May 20th was very favorable for planting and farm operations. From this date until June 5th there were continuous rains and but little plantation work was done and crops became grassy. July and August were showery. The autumn was mild and comparatively dry. Picking season was generally excellent and the crop was large. 1881. During March rains were very heavy and the rivers were higher than in 1865. The months of April, May, June and July were quite dry, The corn crop was cut down to save fodder, as the protracted drought pre vented the formation of corn. '1883. Prolonged and unprecedented drought continued during August and October. The weather during October was hot, dry and unhealthy, Crops suffered for rain, and in some locadities, wells dried up. 1884. The remarkable features for the year were the unusually heavy rains of June and Juiy, followed immediately by a prolonged drought, that lasted nearly four months. The rainfall was about four inches below the average. S1885. The summer opened moderately cool and slight damage was done to the cotton, but by the beginning of July the weather turned off very favorably and the outlook for a fine crop was encouraging. The abundant rains that occurred during July and August developed the cotton insects and rust, and the cotton plant was retarded in its growth, During the autumn the weather was so wet the cotton sprouted in the fields, and this trouble, together with the numerous insects and rapid increase of the rust cut off the crop considerably i886. The spring opened with extensive and d:amaging floods. The rise in the rivers was greater than was ever known to occur before. During May the rains were so frequent the crops.became badly choked with grass and weeds. The rains continued throughout June, damaging cotton very much.--During July the days were fair and the fparmers cultivated the lands so well the crops recuperated wonderfully. The fair weather of August and the dry, sunshiny days of September opened the cotton so raipidly a very 172 37 fair crop was gathered. The weather continued dry until the close of October. 1887. The spring was dry until May, when rains occurred so often as to place the young crop in good condition. On the 24th of June the Central Office of the State Weather Service, with all its records, was destroyed by the fire that burned the main building of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and no bulletins were issued until September, The fall was remarkable for a continued drought and high temperature. In some portions of north Alabama the thermometer ranged as high as 100 ° in September, and before ° the close of the month there was a fall of 50 . Crops of all kinds suffered on account of drought and hot weather, 1888. The spring opened wet and cool. The rains were contin uo u throughout August. The autumn was unusually mild and roses were in bloom at Auburn on December 10th. 1889. The spring was quite dry and farmers complained very much about the dry condition of the atmosphere producing withering effects on the crops. The rains were frequent in north and west Alabama during June, but in eastern and southern portions of the State the farms still suffered for want of rain until the close of the month when copious showers fell. The weather generally during the summer months was favorable for the crops. A good cotton crop waq gathered and the staple was in excellent condition because of the fine dry weather during the autumn months. HEAVY RAINFALLS PER DAY. 1880. Gree Springs, April 19 and 20, 3.82 in 9 hours. 1881. Mobile, august 3rd, 6.20; 4th, 3.10; 5th, 3.56. Mobile, November 6th, 4.50 in 10 hours. Montgomery, December 14th, 2.93; 21st, 3.45. 1882. Montgomery, February 8th, 3.01. Auburn, February 8th, 3.56 in 14 hours. Auburn, February 28th, 2.33 in 9 hours. Mount Yernon, March 9.30 p. m. 26th, 4.81, from 7.15 a. m. to AUburn, March 26th, 1.58 in 1 hour and 30 minutes.. 1883. Auburn, October 22nd, 2.15. 1884. Birmingham, April 15th, 3.50. Auburn June 28th, 4.00. Carrollton, July 28th, 3.10. Wetumpka, July 28th, 3.50. Prattville, December 14th, 3.50. 1885. Clintonville, January 23rd, 4.07. Tuscaloosa, April 30th, 5.25 in 3 hours. Pine Apple, May 30th, 5.30. Trinity, June 12th, 4.90. Tuscumbia, September 29th, 6.33. Marion, November 6th, 600. 1886. Greensboro, January 3rd, 4.57. Russellville, March 29th, 9.75. 173 38, Tuscumbia, September 14th, 5.16. 1887. Fayette, January 23rd, 5.00. Auburn, July 27th, 7.37. WET MONTHS. 1867. August, 13.55 at Fish River. 1881. March, 11.74 at Tuscaloosa. March, 7.57 at Auburn. August, 15.22 at Mobile. 1882. January, 13.70 at Decatur. February, 11.31 at Auburn. June, 14.41 at Birmingham. July, 16.37 at State Line. July, 14.54 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. August, 11.26 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. September, 10.25 at Troy. 1883. January, 10.47 at Greene Springs. January, 10.30 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. April, 12.83 at Auburn. April, 11.22 at Birmingham. April, 11.18 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. April, 10.65 at Opelika. June, 14.24 at Mount Vernon Arsenal. June, 10.28 at Greenville. 1884. January, 12.94 at Clanton. January, 11.52 at Auburn in 15 days. July, 12.02 at Greene Springs. Thunder storms occurred almost daily. June, only 3 days without rain in some parts of the the State. 1885. May, 12.96 at Bolling. 1886. January, 11.00 at Newton. March, 18.25 at Newton. June, 12.41 at Lineville, 18 days rain. Noveniber, 11.55 at Mount Willing. 1887. July, 21.09 at Auburn. December, 15.95 at Mount Willing. 1888. January, 11.50 at Selma. March, 13.48 at Union Springs. June, 13.56 at Mobile. August, 14.35 at Mobile. DRY MoNTHs. 1882. June, 0.10; September, 0.31, Talladega. June, 0.13; September, 0.32, Calera. October, 0.29; Talladega, 0.37, Calera. 1883. September, 0.07, Mount Willing; 0.16, State Line; 0.22, Montgomery; 0.25, Uniontown; 0.48, Pine Ap- ple. 174 39 1884. September, 0.00, Prattville; 0.00, Wetumpka; 0.0( Troy; 0.00, Tuscaloosa; 0.00, Evergreen; 0.00, Selma; 0.00, Fort Deposit; 0.00, Calera. This was the dryest month on record. From 33 reports only 5 gave 1.00 inch and over. The average for the State was 0.40 of an inch. October. The following stations reported a fall of rain less than 1.00 inch : Eufaula, Union Springs, Jacksonville, Edwardsville, Summerville, Auburn, Opelika, Fort Deposit, Calera. The mean depth of rainfall for the State was 1.48 inches. 1886. September. The following stations reported a fall of rainfall of less than 1.00 inch: Centre, Selma, Greensboro, Birmingham, Auburn, Marion, Carrollton, Tuscaloosa, Livingston, Fort Deposit, Mount Willing, Oswichee. October. Tuscumbia, Fayette, Florence, Trinity, Selma, Auburn, Montgomery, Marion, Livingston, Eufaula, Union Springs, Newton, Fort Deposit, Mount Willing, Mobile, Bermuda, Oswichee. The average for the State was 0.58 inch. 1887. March. Lees than 1.00 inch. Bermuda, Marion,. Montgomery, Union Springs, Mount Willing, Tuscaloosa, Troy. 1889. $ay. Less than 1.00 inch: Bermuda, Livingston, Greensboro, Columbiana, Uniontown, Centre. October. Tuscumbia, Union Springs, Mobile, Livingston, Greensboro, Pine Apple, Uniontown, Selma, Average for the State 0.98 of an inch. 4. DESTRUCTIVE STORMs. 1740, September 11th a most destructive hurricane swept the Gulf coast; from the Mississippi to Pensacola. It began about 1 A, M. and lasted until 12 M, It blew down several houses in Mobile. Half of Dauphin Island was carried away and more than three hundred head of cattle were drowned on the island. On the 18th another violent storm visited the coast of Alabama, It came from the N, N, E,, and was accompanied by heavy rains that caused an overflow of all the rivers by which were laid waste all the plantations of the Indians from Carolina to Mobile, Much suffering resulted from these storms in and around Mobile. 1772. From August 31st to September 3rd a storm visited the country around Mobile much more destructive than any before experienced. Vessels were driven into the heart of the town and the violence of the wind forced the salt water over the ground, destroying all vegetation. All the houses were filled with water several feet deep, The sea was driven over the islands along the coast of the Gulf in mountainous waves, The wind ranged from S. S. E., but further west the storm was more violent and the wind come from N, N, W. It is stated that during this storm the mulberry rees in Mobile lost all their leaves by the force of the winds, and after- 8 175 40 wards put forth a second crop of leaves, blossomed and produced fruit within the brief space of four weeks, 1794. A destructive tornado in August, The locality visited was not mentioned in the record, Such a small area of the territory between latitudes 210 and 41°, in Alabama, was occupied prior to 1815, we have no record of the tornadoes and violent storms which generally produce such terrible havoc in the months of March, April and May, 1819. August 25th to 28th a destructive cylone prevailed on the Gulf coast, A large brig was stranded on Dauphin street in Mobile, 1852. August 25th produced an equinoctial storm of great violence, causing the highest flood ever known in Mobile, except that of 1772. 1878. March 27th a tornado passed through Hale county, prostrating trees and small houses, 1880. March 18th a tornado passed across the southern portion of Pike county, during the evening, causing great damage to timber and fencing. The storm passed about three miles west of Smilie's bridge on Conecuh river in an easterly direction, and in a distance of ten miles greatly damaged fourteen plantations. 1881, On February 18th a tornado passed through Tuscaloosa county. Its direction was northeast and extended a distance of fifteen miles, Another storm passed a little north of Sumterville in Sumter county, at 5 P. ,. on the 23rd-of March, that was very violent in its effects. This storm was also northeast, and its track was about forty yards wide. 1882. September 9th a destructive gale visited Marvin on Saturday night. Another began in Alabama on the 10th, and passed across Georgia and South Carolina. This storm swept over the section aroue and in Auburn, prostrating trees and small houses. The gale continue with unabated force for five or six hours. 1883. On April 22nd a violent tornado occurred in Alabama and passed through Talladega county, killing one person and destroying considerable property. Another storm passed to the north and west of Headland, Henry county, on the evening of May 20th, that destroyed some farm buildings. On October 16th a heavy storm passed near Williams' Station, but no material damage was done in the immediate section, 1881. February 19th tornadoes of great violence passed through Montgomery county on the afternoon. At Montgomery the wind blew at the rate of 32 miles per hour, The wind veered from S. to Nw. during the storm and the temperature fell from 80°.9 to 470, Storms also passed through the following counties doing considerable damage" Calhoun (8 persons killed); Cherokee; Coosa; Elmore; Jefferson (destroyed most of the town of Leeds and killed 11 persons, wounding 31. The storm was accompanied by hail with stones of unusal size); Perry, 1884, March 11th tornad'loes passed through the counties of Greene and Pickens, And on the 24th at 2 A. another swept through Barbour county that was accompanied by unusual alectric displays and torrents of rain, Its track was about of a mile wide. Several persons were badly injured, and one man wasikilled. On the 25th a tornado passed through northeast Alabama continuing on into Georgia, doing great damage in its track to property. Another on the same day swept through '., tne-quarter 176 'beat 41 one in Chambers county, five miles north of Fredonia. It destroyed everything in its path. April 2nd a tornado passed through Springville during the night. This storm swept in a northeast direction into Tennessee, and about 60 miles southwest of Chattanooga seven persons were killed. The track of the storm was one hundred yards wide. Eleven miles east of Huntsville a strong wind demolished a farm and killed three persons, wounding four others. At 4 P. M. on the 14th considerable damage was done by a storm at Frankfort in Franklin county. Another tornado passed through Cullman county on the 15th, and also one swept through Elmore county on the 16th in a northeast direction. Another on the 15th through Henry county, and also through Morgan county. Three miles south of Auburn a tornado committed considerable havoc over a distance of eight miles or more, This storm originated four miles southwest of Auburn and passed over into Georgia. In that State a number of persons were killed and thousands of dollars worth of property destroyed. December 12th a violent storm of wind and rain passed through Mr. J. W. Harris' plantation ten miles north of Auburn, sweeping everything in its track; eight houses were demolished. The width of the track was about 100 feet, and the course of the storm was northeast. The initial point was supposed to be near Mount Meigs. 1885, January 11th tornadoes passed through the following counties: Lamar, Fayette, Cullman, Blount, Marshall, DeKalb, Greene, Hale, Bibb, Chilton, Coosa, Clay, Randolph, Macon. These storms carried death and destruction in their paths, The general direction was northeast, Immense ticks of forests were seriously damaged, and the largest and best timbers in the course of the storms were prostrated and piled together in tangled masses, The storms were most violent between 5 and 7 P. April 30th a storm of considerable violence passed over Summerfield, Dallas county, The tornado came from northwest and was accompanied with rain and small hail stones, May 6th a severe storm passed over the section of the State in the neigh. borhood of the towns of Plantersville, Dixie and Randotph at 4:30 a, Newspaper accounts fix the loss at $10,000. November 6th-The storms of this date swept, across the State about 11 A, a. The following places were more or less damaged: Fort Payne, Decatur, Florence, Greensboro, Livingston, Marion, Mobile, Montgomery, Opelika, Selma, Orrville Station, Coatopa Station, Plantersville, Tuscumbia, The damage resulting to crops and property over the State was very great, and in some localities persons were killed by the violent winds. The aivers rose very rapidly and soon overflowed their banks. 1886. March 27th a tornado did considerable damage near Grove Hill, The track was a quarter of a mile wide and came from the west. On the 29th a storm passed through Smith's Station from the southwest, doing considerable damage to timber and other property. On the 30th, between 11 A, as. and 12 a., the northeast portion of Bullock county was visited by a tornado, The track was about one hundred yards wide, and its direction was N. N. E. 1888. March-Heavy precipitations occurred on the 26th and 27th that fiamaged property over the State to a considerable degree. All railroads M. P, 177 42 were more or less injured and trains were stopped for several days. The local wind storms accompanying this rain were quite severe in some localitiesunroofing houses and prostrating fences and trees. This cyclone lasted for two days, and the temperature was high during the entire period. From the above notes, it will be seen that the heavy floods and strong winds occur most frequently in Alabama during the months of March, April and May, TORNADOES IN ALABAMA. The following interesting account of tornadoes in Alabama was taken from the American Meteorological Journal, and was prepared for that journal by Lieut. John P. Finley of the United States Signal Service. The map shows only approximately the directions and locations of these storms. For 'a more detailed and accurate account, refer to the tables accompanying Lieut. Finley's article: Period of observation, 67 years, 1822-1888. Total number of storms, 112. Year of greatest frequency, 1884-19 storms. Average yearly frequency-1.6 storms. Year in past (10) ten years no report of storms-none. Month of greatest frequency, March-28 storms. Day of greatest frequency, January llth-7 storms. Hours of greatest frequency, 6 to 7 P. M.and 7 to 8 P. M. Months without storms, July, August, September and October. Prevailing direction of storm movement-Ne. Region of maximum storm frequency, north central por- tion. 178 TABLE II. --A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and movemnent of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888. Month and County. Day. April 16 ... ..... .. . I2irecYear. Time. tion. Form of Cloud, Funnel...2640 Width of Path in Feet. Morgan....................... ................... Chilton ......................................................... Morgan................................. 1822 5 p in...NE. 1823 9 p in..NE..Funnel...3960 .: 1823............. E 10° N .............. 2640 Tuscaloosa............. ............... CJalhoun...................................... Morgan............................. Blount.......................:...:....... Etowah................................................. I-'Jefferson........................ .................. April 6 .... :............kApril 25 ....... .... ..... ...... ""Mobile............ Tuscaloosa ........................................ Lee.............................. Pickens ................................. Blount...................................... ................... .......... 12...... ..................... . . ...... May 1.........1830,... .... Funnel...1237 4:30 p in...NE June 16...1834 1840"............ E20°N........... ........... :............. 1840............ E20 N. .............. Funnel...24 March 10..1840 6 p m....E..... 1320 About 6 p in.. NE ................... March 16..1840 165 to 660 7p in... S..880° E.............. March Tuscaloosa......... ............................................. ................ Cherokee.................. ........................ Lee..................................... Cleburne.......................................... ...................... Cleburne .................. March 4...1842 March 7.... March 12..1855 24...1840 1843 6a in....NE................ ............. E 450 .............. N. Inverted Cone. 600 l8541lpin....NE......... ...... ....... SE...................... 900 ....... . May 24. .. 1857 ............. 15.............188 . . 18611l p in...NE........ . l863 11p m 1864 Midnight. 1866 NE.... ............ ...... Lee. :..................,...... November 30. NIarch 4 .. December 25 ... ....... ... NE.................i1320. ........ 600 to 900 60 to 900 NE .......... NE................:........... ..... Cherokee................................ Talladega Cleburne.................. Cleburne ............. ............... Calhoun.......................................... Tuscaloosa ........................................ Cleburne ' ......................................... Clbre..........96:.: ........................ April 16..l May 6.......866f8p 86611p . . ........ min .. E 40°N ....... NE................ E10°N.......... . 1320 ..... 600 to 900. m ..... ... February 15 April 29...1867 May 4....... May 26....... ......... .E100.N.... a mn..E 20 N. Funnel........ ........ 600 to 900 1867 Midnight...NE......... .. ... 1867...... 10 :...................................... 1867 8 p in.....ENE.. . ......... Ferar.2..863p . E.... ......... Funnel...600 ,...60 to 900 t90 Tarr II1.