C[RCULAR 2~73 SEPTEMiNBER 1984 ALABAMA Ali( [Ii H'11JAL I APERINICT STA[I ON ALB URN ii IXTH$I 1>1 11% XI HN li UIEBSI IN, ALABAMAI G~ALE A1 HI CIIA\ XX, IREHCTOR CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................. .................. ........................ ................ ..................... DEFINITIONS.............................. DESCRIPTIONS OF MAJOR CATFISH SPECIES ....................... 3 4 5 Channel Catfish ............................................... ..... ................ Blue Catfish ............................... . .............. W hite Catfish............... ..................... ............... Flathead Catfish .............................. Bullheads ....................................................... HISTORY OF PROPAGATED CATFISH .. DESCRIPTIONS OF CATFISH STOCKS ... ......................... 15 .................... 5 5 7 8 9 1 1 . ...................... 15 Farm Stocks ................ ............... 46 ................. Hatchery and Introduced Stocks.... ... 57 Research Stocks .... .................................... CATFISH BREEDING PROGRAMS .... ....................... 68 .......... ...................... ...... Strain Evaluation ....... ....................... Crossbreeding............................................. Hybridization and Polyploidization ................................... Mass Selection and Inbreeding.......................................... C ellular G enetics ................................................................. 68 68 69 70 71 GENETIC DATA AND PERFORMANCE RECORDS FOR RESEARCH STRAINS OF CATFISH ................................... 71 ....................... 88 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................ ....................... 89 REFERENCES...................................................... FIRST PRINTING 4M, SEPTEMBER 1984 Information contained herein is available to all persons without regard to race, color, sex, or national origin. ANCESTRY AND BREEDING OF CATFISH IN THE UNITED STATES REX A. DUNHAM and R. ONEAL SMITHERMAN' INTRODUCTION CATFISH have been important commercial and sport fish for several years. The first known spawning of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in captivity was reported in 1892 (40). Bullheads were cultured on a large scale in the late 1800's or early 1900's (41). The Kansas State Fish Hatchery at Pratt began propagating channel catfish as early as 1910. Recently, catfish has become the major aquaculture species in the United States. Seven catfish species are propagated by government or private hatcheries. They are black bullhead, I. melas, blue catfish, I. furcatus, brown bullhead, I. nebulosus, channel catfish, flathead catfish, Pylodictusolivaris, white catfish, I. catus, and yellow bullhead, I. natalis. The channel catfish is the primary species propagated because it has superior culture traits. The main objective of our survey was to document the origin, history, and breeding of various strains and stocks of catfish cultured at federal, state, university, and private hatcheries. Hopefully, this will enable determination of genetic diversity in current hatchery stocks. Information presented should indicate the relationships among various hatchery stocks. Another objective of this effort will be to document differences in performance of various stocks of catfish. There are 315 entries in the description of stocks. This represents entries from 192 farms, 58 state and federal hatcheries, and 10 research institutions. Response by government and research agencies was nearly 100 percent. The 192 private hatcheries represent approximately 19 percent of all catfish farms; these hatcheries comprise 60 percent of the farms producing catfish fingerlings. 'Respectively, tures. [3] Assistant Professor and Professor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacul- DEFINITIONS Crossbred catfish-Catfish produced by mating individuals from two different strains or lines of the same species (intraspecific). Crosses in this text are all listed female x male. Domestic strain-Catfish grown at farms or hatcheries that are at least two breeding generations (F2) removed from a wild strain of catfish. Environment-The collective circumstances and conditions in which an individual or population lives. F1 generation-The first filial generation, or the first-generation progeny following the parental, or P1 generation. F2 generation-The second filial generation, or the secondgeneration progeny following the parental, or P1 generation. Family selection-A selection program in which individuals are chosen for brood stock based on the performance of their family (full-sibs). Full-sibs-Brothers and sisters. Half-sibs-Half brothers and sisters (having one but not two common parents). Heterosis (hybrid vigor)--Performance of hybrids or crossbreeds that exceeds that of both parent types. Hybrid catfish-Catfish produced by mating individuals from two different species (interspecific). Inbreeding-The production of offspring by parents more closely related than the average of the population, e.g. brother-sister, father-daughter, uncle-niece matings. Karyotype-The sum of the specific characteristics of a cell nucleus including chromosome number, form, size, and points of spindle attachment. Line-A breeding population produced by one or more of the following directed breeding programs: mass selection, family selection, or inbreeding. Mass or individual selection-Selection of brood stock for the next generation which is based solely on the individual's performance. Stock-A fish population living and acting as a breeding unit at a single location (hatchery, stream, lake). Strain-A breeding population having a similar history and possessing unique characteristics. Wild strain-A self-perpetuating strain in a natural environment (lake, reservoir, pond, or stream). [4] DESCRIPTIONS OF MAJOR CATFISH SPECIES Channel Catfish Channel catfish (42,47) are native to the Mississippi-Missouri river system southward into northeastern Mexico, but their range has been expanded through introductions to almost all parts of North America where there are suitable waters. Channel catfish were introduced into California and into the Potomac River in the late 1800's. Channel catfish are the most commonly cultured catfish. This species grows faster to a harvest size of 1-2 pounds, and has more disease resistance than other species. Channel catfish become sexually dimorphic in size by 6 months of age (7). FIG. 1. Native distribution of channel catfish. Blue Catfish Blue catfish (42,47) are native to the main channels of the Mississippi River and its major tributaries from Minnesota and South Dakota southward into Mexico. Blue catfish have been introduced to California and to the Santee-Cooper River system, South Carolina. [5] FIG. 2. Present distribution of channel catfish. FIG. 3. Native distribution of blue catfish. [6] Blue catfish are the second most commonly cultured catfish. Positive attributes include relatively uniform growth and body conformation (23), high dressing percentage, and high vulnerability to seining (59). Detrimental culture traits of blue catfish include poor tolerance of low oxygen, poor disease resistance, and extremely sharp spines. They do not become sexually dimorphic in size before 3 years of age. White Catfish White catfish (42,47) are native to lower reaches of coastal streams from Delaware and New Jersey south into Florida, including a few streams entering the Gulf of Mexico. They were introduced to California in 1874. White catfish grow rapidly as fingerlings, but begin maturing sexually at 1 year of age which slows their growth. They become sexually dimorphic in size by 6 months of age. White catfish tolerate low oxygen but have poor resistance to bacterial FIG. 4. Native distribution of white catfish. [7] diseases. They also have large heads, resulting in poor dressing percentage (59). White catfish are more active, more difficult to catch with seines, less difficult to catch by angling, and grow faster than blue or channel catfish at 50-60°F. Flathead Catfish Flathead catfish (42,47) are native to large rivers of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio basins, and south into Mexico. Recently, they were reported west of Point Pelee, Ontario. Flathead catfish are cultured at several state and federal hatcheries for release as sport fish. They are difficult to culture because of their piscivorous and cannibalistic nature, and are difficult to seine. FIG. 5. Native distribution of flathead catfish. [8] Bullheads There are three major species of bullheads-black, brown, and yellow-found in the United States. Black bullheads (42,47) are native to much of eastern North America and to most of the Mississippi drainage system (35). They have been successfully introduced into most of the continental United States. Brown bullheads are native to the United States east of the Missouri River, as well as to southeastern Canada, the Dakotas, anrid Oklahoma. Yellow bullheads are native to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and south from the Great Lakes. Bullheads grow slowly. They also have large heads and poor resistance to bacterial pathogens. Bullheads tolerate low oxygen levels and polluted environments. They mature at a relatively young age and have high reproductive rates. FIG. 6. Native distribution of black bullheads. [9] FIG. 7. Present distribution of black bullheads. FIG. 8. Native distribution of brown bullheads. [10] :.f.'.'t;f::.s~ :: i:,zr; '' ::0:~L~:~;0:50: +~:~..; '~"'~';';"~'5 ;S :.r~:::::I:.:.:~::~:~:.~.~:~:::'''' . ~i~;"~;.~ ~ ,,.:::,~;:::~::::~:::::~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~: Il.~ ;r:~::~:~:~::~:~.:4 :::: ~fMi ::~~:~:;:~'t;~:'~:.: ~~~:~ ~ti;i~;~;r:::~:~: ~:~.:; .~ ;:~:~:~:.:P" HISTORY OF PROPAGATED CATFISH One of the major goals of this survey was to determine the ancestry of catfish cultured in the United States. Although it was found that channel catfish having ancestry from many river systems are currently propagated, the majority of them originated near the Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, Oklahoma. These fish were captured in 1949 by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission in pools formed in the Red River behind Denison Dam after its construction. The fish were spawned in the Arkansas state hatchery system and were the basis of brood stock for some of the earliest catfish farms such as Leon Hill, Edgar Farmer, Anderson-Nelson, and War Eagle Minnow. These fish were also some of the founder stocks in federal hatcheries and research institutions in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. They were widely distributed in Arkansas and Mississippi via the Hill and Farmer operations. Probably one-half the Auburn University founder [11] stock and all of the Marion National Fish Hatchery and Stephens, Inc., founder stock came from Anderson-Nelson or War Eagle Minnow Farm. In turn, Auburn University, Marion National