-A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and move-J ment of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888.-Continued. Month and Day. 4 'Direc- COUiNTY. _____ ___ __._-- Year. If Time. - tion. Form of Cloud. Width of Path in Feet. Tuscalooaa.................................. Clay.......................:.... May - 8.. Pickens .......................................... ... .......... Calhoun............ .... ............ Talladega........................................ GZ Calhoun.......................................... Cleburne....................................:.....: ... :......... Jackson and Calhoun.......... ........ iHale....... ................................... Colbert ......................................... Shelby............................................. .... ............. ..... Dallas.............. ...... Cherokee............... ......................... Lamar............................................. Pike............. .... ............ Coosa and Tallapoosa ........... De~alb............................................ Etowah.... Marshall.......................................... . January 29... April-.. May 6 ... 'January . April 23 December 24. . November 16.. November 22.. November 22.. November 22.. November 27. . February 24.. March 20.. [March 20. May 1... Lee...................................... ............. ,...................... ,. .................... Hale........................ Chilton........ ................................ ............... Chilton............................ Barbour................. ......................... ....... ,April 23 .. ........................ 'December April 25.. 23.. Pike Jackson.......................... ............. 'February February 13.. March l .. 'March ".............................. 18.... Blount..............0ates,""""." ............ . .. .. . . ... . ". Cherokee..... a. April 25-.. December- 00" e.... 0..... 6000 60. . 1868 1869 8:30 am.. 1869 1869 1870 1870 8a m... .1870 1873 Vp m .. 1874 1874 Afternoon.: 1874 6p m... 1874 :Midnight .. 1874~ 1.875 1875 3:30 p m.. 1875 2p m... 1875 1871 10 am.. 1876 1876 1878 p m... 1879 1880 1880 Evening. 1880 Evening .. 1880 Afternoon ... 1880 1881 Funnel.. NE. NE. NE. SE .. NE.... Funnel .. E lOS.. H 30 N . NE.. NE.. NNE.... Funnel... E~20 N. NE. INE... NE.... SE.. 1320 450 300 to 900 1320 40 360 to 600 [320 300 to 300 about Tuscaloosa. ....... Perry ..... .... :.... . February 18.. . Mfarch 22.. Mfarch 23.. February k28.. March 27.. March 27.. ........................ February 26.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... ..................... Rlandolph.. Sumter .... Madison.......... Barbour. .................. Dallas.............................................. Henry .................................... Lee......... ...................... Washington ............. .................. .... .......... .................... ..... .............. March 27 . March 27 April 2 ... Etowahl..... ................. Choctaw .:....... J efferson ... .. Jeff erson. Blount............................................ Cherokee. ........ eea*.. ........................... ..... ....................................... .. .. .. . . . . . March 27.. April 2... April 22... January 16. April 22 ... ,April 22 . April 23.. January11l. February ~Fayette............. . ~Pickens .. ... Cherokee........................... ............................. ................... .......................... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ............. Talladega and Calhoun.............. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Marshall Jefferson and St. Clair .......... Cherokee.. .......... ............................. Tuscaloosa.......... ............................ ................ . .. .. .. February 19.. February 19.. February 19.. February 19.. March 6 . March 19.. 11. Pickens......... .......................... Marshall. ............ ....... ..... . Greene............ Jeff erson ............................. ............................... ............................... .............................. Cherokee...... .... Lawrence and Jackson............................ St. Clair.......... .... Blount and Del~alb........................ ................... ...... . ....... .... March 11.. March 11.. March 11. March 25. March 25.... April 1.. April 1.. Lawrence........................................ Lee..................... .April 1.. April 12 ... December 12.. 1881 Afternoon..NE .. NE .. 1881:Midnight .. 1881.lam........NE..... 1881 1882 11:45 a m..NE.... 1882 night......... ..... 1882 night........ ...... .. 1882 9:30pm...E 1882 night........ ...... .. 1882 2:30p m...E NE.. 1882 NE. m 1882, 1883 NE.... 1883 NE.. 1883 ....... 1883 10:30 p m.... .. p m..NE 1883 1884 6pm...E... NE... 1884 12 m... ..... NE. . 1884 11 am... .... NE. 1884 2pm 1884 9 p M....... NE.... 1884 1:20 pm 1884 4m......... NE. 1884 10:30 pm.... NE .. 1884 7p m..... 1884 7:30p m............ 1884 8p m...NE. 1884 2pm .. NE.... 1884 8.p m NE. 1884 6pm ... NE.... 1884 Midnight. .. NE..... 1884 .... NE.... 1884 2:30 pm.......... 1884. night .. .. .0...NE .. 5pm......NE..... .... Funnel.Narrow. . . . . 300 Funnel ...... ............. Funnel...80 to 120 Funnel...900 5280 . . _ . ... .. Funn.................. .... 900 ... ....... 4 .... u. ...1320 .. 132... 90 0t .. . Funnel1200 Baloo. Funnel .. 4:30 . 1600to24 ... . Funlonl..300 to 90 to.12002 . 300to24 Funnel. Fun.............. . . .... Funnel900 to 120 Funnel................. ... . 100 ..... . TABLE IL-A Chronological Table, showing the location, date and time of occurrence, and general character of formation and move ment of Tornadoes in the State of Alabama for a period of sixty-seven years, from 1822 to 1888.-Continued. Month and Day. 11...1 11... 11... 11... January 11.... January 11... February 20. March 28.. May 6 . November 6.. January January January January Direction. Form of Cloud, Width of Path in feet. COUNTY. Randolph...................................... Macon Year. Time. 1885 1885 1885 Coosa and Clay............... .................. 1885 Lamar, Fayette and Walker...... ............... Greene, Hale, Bibb and Chilton................... 1885 CulIman, Blount, Marshall and DeKalb........... . 1885 1885 Coosa.. ................... ............ Marshall.................. ........................ 1885 ~Madison........................................... 1885 .................. OOSumter.................. 1885 bLamar................................ November 1885 Dallas .................... ....................... November 6.. 1885 April 25.. 1886 Hale..... ............................. March 29.. Elmore........................... ................ Washington............... ... .................... . January 13... 1887 April 18... 1887 Jefferson ............... ......................... April 22.. 1887 Lamar.. .......................................... 1888 P'ike .. ..... .. .. .. .. . ... ... .. . . .... . .. ... . . ... June 26.. ... 1888 June ~-~1~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ .......... l ~1 ' ..... ~ J--- r--r 26.. r ~~ ~ -r -v ~I lip mn... 9p m... 5P 6:20 pm..... 7p mn.. 5:30P m.... Afternoon .... 6:30 p in.. 38p in.. E 20° N E 100'N Funnel.. E 150 N E 30° N E 200°N Funnel... NE. Funnel.. Funnel... Fun 6.. -1886 Talladega................... N 45° E NE.. lop in.. NE. 3:30p m.. ENE. Afternoon NE.... Morning . NE.. Morning... NE. NE. 6p n... NE.. Afternoon... Easterly Afternoon ... Easterly 2640 1320 to 2640 1320 to 2640 900 to 1320 600 to 3960 250 300 Narrow 1320 300 to 2700 300 to 2640 1320 Narrow 900 Narrow Narrow Fu 3-am.... Funnel... Funnel... Funnel... Funnel.... m...... ne.... el.... TABLE 3.-Relative frequency of Tornadoes by Months and Days, for Alabama. The italic figures to the right of the dates show how many times Tornadoes occurred on that day of the month. (-) signifies date missing. The blank MONTH. January............ DAY or MONTH.y. No. of ofTotal No. tornadoes dy.per month. 5 10 18 11 6 2 5 4 1 - February ......... . March ............ April.............. May............... June............... ,-November.......... CoDecember.......... Blank .............. -.- (11)7, 13, 16, 29 and (-) .. ..... ...................... 12, 13, 15, 18, (19)5, 20, 24, 26, 28 and (-) .................... (4)2, 6, 7, 10, (11)4,4 12, 15, 16, 18, (20)2, 22, 23, 24, (25)2, (27)5, 28, 29 and (-) .. (1)3, (2)2, 6, (12)3,. (16)2, 18, (22)4, (23)4, (25)3, 29 and (-) .................... ............................................ . (1)2, 4, (6)3, 8, 24 and 26 ... (26)2................................................................. 16, 16, (22)3, (6)3, 27 and 30........................................... ........................................... 12, 24, (25)2, and (-)......... ....... :....... I (1)9 ................. -i Total...............................00000 ................. 0 0000............................00001 -----. . .. .. .. .. .9 " . . z.................................................. 11 14 28 24 9 3 9 5 9 626 1 112 LAUDERDALE Ati1 AKD Fl I aL I TI CO BE I "2' i& MADISON~1 Scosoro' ' / Frailfurt -I i F RA N KLI Ni 'G( Moii/, n WAIO WINSTON Hon Iooi ORA , sr /-- p w MAIN CUL T- Gad ( '° /- uur Vron YETTEAI C U ' - roiniigharvyr/" TCA OSA S - %CL oiii Cii na C ILUTON C/!trcil iiiS -( "O - Lan e GREENE I Liii~s jtn SUMTER (E/wA EI L ~F~i Greensboro- PERR _ P - lno CO ociiford I O a?$MBERni -- - -UT UG Pratt ii/Ic I"RY -, \RUSSELL E -' - - ELMOREK 1 ~ Matrion -'- n iin WrtCp Ti deeoMoiitqiiiiiri MACON i Sere - S~y(neiile D MARENO L L DA LA LO( N -r, -CO.-MAR NG *p revle S RA.O BDuU Rr CUTLER MONROE : I Claroyi ~ / Elba ~ Ozank a -5 SCONECUH 1-- Anidalusia? 'COVINGTON E S CAM B IA Pollard ---t , G E/n V A _ Gnu - - II MfOBILE - -- - - WEATHER MAP OF 7 = - - -- - P.1bi~e BALDWIN Daiphoiey TRIACKS OF TO'JXAJ)OES. 51 5. REMARKABLE COLD WINTERS AND WARM SUMMERS. 1748. The winter was so severe that the Mississippi river at New Orleans was frozen thirty to forty feet from the banks. 1768. Another cold winter that froze the Mississippi River at New Orleans some distance from the banks and killed all the orange trees. 1772. A winter like those of 1746 and 1768, followed by a summer of tropical intensity. 1779-80. The winter was exceedingly cold over the South. The extreme cold begantabout November 15th, with the forest foliage still green in many places because the autumn was very mild and gentle, and some trees and shrubs were putting forth new growth. Through the winter until the middle of February there was not sufficient warmth to cause even a temporary thaw, but there was a constant succession of snow storms, which so obstructed the usual methods of travel that the ice on rivers and large creeks was used in the place of the ordinary roads. The winds were so piercing that wild turkeys were frozen in the woods and domestic fowls fell from their roosts. The deer sought shelter from the blasts around the cabins of the settlers, and all kinds of animals perished in the forests for want of food, which ws buried beneath the snow. 1783. July and August were so cold the colonists had to resort to winter clothing. White frosts made their appearance in the beginning of September. On the 15th of November the cold became intense. There was a constant succession of spualls and the wind blew with great violence from the north and northeast, and from the south. The variations of the weather were such that several times in six hours Reaumur's thermometer fell from 200 above freezing to 30 below in a closed room where fire was kept. 1793, 1794, 1796 and 1799 were very severe winters. 1807. February 7th was very cold and was called the "Cold Friday." On the evening of the 15th the weather was mild with light rain about night. In a few hours the rain was turned into snow that covered the ground about six inches, The snow was immediately followed by a northwest wind storm of great violence. The cold became more intense as the night advanced, and on the morning of the 16th the frozen sap expanding caused the bark of trees to explode. 1816. This is known in history as the year without a summer. January, February and March were mild; April and May were quite cold. It is stated by a traveller on a boat from Mobile to New Orleans, he saw on April 16th the spray that was blown from the waves freeze on the rigging. June °. August and September were 8th there was a killing frost in latitude 33 quite cool; October and November stormy and disagreeable; but December was mild and comparatively genial. There was frost every month as far ° south as latitude 340 . 1823. This year marks the lowest temperature recorded in Mobile. At midnight on the 16th of February the thermometer was down to 50 above zero. 1825. This year should be known as the year Without a winter. About September the cotton crop was supposed to have been irreparably damaged, and large speculative purchases were made in Charleston for shipment to Liverpool. During September there were showers which revived and invigorated the plant, causing new growth and fruitage,which, in the absence 187 52 of cold and ifrost matured a large crop, resulting in a ruinous decline for the speculators. 1827. A killing frost on the 27th of May throughout the cotton States, greatly damaging the cotton crop. Early in December the weather became intensely cold. The ground was hard frozen in Alabama until March, 1828. 1832. A winter of great severity. At Huntsville the thermometer registered in January-9 0 . There were destructive hail storms throughout the State; but fair crops were made. 1833. A cold winter. This year is remarkable for the magnificent meteoric display that occurred on the night of November 13th-and that is now so well known in history. Many rustic hamlets and log cabins became extemporized confessionals; and "old citizens" yet hold to the opinion that more vows of reformation, more promises of amendment were made that night than ever before in the same space of time. 1834 and 1835 were cold winters; and February 6th and 7th, 1835, were ex° ceedingly cold, the temperature at Mobile was 6 at sunrise. The cotton crop for 1835 was very large. 1846-47. The winter was unequaled in severity by any since 1835. In ° middle Alabama the thermometer registered 10o to 22 above zero. 1849. 4Fabru ry and March were mild and spring-like. Vegetation was more advanced tban ever noticed before. Wheat was ripening, and cotton had four to six leaves; corn was waist high and the leaves of the forest trees about grown by April 15th. Ou the 16th ice formed on all still water and the ground was frozen half-inch deep and everything green was killed. It became necessary to replant both corn and cotton. 1852. Thermometer registered 8 at Mobile on January 20th, Marking ink froze as rapidly as the brush was withdrawn from the marking pots, causing the suspension of work in the cotton yards. The spring was cool, inclement and late; but the summer was seasonable and crops of corn and cotton were large. 1855-56, The winter was the coldest since 1852. Standing water near Mobile was frozen hard enough to permit of skating, a most unusual sight for that latitude. 1857. The spring was unprecedentedly cold and backward. Nearly all the fruit and advanced vegetables were cut off. There was no cotton up on the 20th of April; and the wheat that was jointing in central Alabama was killed by a frost on the 5th of April. On April 13th it began snowing and was the largest for 15 years, but the ground not being frozen the snow did not accumulate more than three or four inches in depth. May 6th a severe hail storm swept through central Alabama. The summer was cool. The corn and cotton crops were poor. While the winter was not unusually cold, the low spring and summer temperatures reduced the mean for the year about 20 below the average, while some stations showed a mean lower than those for 1823 and 1835. The peaches, although few in number, were very large and unusually fine. 1874-5. The winter was mild and there was no frost of consequence until December 8th, 1875. 1876. March 19th, a very heavy snow storm over West Alabama. April and 21st, a frost occurred in latitude 330 which killed all young leaves; 20th 188 53 and on June 8th the temperature was near the frost point in Central Alabama. December 30th, a snow storm began that proved to be the fiercest ever known in Alabama. The cotton crop was very poor. 1877. The Bigbee River was frozen over at Colambus, ississippi, the first week in January. The ice was thick enough to support a boy's weight. This is the only time in this generation where such a freeze occurred. The °. temperature at Columbus was 00 1884-5. Five cold waves passed over the State during the month of January, 1885. Comparatively few days were mild and the temperature was 50 below the normal. The month of February was decidedly colder than the same period of time for a number of years. The average temperature was about 6° below the normal. But little farm work was accomplished because of the frozen condition of the ground. The fall oats were all killed, and the farmers were compelled to replough the fields and sow them in spring grains. The average temperature for the winter was 5° below the normal. 1886. The severe weather of the month has rendered January the most remarkable season recorded in many years. The oats that were growing finely at the opening of the month were totally destroyed by the cold wave that began on the 8th. Considerable stock were killed where proper protection was not given. The temperature in north Alabama was as low as 70 below zero. On December 3rd to 5th, throughout north Alabama a snow storm occurred that covered the ground with snow to the depth of 20 inches; in middle Alabama it reached a depth of 16 inches; and as much as 12 inches in some portions of south Alabama. This fall of snow was unusually heavy for this climate, and in some sections was the cause of marked comment, because such a sight had never been witnessed before,. especially in the extreme southern part of the State. 1887. The month of January was very cold. The average temperature for the State was 60 below the normal. 1889-90. Mild spring-like weather continued throughout the winter, and. vegetation came forth with well developed leaves before the 1st of March. 6. YEARS OF GOOD CROPS AND YEARS OF POOR CROPS. The following years produced good crops and in abundance: 1823, 1825, 1835, 1837, 1839, 1840, 1842, 1844, 1855, 1858, 1859, 1870, 1872, 1875, 1878, 1879, 1885, 1886, 1889. The following years produced inferior crops: 1817, 1827, 1838, 1843, 1846, 1847, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1851, 1867, 1868, 1871, 1876, 1884. 