Fish Hatchery, or Stephens, Inc., provided stock for the majority of channel catfish farms in Alabama. Thus, the ancestry of stocks for the majority of catfish cultured in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, locations of 95 percent of the United States acreage devoted to catfish farming, can be traced to a single source of fish: Red River, Denison Dam, Oklahoma. A number of other stocks have had major impact on the gene pools in Arkansas and Mississippi. Two major fingerling farms in Mississippi, Thompson-Anderson and Transfisheries, have widely distributed fish traced primarily to the Yazoo River and to a lesser degree Red River and Kansas. Several farmers have also obtained stock from the Rio Grande River, Texas, or from the Mississippi River, Mississippi. The first catfish farm in Mississippi (V. C. Hammett) used fish captured from the Mississippi River. This influx of "new blood" and Genome, % 50 45 40 3530 25 20 15 I0 -00 0 5 00 :V 0 00 Red River Yazoo River Mississippi Arkansas Ninnescah River River River Others FIG. 10. Origin of channel catfish cultured in the United States. [121 the large brood populations used by commerical operations has probably minimized inbreeding in commercial operations. Another widely distributed stock originated from the state and federal fish hatcheries in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. These fish came from many rivers within each state and were exchanged among hatcheries. This stock is common in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas and is closely related to Alabama stocks via distribution by Auburn University. The most widely distributed strain in commercial farms in California is from the Mississippi River, via Osage Fisheries, Missouri. Some contribution from Kansas exists also. The majority of blue catfish cultured in the United States originated from the Alabama River, Alabama, Arkansas River, Arkansas, Mississippi River, Mississippi, and Red River, Oklahoma. Some stocks are also derived from rivers in Texas and Oklahoma. Most cultured bullheads originated in the Mississippi River. Hatcheries propagating flathead catfish utilize fish from local streams. Most stocks of white catfish were obtained in North Carolina or South Carolina; however, all white catfish in California originated from the Raritan River, New Jersey. A map illustrating the streams and lakes from which cultured catfish originated follows. [13] FIG. 11. Streams and lakes from which cultured stocks of catfish originated. DESCRIPTIONS OF CATFISH STOCKS Farm Stocks Channel Catfish Stock: Abaloso Farm or Hatchery: Centro Acuicola 'Vincente Guerrero' in Abaloso, Tamaulipas, Mexico Origin: Falcon Reservoir, Rio Grande River (Texas-Mexico) in 1976, Fish Breeders Cal in 1978, Yazoo in 1979, and Hill in 1981 Brood Population: 800 pairs Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Acadiana Farm or Hatchery: Acadiana Fish Farm, Ltd., Branch, Louisiana Origin: Bayou in the Atchafalaya River basin in 1970. F2 were mixed with Nathan Cormie stock, Lake Charles, Louisiana, in 1977. Progeny from 1977 year class were selected as fingerlings and again as food fish. This stock was mixed with Edwards and reciprocal crossbreeds were made with Henderson. Brood Population: 100; increased to 400 in 1981 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Adams Farm or Hatchery: Adams Farm, Andalusia, Alabama Origin: Easterling in 1967 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Aqua Enterprise Farm or Hatchery: Aquaculture Enterprises, Seguin, Texas Origin: This stock was procured from an Arkansas live hauler, Wade Finley, Lonoke, Arkansas, and is probably a commercial Arkansas stock. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Aquafarms Farm or Hatchery: Aquafarms, Leland, Mississippi Origin: Commercial Mississippi stocks Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [15] Stock: Arant Farm or Hatchery: Arant Farms, Sunflower, Mississippi Origin: Dumas, Finch, and commercial Mississippi stocks Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Arizona Farm or Hatchery: Arizona Fish Growers, Camp Verde, Arizona Origin: Fish Breeders Cal in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Arkansas Farm or Hatchery: Flickner Farm, Moundridge, Kansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Arkansas River in 1978 Brood Population: Not applicable (NA) Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Atlantis Farm or Hatchery: Atlantis Aquatics, Inc., Zephyrillis, Florida Origin: Lake Panasoffke in 1981 Brood Population: 1,500 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Bain Farm or Hatchery: Bain Fish Hatchery, Remlap, Alabama Origin: Mississippi stocks, Pine Hill, Rainbow, Williams, Tombigbee River, Alabama, and Coal Fire Creek, Alabama Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Battle Farm or Hatchery: Paul Battle Farm, Mississippi Origin: Hill, Yazoo, and King-Anderson Farm, Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1969 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Bay Farm or Hatchery: Bay Farm, Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina Origin: Mississippi commercial stock, Georgia commercial stock, and Cape Fear River, North Carolina [16] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Black Farm or Hatchery: Nail Catfish Farm, Kilmichael, Mississippi Origin: Big Black River, Mississippi, in 1970 Brood Population: 500; brood are replaced every 5 years Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for small heads and thick bodies Stock: Black Bottom (Dumas) Farm or Hatchery: Black Bottom Farms, Swifton, Mississippi Origin: Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Black Bottom (Finch) Farm or Hatchery: Black Bottom Farms, Swifton, Mississippi Origin: Finch Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Black Warrior Farm or Hatchery: Jay's Angus Ranch, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Black Warrior River, Alabama Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Boyd Farm or Hatchery: Boyd Farm, Livingston, Alabama Origin: Spree and commercial Alabama stocks Brood Population: 20 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Bradshaw Farm or Hatchery: Bradshaw Farms, Arkansas Origin: L & W, commerical Mississippi stock, and some albino catfish from Kentucky Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Bradshaw E Farm or Hatchery: Bradshaw Farms, Arkansas Origin: Dumas and Stuttgart in the 1960's. Native fish from local Arkansas rivers were added to the stock. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [17] Stock: Bulger Farm or Hatchery: Escambia Farms, Florida Origin: Martin and a few individuals from the Yellow River, Alabama Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Burns Farm or Hatchery: Burns Farm, Jonesboro, Arkansas Origin: Nelson-Anderson Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Butterfield Farm or Hatchery: Dan Butterfield Farm, Tuscaloosa, Alabama Origin: Rainbow, Doughty, and Frog Ridge Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Byars Farm or Hatchery: Byars Fish Farm, Pine Apple, Alabama Origin: Pearce in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Calaqua Farm or Hatchery: Calaqua Farms, California Origin: Osage, Fishery, and California Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Canaday Farm or Hatchery: Canaday Farm, Corning, Arkansas Origin: Kieffer Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Catfish Farm or Hatchery: Catfish Hatchery, Altha, Florida Origin: Dover Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Catfish Acres Farm or Hatchery: Catfish Acres, Shawnee, Oklahoma [18] Origin: Commercial Arkansas stock (including Dumas) bought from live haulers in Arkansas, and Oklahoma rivers Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Chappell (Hill) Farm or Hatchery: Chappell Farm, Hopkins, South Carolina Origin: Hill in 1981 Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Chappell (Kansas) Farm or Hatchery: Chappell Farm, Hopkins, South Carolina Origin: Auburn University in 1978 Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Chappell (Marion) Farm or Hatchery: Chappell Farm, Hopkins, South Carolina Origin: Marion in 1977 Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Chico Farm or Hatchery: Chico Farms, California Origin: Osage Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Clayton Farm or Hatchery: Clayton Farm, Tupelo, Mississippi Origin: Wayne Hare pond (18 fish) in Planterville, Mississippi. Miscellaneous stocks have been added Brood Population: 500 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock or Strain: Clements Farm or Hatchery: Clements Farm, Sawyerville, Alabama Origin: Montz Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Cloverleaf Farm or Hatchery: Cloverleaf Farm, Arkansas Origin: Husky in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; some albinism [19] Stock: Coleman Farm or Hatchery: Coleman Farm, Yazoo City, Mississippi Origin: Dumas or Hill in the early. 1970's. McDonald, Farm Fish, commercial Arkansas, and Arkansas River, Arkansas, stocks were added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Con Agra (Auburn) Farm or Hatchery: Con Agra Farms, Isola, Mississippi Origin: Auburn in 1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Covington Farm or Hatchery: Covington Fish Hatchery, Daleville, Mississippi Origin: Arkansas in 1966 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Cowarts Farm or Hatchery: Cowarts Fish Hatchery, Valdosta, Georgia (no longer propagated) Origin: Dumas and Cletus Noland, Douglas, Georgia Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Crescent Farm or Hatchery: Crescent Valley Fish Farm, Walker County, Alabama Origin: Walker County Lake (Marion) and commercial Alabama stocks Brood Population: 350-500 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Crowson Farm or Hatchery: Crowson Farm, Baker, Florida Origin: Bulger Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: D & B Farm or Hatchery: D & B Fish Farms, Crockett, Texas Origin: Sooner (probably Dumas strain) in 1964. Fish were added from commercial Arkansas and Texas stocks. [20] Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body and dress-out weight, 1-2 percent selected under forage conditions; some albinism occurs Stock: Darty Farm or Hatchery: Darty Fish Farm, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Miller and Easterling in 1978-1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Day Farm or Hatchery: Day Farm, Stuttgart, Arkansas Origin: Missouri, possibly Osage strain in 1964. A stock from a southern Louisiana farm was added in 1972. L & W was also added in the early 1970's. Brood Population: 200 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Delta Farm or Hatchery: Con Agra Fish Hatchery, Tippo, Mississippi Origin: Reed, Hill, and Con Agra farms at Tippo and Greenville, Mississippi, in 1974-1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Denton Farm or Hatchery: Denton