7. THE WINDS OF ALABAMA. It is a fact well known in meteorology that the circulation of the air, or what, is commonly called wind, controls the conditions of the climate of the country over which it moves. It is an old saying that the winds are variable, but 189 54 a number of years of observations, carefully taken, will furnish data from which average conclusions may be drawn. Dry air in passing over a surface of water or moist. object will absorb a large amount of vapor, that it will hold so long as the temperature of the air remains the same it was when the water was absorbed. But in sweeping across the country it must come in contact with currents varying in temperature to its own. Air from more northern climes and cooler coming in contact with the warm, moist atmosphere, the vapor will be condensed and rain will result. The question may be naturally asked, can the conditions of the weather be foretold by observing the directions of the wind.? This is possible with considerable degree of accuracy. Whenever there is a low pressure in Alabama, the air from the surrounding territory will rush in to fill in the partial vacuum. The particles coming from the south and south west and east and south east are generally accompanied with vapor caught up while passing over the Gulf and Atlantic; the air from the west and north west is generally cool and largely emptied of moisture in sweeping across such a wide stretch of land. These currents striving to reach the centre of the depression will cause a whirl around the trough and rain will result on the outer rim of this whirl pool. It is also generally true that in impinging on each other the northern and southern currents will cause minor eddies that electrical and will frequently result in violent local storms-tornadic also. By a careful observation of barosometime meters, well located in different portions of the country, the unequal expansions of the air may be accurately noted. If a low pressure passes across the State rain or cloudy weather may be expected, and fair weather will almost certainly accompany a high pressure. After many years of observations made under the auspicies of the Smithsonian Institute and the Signal Service the following table has been prepared by the chief signal officer concerning the circulation of air and its influence on rain and clear weather : 190 55 I 1r MONTHS. WINDS MOST LIKELY FOL- WINDS LEAST LIKELY FOLLOWED BY RAINS. LOWED BY RAINS. January........... February.......... March.............. April.............. May......... ..... June............... July ...... .... ..... August............ September...,.. October ............ November .......... Decembe~r........... South or East. Northwest or Southwest. Southwest or. Southeast. North or West. Southwest or Southeast. North, Northwest or West, Southwest. Southwest or Southeast. North or West. Southwest or ;Southeast. Northeast or Northwest. Southwest or Southeast. Northeast or Northwest. Northeast or Northwest. Soutth or East. South or East.. Northwest or Southwest. South or East. or Southwest. Northwest or Southwest. South or East. Northweist or Southwest. South or East. Northwest The following chart has been prepared dicates by a diagram the average directions of south plied by the observers of the State weather service and from data supthe wind for in- each season of the year. The. service began operations March 1st, 1884, and hence the winter of 1883-4 is left blank. The arrows fly with the wind. The diagram shows that the average direction of wind in winter is from the east; in the spring it blows from the south east and south west; in summer from the south east and south west, and in autumn from the west and south west: 191 D~iagram Showing= the Annual Auerage Direction of wind in Alabama from 7884 to 1889 ______N WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN EUP EUU 4 EUe NOE--h arosfl / hth id SEPT 59 SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. In studying the mass of material given in the preceding pages, much that is valuable can be obtained concerning the climate of the State. At some stations the observations were conducted so long, satisfactory conclusions may be drawn concerning local climatic conditions. Alabama is so situated in relation to the parallels of latitude and the difference in elevation between the southern and northern portions that many of the plants necessary for man's sustenance and pleasure may be successfully grown within her borders. Her climate is so varied, without great extremes, that most of the plants peculiar to tropical regions, are grown in the belt bordering the Gulf; and the cereals and forage plants common in the north and west are successfully cultivated in her mountains and upper valleys. The health of the people of Alabama can compare favorably with any other country on the globe. Violent epidemics are very rarely found within her borders, and whenever, after long years, yellow fever or cholera find lodgment on her soil it is due entirely to immigration and the disease soon spends itself in the locality where it it first finds foothold. The thermometer seldom goes above 1000, and only now and then in years does it range a degree or so below zero. It is considered to be extremely cold.when the temperature reaches 100, and intensely hot when the thermometer records 100 ° in the shade. Not more than two or three days in the year give such high temperature, and only a few localities in the State. The atmosphere is moist enough to produce a cooling sensation on the skin when the breeze passes across the heated person as it sweeps in from the west and north west. The average rainfall for the entire State is only 52.12 inches, and at no place does the normal precipitation run above 65.00 inches. By a glance at the table of normal precipitations found on another page of this Bulletin, it will be noticed that the least annual rainfall is 41.75 inches, and the greatest is 64.96 inches. It is thus seen that the atmosphere is neither too dry nor too moist for the most luxuriant production of vegetation and for the best condition for the health of the inhabitants of the State. The highest normal average temperature is 82.02 in July 195 4 60 and the lowest is 43.01 in January, giving a range of 39.°1. The winters are seldom very cold and the summers are not excessively warm. The last frost in spring occurs on April 15th, and the first frost in autumn comes on November 15th, so that the farmer is blessed with seven months in which no cold occurs sufficiently severe to even nip the most tender bud, except at rare intervals already indicated in the previous page of this bulletin. It is a fact well known that because of this long season for growing and maturing plants sometimes several crops are gathered on the same body of land in the same year. The cold weather does not begin until December, and only one month in the winter is really disagreeably cold, viz: January. The winter is usually mild and snow seldoms falls heavy enough to cover the ground more than two or three inches. As a matter of interest in this connection the following tables are given of maxima and minuma temperatures to show that the climate of Alabama is not extreme either in heat or cold. The stations selected are those that have furnished records for a series of years: MONTGOMERY-aximum ; Series extends from 1872 to 1890J F M A M J J A S 0 78.5 81.2 86.3 90. 99. 105.5 73.3 76.9 80.8 86.8 93 5 97.1 The year of extreme heat was 1881. 106.9 98.9 103. 96 3 98. 93.2 96.1 86.3 N 83. 79. D 79 72.7 MinimumJ F M A M J J A S O0 N D ber, 1839J F S9 7 S5. 14 25 30 44 48 60.8 59 40 31 21 8 19.3 245 33.2 40.5 50.7 61.1 69 .65.5 52.7 40.8 29.1 22.8 The year of extreme cold was 1886. HUNTSVILLE-Minimum; Series extends from January, 1831, to Decem- M 8 A 13 M 31 J 36 J 51 A 54 S 39 O0 29 N 13 D -7 11.4 12.2 19.5 34.8 45.8 51.9 59 58 45.2 34-6 The years of extreme cold were January, 1832, and 1836. 21 15 4 Maximum-Series extend from January, 1831, to December, 1839. J F M A M J J A S O0 N D 75 75 84 86 90 92 95 96 91 88 78 68 68 70 80 82 86 90 92 90 86 81 72 67 The year of extreme heat was 1838. MOBILE- Minimum temperature; Series extend from April, 1840, to December, 1889-J F M A .M J J A 'S 0 N D 33 31 44 55 51 68 70 60 42 36 27 24.3 30.8 37.1 43.6 52.9 63.4 63.1 68.4 53.6 44 31.5 26.2 The year of extreme cold was in 1873. S19 196 61 Maximum-Series extend from April, 1840, to December, 1889J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 76 79 80 85 92 96 98 96 96 94 85 91 78.1 72.8 97.4 95.3 92.8 71.8 74.8 79 8 81.9 87.7 89.8 The year of greatest heat was in 1873. MOUNT VERNON ARSEnAL-Series extend from August, 1840, to December, 1889; Minimum-J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 9 13 23 33 48 58 61 57 46 32 24 14 The year of greatest cold was 1852. S78 J 80 Maximum-Series extend from August, 1840, to December, 1889 F M A M J J A S 0 N 84 90 . 95 102 100 100 104 98 96 88 The year of greatest heat was 1860. D 84 AUBURN-Minimum ; Series extend from February, 1881, to December, 1889-- J F M A M 1 4 11 24 27 45 13.6 19.7 28.9 37.4 50.6 The year of greatest cold was MaximumJ F M A M 86 93 76 76 81 69.6 73.2 75.9 83.5 88,6 The year of greatest heat was F M 24 29 MaximumJ F M 75 80 84 J 8 A 40 A 85 M 48 M 95 J 46 58 1886. J 60 64.2 A 61 62.3 S.O 46.5 32 52.2 38.2 N 18 24.7 D 14 20 J J 97 100 92 95,7 1881. J 70 J 94 J 74 J 103 A 97.5 93,2 S 95 91.3 O 94 81.8 N 81 77.2 D 74 69,3 CARLowvILLE--Minimum ; Series June, 1856, to September, 1877- A 70 A 98 S 52 S 90 O 32 0 88 N 30 N 76 D 28 D 78 The first figures in the above series represents the max- ima and minima temperatures at the stations named. The second series of figures represents the average of all the maxima and average of all the minima. These latter figures are more important in studying the question of effects of heat on plant economy. These averages will be reached each year while the first series of figures may not be reached by the thermometer during several years. For instance, at Huntsville the minimum temperature during nine years was -90, and the thermometer registered this degree only twice within that period. At Auburn the maximum temperature was 1000 in nine years, and this record was made only once during those nine years. It is not an unusual occurrence for the thermometer to register at Huntsville 11.04 in winter and a maximum of 920 in summer. And at Auburn 13.06 may be often reached in ten or twenty years, or 95.°7 in summer. These average maxima and minima may therefore be properly termed plant temrperatures 197 METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Compiled from material furnished by Observers of the State Weather Service. 1884. DATE. 1885. DATE. - 1886. DATE. " Mean barometer........................ Highest barometer and date............... Lowest barometer and date.............. Mean temperature'. .......... .............. Maximum temperature and date........ -#--I Minimum temperature and date............. Greatest monthly range................... Least monthly range.................... Mean temperature, spring ................ " summer . :p 29.979 30.089 30.504 December 19.... 30 64 January 3. 29 53 March 1... 29.386 February 17... 67 3 Jul.... ........ 61 3 105 June........ 104 December . 1 6 February. Jan. and Feb. . October . 66 66 13 14 July.. ... July.......... 61.2 65.2 76 9 79.3 - 1-1 - 1-1 - I 30.067 30. 702 February 5. 28.955 January 3.. 61.4 August....... 103 0 December . 72 February.. June and July. 19 62.1 77.9 64.4 41.9 27 March 1]. ~."........... 90.5 May 28-29... June 19... 62.4 97.7 August 16. 28 November 19... ...... "....... . Coldest day spring, mean minimum......... Warmest day spring, average for State....... Coldest day summer..................... it " autumn.............. winter................. 66.3 . . 61.9 . . . . . . 29.3 92.7 57.1 95.4 . Mac . . . . 22-23.. . . Warmest day Coldest day autumn summer.................... '.............. June 1-11. . . .. . May 86 ... . . . .. . . . . . . . 44 5 24.9 7 March May 25........ 23. 63 ... .............. day autumn. ...... Coldest day winter. ... ..... Warmest day winter.................... Rainfall in inches............................ No. cloudy days....... ..................... ~WarmJest .... .. . . No. clear days .......................... No. fair days . . No. days of rain......................... No. months wind from north and northeast... . . .... ......... "south ;. . Average direction of wind......... ........ Itit it " south and southeast and southwest.. August 1. . November 26.. September 17.. . September 15... 91.9 December 3.7 January 9, 1886. 10.5 Jan. 3, 1887.. Feb. 18, 1887... Feb. 23, 1886... 78 74.7 December 22.... 65.9 54 63 40 35 51.49 126 100 130.3 122 87 117.8 117 118 116 9 94 7 81 109 S E. S. E. N. W. 1 0 0 5 8 3 July 1....... 30 94 4 13.6 August 29.... 96.3 November 25 .. . 28.7 October 89.7 . ............ . .. .. 7. .. 19....1 .. " west and northwest.. 1 3 3 6 3 3 METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Compiled from material furnished by Observers of the State Weather Service. 1887. 1888. 1889. -_A__ _ _ _E.DATE.__DAE._ ...................... Mean barometer.... ........... Highest barometer and date...... ............ Lowest barometer and date....... Mean temperature............................ Maximum temperature and date.................. .... Minimum temperature and date.............. Greatest monthly range....................... ................... Least monthly range...... Mean temperature, spring....... .............. "< 30 13 30 126 30.800 January 3. 29.26 October 19.. 63 6 June. July, Aug. 102 January .. 1 69 November. 6 July........ 64.1 79 3 62.9 47 4 ............. 30.72 April 26 . 29.00 August 11. 63.1 100 July.. ....... 30.102 30.68 December 1. 29.43 Jan. 27, Mar. 18. 32.8 summer......... ...... c " " autumn....... winter..................... Coldest day spring, mean minimum .............. Warmest day spring, average for State............ Coldest day summer.......................... 31 90.6 59.3 97. 33.6 78.6 32 5 47.9 March 29... 28.8 r .. 9 62 19 February ... January.... 101 7 June....... October. June and 16 -July.. August... 32 2 77.2 32 3 63 May 17...... ............ .2 ,91 March May 27........ 23. 45.5 29.7 . 20 ............ Warmest day summer.......... Coldest day autumn............................. 20 Warmest day autumn............................ . 95.9 17.9 Coldest day winter............................. 74.5 Warmest day winter............................ ........... . 47 83 Rainfall in inches ................... 110 No. cloudy days................................. ....... . 139 . No. clear days............... . 116 ............. No. fair days ..................... 74.6 ..... ....... Np. days of rain 55.6 95 July 19 ...... November 28.8 September 15... 88.5 January 19, 1889 17.9 January -6, 75.6 June . .... .... 14.... .... ..... June 4.. ....... ...... 21... .... ............. 1888. .... August 2. November 28.. . September 11-12. Feb. 7, 1889.... Feb. 17, 1889.. 89.8 43.8 94.8 10. May 1... June March 17 ... July 24........ .... 23 93 26 6 77.4 45.58 November 30.. September. 15... December 1.. December 15... . 58.83 122 ........ .... . .. 115 128 Average direction of 64 it96 cc "6 . N.months wind from north and northeast " south and southeast........... c" . ", " itsouth i wind............ .......... and southwest........ west and northwest ........... S. W. 1 1 96.5 S. E. 3 4 2 3 ... 108 137.4 119.6 79.9 N. W. 1 1 3 ... . 65 FARION M Host on CLMRAN w 'Pievll -i ulma -- aser---4 ER ,/"" -. lunsul/ ETOWAH BLOUNT -adsden ' -. Cetr IL RCIWALK y ),yernon -Fayette I ,ry((,Y 7svll CALHOUN' w pppppYTTE-,-,ST.CLAIR / j- --- EFFERSON Irminojham -" /... Ca - ull4o TUSCALOOSA PCENS I \ SHELBY Cs/mhan (PAshland Ov -- Tusoa/oog6 AV JCL° 1If ---GREENEEutaw --- CetI.nB i/t Cent C/anton COO/SA ockford -- I L P O 0 O 'etHAMBER HALE L_ PE i - /~nqst n MTR Greensborov R4J----rAL) Mae/on° Linden ELMORELEE Prattvi//e Wego Tcs Mon/gain MACON Aubur RUSL S i lD AL tIma MARENO i AW A SH( neu///eELL _, c\ Cnee. - 1 eno_-// a -I O4 . F J" BULLOC -UnoSp . RsiJ UR Groue Hilt! ---- C/BA Ron 2MONROE yEvergreens ITroim/ba N C H Andausia?) COFFE COVINGTON:- / OEara DAL I/ eil - yQC HENRY WEATHER. MAP OF re BALDWIN-- AM_ Daphny 1NORM6AL TEMPERA TURES. [Prepared for Bulletin on ('limatology lyv 1, T1. 11IIP-' of Alabama, I 'U E D L I AiMns MADISON .JCKC IFlo.-ence / I C OLB E RT I U 4-~ ; / Franfort-i j FR A N KLI N 1 I Dectu Mou/tifl MORGAN W I M S AO I:O> O HoustoLnCUILLMAN Scottsboro --*i u'nterso,//e / Q 'y Lebenon , w W MAION I /ASA j;--- ~ Centre lCu//man seer--A L K ER" -,Ii . lountsvill ' ETJWAH BLOUNT-Gd\r, IL JAR I J--weI F YETTE f--J Tcsovf Ashville Aasono/ NST CLAIR 0 I inn I CALHOUN -P -ai y - - JEFFERSON /rmingham" "-. / "' Carpal/ton PICKENS I I TUSCA COSA Toaog ~Ashland \ ,-~r j 0y o-C SHELBY ~ O LAY = K Co/urn/lana, COOS La get -- / L/iingt n I GREENE' Eutaw HALEGreen sboro' I _--_ [erute E(x - 7_ -Imay C/ato HLTON G9 ockford IHAMBER -- ' Prat/ ille * - ORE _ / SUMTER I Marion° IEL A UTA U GA -Wetamph! I '." LE E 'Auburn - LidnS Tuolgee, --- - Lide i Montgomery MARENGo' D AL A SH( 0K MACON RUSSELL _-__-- Sea 'e_ Bu/rBULLOCK J7HOCTAW CVhi WLCOX GroveH/llo LR E --CLARK " r- . T I ,J 3 Co J Lj P IK E -/ Wo/Unon'Se~rbo - IBUTLER MONROE 'CaytBOUR( )Cltlt O ° - - l O oSCONECUH ~ Co I_ Mon eu/lle Ever green --.. E SC AM B IAGN-V w - .1buil -Elba N: nausalCOFFEE COVINGT I Ozark, IDAL HENRY MOBILE WEATHER BALDWIN Daphoeg MAP OF i ~b~ .A-. Z. PRECIPITA TIONS. by P. 11. NMFLT NORMAL [Prepared for Bulletin on Climatology of Alabama, 1 APPENDIX. Soil Temperatures.-Observation" taken at Auburn during the years 1888 and 1889: The set of thermometers belonging to the soil series range in length from 1 to 96 inches. There are three groups of ihstruments so arranged as to give the temperature of moist soil and as near as possible an average dry, sandy soil. The first set consists of nine thermometers, viz: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 inches respectively, that are buried on the banks of a running stream of water in bottoqr, sandy land. The other two sets-one, consisting of the same number of thermometers as above, and the other the same number with three additional, viz., 72, 84 and 96 inches-are buried on the top of a hill in sandy soil that is often stirred during the crop season. The smaller set on the hill was originally placed in a grass plat with the intention to leave the grass growing around the instruments as a means of comparison with those in cultivated ground, but by mistake the grass was removed by the workmen on the farm and some time elapsed before the grass recovered, so that results were vitiated. The first of the following tables give average results of soil temperatures for the year 1889, obtained from readings made three times each day at the hours of 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 7 p. m., and compared with average temperature of air and terrestrial radiation. The second table shows by comparison with the maximum and minimum temperatures of the air and terrestrial radiation the fluctuation of maxima and minima temperatures as depth in soil is reached. 205 70 Table showing by comparison the maxima and minima temperature of terrstrial raliators, air and soil thermometers. da - Max. Terrestial Thermoneter........ Max. Air ......... On hill. Maxima 3 inches..., Maxima 6 inches ... Maxima 24 inches.... Maxima48inches . Maxima96inches .. In bottom. Maxima 3 inches.... Maxima 6 inches.... Maxima24inches .. 510 6605 540 620 63° 7407305720578 670750 76 60 60 59.5 82 89 91.598. 92.593 82 76 74 63.569 73 5 82.592.5 96 61 76 568 89 92 52-557 58.567 76.580 53.553 56-.563 71 575 59 556 556 60.5 62 5 69 579.5 101.595 96 584.569.569 98 92.592 582.568 565 86 82 79.579 73 101 89.574 84.5 74.569 65.560 65 60.5 73 576.574 570 96 96 92 -60.567 58.565 33.532 51-548 Maxima 48 inches ... Min. Terrestial 'Ther. 21 80 5 92.595 5 79.5 88 91 54 57-558 67.5 76 80 54.5 54 57 64 71 75 66 69 97.593 85.582 84.571.569.5 82 69 65 82.5 74.566 60 79.5 79 Minimum Air.... 23 16.5 30 38 45 46 67.5 63 48 38 24 On hill. Minima 3 inches.... 37 48.552 52 71.5 69.5 54 5 45 35 Minima 6 inches.... 35 534.5 39 50 55 55 73 5 48 37 Minima 24 inches.... 46 5 44. 49 .58 64.5 68.5 77 78 72 62 5 52 24 32 79 75 37 43 43 60 62 48 36 61 22 30.5 68 29 50 570.557 75 35 37.5 56.5 Minima 48 inches .. Minima 96 inches ... ... ... In bottom. Minima 3 inches Minima 24 inches Minima 48 inches Minima 6 inches.... 39 56.554.554 5 54 60 35 5 35 41.547.555 38 44 51 50.5 56.5 63 69.5 74-577 74 67 58 65.5 69 55 73 73 570.5 64 34 62 34 70 5 56 5 45 '52-550 5151 48.5 46 52 59 58 76 73 60 49 37 58 565 69.5 77 78.5 72.5 63 5 57 16569 5 74.5 77 75 67.5 59 36 52.5150 57 206 Aver:-age soil temperatures, at Auburn, Alabama, during the year 1889. Terrestial. i Air. 0 1 0 3 _ -i 6 _ 9 12 24 36 . .f_. _a 1 48 -I- 60 '7296 84 " "i -i 1 January................ February............... March.................. April.................. May.................... 39.7 36.8 43.2 55.6 57.2 June.................... July............ .......... August.................. September ............... October .................. November.............. December .. _. ........ 70.0 67.5 65.2 . 49.5 42.9 , 45.5 47.3 47.3 46.8 46.7 49.2 48.2 3 46 ~47.247 48.2 47.9 45.8, 50.8 47.7 46.8 46.7 46 46.1 46 7 46.3 46.7 49.4 62.5 53.4 56.4 35.8 54.7 53.51 54 1 34.6 53.8 53.8 54.4 67.1 36.5 65.5 63.9(62.6 46.2.34 (16.8 36.6 64.5 63.8(62.6 76.7~ 76.1 75.3i 73.9 71.6 77 75.5 74.6 73.7 71.1 81.9 81.3 80.1 78.3 76.1 82 31.5 78.7 76.2 86.6 36.3 85 83.3 80.9 62, 3 86.7 86.6 X4.5 80.4 80.9 81.6 81.4 80.7 79.3 53.1 7. 82 32.5 81.1 .80.5 79.1 79.7 57.845. 78.4 78.4 80.8 771 77.8 78.7 79.2 78.2 77.6 78.1 68.5 68.1 67.2 67.1 68.7 38.8 67.6 67.8 69.5 56.2 36.3 56 56.2 59.6 55.9 56.4 56.2 56.3(60.2 57.9 57.3 56 55.2 56.7 I I57.7 57.1 55.8 55' 56.9 7. 533654. 7 55,9157.5 Thermometers 50.8 '52.5 Thermometers 53.4 34.6 48.9 50.3 51.652.4 53.4 55 50.2 51.6 32.6 6 .on 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.3 54 54.8 > 33.9 54.3 54.2 61.1 60.9 39 583 58.2 58 60.9 60.6 39.3 69.3 66.7 35.4 64.2 63.3 62.4 67.4 66.3 35.3 74 72.5 70.6 69.3, 68.5 67.2 73.8 72.4 70. 78.7 77.2 74.7 73.3 72.5; 70.8 78.1 76.6 74.2 78.3 77.5. 76.4 75.6 75 73 3 79.2 77.7~ 76.1 77.2 77.1 77.8 75.6 75.1 73.875.4 76.2 75 71.2 72.3 72.3172.2 72.2 " 70.7 71.9 72.2 31.6 63.5 64.7 65.7 66.6 67 " 33.1 64.4 65.9 57.5 58.7 60 60.5 61.5 62.9 57.7 58.9 60.1 4o7 in it.on bottom. hjl. on hill. it it in bottom. hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. in bottom.. on hill. in bottom. on bill. in bottom.. on bill. on hill. in bottom. on hill. in bottom. 72 The observations of soil temperatures have not been taken long enough to produce normal results, but it is interesting to note some features in the accompanying tables. 1. The average temperature of the soil in the bottom within two feet of the surface is about one degree higher in January than it is on the hill. The two places in February produce practically the same results within a depth of two feet. In March the bottom is slightly cooler. In April, May, June and July the results are practically the same. In August and September the bottom is again nearly one degree warmer, while in November and December the hill soil is slightly warmer than the bottom soil. 2. There is a gradual increase of temperature in the winter months from the surface to the depth of eight feet, averaging 7."3, greater in January (10. 1) and least in December (3.( 9 ). In the spring months there is a decrease in temperature to eight feet, averaging 8.'3, least in March (1.09) and greatest in May (13.°7). In the summer months the stratum of earth at eight feet depth is 12.°7 cooler than that of one inch below the surface. It is 15.04 cooler in July and only 7.07 cooler in August. In September the eight feet stratum is only 4.°5 cooler, while in October it is 3.o3, and in November 10.°4 warmer than the one inch stratum. 3. In the middle of summer the eight feet soil thermometer registers an average temperature 9.°9 cooler than the average temperature of the air, while in January it is 10.°6 warmer than the atmosphere. 4. The difference between the average January temperature of the eight feet soil thermometer and the July temperature of the same thermometer is 13.'3, while the difference between the January and July average atmospheric temperatures is 33.'8. The chart on next page represents graphically the fluctuations of three soil thermometers 3, 48 and 96 inches during the year, and the comparison with the maximum and minimum temperatures of the air during 1889 at Auburn. It is interesting to note how closely the three soil thermometers register in March and October, and how wide asunder they are in January, July and December. 208 Oiagram~ showoiny Auerage Temperatures of the Soil for each Month in 1889, at Depths of 3- 48 and 96 inches. Also Maxins: and Minimum Temperatures of the Atmosphere during the samie period. FED. IMAR. APR. I MAY. JUNE. JULY. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. No.wrVwWA, AXA ws ---- ~BULLETIN NO. 19. NEW SERIES. OF THE AgriculturaI aod MechanicaI Collee, AUBURN, ALA. - OCTOBER, 1890. ROADSAND RAD AKI C. METEOROLOCY. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 211 Board off Visitors. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. J. G. GILCHRIST.... HON. R. F. LIGON . HON. J. B. MITCHELL.. Board of Direction. W. L. BROUN........................................President.. J. S. NEWMAN..........................Director and Agriculturist. N. T.LUPTON....... . ... ... ....... P. H. ME LL............. .................. GEO. F. ATKINSON............... .... YVic- d~irector and Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist.. ................ .... Biologist. ASSISTANTS : ISAAC Ross. .1Ist Assistant Agriculturist, in charge of Live Stock & Dairy. LLOYD JAS. CLAYTON:<. J. T. ANDERSON, .. ... : ........... PH. D.. ......... L. W. WILKINSON, M. SC..... ....... P. L. HUTCHINSON, B. A. M. ,B. Sc........... W. B. ..... ... ......... Sc.. ....... FRAZER. Second Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. .. Second Assistant Chemist. Third Assistant Chemist... . .Assistant Botanist. .Clerk and Accountant. 212 ROADS AND ROAD -MAKIN JAMES H. LANE, C. E., M. A., LL. D., Professor of Civil Engineering and Drawing. At the request of the Board of Direction of the Experiment Station this paper was prepared by the Professor of Civil Engineering, and is issued as a bulletin conveying useful and practical information. --THE BEST METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING FARM ROADS, TURNPIKE ROADS, ETC. Some of the advantages of good common roads in England are thus summed up in a report of a committee of the House of Commons: By the improvement of our roads, every branch of our agricultural, commercial and manufacturing industry would be materially benefitted. Every article brought to market would be diminished in price, and the number of horses would be so much reduced that, by these and other retrenchments, the expense of five millions (pounds sterling) would be annually saved to the public. The expense of repairing roads, and the wear and tear of carriages and horses would be essentially diminished; and thousands of acres, the produce of which is now wasted in feeding unnecessary horses, would be devoted to the production of food for man. In short, the public and private advantages which would result from effecting that great object, the improvement of our highways and turnpike roads, are incalculable; though, from their being spread over a wide surface, and available in various ways, such advantages will not be so apparent as those derived from other sources of improvement of a more restricted and a less general nature. 213 I have also seen it stated that the roads in Scotland, under the direction of Telford, produced a change in the state of the people which is probably unparalleled in the history of the country for the same space of time. Telford, himself, testifies that in the Highlands they greatly changed for the better the habits of the great working classes. If good common roads have done so much for England and Scotland, surely they are worthy of our most thoughtful c )nsideration. A model road is one that will enable passengers, goods, farm products and other burdens to be transported over it in the least possible time, with the least possible labor, and with the least possible expense. Though the topography of the country and other circumstances may prevent our uniting and reconciling all three of these factors in any one combination, yet, in building a road we should endeavor to approximate this model as near as possible. To enable us to make this approximation, we must consider the directibn, the grade, the cross section and the surface of the road. As an unnecessarily long road would increase the cost of construction, the cost of repairs, and the cost of time and labor in travelling over it, it should, other things being equal, be perfectly straight, but straightness should always be sacrificed to obtain a level or to make the road less steep. This is one of the most important principles to be observed, and yet it is most often violated. I use the word straight here in its mathematical sense, and not as ordinarily applied to. roads. We commonly call a road straight when it cona tinues idi vertical plane, regardless of its deviations from a horizontal plane. Let us turn our planes through an angle of 900 and we will find that our straight road has be come what we ordinarily call crooked. To illustrate furso as to rest on its base, the ther, if we place a halves of great circles which join the two opposite points of this base are all equal, whether they pass horizontally or vertically-our vertical semi-ciicle is our so-called straight road, and our horizontal one is our crooked road. From this it will be readily seen that a road around a hill may not be longer than one -over it. Even should it be longer within proper limits and be practically level, it 214 bhemisphere 5 would be better to go around than across; for on it a horse will draw a full load at his usual rate of speed, while on the road over the hill, the load must be diminished, or the horse must reduce his speed. Roads should also be made to curve sometimes for economy in construction, such as to avoid swampy or bad ground, or to avoid large excavations, or to reach points on streams better suited for the approach of bridges. Besides its substantial advantages, the gently curving road is much more pleasant to the traveller, for he is not fatigued by the tedious prospect of a long straight stretch to be traversed, but is met at each curve by a constantly varied view. I have seen it stated that one of the reasons for this passion for so-called straightness of roads in some of the older States, is that the houses of the first settlers were usually built on hill tops to escape the poisonous miasmata and the scalping knives of hostile savages, and that the first road- which were only trails or tracks for men and packhorses-very properly followed the shortest though steepest routes. Wheel carriages were next used upon fhese steep tracks, and before sufficient attention was paid to the subject, the land i had been fenced off and appropriated, and these random tracks became the legal highways. And nowt the evil is perpetuated by the unwillingness of farmers to allow a road to run through their farms in a winding line. They attach more ii portance to the squareness of fields than to the improvement of their roads-not being aware how much more labor is wasted by them in travelling over the steep roads than there would be in cultivating an awkward corner of a field. I am informed that in some of the new Western States, the farmers have this squareness of fields on the brain to such an extent, that they have run their roads along the section and sub-section lines, so that if one of them wishes to pay his neighbor a social or business visit, he has often to .travel in rectangular zigzags, after the manner of a sailing vessel when making a point against an adverse wind. When a wagon rests on a horizontal road, its whole weight, or as we say in Natural Philosophy, its gravity, is 215 ,their 6 supported by the road, and a horse in moving this wagon has only to exert a force sufficient to overcome the friction. But, if the road be tilted in the least, that is given a grade, the line along which gravity acts is no longer perpendicular to the surface of the road, and a part of the weight tends to roll the wagon down grade, so that a horse in going up grade will have to exert an extra force to overcome this downward tendency. In other words, he will have to exert an extra effort to overcome a weight which is such a part of the whole weight, as the height of the road is of its length. For example, if a road rises one foot in every thirty of its length, a horse drawing up it a load of one ton, is compelled to lift up one thirtieth of the whole weight, besides overcoming the friction. The question now naturally arises, how steep can the slope up the side of a hill be most advantageously laid out. Engineers generally agree, from experiments made, that the maximum ascending grade on a broken stone road ought to be from one in thirty to one in thirty-five, though on some of our rough American roads it is much greater. In-descending a grade, gravity should not overcome the friction so far as to permit the wagon to press upon the horse. This limiting slope corresponds to the angle of repose in mechanical science, that is, the angle with the horizon at which that part of the gravity or weight which tends to pull the wagon down grade and its friction just balance. This angle has also been determined by experiment to be 1 in 35 on good broken stone roads, the same as the maximum ascending grade. Of course it mpst be remembered that the angle of .repose varies with the smoothness of the road. Although theoretically the road should be level, in practice it is not desirable that. it should be so; on account of the difficulty of keeping the surface free from water. A moderate inclination is therefore to be selected as a minimum slope, and this slope' is taken at 1 in 125; and in a level country it is recommended to form the road by artificial means into gentle undulations approaching this minimum. We have then this rule, that the longitudinal grades of a 216 road should be kept, if possible, between 1 in 35, and 1 in .125, never steeper than the former, nor nearer level than the latter. There is a popular belief that a gently undulating road is less fatiguing to horses than one which is perfectly level. It is said that the alterations of ascent and descent call into play different muscles, allowing some to rest while others are exerted, and thus relieving each in turn. The distinguished Prof. Mahan inclined to this -belief, while Gen'l. Wheeler, his successor at West Point, says it has no foundation in fact. Mr. Stevenson, another distinguished engineer, submitted this question to Dr. Jno. Barclay, of Edinburgh, an eminent and successful teacher of comparative anatomy, and he declares that it is demonstrably false that muscles can alternately rest and come into motion in cases of this kind. Where such distinguished, gentlemen. disagree, I think it unfortunate that the poor horse, which has had so much practical experience, can not speak for himself upon this vital point. The proper width for a road depends, of course, upon its importance' and the amount of travel upon it. The least width to enable two vehicles to pass with ease is assumed at 162 feet. In England, the width of turnpikes approaching large towns is 60 feet. Ordinary turnpikes are 35 feet wide, and ordinary carriage roads across the country are given a width of 25 feet. In France, the roads vary in width from 66 feet to 26 feet; and all have the middle portion ballasted with stone. In New York, all public roads are laid out by the commissioners of highways and are not less than three rods wide between fences, and no more of them need be worked or formed into a surface for travelling upon than is deemed necessary. When a road ascends a steep hill by zigzags, it should be wider on the curves connecting the tangents or straight portions -this increase of width being one-fourth when the angle between the straight portions is from 120' to 90', and one half when the angle is between 90 and 600. All of the works on roads which I have read, agree that the best form for the uppper surface of the roadway-its cross section-is that of two inclined planes meeting in the 217 8 centre of the road, and having their angles slightly rounded by a curve. The inclinations of the planes should be greatest where the surface is rough, and least where it is smoothest and hardest. A slope of 1-24, or half an inch to a foot, is given a road with a broken stone surface. .The -transverse slope should always exceed the longitudinal slope, so as to prevent the water from running too far in the direction of the length of the road. Though engineers agree that the above is the best shape, the usual shape given to the cross-section is that of a convex curve, approaching in form a segment of a circle or an ellipse. Some of the objections to this form are that the water stands on the middle of the road; the road wears unequally and is apt to wear in holes and ruts in the middle; that vehicles have a slinding tendency when forced to travel on the sides; and that they have to ascend a considerable slope when obliged to cross the road. Where the surface is made flat, it soon becomes concave from the wear of travel over it, and forms a receptacle for water, making a puddle, if on level ground, and a gully if the ground is inclined. On a steep hill-side the surface should be a single slope, inclining inwards to the face of the hill. A ditch on the side next to the hill receives the surface water, which should be carried, at proper intervals, under the road to its outside. This form is also advantageous when the road curves rapidly around the hill, as it counteracts the dangerous centrifugal force of the vehicle. Near large cities, roads have foot-paths on both sides for the convenience of pedestrians. They should be from 5 to 6 feet wide and raised about 6 inches above the roadway. The upper surface should have an inclination towards the side channels to allow the water to flow into Ahem and thence into the ditches. The drainage of road by suitable ditches is one of the nose important elements. All attempts at improvement are useless till the water is thoroughly got rid of. These ditches are sunk to a depth of about three feet below the roadway, so as to thoroughly drain of the water which ma pass through the surface of the roadway. They should 218 a lead to the natural water courses of the country, and have a slope corresponding to the minimum longitudinal slope of the road. Their size will depend upon circumstances, being greater when they are required to carry off the water from side hills or where they are made in wet ground. A width of one foot at the bottom will generally be found sufficient. There should be a ditch on each side of the road on level ground and in cuttings. One is sufficient where the road is on a hillside. The most common and almost the only kind of roads in this country have their surfaces covered with the natural soil, which makes them deficient in hardness and smoothness. In wet weather and under much