Fish Farm, Harrisburg, Arkansas Origin: Findley, Tennyson, Kieffer, and Digman Brood Population: 300 pairs Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for small heads Stock: Dewease Farm or Hatchery: Dewease Catfish Farm, Union, Mississippi Origin: Sides in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined, brood are replaced every 3-4 years Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Diamond Farm or Hatchery: Diamond Fisheries, Brooksville, Mississippi Origin: Fishery in 1981 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Digman Farm or Hatchery: Digman Lakes, Walnut Ridge, Arkansas [211 Origin: Norris in 1962 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Doughty Farm or Hatchery: Doughty Farm, Reform, Alabama Origin: Major contribution from Henderson and some fish from Auburn, Kansas, and Tombigbee River, Alabama Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Dover Farm or Hatchery: Dover Catfish Hatchery, Havana, Florida Origin: Lindsey in 1967. Fish have subsequently been exchanged with several Mississippi hatcheries. Brood Population: 2,000 pounds Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Dumas Farm or Hatchery: Edgar-Kelley Farmer Hatchery, Dumas, Arkansas Origin: Arkansas River, Dumas, Arkansas, in the mid-1950's. Nelson-Anderson was added. Brood Population: Several hundred Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Dycus Farm or Hatchery: Dycus Farm, Greenville, Mississippi Origin: Mississippi River Brood Population: Undetermined; brood replacements come from both the Dycus farm-raised fish and from the Mississippi River Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Easterling Farm or Hatchery: Easterling Farm, Clio, Alabama Origin: Auburn in 1964; 50 pairs of brood fish were obtained Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Edwards Farm or Hatchery: Edwards Farm, Winnie, Texas Origin: Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [22] Stock: Farm Fish Farm or Hatchery: Farm Fish, Louise, Mississippi Origin: McDonald, Coleman, commercial Arkansas stocks, and Arkansas River, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Farm-Fresh-G Farm or Hatchery: Farm-Fresh, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Commercial Alabama stock Brood Population: Several hundred Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Farm-Fresh-M Farm or Hatchery: Farm-Fresh, Montrose, Arkansas Origin: Hill, Dumas, and Finch in 1978-1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Farquhar Farm or Hatchery: Farquhar Farm, Huntsville, Alabama Origin: Farm-Fresh-G Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Finch Farm or Hatchery: Finch Farm, Fortland, Arkansas Origin: Boeuf River, Arkansas, and Rio Grande River, Texas, in 1967-68 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Findley Farm or Hatchery: Findley Farms, Gunnison, Mississippi Origin: Boeuf River, Arkansas (Finch), Peaster, and Fratizi Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Fish Breeders Cal Farm or Hatchery: Fish Breeders of California, Niland, California Origin: Farm near San Francisco in 1969. These fish were replaced with fish from Slim Holden's Farm (Wehau), Bakersfield, California. Fish from the California Department of Fish and Game, Elk Grove, California, were added in 1981. Brood Population: Undetermined [23] Breeding and Traits: Mass selection on the basis of thick bodies and their reaction to CCV antibody test Stock: Fish Breeders Ida Farm or Hatchery: Fish Breeders of Idaho, Buhl, Idaho Origin: California stock derived from Osage and Hartley in 1982. These fish have been supplemented with more Osage, Hartley, and commercial Mississippi stock. Brood Population: 150 males and 300 females; 75 fish are replaced each year Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and small heads; some albinism Stock: Fishery Farm or Hatchery: Fishery, Sacramento, California Origin: Wehau. Stocks from other California farms have been added. Beginning in 1980 replacements were produced at Fishery. Brood Population: 1,000; 1/3 replaced each year Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight, body conformation, and sex characters Stock: Flowers Farm or Hatchery: Flowers Fish Farms, Dexter, Missouri Origin: Canaday, Husky and Lake Michigan Brood Population: Several hundred Breeding and Traits: Random mating; Canaday stock have a brown yellow color Stock: Fratizi Farm or Hatchery: Fratizi Farms, Indianola, Mississippi Origin: Williamson, Transfisheries, and Tom Ellis Farm, Shaw Exchange, Mississippi Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Fresh Water Farm or Hatchery: Fresh Water Fisheries, Silver City, Mississippi Origin: Williamson and James Doler, Calhoun City, Mississippi, in 1980 Brood Population: 4,000; brood replacement at 3-4 year intervals Breeding and Traits: Random mating [24] Stock: Frog Ridge Farm or Hatchery: Frog Ridge Catfish Farm, Ralph, Alabama Origin: Doughty in 1977 Brood Population: Undetermined; generation interval is 4-5 years Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Gant Farm or Hatchery: Gant and Sons Farm, Cleveland, Mississippi Origin: Hammett D in 1980 and Findley in 1981 Brood Population: 300-400; brood stock > 8 pounds are replaced Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Gills Gulch Farm or Hatchery: Gills Gulch Farm, Florida Origin: Bulger in 1971. Eighty-three brooders were added from Prime-Line Inc., (Easterling) Andalusia, Alabama, in 1980. Brood Population: 163 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for thick bodies Stock: Goldkist Farm or Hatchery: Goldkist Farms, Quitman, Georgia, and Humphries, Mississippi (no longer propagated) Origin: Commercial Mississippi stock, Yazoo, Gerard Harrison and Wesson Farms, Victoria, Arkansas, in 1968. Goldkist (Quitman) was heavily supplemented with Easterling in 1971. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Granja Farm or Hatchery: Granja Acuicola Calderon, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Origin: Abaloso Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Graves Farm or Hatchery: Graves Farm, Goodwater, Alabama Origin: Doughty and Tifton Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Green Farm or Hatchery: Green Farm, Jackson, Alabama Origin: Farquhar and Easterling [25] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Grizzell Farm or Hatchery: Grizzell Farm, Monticello, Arkansas Origin: Dumas in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Gro-Moore Farm or Hatchery: Gro-Moore Farms, Merigold, Mississippi Origin: Reed Brood Population: 460 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body conformation Stock: Gum Springs Farm or Hatchery: Gum Springs Hatchery, Stewart, Mississippi Origin: Black in 1980 Brood Population: 1,200 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: H & I Farm or Hatchery: H & I Farms, Isola, Mississippi Origin: Hill Fish Farm, Isola, Mississippi, Digman, Nerren, Tuggle I or II, King Fish Farm, Inverness, Mississippi; and Hawkins. These fish were obtained from 1977-1982. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Males are selected for musculature and females for total length Stock: Hammett D Farm or Hatchery: Dan Hammett Farm, Cleveland, Mississippi Origin: Mississippi River in 1952. Many commercial Mississippi stocks have been added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hammett H Farm or Hatchery: Henry Hammett Farm, Greenville, Mississippi Origin: Hammett V, Dycus, and commercial Arkansas stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hammett V Farm or Hatchery: V. C. Hammett Farm, Greenville, Mississippi [26] Origin: Mississippi River in 1950-51 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Harris Farm or Hatchery: Harris Fish Farm, Tuckerman, Arkansas Origin: Tuggle II Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hartley Farm or Hatchery: Hartley Farms, Kingman, Kansas Origin: Ninnescah River, Kansas, in 1945; Krehbiel was added in 1984. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and stockiness Stock: Hawkins Farm or Hatchery: Hawkins Farm, Isola, Mississippi Origin: Well-fed in 1973 and Tuggle I in 1981 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Henderson Farm or Hatchery: Rodney Henderson Farm, Yazoo City, Mississippi Origin: Rio Grande and Yazoo in 1971 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hendry Farm or Hatchery: Hendry Correctional Institute, Immokalee, Florida Origin: Majority from Ken's. Seminole and stock from Glades Aquafarms, Homestead, Florida, have been added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hill Farm or Hatchery: Leon Hill Farm, Lonoke, Arkansas Origin: Lonoke (Red River only) and Battle. Norris was added in 1983. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [27] Stock: Hill-I Farm or Hatchery: Hill Farms, Indianola, Mississippi Origin: Reed Brood Population: 2,000-3,000 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Hill-M Farm or Hatchery: M. P. Hill Farm, Jackson County, Alabama Origin: Undetermined Mississippi stock in 1980 Brood Population: 55 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for small heads and stocky bodies Stock: Hurricane Farm or Hatchery: Hurricane Hill Fish Farm, Ripley, Tennessee Origin: Tennessee State Fish Hatchery System in 1967. Two commercial Arkansas stocks have been added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Husky Farm or Hatchery: Husky Farm, Strawberry, Arkansas Origin: Burns Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: J& J Farm or Hatchery: J & J Fish Farm, Harviell, Missouri Origin: Canaday in 1979; Digman in 1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; some of the brood fish (Canaday) had black splotches that were inherited by their young Stock: Jollif Farm or Hatchery: Jolliff Springs Fish Farm, Koshkonog, Missouri Origin: Canaday and Moon Fish Farm, Little Egypt, Arkansas, in 1970. Digman and fish from Current River Lakes, Corning, Arkansas, were added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for deep bodies Stock: Jones Farm or Hatchery: Jones Fish Farms, Angleton, Texas [28] Origin: Brazos River in 1976. Albino stock from Auburn (3 individuals) were added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Ken's Farm or Hatchery: Ken's Fish Hatchery, Alapaha, Georgia Origin: Undetermined sources in Arkansas and Mississippi in 1966, McDonald in 1968, Georgia Fish and Game in 1970, Cowart in 1972, and Tifton in 1980-82 Brood Population: Several thousand Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Kieffer Farm or Hatchery: Kieffer Fish Farms, Weiner, Arkansas Origin: Bayou Deview River, Arkansas, in 1956 and Burns in 1968 Brood Population: Undetermined; 100 pairs added annually Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body conformation Stock: Krehbiel Farm or Hatchery: Krehbiel Farm, Pretty Prairie, Kansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Ninnescah River in 1911 Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Kurtz Farm