travel, they become almost impassable. The principal .means of improvement for these roads, are to reduce the grades, thoroughly drain the roadway and freely expose the same to the action of the sun and wind. In a flat country it is advisable to raise the roadway above the general level'of the ground. If the soil be a loose sand, a coating of 6 inches of clay carted upon it, will be the most effective and cheapest way of improving it, if the clay can be obtained within a moderate distance. Only one half of the width need be covered with clay, thus forming a road for the summer travel, leaving the other sandy portion untouched to serve for the travel in the rainy season. If the soil be an adhesive clay, the application of sand in a similar manner will produce equally beneficial results. On a steep hill these improvements will be particularly valuable. In repairing these roads the earth used should be as gravelly as posssible and free from vegetable earth. Sod or turf, though at first tough, soon decays and forms the softest mud in wet weather. Stones of considerable size should not be used, as they will not wear uniformly with the rest of the road, and will produce hard bumps and ridges. When a dirt road passes over a soft, swampy ground which can not be drained without too much expense, a corduroy road is often used. This road is made by laying straight logs of timber either round or split, side by side across the road at right angles to its length. Those of 219 10 Gen'l Lee's veterans who were so unfortunate as to be wounded in the battles near Fredericksburg, know something of the pleasures? of travelling over such roads, as they doubtless have vivid recollections of their rides in springless army wagons to the railway stations, where boxcars took them to some of the many hospitals in Richmond, and elsewhere. To diminish the resistance or friction on earth roads, it is necessary to cover their surface with some material such as gravel, stone, slag, shells, wood, &c., which will not only make them hard and smooth, but protect the ground beneath from the action of the rain water, which by penetrating to it and'remaining upon it, would not only impede the progress of vehicles, but render the road too weak to bear their weight. In Michigan and Wisconsin good roads have been made through swampy forests, by felling and burning the timber and covering the surface with the charcoal thus prepared. The timber is 'cut and piled up lengthwise in the centre of the road, and then covered with straw and earth in the manner of coal kilns. The earth required to cover the piles, taken from each side, leaves two good sized ditches. When the timber is charred, the earth is removed to the sides of the ditches, And the coal is raked down to a width of fifteen feet, leaving it two feet thick at the center and one at the sides. In districts where lumber is cheap, road coverings of plank have been used. The method most generally adopted in constructing a road of this kind, consists in laying a flooring or track, eight feet wide, of boards fron nine to twelve inches in width and three inches thick. The planks rest upon two parallel rows of sleepers or sills laid lengthwise of the road and having their centre lines about four feet apart, or two feet from the axis of the road. The sleepers are embedded in the earth, and the planks are laid perpendicular to the axis of the road, as this position is as favorable to their durability as any other, and is also most economical. Deep ditches are dug on the sides of these roads to ensure perfect draiiage. In making a gravel road, the roadway is first prepared by 220 11 removing the soft and loose earth, and thoroughly draining the road. The bed is sometimes of the shape of the upper surface and sometimes level. On this a layer of gravel about four inches in thickness is laid, and when compacted .bythe travel over it, or better still, with a heavy iron roller, another layer is laid, and so on until a thickness of sixteen inches at the centre has been reached. It is sometimes advisable to compress the bed by rolling it well with a heavy iron roller before beginning to lay the gravel. In some cases a bed of broken stone has been used. Gravel from river shores is generally too clean, there not being eTough clayey material mixed with it to bind the grains together. That from pits is apt to be too dirty and requires partial cleansing. The gravel used should be sifted through screens and all pebbles over two inches in diameter should be broken into small pieces or rejected. It is an erroneous practice to put the larger gravel at the bottom and the smaller at the surface. A gravel road carefully made, with good side ditches to thoroughly drain the road bed, forms an excellent road. Some gravel roads are very poor, caused in a great measure by using dirty gravel, which is carelessly thrown on the road in spots, which causes the road to soon wear into deep ruts and hard ridges. There are excellent but expensive roads in this country and in Europe, whose covering is composed of stone broken into small angular fragments. The road beds are prepared as in gravel roads, and these fragments are placed ori these natural beds, or on rough pavements of irregular blocks of stone. The former are called McAdam and the latter are known as Telford roads. These two kinds of roads have been the subject of violent partisanship on several disputed points, the most important one being the necessity of a paved foundation beneath the coverings of stones. In the McAdam road, the roadway after having received its proper shape and been thoroughly drained, and rolled if necessary, is. covered with a layer of broken stones from three to four inches thick. This layer is thoroughly compacted by allowing the travel to go over it, or by rolling it with heavy iron rollers. Successive layers of broken stone 221 12 are, then spread over the road and treated in the same way, until a thickness of from eight to twelve inches is obtained. Should the layers be too thick, it will be difficult if not impossible to compact the stones sufficiently well. In the Telford road the bed is prepared as in gravel and McAdam roads, and on it is laid a pavement of blocks of stone of an irregular pyramidal shape; the base of each block being not more than five inches and the top not less than four inches. These blocks are set by hand as closely together as possible-the largest blocks being in the centre and the smaller ones on the sides so as to give the surface a slightly convex shape. The spaces between the blocks are filled with chippings of stone compactly set with a small hammer. Layers of broken stone are then laid over this pavement and treated as in the McAdam road. The stone for the pavement of this road may be of an inferior quality, as it is but little exposed to the wear and tear occasioned by travelling; but the stone used for the small angular fragients of both these roads should be selected from those which absorb the least wateT and are hard and tough. There is a diversity of opinion as to the size of the stones used. Some say 2- inches in longest direction-they should be as cubical in shape as possible-and others only an inch and a half through. The French engineers value uniformity of size much less than McAdam, and call it rather an evil than a good. They, therefore, use equally all sizes from an inch and a half to dust. It is recommended by some that when fresh material is added in repairing these roads, the surface on which it is spread should be broken with a pick to the depth of half an inch, and the fresh material be well settled by ramming, a small quantity of clean sand being added to make the stone pack better. If practicable, the road surface should at all times be kept free from an accumulation of mud and dust, and uniformly even by the daily addition of fresh material whenever the wear is sufficient to call for it. When not daily repaired by persons whose sole business is to keep the road in good order, general repairs should be made in the Spring and Autunmn by removing all accumulations of mud, cleaning out the side channels and other drains and adding 222 13 fresh material when requisite. Without constant supervision, the best constructed road will, in a short time, be unfit for travel.. Those of us who followed- General Lee in his brilliant campaigns through the Valley of Virginia into Maryland and Pennsylvania, frequently marched on some of these broken stone roads, and in dry weather we always kicked up such a dust that we each eat our peck of dirt in much less than the allotted time. Shells, slag and other hard and tough substances may be used for road coverings. They are applied like gravel and broken stones. This paper "on the best methods of constructing farm roads, turnpike roads, &c"-written at the request of the Board of Direction - is compiled largely from standard works, with which all professional engineers are doubtless familiar. 233 14 Appendix to Bulletin No. 19, of the Alabama Experiment Station. REPORT OF THE ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. Co-operating with the U. S. Signal Service. SEPTEMB, 1890. STATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Auburn, Ala., October 15th, 1890. The rainfall was unusually large during the month, and complaints have come from all parts of the State that the cotton crop has been greatly damaged by the continued wet weather. In many places the bolls are rotting and the staple is much stained. The average precipitation for the entire State was 3 28 inches above the normal. The nights during September were cool and pleasant, but in South Alabama some of the days were warm ; the observers at Pine Apple and Union °. There were only two or Springs reported temperatures as high as 97 three days of such weather, and the temperature for the State was below the normal 5 08. Some small grain was sown during the month and is doing well, although the season generally was unfavorable to all other Tarming interests. J. M. QJARLES, P. H. MELL, Assistant. Director. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Atmospheric pressure (in inches).-Monthly mean, 30.049; maximum observed, 30.291 at Auburn on 1st; minimum observed, 29.860 at Union town on 23rd; range, .431. Temperature (Degrees F.)-Monthly mean, 74.1; highest monthly mean, 78.8 at Goodwater ; lowest monthly mean, 69.60 at Valley Head; maximum, 97 at Pine Apple on 10th, and at Union Springs 19th, 20th and 21st ; minimum, 50 at Florence on 28th, and at Valley Head on 17th and 18th; range for the State, 47; greatest local monthly range, 45 at Union Springs. Precipitation, including melting snow (in inches).- Average for the State, 6.02; greatest, 10.07, at Valley Head ; least, 3.08, at Gdodwater. Mean relative humidity, 87.7, at Auburn; 83.1, at Uniontown ; 83, at Montgomery, and 89.7 at Valley Head. Wind-Prevailing direction, E. Miles traveled, 2,678, at Chattanooga;. 4,323, at Mobile ; 3,259, at Montgomery; 2,826, at Auburn. 224 15 TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERnATURES--September, 1890. (The observations for this table were taken at Auburn, Ala.) A. M. LLOYD, Observer, NOTE-There are three sets of thermometers--Nos. 1 and 2 are situated on a hill in sandy soil, and No. 3 is placed near a small stream in bottom land. The depth of instruments range from 1 inch to 96 inches below the surface, and the observations are made three times each day-morning, noon,- and evening. 6 Depth in Inches. U1 a O G 'Ji2 40 4 -&a CO4 77.8 78.4 78.0. a 1................. 3 ............................ 6.......... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .77.1 77.0 76 5 76.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 75 9 76.9 76.8 77.1 77.4 9 .................... ........ 12 ......... ............ ......... 24................... ................. 36................ .............. 48.... 60........... 72................. ............ ................ 77.3 76.3 76.8 76.5 77.1 76.6., 77.0, 76.5, 76.4; 75.5 .... ... .... ........ ............ ...................... ...... 84..... ............... .................. 96.....*..................:...... 0-6e 04,o*75.1 78.2 76 3 76.0 54....... Monthly Summary of Meteorological Reports of the Alabama Weather Services September, 1890. BAROMET. ER. MAX. p TEMPERATURE. MAX. MIN. USA MIN, CATIONS. COUNTIES.. I) BZ 4-a ' U2 qo AOBSERVERS. ,an ° ie a. Dallas. . .. n ~B .. .- .0 C1 .0 .'.. 0 c B - ra .. 67 1 I4 _A 93 . ~n a B A A. 15 n c -+, y .. . r nB 1 A t 0 - Bi . . 'Valb ey Head.. DeKalb .. 1058 34.30 85.30.... .. .. . ................. Pine Apple........ . 34 48 87.37 ....... ence. ... .... ........... 2229.961 That ;tanooga .. Tennessee. 783 35.03 85.14 '30.097 30.283 19. 921 219 32.22 86.23.30.044 30.169 tgomery .. Montgomery . . \lari on .:.Perry...........:.... ..... ..... ... 516 32.12 85.39 n Springs. Bullock .. Monroe..... ..... 31.43 87.12.. . orn iuda.. 29.92 30 30.41 88.20 30.028 30.142 lie......Mobile ... .. . 33.14 88.01-.. ollton..... Pickens.. 29.861 30.291 12 a~.. . Lee.......... 826 32.4085.30 30.053 29.946 150 32.34 88.05 30.070 30.170 JjviI igston .... nsboro . Hale........ 220 32.41 87.36....... . Ireeat.i . 32.07 87.00. F.illing . Lowndes .......... 273 32 28 86.44 30.002 30.160.8229.86( .. ntown.... Perry .... 352 31.03 87.30 )nelle.... Mobile... ... . 33.42 83 12 Faye tte.... Fayette.... ... .. .. : )pelf .ika. .. Lee . ..... 34.24 8.2...... lunt ersville... Marshall... ..... '........................ hep lultepec.. Blount,..... .... 72.2 olua .mbiana . Shelby....... . .33.15 86.56...... ..... . . 729 34.10 86.30 .......... Cherokee enti ... re 59 82 82 78.1 60 4 90 84.1 T'6 9792' 80.1 )64.5 78 9 64 90 84.2 67.6 91 84.1 62.1 92 97 89 84.1 69 90 84 80.1 66.9 88 87 90 85. 89 67.1 66 90 95 87 6 67.2 81.1 63.1 93 81.4 63 1 91 ~r4 Sumter.. V.... 34.09 85.35 10 17-18 40 50 28 44 2842 1057 1833 50 2834 56 2942 29. 54 28-29- 28. 30 45 2933 30] 10 56 2936 56 28-29 28 51 9-i9 3032 2054 560 . 36 2836 51 29 29 7-853 27-2839 2942 54 2941 .55 2837 18.410 07 18 4 6.26 16 7 ,8 7 14.9 7 :10 16.6 6 01 6.54 22.2 6.13 6.01 15 2 3.61 4 93 13.7 5.53 5.93 8.98 17.7 13 6 8 9 E... E. P. Nicholson. 14 8 9.Q 10 16Ne 18' E. 17 1~ 5 C.W. Ashcraft. L. M. Pindell. L. D3unne: .9 .4i 6.65 17 6 84 20.4 3.33 11 18 4.79 8 E.. R J. Grady. -.1 Win. Fon ler. 15 N. *A. Pritchard. 14 Sec L Stansel. M. 8 E.. 8 15 M. Quarles. 17 Nw J. W. A. Wright. ... .i0 14 Nw M. H. Yerby. 20 11 Win. M. Garrett. 6 10 14 E.. W. HI. Newman. 2 17 12 J. G. Michael. Dan Collier 69 J. 1- 6.90 -1 5 11 14 16 ... ......... sr......Choctaw.... ... 32.0587.24 ... 310 33.49 88.12 ...... .. Walker.. er.. Tigg . ... ins..Covington.......... ... ............ .... oo( Iwater... Coosa. ..... ... cila...Barbour ......................... uta .. . _........... ...... ....... den....... amp eSprings. Winston .. ......... 72.3 79.4 .2 65 78.8 83 73.1 91 8-9 62 6 54 8, 28-2931 3029 26, 6.591 9.8 24 3.08 5.14 6.02 .73 835 61 910 2736 10 B. F. Gilder. 11 iS.. Howard -Lamar. M D. Jones. 8 E.. S. D. Bloch. ... A. J. Baker. W. B. Allgood. W. 1). Lovett. Thos. Bradford. A. M. Weller. deans.. NOTE.-nSergeants .............. 30.049j,. .. 7.1 821-6571 36.6 17.4 9 Signal Service. +-Cotton Belt Stations. BULLETIN NO. 20. NOV. 1890. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT AUBURN, ALA. STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, SMALL FRUITS, MELONS AND VEGETABLES. Repot of Alabama Wea/lhcr Service. SThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. Smith, Allred & Co., Printers, 24 Commerce St., Montgomery, Ala. 227~ BOARD OF VISITORS. 'COMMITTEE HON. OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. R. F. LIGO'N,.. . HON. J. G. GILCHRIST,.. J. B., MITCHELL. BOARD OF DIRECTION. W. L. BROUN.............................. ........... President Director and Agriculturist Vice-Director and Chemist J. S. N. T. NEWMAN............................... LUPTON ............................. ....... P. H-. MELL.......................... G. F. ATK N~oN................... ... Botanist and Meteorologist :......_.Biologist ASSISTANTS: ISAAC Ross.. I:t Assistant ......... Agricuiturist, charge of Live Stock andDar JAS. J. T. CLA YToy..... ANDERSON,.IPii. D ...................... irst Assistant ........... Second Assistant Agriculturist Chemist L. W. \V 'L~zI1moN, M. Sc ................ P. L. A. M. LLOYD B. Sc.............. cIuT~cHISON. ......- Second Assistant Chemist .T'hird Assistant Chemist B. Sc......... ................... Assistant Botanist Clerk and Accountant W. B. FRAZER.................................. 228 Notes on Small Fruits, Melons and Vegetables. J. S. NEWMAN, JAS. CLAYTON, Agrioniturist sstdnthAgriioltdit. STRAWBERRIES. The following notes on Strawberries were made in 1889, and owing to the quantity of other ,matter presented for bulletins and the smallness of the printing fund, laid aside to be combined with similar notes in 1890. As most of the varieties were in full fruitage first of last March, the date of the memorable freeze, reliable notes could not be made. A moderate crop was produced later, but a just comparison could not be instituted between the varieties. and Parry are still the earliest varieties Early tested, and both have improved in quality and productiveness since their introduction to these grounds five years since. Of the newer kinds, Belmont, Buback, Haverland, Gandy, Hoffman and 1001 or "Eureka," are very promising. The Henderson still leads the list in its quality and its vines are becoming more vigorous and prolific as it becomes acclimated. Wilson, Agriculturist and Sharpless still hold their places as standards. Canada 229 NOTES ProducVARIETIES. ON Time of first ripe berry. Size of Fruit.' Color- of Color of Fruit. Flesh.. Plants. tivene ss. Agriculturist.. Vigorous. Prolific.... April it it 2 Belmont........ Bidwell........ 4 Big Bob...... Not Prolific Boyden's No. 30.. Not vigorous 6 Champion. 7 Champion of Vigorous... Prolific. .. . 8 Charles Downing. Not Prolific 9 Crescent ....... Vigorous. Not vigorous 10 Cumbrl'd Triumph Prolific... 11 Daniel Boone. Not prolific 12 Early Canada. Not vigorous 13 Finch's Seedling.. 14 Galceran ........ Prolific. 15 Golden Defiance.. Not prolific 16 Harris' Mammoth . Vigorous. Vigorous.. 17 H averland... Not vigorous 18 Henderson. ,., Not vigorous 19 James Vick .. 20 Jewell.......... Not prolific 21 J ucunda.......... 22 ...... ViP69 it Prolific.... 23 Longfellow. Not prolific 24 Manchester... 25 May King .. Prolific.... 26 Miners.. ....... 27 'Monmouth.,.,. Vigorous. Mount Vernon... Prolific 29 Mrs. Cleveland... Not prolific 30 Nig's Superb. 31 No. 1001 (Eureka) Prolific. ... 32 Parry. ......... Not prolific33 President Lincoln. 34 Primo.. ... 3;5 Prince of Berries.. Ky.. .. cc. Viorus. 'jumbo. o cc vig rou tc cc 281 Sharpless.... Prolific. .. Not prolific 37 Wilson.......... 38 Windsor Chief..... 39 Wonderful.. 20Medium.... Deep red Light red 26 Large.. Red 26 Deep, red 27 Medium... 13 29 20 24 24 Red .. . 24 24 Deep red .Red 10 '26 24 26 24 24 Large obl'ng 26 Medium .. . 26 Small . Red. 24 Medium. .. Deep red < Light red.. 2?0 30 Large ... r. c'tr 20 1Obl'gai'med. Lig't ,red 24 Medium... Red... Light red.. 27 Large. '26 Deep -red White 27 Red..Light red. 24 Medium. .. . Deep red White. 26 Small.. Light red.. Red. . 26 Large .. 27 Pink... 10 White . ~20 . Light 24 Large ... 24 Deep red Very large. Red..... 24 Lc 4 ;" GG i itPink. W.& LL ccc Medium.... G red. 24 IMedium... . Deep red Red..... Red.....Red... 230 5 STRAWBERRI ES. Texture of Fruit. Firm ... Cavity or Core. Neither...... Free Acid. Flavor or quality of Fruits. REMARKS. Soft.. Firm Soft.. 9 -Firm 10 11 None. Core and cavity. Slight.. Neither..'...... Large Core .. Cavity .......... None. Very Best. . Amateur and market. Very good Fine market berry, Good... . Very good Very firm. Acid Barely g'd Very good Best...1 For amateur culture only. Good... Sho'd be ever seso large fieyas Ealis plant'd by a for vig. variety Good .. Very good .. Very good Neither... .iCa-vity .... . ... Large Core I . None.. Slight .... ... Slight Cavity N.....od c T ......... .. .... ithle e r....... 12 13 14 15 16 17 Soft 1s . 19 20 21 Firm. 22 23 24 Firm. 25 26 F Firm.... 28 Soft. 29 Firm. 30 31 32 33 3Firm. 34 Soft. 5Firm. C Slight ... None.... Neither........Slight Nole ......... l None. ........ l I l ° . None... .... Best. .... Barely g'd Berry v'y obl'g--resembl's Henderson, Slight I Core . .. . Slight... Neither........None ... Good Best. Verygood Cavity.... Cavity .... Neither ..... Cavity ......... Neither .... ..... . Slight .. None... Ripenson top while green underside., Dies out badly in summer. ......... None.....'Best. z- ..... Good.... . Very good .... Cavity....... Large " Slight Good. : .. Neither......... Core. Barely g'd . ... Neither ........ Slight Core. .: None .Good..... . .. ." . Cavity.. ....... Neither Cavity .. . A promising new variety. Ripens either with early Canada or a [few days later. None . Very good "....Best.:.. Very good Standard for home and market. . Very good Standard for home 'and Neith......Sihtr. market.etr,...... ................... .. Good Very Acid Barely g'd 231 NO'T S ON RAS.PERRI: Color 5R-S.__ ER VARIETIEs. GrowthJDate of of Hardi- Size-Size Productive- Plant. Brandywine........ Not vig'us Caroline .... ..... Vigorous Crimson Beauty...:. Not vig'us Davidson's Thornless. Not vig'us Doolittle........... Medium . EarIly Prolific......Vigorous Vigorous. Florence ........... i gVorous. Golden Q~een...V.. Gregg..............Medium . Hanisell.... ...... Not vig'us Hopkins ........... Vigorous. Marlboro .......... Medium.. New Rochelle...... Medium.. Medium. . Ohio ..:............. Rancocas........... Not vig'us Reliance....... .... Not vig'us Soulegan..........Medium ness. Prolific... Prolific.... prolific: Not prolific Prolific.... Not prolific. Prolific..... Not prolific. Medium ... Not prolific. Medium... Medium...., Prolific.... Not prolific. Not prolific Not prolific. Not Re p-of T ness. Fruit. Fruit. tacle. ture.'Fruit. Not hardy May 13 Red cap. Red....... Large... Large... Firm Good.. Medium. . May Black.cap Black. Medium. MediumFirm-Best Medium. Large.. Soft Not hardy May 29 Red cap. Small... Large.. Firm Good... Not hardy May'20 Black cap Black.... Hardy... May 13 Blackcap Black.... Small.. Small.,So ft Veryg'd Not hardy May 24 Red cap. Purplish red Large... Large... Firm Good... irm Good.. May 13 Blackca Dark yellow Medium Large.. . Ft Not May24 Red cap. Bright yell'wLare... Not hardy Mrya 24 Black cap Black. .... Large..Small.. Firm Good... Not hardy May 20 Red cap. Dark red... Large..Medium. Firm Medium. . Black cap Black . Small... Large Firm g'd Not hardy May 24 Red cap. Red ...... Large. Large.. Firm Best... Medium. . May 20 Black cap Dark purple .Large... Medium Soft Good... Medium Firm Good. Not hardy May 24 Black cap Black.. Small.. Very l'ge So ft Very g'd Not hardy May 29 Red cap. Dark red... Large. Not hardy May 20 Red cap. Dark red Very l'ge Very l'ge Soft Type. RipenIng. of of Quality 13 Red'...... Good... Die out badly. Dies badly. Same as Tyler. Hardy... hardy F Dies badly. Hybrid. Canes Hb'd. b'f'ft.yind Musky. Dies badly. sa d May 90 Good. Very Dies badly--some Dies badly. Dies badly. Dies badly. Dies Prolific.... . Medium. May13 Black cap Black. Superb............. Medium. Prolific...Hardy. . Thompson's E. Pride. Thompson's E. Prolific Medium.. Prolific..Hardy. Very vig's Very prolific Very h'dy Turner.............. Tryler............... Medium.. Medium.. Not vig'us Not prolific.. Not hardy. Welch.. Medium.. Prolific..hardy.. May 20 Red May 29 29 May 20 May May 24 cap. Dark Large.. Small.. Good... Firm Bes.... badly-similar tTl red.. Medium. Large.. Firm Best.. Dies back. Medium.. Firm Best.... Medium Firm Best.... Firm Small.. Firm Very g'd Large... Fr Very g'd May Prolific... 13 Red cap. Red cap. Red( cap. Black cap Red cap. Red ... '..Large... Red.......Large.. Purplish red Medium. .. l'ge Dark red, Black. Small.. .... Very Small.... Best.... A promising new vrey A new vrey The most reliable vrey Same as doolittle. Dies badly.: promising Out of more than thirty varieties tested, during the last five y ears, the Turner is the most hardy and. reliable. It fruits abundantly and contiusln .plants... in bearing. The only objection found, so far, is its profuse multiplication The canes are self-supporting when prun ~d back to two feet in length. It stands the sun. of our summers in open field culture and has nvrbe of injured by freezing. The black cap varieties sun-scald midway the canes where they bend over. culture during dry seasons. Another. objection to :this type is that they fail to propagate "unecla Ebperimexits NAMES oF VARIETIES .Acme witIz anrteloWPes Netting. Perfect Perfect Form p plarteL Lengt. in 6.16 Mao3t a c, 1889.. Color Seedsman. -Landreth . ..... Time of weight Av'ge Ripen.ing. in lbs. Perfect . Oblong....... Thik- 'Ihi'kCavity. ness of ness of in rind. flesh. inches inches 5. Diam. of flesh. Textur qa .... .. :. ... July 10 2.72 16Small.88 July 9 l2.12 .... July 5 2.77 July 22 35 . July 15 4.48 .. Landreth. ..... California ...... Cassaba............... U. S. Dept Agr. July 154 43 July 1 3.12 Chicago...............Thorburn U. S. Dep't Agr. July 20 2.16 Champion Market. July 4 288 Early White Japan..... Thorburn .... June 28 2 48 " Extra Early Hackensack. July 8 1.57 Emerald Gem............ July 11 1 Emerald Gem......... . ... June 2S 2.50 Fine Nutmeg.Thorburn 6. 3 06 'July Golden Perfection ..... 5 'July Golden Netted .Gem U. S. Dep't Air, July 5 2.23 Golden Perfection . , .. 4 July 12 .45 Green Citron Nutmeg.. Baltimore....... ...... Baltimore............ Bird's New Canteloupe Ferry ........... LThorburn .Dreer......... Thorburn . 1.22 3.87 4 U8 0 .12 Oblong.... 5 75 . Oblo'g&point'd 6 77 Flat.........5.50__7 Perfect 5.08 6 33 Imperf't Rowidish.. .. Medium Oblong.......8.50 8.54 26 4 70 Medium Round....... 4.87 5.16 Imperf't Round . ... 5 35 " 5 37 , ... V'ry sli't Round 4.58 5 43 Medium Round . 4 26 5 26 None... Roundish flat 3.88 4.27 None... Roundish flat 4.75 5 12 Medium Roundish... 3.25 3 63 Medium Round obon 3Slightl6 3 97 31 efect.. 4.95 5.69. Peifect Round. 7.06 5.98 Medium Oblong.. Imperf't Roundish.... . .. Perfect . Long Perfect . Roundish .... Medium Flat.., Imperf t Roundish. Fl.... Fi Imperf't Roundish ... Mediu mn Perfect Oblot, g ,.,." .. 596 Small V'y sm'll Small Medium .29 .33 .37 .37 Green.lirm&coars Soft & coars .87 Green .91 Green . Soft&coarse 1.25 -Paleg'n.Soft.& coarse Medium Large Large. Medium Medium V'y sm'll V'y sm'll Small .Medium .29 95 29 .36 .25 37 Yellow Soft& coarse 1. .87 Pale g'n. Fine and sof .79 Green. Fine and firm .75 Green . Green. Soft and fin Soft and fin 63 .34 .61 .72 .26 .87 Green . Fine and firmG Yellow. Soft and fin 82 Yellow Soft and fin Paleg'n Soft &coarse y .11 25 30 .51 V'ysm'll Small Medium .72(e .80 70 Yellow Soft & coars r Green Montreal........ ... July 9 5 23 July ybrid Bay View .. ,, July " I lackensack .............. July Jenny -Lind ..... '........ Miller Cream........ DreerJ........July Montreal. 10/ 3 2 4 4 4 11.22. 14 2 98 . ... New Surprise . Landreth .'..'Thorburn'. .. July 8 4.16 13 3.81. re........... 0,3 10 42/5 5 86 NIediuur 4 2 98 4.45 NI edium 5 88 5 22 Large '72 Large MR'edim 31 .. .98 Pale g'n..Soft &coare Pale g'n. Soft& coare 25 .3 26 24 i .42 n imVr .6Pl '.Fn Soft & coar 91 Green Vr F'm & coa .61 Green .75 Yellow Fine and firm Pale Pale g'n. Fine andfirmVGood... New Early Hackensack... Orange Christina ... Prolific Nutmeg . Henderson .July .... Nixon .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. Alexander .... July 20 4. 16 12 2:77 Round......5 Flat Round.....6 5 98, 6 27 Medium Small... 37.::5 33 Pale g'n. Soft &coarseGod. Soft and fineGod. .28 .. 96 87..6.37 .Medium. Pale g'n. Soft & coarseGod. .41 ,73 4 55 4.76 Medium . Lmperf't Round July 12 2.03 . Thorburn . Ward's Nectar. The above notes of comparison were made in 1889. T'he list. embraces a large number of varieties not w~ell suited to this soil and climate. The cnaop al to succeed in this latitude must be well covered with rough nettings to prevent sun-scalding. The Persian or Cassaba, so highly prized at the Notl usulyhv ranks higher than "good." Those varieties which rank here on account of scalding under our suns., A melon with yellow flesh time this yeari avr deep green flesh. 'rhe Delmonico. is the best yellow fleshed variety yet tested.. The Washington Market grown here for the superior variety. After previously comparing all of the varieties advertised in the principal seed, catalogues, all except a few of the best old vaieishv been discarded. These few best are planted from year to year as standards of comparison for the new candidates for popular favor. The followingslttableom hepesntsasn Skiliman's Netted Gem The Delmonico.......nderson Thornburn . July 9 3.27 U. S. Dep't Agr. July .18 2 35 Perfect. Medium Thorburn .;July " Perfect Perfect Round-.,.....54755 441 Medium 5 Round-.,.. .... 4.69. ,;5.75 Medium 5 37 . , -Medium 737 5.18 Small.. .31 1 .13 33 23 .96 25 -1.00 Yellow. Firm and fir~God Yellow. Soft and fineGo. g 'n. Firm and fineVrr' .60, Yellow. Firm&coarseGod. .75 Pale g'n'. Soft and fineGo .36 ... July 13 8.50 69 Yellow. ra,-rely first "best" CANTIELOUPE-.S PLANTIED n5 C QA APiRIL 3rd, 1890. :n .a U, U 1 3-16 3-16 Green 1/ $L 7-16 1 18 NAMES OF VARIETIES. Seedsmnan. i 6O a. 3 anZL O c u ... iN U O V DC Remarks. Atlantic City. Baltimore......... Champion Market.... Delmonico. ........ Extra Early Cape May Extra Ely Hackensack Extra Early June Golden .Netted Gem... . Landreth Thorburn Thorburn. Henderson Landreth July 4 V'ry g'd Oblons J'ne 28 Good .Oblong July 2,Good . Roundiish j'ly 28 Good .. Roundiish. 1 V'ry g'd Round fish.. Landreth .July. j'ne 25 V'rx g'd Flat,.. PerfectV'ry s i't Perfect.. Perfect. Jmperf 't 42 8 6% 718 44 at 5 6 18 31%11 1 'Yellow. .. Green 514 7 518 Yellowv. Green Green Medium V'y goodI Soft & coarse Medium Good.. Fine and firm and firm Good. .Fine .Medium ,M~edium Lig't greenI . Large.'. Large. Good. .. Fine and firm Good. .. Fine and firm Perfect Perfect Perfect Very g'd Market.. Osage ............ New Orleans Landreth . July 2 V'r T g'd Flat.... Thorburn. The 28 Best . 1 blo~ng July 2 V'ry g'd Round Buist.. .. Jiallock& Northrop B.&G. Co J'ne 30 Best.Oblong Buis t. Hallock& July 1 V'ry g'd Round Son. BGuist Buist. Im .3 32 5 3.~ 114: 414 3 1 1-16 18 1 5%54 112 5%s 1 1-16 3-16 Gieen 3-16i Green 5%1 Large Good. . . . . Small... Best . . Fine and firm V'y sm'l V'ygood Fine and firm Good.. Fie;and firm Fine and firm Worthless. Worthless. Picaninny ........... ..... eApple ..... The Perfect Perfect 2%4 3 714 412 1 3-16 18 18 Green Green .. Small . .,Best ... Soft &coarse .. Princess........ 514 534 11/ 3-16 Yellow.. Medium Good. Fine and firm Soft coarse & Worthless. Versailles Prize.. Washington Market . July 1V'ry g'd Roundish. Perfect 1 il\l 1 II I~1 61 5% .17' I Small Best EXPERIMENTS NAMES Of SEEDSMAN. WITH WATERMELONS, FORM. PLANTED MARCI-I 19, 1839. Lengt' Diam in in Inches Inches Boss........ . Ferry.. ... July Dark Green l)istinct. 14.43 9.87 Cuba............... Home Grown." 151966 Long. I)k Gr'n St'p'd None .. 17.66 7.41 Cuban Queen....... Thorburn. .. " 12 29.70 Sig'ly Ob'lg Rattle Snake.. Slight.. 14.66 Florida Favorite ... Thorburn... ' 1017.03 Oblong ... D'k Rat. Sn'ke Slight. 14.31 769 Goodwin's Imperial.. Thorburn... .. 1014.40 Roundish . Pea Green .. Distinct. 9.61 8.80 Distinct. 13 87 9 56 Green and Gold . Dreer.........." 10 17.83 Oblong.. . . Ming. Green Gi'eenand' Gold .. .Henderson.... " 13 16. Slig'ly Ob'lg Ming. Green. Slight... 11.09,8,50 Ice Cream...........Thorburn . 1516.601Long. . : .Green........Distinct. 14.87 8.37 Icing. ..... Thorburn, " 13 1942 Roundish. .. Green......Slight. 11. 9.06 oIRdb Gem .......... Dre r......... Round.. .. Green Striped . None.. 11.50 9.50 Kolb Gen .......... Exp't Station.. " 12 Round.. .. Green Striped None. 11 .37 10 12 Light Icing ,.......U S Dep. Agr. 13 22.50 Round... Gray........None.. 13.50 10.50 USDep. Agr. Failed U Oemlers ........... Peerless............Ferry........ " 12 20.64 Long. ... .Mingled Green Slight.. 16.78 8.06 Perfection-..... .. US Dep. Agr 12214. Round.. Dark Green. Slight..11. Round Light Icing .. Ferry. " 1221.90 .Oblong . ... Gray.... None.. 1378 8.75 Scaly S Dep."Agr " 1317. Oblong . . Mottled Green Slight. 13.25.8.33 6.92 Gray.......one... 1321.20 Long ..... Thorburn... ..... *Scminole. Slight. .17.50 8.30 13.20.50 LonGray:. .. Dree.........." *Seminole .. tSeminole...... ... Ely........ 1 16. R'nc & L'ng G'y &Sc'y B'k Slight.. 11. 8.29 Color of Rind. Corrugations VARIETIES. ening. in lbs. 12 19 20 Oblong.... Time of gv'ge of Rip- weig't 975 Thi'k-Colo of Cavity Color of Seed. of Rind. Fles 1. Slight. Black . Red .58 None Wh. with br' tips d'kr .68 SlightWhbite.... ..... Red e t 12 27.62 .75 .75 .75 .53 .87 .87 .87 Slight.dpr Slight. Br. with bl'ktipzp'lerG None. Wh. with br' tips Or'n None Wh. with or' tips Lem G None. Black.........p'1e Slight. White... Red G None. Black.Red 28.25 1.06 .75 .96 1. 1.25 .93 Large Black ......... None White ......... Slight White.. None Black..p'ler Med. White b blight. Wh. with Slight Brown Red Li' .Red Red 10. BarkS.........U 17.01 19. Sugar Loaf.. Clayton. '.'" Spanish Queen. U S Dep. Agr." .. 13 29.50 12 2094 .86 .75 .70 .7. d k red Good. d'k Long. ... Gray.. . .. None.. Distinct. 9 30 12 16.50 Round.. Roundish. Dark Green... Distinct. Dark Green W'te Seed'd Ice Cr'm. Thorburn. : " 1. Pride of Georgia... Thorburn ... " 10 23 50 Round.. D'k Gr'n St'p'd, Slight.. 12. *Same as sugar-loaf. tBadly mixed. Comparison of varieties discove'rs many old acquaintances under new names .' The "sugar loaf" melon has been growing in Georgia Wind Alabm o he nearly half a century, and has continuously sustained- a high character. for productiveness andl excellent qu'ality. It came to us' from a seedsma which was not only ietcl years ago, as 'Jordan's Gray Monarch." Last year it was extensively advertised under the attractive namne of in every respect, with the old sugar loaf, but produced the same sport-a melon of the same form, but of a darker gray., In 1888-the Kob Gemt cam ou Ironclad ." This yeathol as "New Round Excelsior." The same year almost a fac-simile of the rattlesnake came under the name of rattlesnake comes as "The Wild." For shipping, no other variety compares with the Kolb Gem. For home use, there are several -varieties superior to it, being of finer flavor andhvn Loaf, Florida Favorite and Pride of Georgia. The Cuba is known in Georgia under the lcanme more tenderfiesh. Among these are the Cuba, of "Tinker," "Simpson," and "Kirkpatrick6" It is the sweetest melon grown. but is too small for market. The Georgia rattlesnake possesses fine ulte shapes. The. sugar loaf is probably the most prolific variety yet tested. Watermelncos when fully developed, but has a tendency to grow in so reatdily that a patch of //i rrviug-ib-ed~t is rarely seen oh our farlns. This station Will distribute, during the W-inter, a few pure Cuba and sugar~laml on seed i and somfe Nilnon cantaloupe need, for, trial in different parts of the State. 1196 9.7 9 18 7.64 1050 .96 Slight Brown.d'krv Slight Wh. with br' tips I'm' None .. 'kr None Black..p'le V'y l'g Wh-iite Red.v'yg'd Slight Wh' with hr' tips. Red Bs Brown. "'Seminole," "Mammoth Sugar irregular VARIETIES. Form. Color of Rind. Color of Flesh. Yellow..... Bright red. Red.......(ood Quiality. Seedsman. REMARKS. Presented by Chancellor Foster. by Mr. Cox. Presented by. Mr. Averett. Birdsong........ Cyawford*. Kentucky Pearson*. 'he Wild Wonder. Oblong Green.... ... .Round. Mixed Oblong Dark rattle-snake. . Good..... .. ..... Very goodPresented N. B. G. Co. .Very . . Oblong Dark rattle-snake. Oblong Green.......... . . Bright red. Orange red .. . Ruby Gold ... *Local Very. good . good........ . . .. Henderson'. Hend erson Oblong Same as Georgia Rattle-snake. names for an old variety-known in Florida as "Florida Favorite"-known in Burkeut, as the "Lawson Melon"--supposed to be the parent of the, Georgia, Rattlesnake. Ga., thirty years ago B EANS--I3USIE OR DWARFIF VARIETY. PLANTED APRIL 15, 1890. Time Color. Form. ProductivGrowth of Affected with REMARK Edible. ness. Vine. Authracnose. Bismark................... Buist ...... June 5 Wax ... Round..... Very Good . Vigorous.. Slight. Black-Eyed Wax.............. Thorburn .. June 9 Wax.. Round .... Good. Poor........Slight. California Tree.................N B & G Co . .. Green .. Roundish... Very Good Vigorous. Free. Canadian Wonder ............. Thorburn... June 9 Green .. Flat....... Very Good . Very Vigorous Slight. Crystal Wax............... Thorburn ........ Wax .. Flat....... Very Good . Very Vigorous........... Cylinder Black Wax.,...........Henderson. June 5 Round. .:.: Best....... Vigorous. Badly. Dun Colored Bush.............Thorburn... June 7 Green .. Flat........ Good...... Vigorous. Slight. Dwarf Black Wax........... . Thorburn... June 5 Wax ... Round......Good.... Poor ........ Fret........ Dwarf Ivory Pod Wax .......... Thorburn... June 5 White.. Flat....... Very Good Poor ......... Free ...... Dwarf Mexican Tree........... Thorburn........Green.. Roundish,. Very .Gqod Vigorous. Free . Dwarf White Wax........... Thorburn... June 7 Wax.. Short & Flat Very ;Good,.Poor... .Very Slight,.. Early China..................Thorburn... June 9 Green .. Slort Flat Good. Poor.....Very Slight... Early Thorburn.. June 9 Green.. Long & Flat Very Good . Very Vigorous Free...... Early Round Six Weeks.......Thorburn... June 9 Green.. Flat... .. Very Good;. Very Vigorous Very Slight Early Valentine......... ...... , Thorburn... June 10 Green Round;..... Very Good.Very Vigorous Free .. Prolific Dwarf Wax ... Ely........June 5 Wax Round..Very ,Good .,Vigroius. Extra Early June 8 Green Flat.......Very Good. Very Vigorous Free ... Golden Butter Thorburn...June 2 Wax .. Round..... Good. Free....... Golden Refugee.... ...... .Thorburn... June 12 Pea Gr'n Round,. Very Good .;Vigorous. Medium. Golden Wax Bush............Thorburn. .. June 5 Wax . L'g & Round Best....... Vigorous. King of the Green's Flagoelet .... Thorburn. . June 10 Green .. Flat.......Best.. .Vigorous. Free. . Woody. Large White Kidney. .... Thorburn... June 10 Green . Good. Very Vigorous Free . Lemon Pod.Wax............Thorburn . Failed to Vegetate NAME. SEEDSMAN. Wax Mohawk................ & Ely's .Maine...........horburn Wax............. Badly. Poor..... Slight. Flat......., Low's New Champion........ Thorburn .. Marble Head Dwarf Horticultural .Ne Plus Ultra............. e aeWx: ... Tobr. Thorburn... Thorburn....... June 9 Pea Gr'n-Very Best .. Green . Flat.:.....Gogd,..r June 10 Green. Roun'ish .flat Best... ue7Wa..Fa et... Flat.... . . .. Very Vigorous Free ..... Poor........ Very Slight.. Woody. Vigorous.Free ioos Vr lgt . New White Valentine....... ... Thorburn,. Red Kidney ............... .Thorburn. Refugee, or 1000 to 1 Saddle Wax.................. Scimieter ...................... ............ June 10 Pea Gr'n Flat...... June 7 Green. Very Flat 9 Pea Gr'n Round 10 Wax .. Round. 10 D'k Gr'n Flat....... Best.....Vigorous : Very Good:. Vigorous . Best......Vigorous.:..,Free Good.. Poor ........ Best.... ,... Vigorous Very Sight .. Very Slight.. Woody. .. Badly . Very Slight.. Woody. Thorburn.. June .I~aridreth.'.. June Thorburn .. Tune .. Thorburn's Ex. . Early Refugee . Thorburn.. Wardwell's New Dwarf......... Thorburn.. White Marrow.................EThorburn.. Wonder of France.............. Thorburn... Yosemite.............Henderson . June 9 June 7 June. June 10 June Pea.G r'n Wax .. Green . D'k Gr'n ... Round Flat. & Long Flat..:. Flat....... Round. 10 Wax "..Best... Vigorcous .irree . . Best.....Vigorous ;....ee Best.....Very Vigorous. Very Slight. Woody. Best Very Vigorous, Free......... Woody. . PorVery or..... ... Slight.. Good .... ''oMA.TOES--Seeds sown~ March 21lst- Tzracispla~xte6 Corrua n.. May 5th, 1 890_ NAME OF VARIETIES. Seedsman. 0.., U Form. Color. gations. ,"U a SCore. Flavor Remarks. F134 e33 t1 Burpee......... July20 Round 1-6 Slight Good Light red... None.. Chernin........... 23 None 14 V'y" v'y g'd Dwarf Champion. Thorburn.. Roundish flat Pinkish. ... None July20 Hebnderson... Early Ruby......... No test. Plants all d'd 2%4None 5Y2 No test. Plants all d'd Earliest of All. Northrop,B.& G.Co .... 13 IDcid'd Best. Standard. [Light yellow Decid'd l 74 Irregular Golden Queen. Landreth........July17 taa None Slight 13 V'ys l v'y g'd Roundish.... Red Haines' No. 64. Hallock.........July17 43 None None. Dcid'd Good Small but very prolific 1% Pinkish.... None. Horsford's Prelude.... Thorburn......july17 Round None July22 A very super'r variety. . Ignotum.. Roundish flat Red... None. 2. 314 None 1-6 Slight Best R ih. 51 None Livingston's Beauty .. Red... . July17 6 3 .. u37d 3 None 1-6 Slight Best. Standard. 1-12 None Good Standard. l.% 3 Livingston's Favorite. . Light red.. None July22 423 ...... 1% None Light red... None. Matchless......... July 22 H allock .......... 2% None 1-12 V'y sl. Good [tie red cherry. None.. 1-6 V'y sl. v'yg'd Red New Paragon ... July20 4 1-6 Thorburn .. ...... Size and shape of litNone Yellow. New Zealand Fig.. July17 Hallock .. ........ 1-12 None. Good. Nonej Red .. Optimus ......... .July20 2/3 ... Thorburn ....... . . 214 None Sam' as Dw'fCh'mp'n July22 .6l... Station Upright Tree.. July22 4 5-6 Roundish flat Light .4..... None. . 134 Thorburn's New Jersey None. 1-6 Dcid'd Good .... 42% July17 Light red'... None. Volunteer ...... .4. ..... 1%a The same plan was adopted with tomatoes as with melons-a few standard varieties only were used with which to compare the new candidates. By length is meant the diameter which is a continuation of the axis of the stem. By diameter is meant the length of the axis at right angles to this. betwecn the weight of the whole tomato and that after cutting away the thicker part around the stem cavity. The "waste" is the o..... Il. V Obur GG G red. .. difference O 13 Seeds furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, sown April 5th, and produced sets which were planted September 25th, 1889. Time Diam. Remarks. Form. Color. ripe in 1890. iniches Round ... Yell'w Standard variety. Danvers Yellow. J'ne 14 2 Roundish. Whi'e Early and desirable. .. My 30 24 Early Garden Roundish.. Whi 'e and desirable. Early Norcera.M'y.30,34 Whi 'e Very early and Flat ... Early White .... M'y 9 34 Extra Early Red. M'y 30 3'j Flat . *. Yell'w Yellow instead of red. Yell'w Flat Madeira... ...... J'ne 10 3 Flat. Large and fine, 10 3'4 Roundish..Red. Giant Red Rocca .J'ne Giant Yel. Globe Rocca J'ne 10 3%~ Roundish. Flat ... Yell'w Superior. Giant'White Italian . M y 30 4 334 Roundish.. Yell'w Large and fine. Mammoth Pompeii.... J'nelO Red. Large and fine. Mam'oth R'd Garganus M y 30 3?/~ Flat . ... Mammoth Red Pompeii Jone 10 334 Round.. Yell'w Large and fine. Whi 'e Superior. 414 Flat-. Mammoth Silver King.: Whi 'e Extra early & desirable New Adriatic Barletta.. M y, 9 2j4 Flat ... Round. .. Yell w Round Madeira ... J'nel10 4 Whi 'e Extra early & desirable White Maggiajola . M'y 9 34 Flat... Varieties, Queen White Queen Early fine. Veli'w My30 2?39 14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC., PRESENTED TO THE STATION, 1890. Barley D. H. Tolbot, Sioux City, Iowa.........................Black (Van Detnan, Strawberry Plants Jacob C. Bauer, Judsonia, Ark.. "Mitchell's Early, (Doubravas, No.3. Peter Henderson & Co., New York.........Vegetable and Flower Seeds Raspery Plants .. G. H. Miller & Son, Ronne,Ga ....... Geo. D. Norris, New Market, Alai...................Vegetable Seeds Plow Stock and Attachments S, W. Hatcher, Ceres;.Ga. ........... J. R. Hawkins, Mountainville, N. Y.........Banquet Strawberry Plants W. E. Alexander, Leighton, Ala..............Venango Grape Cuttings Judge J. B. Jones, Her don, Ga................Bertram Grape Cuttings G. R. Banks. Tallassee. Ala..................Wafford Grape Cuttings B. F. Ingram, Marvyn, Ala...................Wafford Grape Cuttings Heller, Hirsh Co., New York.........One Sack Evaporated Tankage hite's Northern Muscat Grape Vincs Geo. Watson, Chicago, Ill.. Stephen Hoyt's Sons, New Canaan, Conn .. Green Mountain Grape Vines Storm Proof Cotton Seed W. J.' Smilie, Baileyville, Texas ............... F. & WI. Altec Burpee ................................... Miss Lespedza Cyrtobotrya Seed Prof. S. M. Tracy, Agricultural Red Blackberry Ala....................... Virgil Wilson, J as. B. Olcott, South Manchester, . Grass Seeds and Sets Festuca No 1 Vernon Rhodes, Memphis, Tenn.......................Cultivator Hoe ... Casava Roots and Canes A. B. Stroud, Haines City, Fla ............. Smiths, Powell & Lamb, New York .... 2 Group Pictures, Holstein Cattle ... Peach and Plum Seeds U. S. Dep't. Agr. Washington, D. C........ " H-untsville, College. . Vegetable Seeds Coan. ".. " ~Fig " " Osier Willow Cuttings, 13 Cuttings, from Smyrna, 12" Varieties ,...... Cotton Seed, 2 Varieties ................ SSorghum Seed, 13 Varieties for Fall Planting, 2 Varieties . .Wheat 240 15 Appendix to Bulletin No. 20, of the Alabama Experiment Station. REPORT OF THE ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. Co-operating with the U. S. Signal Service. October, 1890. STATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUT.E, Auburn, Ala., November 15th, 1890. S The rainfall for October was rather large. and the most of it fell during the first two weeks of the month. So much moisture falling on the cotton fibre in such a short period produced damaging results The last part of the month, however, was clear and very favorable for rapidly gathering the cotton that quickly opened under the warming influence of the sun's rays. The average precipitation for the month was 1.54 inches above the normal. The last of October was cool, that reduced the average temperature 2.05 below the normal. The first frost occurred on the 15th, throughout North Alabama. It was light, however, and not much damage was done. The first killing frost that occurred, throughout the State, was on the 28th. That was accompanied by thin ice. On the 31st there was another heavy frost with ice. 241 16 MONTHLY SUMMARY. Atmospheric pressure (in inches) -Monthly mean, 30.043; maximum observed, 30.420, at Livingston on 31st; minimum observed, 29.615, at Chattanooga on 29th; range, .805. Temperature (degrees F.)-Monthly mean, 62.3; highest monthly mean, 68.5, at Citronelle; lowest monthly mean, 56.1, at Valley Head; maximum, 93, at Citronelle, on 4th and 5th; minimum, 28, at Valley Head 31st; range for State, 65; greatest local monthly range, 57, at Valley Head. Precipitation, .including melting snow, (in inches).-Average for the State, 4.01; greatest, 7.33, at Opelika; least, 1.90, at Fort Deposit. Mean relative humidity, 82, at Auburn; 77, at Montgomery; 90.4,at Valley Head; at Uniontown, 77.3 Wind-Prevailing direction, N. W; miles traveled, at Chattanooga, 4,036; at Montgomery, 3,333; at Mobile, 5,185; at Auburn, 3,940. on J. M. Q U A RLES, P. Assistant. H. MELL, Director. NOTES FROM OBSERVERS. Greensboro, (M. H. Yerby)-The first three weeks of the month the weather was very unpropitious and retarded the gathering of cotton very materially-but the last ten days of the month were beautiful, with continuous sunshine, so that cotton picking has progressed finely and the crop will be gathered without great damage. Killing frost and thin ice occurred in this locality on the 30th and 31st, which is a month earlier than for the past two years. Livingston, (J. W. A. Wright).-Our rainfall for October (2.82 inches) was less than the normal which is 2 90. Of this amount, only 0.39 fell in the first 14 days; 0.95 fell during the storm of 15th and 16th, and 1.48 during the storm of 21st and 22d. No precipitation on the last 9 days of the month. So, altogether, October was true to its record, as, in the long run, October, September and May are our months of the least rainfall. On the 15th, 20th and 24th the minimum temperature was 410 each day, and there were light frosts. Minimum on the 27th, 28th and 31st, respectively, was ° 0 390, 38 and 340 each, with a little heavier frost. The average here of 600 ior the month, is 30 cooler than the normal for October. Valley Head, (Dr. E. P. Nicholson).-The first frost of the month, and of the autumn, occurred on the 14th; first severe frost on the 19th, with very thin ice crystals; on the 28th and 31st, killing frost, with ice The minimum thermometer regirtered 240. This is the lowest I have seen recorded anywhere South. Jasper, (Howard Lamar).--The latter part of the month has been clear and cool. Frost occurred 9 days during latter half of month, and ice twice. All vegetables have been killed by recent frosts and forest trees are shedding their leaves very rapidly. 242 17 TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERATURES-OCTOBER, 1890. (The observations for this table were taken at Auburn, Ala. A. M. LLOYD, Observer. NOTE-There are three sets of thermometers-N'os. 1 and 2 are situat. ed on a hill in sandy soil, and No. 3 is placed near a small stream in bottomn land. The depth of instruments range from 1 inch to.96 inches ;below the surface, and the observations are made three times each day-morning, noon, and evening. Depth in Inches. 1 3 6 9 12 24 36 48 Set No. 1, on Hill. 66.00 65.2 64 6 64.9 68.0 69.4 71.2 72.3 Set No. 2, on Hill. 65.50 Set in Bottom. 67.00 No. 3, 60 72 84 96 I L 65.7 G5.7, 65.2. 64.9 67.7 69.7 70.9 71.6 71'.8 72.2 72.3 66.6 66.4 65.7 65.5 68.2 69.5 70.7 71.5 243 Monithly Su~mmary of Meteorological iReports of the Alabamna Weather Service, October, 1890. r c3 a) BA{O1vE TERt. Min. Max.I if lf.' 1F r1P :fl'JM.'L1 ? TCi' A ip T T -" W I I I I I A'1'!1JIsL. aMax. Min T b.) -W STATIONS. COUNTIES., C3 a) O0 OBSERVERS. O0 O .0C "i r a ea a) CS a) a 251 ) 6 Ga) O 0. a) Z' a) 23134 Se 32.28 37 00 Dallas ... Selma . 1031 31.34 33 37 Valley Head DcKalb .. 3.03030 31 33 Pine Apple...... 34.48 87.37 Florence .... Lauderdale. 783 33 0 3 85 30 Chattano'ga Tennessee.. Montgomery Montgomery 219 32 22 36 23 30.044 30. 272? Marion. .. Perry ... 516 32 12 85 39 Union Spr'gs Bullock .. . 31.43 8.7 12 Bermuda. .. Monroe.. 30.41 88 20 30 054 30.292 Mobile. ... . $7.00 29.6163 876.4 51 1380 36.1 67.7 44.6 83 63.5 74.7 52.36a~ 61.6 72.8 50.4 83 39.5 68 3 X0.7 S4 29 7356 65.0 74.3 .55.8 88 65.0 86 83 (30.8 (36. 817:5.2 55.8'68 13 34 31 55 12 28 31 57 6 33 27-31 32 10-12 30 ;0)33 12 33 28 31 5 37 31 51 5 43 5 36 4-10 .41 31 43 28 2 0 E. P. Nicholson. N w *j[. M.Pindell. C. WV. Ashcraft. 6.5 *L. Dunne. Carrollton. . Pickens Mobile 29.695 27415 40 20.1 3.44 227 . Auburn .... Livingston. . Greensboro. Lee .. Sumter. Hale ... Mt. Willing Lowndes.:I Uniontown. Perry ... Citronelle .. Mobile . Fayette .. .. Fayette . Opelika .... Lee ... Guntersv ille. Marshall. Chepultepec Blount.. Columbiana Shelby Centre..... Cherokee. Double Sp'gs Winston . Butler ... Choctaw... Jasper. .Walker. . Tuscumbia . Colbert . Fort Deposit) Lowndes. Means ............. 5 36 826 32 40 8.30 30 030 30 303 3l! 29 78 7 22 03.0 71 1 36.0 83.5 . 84 3,6,12 38 150 32 34 38 08 30 018 30.420 31 29.970 29 60.0 .. 5,11 36 86 62.8 .... 220 32 41 87.36 5-7 31 . 84 32 07 36.45 63.35 5 36 273 32 28 36.44 30.030 30.300 3tL29 0922 64.1 74.1 34.1 87 38.5 80.7.56.2 93 37l 352 31.031 37 30 3 12 5 30 32.43 35.28 60.8 70.9 50.883 65 34 24 36 18 890 33 36 20 14 29 60.3 71.1 49.5 84 560 33 13 36 33. 728 34 10 35 42 7 30 57.1 5 1.0 79 34.08 85 35 32.05 37.24 12 31 61.371.331.383 310 33 49 38.12 12 34 . 83 37.9 ... 463 34.42 37.38 5 38 64.9 74.8 53.0'89 36 36 (2.3 73.1532.35 30 0431 33.42 4, 5 31 47.5 17.67.33 2846 1; 50 218.8 5.87 3153 6.55 31 51 31 56 1(0.93.583153 542.084i Ne N *A ,N. Q..paiies. Nw J. M. Nw Wight N.w TM Yerby. Wmn. M Garrett Pritchard. L. Stansel. J. W.A. .H. R. J. G rady . Win. Fowler. . E H . Ncwman. J. G. Michael. W. 1-Ion. D.Collier. 58 3.15 31 5 31 49 31 32 31 31 3031 31.1 87 8 7 20.63.21 A. J. Baker. W .B. Aligood. W . D. Lovett. Thos. Bradford. A. Weiler. B. F. Gilder. Howard Lamar. S w L. B . Thornton. M. 34.42 Nw T 'I NOTE .-*Sergeants of the Signal Service. tCotton Belt Stations. Fxperien BULLETIN NO, 21. OF DEC. 1890. AGR/C UL TURAL EXPERIMENT STA TION. Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUB.JI-N,. 0 ALA. A .New Root Rot JDisease of Cottomb Report ctf Alabama Weather Service. 0 ~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State on application to the Director. 24~5 Board of Visitors. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION : HON. J. G. GILCHRIST, HON. R. F. LIGoN, HON. J. B. MITCHELL.. Board of Direction. W. J. N. P. G. L. BRtOUN ............................................. .................. ....... 5,ENEWIHAN ............ T. LUPTON ..................................... H. MELL.......................................Botanist F. ATKINSON................. ......... ...... President. Director and Agriculturist. Vice-Director and Chemist. and Meteorologist. Biologist. ............................ ASSISTANTS: ISAAC J. Ross. First Assistant Agriculturist, charge ............. Live Stock and Dairy. JAS. 'CLAYTON.... T. ANDERSONI, PH. D................... ........ ............. Second Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. ........... L. W. WILKINSON, M. Se.... ......... .............. HUTcHISoN, B. Sc.............. .................. ................ A. M. LLOYD, B:e.... ........................... W. B. FRtAzer ...... P. L. econd Assistant Chenmist. Third Assistant Chemist. Assistant Botanist. .Clerk and Accountant. : 46 A New Root Rot Disease of Cotton. GEO. ' F. ATKINSON. In response to a circular letter issued from the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station during the early part of the summer of 1890, requesting specimens of cotton affected with the so-called "black rust,"' "red rust," "root rot," etc., I received specimens of. rotted roots of cotton from Saville, Ala. The specimens were sent by Mr. G. W. Rhodes of that place on whose farm they were collected. The disease was called by him "'root rot. and the roots were certainly in quite an advanced stage of decay. The two roots sent were tap roots and were probably pulled up so that the decayed lateral roots were broken away. I expected to find the Ozonium described by L. II. Pammel as being the cause of a root rot disease of cotton in Texas (Bulletins Non;. 4 and 7, Tex. Ag. Ex. St.). There were no external signs of the mycelium of a fungus visible to the unaided eye, and exam ination was made by taking cross-sections. In all the preparations fungus threads were present, having penetrated the dead tissue. I supposed these were probably connected with the Ozonium, though we would expect .to find various saprophytic fungi attacking such tissues. In one preparation, however, peculiar fat globules were present in quanity in enlarged cavities. Upon close examination I found also peices of a thin memnbrane marked with irregular rugosities and strive. 247 This at once suggested to nme the presence of the female cysts of Heterodera radicicola (Greef) Mull., a root-gall nematode, which was made the subject ofja special study* by myself one year ago, and is known to be very injurious to many plants. The subject now possessed a new interest and I made a special trip to Saville the early part of September to thoroughly investigate the disease and various stages. of plants in to make careful collections Although I possessed the faint suggestions of the presence of Heterodera in the material sent me, I was quite surprised( to find that this worm was the cause of the disease. more or less affected. .In some places there There were perhaps two or three acres in the field that were were spots several These spots were often connected by areas more or less affected, and in some places an dead ones. a shovel. square rods in extent on which the cotton was entirely dead. apparently healthy plant was surrounded by were carefully dag up with Only a portion The plants [ examined At first I selected those entirely dead. of the tap root remained attached to the stem, the lower portion having rotted away. To the' plants which had recently died portions of the lateral roots remained however, easily breaking away. In a:few cases, even tho,!gh the characteristic galls could bescen on ed tap roots no galls could be found roots were we t l rotted, the some of the lateral roots, On the- decaysince the tissues were well in connection, the majority, being oval and somewhat one-sided enlargements. broken down.A few plants which had been-buadly diseased showed evidence of partial recovery, young branches growing from the lower part of the stem. Such plants yielded unmistakable eviWhile the lower end of the of the ground which had These lateral roots dence of the work of Heterodera. a number of roots near the surface given it the fresh impetus for possessed an abundance of the galls, tap root had rotted away, the plant had succeeded in putting out growth. and the peculiar ,racked * Science Contrbutions from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Vol. I. No. I., Dec. 1890. An abstract prepared by the author was published in the March and April (1890) numbers of the Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga., uuder the title, "'Nematode Root-Galls." 248 kU I Kt PLATE I ATKIN11N, ANEW R FCTO TDSAE HOT DISEASE OF COTTON. 5 and scabby lateral galls on the upper portion of the tap root showed how thoroughly infected the plant had been. But the richest specimens were found in plants the first external signs of the disease. In which showed these specimens not only was there a profuse development of the galls on the lateral roots, but nearly the entire lower portion of the tap root was affected, having large lateral galls, and scabby in appearance. specimens collected by myself. which from age were cracked is from a photograph of This is the appearance of the old Plate I. larger galls on all plants, and lays these parts under contribution to various putrefactive bacteria and saprophytic fungi so that the roots of many plants literally rot off. has this effect in the case of the diseased. off below. quickly The presence of the worm that are badly tomato plants The tap root is always very freely attacked and rots Tomato plans seldom die outright as a result of the out numerous lateral roots above the point of decay of the lower part of the tap root, for they are capable of sendlin: injury and thus tide the plant along. Cotton plants do not have Ihe power of seuding out lateral roots so readily near the sur- face of the ground when the stem becomes rather old and are therefore more liable to serious injury when badly diseased. Mr. Rhodes was not acquainted with the characteristics of nematode root-galls and was not aware tree that any plants in his neighI noticed one old peach informed that ago. a peach At my and borhood were affected by such a disease. still in the cotton field, and was orchard occupied the grounds about twenty years okra plants found them very badly diseased. fected. request we visited the garden and upon pulling up tomato This was sufficient evidence that portions of the grounds there were very badly inThe external manifestations of the disease in cotton are strikingly similar to those of the root rot disease caused by Ozonium as described by Pammel; changing of the spots. the irregular distribution of the spots as well as the tendency to increase in extent and sometimes the Also as in the case of Ozonium the first This similarity in exterexternal sign of the disease is the sudden wilting of a plant on a hot sunshiny day, especially after rain. 249 nal appearance is easily accounted for from the nature of the disease, since the condition of the roots prevents the absorption of water in quantities equal to that transpired by the leaves, though there may be an abundance of water in the soiL time the plant rapidly declines. The diseased plants begin to die about the disease continues throughout the season. In my studies last autumn I found cotton affected at Auburn, but not seriously. attacked while were developed. The worms are able to live and develop in the roots of a great variety of plants, though some plants are more subject to serious attack. There are indications that they may become somewhat provincialized in their tastes, Some cotton planted in September of the preswas, in some cases, seriously ent year for experimental purposes time of "chopping out" the cotton in May, when the plants are quite small, and the From this yet only one or two leaves above the cotyledons in some localities attacking more seriously plants which in other localities ate not much injured. If deprived for some time of the food plant will affect more seriously caped their injuries. That the worm can produce a serious disease of cotton, and is more widely and thoroughly distributed than is generally known, increases the gravity of an already serious question. It may be of interest for the readers of this article to have a short account of this worm. * Other examples of nematode worms are found in the trichina of pork, which produces in man the disease known as trichinosis; in the '"vinegar eel" or "paste worm;" and in the so-called worm," one of the Gor'didce, popularly morphosed horse hair. The eggs are bean-shaped, and 250 of them placed end to end would make a line one inch long. The young worm, or larva, hatches from the egg in about a week's time in favorable weather. * This account of the worm is quoted from an article by myself in the they prefer they es- the ones which formerly nearly "hair supposed to be a meta- Agricultural Journal, Montgomery, Ala., Nov. 1890, entitled "Danger from the continued Distribution of the Root-Gall Nematode." 250 7 It is "thread like" or "eel like," from which the family of worms to which this one belongs gets its name of Anguillulidce. It is blunt at the head end and narrowly pointed at the tail. The mouth is in the center of the blunt head. In the oesophagus is a short, slender spear which the worm can thrust forward partly out of the mouth and then draw it back. By thrusting this spear forward the worms puncture holes in the roots which enables them to enter. Once in the root the worm moves around, sucks the juice, and, by its presence, stimulates the tissues of the root toabnormal growth, and thus the galls are formed. The worm now becomes stationary in the tissues of the gall, moults its skin the second time, having moulted once just about the time of hatching; it distends by growth into a vesicular body resembling a gourd. the males and females. small Before it is fully grown important differences appear in The males instead of disiending farther shrink away from their skin, leaving it as an "empty shell," exactly the shape of their body when they resembled a small gourd. As they shrink in diameter theyincrease in length until when inide their again, which to the The distended cast off skin makes the The males have fully developed they are coiled three or four times distended cast off skin. third moult. While they are elongating they moult makes four times for the males. ieturned eel form of the worm. but are much longer than the larva and have blunt tails instead of narrowly pointed ones. break through their cystic wall seek They now (the distended cast off skin) and the female to fertilize her. Twenty or twenty-five males placed end to end would make a line one inch long. The female continues to distend so that she a stout gourd, the head being at the small end. not so large as a gourd, since it takes about females to make a mass so large as Each female contains from 200 to 300 eggs. closely resembles Of course she is five millions of the sized gourd. larvre hatch The a common while yet within her body because she is imprisoned in the rpots, unless some accident happens to the gall which breaks it. In favorable weather the worm will develop ?from the the mature female, to eggs again in about one month. b( seen Ihat they develop very rapidly. 251 egg to So it will 8 REMEDIES. There are many nurseries, market gardens, propagating houses and less pretentious places for growing such plants as the peach, grape, cabbage, tomato, Irish potato, etc., for sale, or even to give away, to be transplanted, that are infected with this worm. When soil is once infected it is very difficult to get rid of the worm. The most important action is to prevent the farther distribution. Irish potatos are one of the most prolific sources of infection and the only way to tell certainly when they are infected is to know whether or not the soil where they were grown is free from the worm, and the seed potatos from which the crop was raised were also free. The purpose of this bulletin is to warn farmers and horticulturists to be very cautious as to the source from which they get rooted plants or tubers for planting in their fields or gardens. Where land is already infested, though no remedy is known, there are some practical suggestions to be made, which if followed will keep the worms somewhat in check. ROTATION OF CROPS.-By growing for a few years on badly infected soil, plants which are known to be insusceptible to the attacks of the worm, the numbers can be greatly reduced. It should be some crop that can be cultivated, or else weeds should be pulled from the ground. If a crop susceptible to the .attacks of the worm were grown every third year probably it would suffer much less harm. *CLEAN CULTIVATION.-The absence of clean cultivation is one of the most fruitful scources of the thorough impregnation of the soil with the worms. It was of course impossible to make an application of this principle to the enemy in question before that enemy was known, and especially before the time required for its complete development from the egg had been determined. INow that these facts are known and since we know many of the plants subject to the disease it is to be hoped this method will be employed by those desirous of :subduing the worms. Not * The remaining suggestions are taken from my article in Science Contributions from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Dec. 1889, pp. 47-50, Vol. I., No. I. 252 9 only should an effort be made to prevent the growth on arable land of all plants growing wild which are liable to serious infection, but so soon as a crop has been gathered, or it is found that the crop will not be worth gathering, from any cultivated plant liable to serious infection the farther growth of the plants should be stopped, or what be a serious is better the roots of the plants should be In gardens this would not I gathered and :burned when possible. task compared with the benefit to be derived. have noticed cabbages, tomatoes and potatoes, all of which are seriously susceptible to the disease, growing in an abandoned condition for two months in the latter part of the season, all the while providing for the rapid development and multiplication of the parasites. During this time two successive generations of the Each female egg would on the average, worms are developed. 200 young. making no allowance for fatalities, produce in the first generation Allowing 50 per cent. of these for mal s there would These would then on the basis of a similar comThen during the time of the abanbe 100 to start the second generation for every one at the beginning of the first. ers putation produce 20,000 young or 10,000 females to be the producof the third generation. doned growth of these diseased plants every productive parasite has produced 10,000 productive parasites. TREATMENT OF PERENNIALS.-The fig, etc. greatest care should be exercised in the cultivation of perennials like the grape, peach, The young plants should be obtained from sources where The orit is known they have been grown in non-infected soil. of insusceptible plants. be rendered sterile by worms. a fertilizer plants liable to the disease discontinued. chard or grapery should be selected and by a system of cultivation starving out the should be Then the practice of cultivating either for forage or as in the orchard Where orchards or graperies are so seriously in- jured as to interfere with the productiveness of the trees or vines, they might be preserved for a few years while the orchard is renewed in soil freed from the worms, when they should be destroy- ed. The peach trees and grape vines which I have examined in the vicinity of Auburn, while slightly affected do not appear yet to 253 10 suffer any serious consequences. Young trees and seedlings are more seriously affected. The most badly diseased grape cuttings I have seen were those grown very near diseased cabbages and tomatoes. Care should also be used in the cultivation of seed potatoes which.are not infected. TRAPPING THE WORMS.-In Germany cultivators of the sugar beet have resorted with a degree of success to trapping the worms of a related species (H. Schachtii)* from badly infected soils by the cultivation of plants very susceptible to the disease, and then gathering the roots before the worms are fully developed and destroying them. Such plants they call plants" (" COMPOSTS.-If roots are ever used* in the making of composts great caution should be used since there is danger of infecting soils hitherto free from the wormsi by fertilizing such land with compost naterial containing diseased roots. Kiihut has shown that such infection does take place in the case of a related species, Heterokra Schachtii Schmidt, and also states the material may be rendered innocuous by placing unslacked lime in layers with the infected refuse of plants which may be used in compost. PLANTS AFFECTED.-The following list of plants affected with the Nematode root -galls is by no means complete. It.comprises only such as with limited time I have been able to deter- "catch 4Fangpflanzen") . that mine thus far in the vicinity of Auburn: 1 Amygrialus Persica (peach). 2 Ficus Carica (fig). 3 Vitis vinifera (grape, several varieties). 4 ftSolanum tuberosuin (potato). 5 Solanum escuientum (egg plant). 6 tLycoperscium 'esculentum (tomato). 7 Physalis sp. 85f Abutilon sp. 9 10 11 12 tGossypium herbiceum (cotton). Hibiscus esculentus (okra). SIda spinosa. Modiola multifida. *Sorauer, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Vol. II D. 851. IDle Ruben Nematode. der Provinz Zeitschrift des landwirthsehrtft~ie(tex Ccatr.1 -Vceins 12. pp. fBadly Sachisen. No. 332-3135. 1870. 254 affected. 11 13 Cassia obtusifolia (coffee weed). 14 Dolichos catiang (cow pea), 15 Phaseolus. 16 Lespedeza striata (Japan clover). 17 Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot clover). 18 Melilotus alba. 19 Ipomcea tamnifolia. 20 Ipomoea lacunosa. 21 Clematis sp. 22 Phytolacca decandra. 23 tHelianthus annuus (sunflower) 24 tCitrullus vulgaris (watermelon). 25 tCucumis melo ("nutmeg melon," "citron"). 26 Beta vnlgaris (beet). 27 Amarantus retroflexus (spineless careless weed). 28 Ch nopodium Anthelminticum (worm seed)29 Zea mays (corn). 30 tBrassica oleracea (cabbage). 31 Brassica Rapa (turnip). 3:2 tBrassica campestris rutabaga (rutabaga). 33 Marrubium vulgare (borehound), 34 tPastinaca sativa (parsnip). 35 Lactuca sativa (lettuce). 36 tTragopogon porrafolius (salsify). tBadly affected. REPORT -OF THE- ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE, Co-operating with ,theU. S. Signal Service. November,' 1890. STATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Auburn, Ala., Dec. 15th,.1890. The month of November was 'remarkable for the 'fineweather prevalent during the entire period, the rather high temperature and the very small precipitation. Two observers reported a total absence of rain , and the average for the State was 3 .25 inches below the normal. The small amount of moisture thus indicated is singular this season of the year. The first few days of the month were cool and so was the last week, but the temperature generally was high and the weather dlelightfully mild and pleasant. The season was exceedingly favorable for harvesting and the. farmers have been .able to save their crops in excellent condition. Roses, delicate geranium and wild were in bloom up to the close of the month,and in fact no frost was heavy enough to destroy the buds of the tender plants exposed to the free circulating night air. The average tempera- flowers ture was 4 J. M. QUAHLES, c.4 Assistant. above the noanal. P. HI. MELL, Director. 256 13 MOTHILY SUMMARY. A'ITOSPIHERIC PRESSURE (in inches)-Monthly mean, 30.179; maximum. olserved, 30 .565, at Auburn on the 21; minimum observed, 29 .910, at Chattanoogaon the 3; for the State, .655. TEMPERATURE (Degrees F.)-Monthly mean, 57 highest monthly mean, 63 .6, at Citronelle; .lowestmonthly mean, 46 .7,at Double Springs; maximum observed, 85, at Citronelle on the 11 and 12; mimimumn observed, 23, at Valley Head on the 1 and 4; range for the State, 62; greatest local monthly range. 59, at Valleylead; least local monthly range, 39, at Union Springs. PRECIPITATION-INCLUDING MELTING SNOW (ilinches)Average for the State, .59; greatest, 1 .79, at Uniontown; least, 0 .00, at Bermuda and Columbiana; mean relative humidity,66. at Auburn, 65 at Uniontown, 83 .4 at Valley dead. WIND-Prevailing rirection, N. W. Miles travelled at Chattanooga, 3,140; at Montgomery, 2,077 at Mobile, 4,886; at Auburn, 2,167. range. .3; NOTES FRQOM OSERBVERS. Tusconbia (T1. B. Thornton) At 7 P. M. on the 23 a faint halo; on the 28 smoky looking a like Indian summer. Livingston (J. W. A. Wright).-lleavy frost and ice.ond the l~ittle 1st, 21st 27th, and 29th. Only twenty have brought us less than 41h, five two inches years out of the last of rain during INovember. Our average rainfall here for November 3..90, while in 1870 and 1875 we had over 7 inches, and in 1880 over 10 inches, in 1873 we had 1 .19 inches' in 1874, 1 .06 inches, but in 1876 only .52 inches; tn 1887 only .35, and in this November .67. of an inch. The average temperature for October was 3© cooler than normal for that month. The average temperature for November was .3' warmer than normal as shown by our observations for more than 23 years in wtern Greensbhorough (Vt. H. Ycrby) -,No Alabama. unusual phenonena this mnth, with the exception of the very small amount of precipitaIton, it having rained but one during the entire month. ]letter weather harves;ing a crop could not have been desired. for been gathereddayand the yield was The cotton crop has better than last year. 257 considerably 14 TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERATURES-NOVEMBER, 1890. (The observations for this table were taken at Aubnrn, A. Ala.) M. LLOYD, Observer. NOTE.--There are three sets of themometers-Nos. 1 and 2 are situated on a hill in sandy soil, and No. 3 is placed near a small stream in bottom land. The depth of instruments range from 1 inch to 96 inches below tue surface, and observations are made three times each day--morning, noon, and evuing. Set No. 1, onlll. 61.2 = 60.7 59.3 58.1 58.0 60.2 61.2 64.5 65.4 Set No. 2, on Hill. Depth in Inches. ___________ Set INo. 3, in PBotl oma. 1 3 6 9 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96._____67.7 62.2 61.4 60.6 59.2 58.4 60.1 60.1 62.6 63.8 64.0 64.6 61.lu 61.8 59.1 58.3 57.7 59.3 "60.7 61.7 65.8 ______ 258 Monthly Suimmary of Meteorological Reports of the Alabama Weather Service, November, BARDOMETER. MAX. MIN. ____TEMPERATURE. 1890. ~Nae of MAX. MIN. stations. (Counties, C Selma. Valley Head.. Pine Apple F1lorence . Ch attanooga.. Mo ntgomery.. Marion . Bermuda .. Mobile ... Carrollton ".' Auburn.. Livingston,.. Greensboro .. . Mt. Willing .. i~niontown.. Citronelle ... Fayette C H.. Opelika . Gunetersvill?. . Chepultepec. Columbiana Centre .. A 3 0Ona d ° ; A3Observers cd ° d ° Union Spr"'gs Spr'gs .. Jasper D )uble Butler... T ascumbia . Fort Piedmont.. Deposit.. 3228 8700. Dallas,... DeKalb...1:3l 34 34 3:337 .. 3135 8700. 34 48 87 37 . Laudlerdale. 21 Tennessee.783 3503 35.30 30 188 30 413 Montgomery. 219 32 22 36 23 30 168, 80 39.3 21 33 12 37 42. Perry .... .... Bullock..516 32 12 35 39. 3143 8712 .. Monroe,. 21 30 41 38 20 30 164;30 375 Mobile...30 38 03. Pickens. 21 Lee ......... 826 3240 35 30 30 224 30 565 20-22 32 34 38 08 30 190 30 170 Sumter .150 Hlale.........220 32 41 37 36. 32 0', 36 45. Lowndes . 12 28 36 44 30 140 30 380 20 Perry ... 31 03 8730. Mobile...352 33 42 83 12 .. Fayette .... 32 45 8528. .. Lce......... 34 24 36 18. Marshall .655 89 33 53 36 20). Blount .... Shelby...560 33 15 86 38. Cherokee,.28 34 10 85 42. 34 08 85 35. Winston .... 32 05 87 .. Choctaw . 310 33 49 83 12. Walker ... 34 42 87 33'.. 34 42 86 39. Lo wnde. ........... 468 Averages .. -II 53 I I I I .68 6874 82 79 8.2 1 11 l I -I 31 2 35 21. I I I I I 23 1-4 23 1 4 1 1 1-4 4 4 59 51 49 39" 51 45 45 52 48 50 53 6 3 3 5 4 1 Sw E.P.Nicholson ... 29 910 29 950 20 558 67 4 44 6 47 8 60 172 2 12-13 33 22 4 0.16 2.2 24 6 26 2C 60 3 . 3213 18 16 24 26 4 0.67 16 0.91 . 23 8 1.79 25 8 1.40 7 Nw 3' Nw " C. W. Aslicraft * L M. MLnu('li * L. Dunne 30*030 29 970 30.090 29 960 2 2 62 5... . 54 8 . 611712 51 60 8677 51 8 576708 444 59 1 ... 596984636765 507 .11.. 78 .. 39 18 30 81 81 11-12-13 36 78 11-12-16 15 81 80 9-10 81 33 29 3:3 31 32 6 8 0 6 85 17 11-12 1 ,N R. J. Grady 0 ... WM. Fowler 3 N * A. Pritchard .. M. L.Slansel. 2 E J. M. Quarles 1 'w J.W.A,Wright 1 N M. H. Yerby .... W. M. Garrett 1 NW W. H. Newman 3 .... J G Mlcnael ... Daniel Collier '0 .. A. J. Baker W. B. Allgoodl W. D, Lovett Thos. Bradtford 3 A, N. Weller B. F. Gilder .. Howard Lamar 2 Sw L. B. Thornton .... .... .... .... 55 70 39 9 80 68 74 16 25 28 27 28 55) 30 1 0 09 40 46 1.10 ... 467.... 537 7... 338 87-9.. 29 0 58 23 8 30 179 57 370.5 447j tCotton Belt Station 2531 59 18 2 *Sergeants of the United States Signal Corps.