or Hatchery: Kurtz Fish Farm, Elverson, Pennsylvania Origin: Hill in 1965. Sassafras River at Georgetown, Maryland, in 1970 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and small heads Stock: Kyser Farm or Hatchery: W. T. Kyser Hatchery, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Warrior River, Alabama, and from commercial Mississippi stocks Brood Population: Undetermined; brood are replaced annually with a complete exchange every 3 years Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Kyser (Auburn) Farm or Hatchery: W. T. Kyser Hatchery, Greensboro, Alabama [29] Origin: Auburn in 1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: L & W Farm or Hatchery: L & W Fish Farm, Greenville, Mississippi (no longer propagated) Origin: Mississippi River and Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Lake Village Farm or Hatchery: Sidney Farm, Lake Village, Arkansas Origin: Transfisheries, Henderson and Digman in 1980.15,000 pounds of brood were mixed. Brood Population: 3,000 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and body conformation Stock: Lakeland Farm or Hatchery: Lakeland Farms, Marion, Alabama Origin: Experimental fish of unknown origin at the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama, in the early 1970's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Lewis Farm or Hatchery: Fountain Bluff, Illinois Origin: Henderson and other undetermined sources Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Lindsey Farm or Hatchery: Lindsey Farm, Ozark, Alabama Origin: Auburn (majority) in 1963. Easterling, Yazoo, Chattahoochee River, Alabama, Flint River, Georgia, and Ed Williams Fish Hatchery, Cordele, Georgia, were added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: MK (Farm Fresh) Farm or Hatchery: Farm Fresh, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Derived from MxK F1 brood stock (Auburn University in 1977) [30] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: MK (Pearce) Farm or Hatchery: Pearce Farm, Browns, Alabama Origin: Derived from MxK F, brood stock (Auburn University in 1977) Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: MM & P Farm or Hatchery: MM & P Fish Farms, Fredonia, Kansas Origin: Bonglet Farm in Arkansas Brood Population: 100-200 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Mac's Farm or Hatchery: Mac's Fish Farm, Opelika, Alabama Origin: Easterling in 1979 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Martin Farm or Hatchery: Martin Farm, Brewton, Alabama Origin: Conecuh River, Alabama, Newbern, and commercial stocks in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: McDonald Farm or Hatchery: McDonald's Fish Farm, Carthage, Mississippi Origin: Hammett V, Arkansas River, Arkansas, and commercial Arkansas stocks in 1969 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: McNulty Farm or Hatchery: Ted McNulty Farm, Pine Bluff, Arkansas Origin: Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Merrill Farm or Hatchery: Merrill Farm, Andalusia, Alabama Origin: Adams [31] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Miller Farm or Hatchery: Miller Farm, Safford, Alabama Origin: Experimental fish (probably Warrior River) at the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama. Dumas was added in 1972. Fish were exchanged with Newbern. Brood Population: Approximately 100,000 pounds Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Missouri Farm or Hatchery: Con Agra Fish Hatchery, Tippo, Mississippi Origin: Unknown Missouri source Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Moats Farm or Hatchery: Moats Farm and Hatchery, Remlap, Alabama Origin: Easterling and Bain Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Montz Farm or Hatchery: Montz Farm, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Easterling, Yazoo, Farm Fresh G, and commercial Mississippi stocks Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Mull Farm or Hatchery: Mull Farm, Marceline, Missouri Origin: Hill in 1982 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Nelson-Anderson Farm or Hatchery: Nelson-Anderson Farm, Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Lonoke in the mid 1950's or early 1960's. At this time all of the Lonoke strain were descendants of the fish collected from the Red River in 1949. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [32] Stock: Nerren Farm or Hatchery: Nerren Bros., Isola, Mississippi Origin: Dumas, Yazoo, and Evans Farm, Moscow, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Newbern Farm or Hatchery: Newbern Fish Hatchery, Newbern, Alabama Origin: Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama, (probably Warrior River), Auburn, Nelson-Anderson, and Miller Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Norris Farm or Hatchery: Norris Fish Farm, Cash, Arkansas Origin: Black River, Arkansas, and Lake Erie. Fish from Lake Erie were acquired in 1963, 1976, and 1981. Brood Population: Undetermined; brood replacements come from fingerlings raised on farm; native Arkansas stock are also added Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Ople Farm or Hatchery: Ople Farm, Warden, Illinois Origin: Commercial Arkansas stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Osage Farm or Hatchery: Osage Fisheries, Osage Beach, Missouri Origin: Mississippi River in 1953. During the first 12-15 years brood replacements were obtained from the Mississippi River. Brood replacements are now selected from farm stock. Brood Population: Undetermined; brood replaced every 4-6 years Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Osage Springs Farm or Hatchery: Osage Springs Minnow Farm, Rogers, Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Nelson-Anderson Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [331 Stock: Parker Farm or Hatchery: Parker Farms, Drew, Mississippi Origin: Reed Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Pearce Farm or Hatchery: Pearce Farm, Browns, Alabama Origin: Kyser, commercial Mississippi stocks, and experimental stocks from the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and body conformation Stock: Peaster Farm or Hatchery: Peaster Farm, Yazoo City, Mississippi Origin: Yazoo in 1965 and White River, Arkansas in 1972 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Penn Farm or Hatchery: Pennsylvania Power and Light, York Haven, Pennsylvania Origin: Osage and Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, in late 1970's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and resistance to disease Stock: Pickering Farm or Hatchery: Pickering Brothers, Laurel, Mississippi Origin: Hammett V and commercial Mississippi stocks in the 1960's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Pine Hill Farm or Hatchery: Pine Hill Catfish Farm, Aliceville, Alabama Origin: Warrior River, Alabama, Coosa River, Alabama, Cahaba River, Alabama, and Northwest Alabama River drainage Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Plank Farm or Hatchery: Plank Farm, Greensboro, Alabama [34] Origin: Commercial Alabama stock and possibly Warrior River, Alabama. AR F 2, MK F 2, ARMK, and Tifton research stocks were added in 1984. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Pope F Farm or Hatchery: Frank Pope Farm, Opelika, Alabama Origin: Auburn Brood Population: 26 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating; albinism common Stock: Pope M Farm or Hatchery: Pope Farm, Piney Hills, Alabama Origin: Auburn in 1962 and 1970 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Racoon Farm or Hatchery: Racoon Valley Fish Farm, Pleasant Hill, Missouri Origin: Central Arkansas farms, Mississippi farms, and the Rio Grande River, Texas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; some albinism exists Stock: Rainbow Farm or Hatchery: Rainbow Ranch, Calhoun City, Mississippi Origin: Dumas, W. S. Gooch Farm (Biffle Farm), Mississippi, and Charles Files Farm, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Reed Farm or Hatchery: Tom Reed Farm, Belzoni, Mississippi Origin: Tupelo in 1966 and Coleman Brood Population: 1,000-2,000 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Riverside Farm or Hatchery: Riverside Fish Farm, Silver City, Mississippi Origin: Farm Fish in 1981 and S & S in 1982 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Roam Farm or Hatchery: Roam Fish Farm, Woodlake, California [35] Origin: Wehau Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Roberts Farm or Hatchery: Roberts Fish Farm, Hartselle, Alabama Origin: Auburn in early 1970's Brood Population: 1,000-1,200 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: S & M Farm or Hatchery: S & M Fish Company, Homeplace, Mississippi Origin: Coleman in 1980 Brood Population: 4,700 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: S & S Farm or Hatchery: Sandling & Stephens, Inc., Silver City, Mississippi Origin: Digman in 1980 and Harris in 1983; stock was mixed, but one group of Digman kept separate Brood Population: 3,000 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Santee-Cooper (Gasaway) Farm or Hatchery: Gasaway Farms, Athens, Georgia Origin: Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, in 1950 (41 pairs) Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Saul Farm or Hatchery: Saul Fish Processors, Macon, Mississippi Origin: Flowing Water Catfish Farm, Mozelle, Mississippi Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Schroeder Farm or Hatchery: Schroeder Farm, Carlisle, Arkansas Origin: Dumas and commercial Mississippi stocks in 1965. Santee-Cooper (Auburn) research stock was added in the early 1980's. Brood Population: Undetermined. Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Seminole Farm or Hatchery: Seminole Tribe, Okeechobee, Florida [36] Origin: Welaka, Millen, Tupelo, and Orangeburg Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for stocky fish Stock: Sequoia Farm or Hatchery: Sequoia Fisheries, California Origin: Wehau Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Shepherd Farm or Hatchery: Shepherd Farm, Rosehill, Mississippi Origin: Yazoo and Meridian Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sides Farm or Hatchery: Sides Catfish Farm, Tupelo, Mississippi Origin: Tupelo in 1964 Brood Population: Undetermined; brood are replaced every 3-4 years Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sierra Farm or Hatchery: Sierra View Farm, Three Rivers, California Origin: Roam Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Simmons Farm or Hatchery: Simmons Farm, Yazoo City, Mississippi Origin: Yazoo River, Mississippi, and Yazoo. Henderson was added in 1980-81 Brood Population: 4,000 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sooner Farm or Hatchery: Sooner Fish Farms, Washington, Oklahoma Origin: Dumas, Hartley, Hill, and commercial Arkansas stocks Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: South Alabama Farm or Hatchery: South Alabama Fish Hatcheries, Andalusia, Alabama Origin: Adams; Don Hardy, Baker, Florida; and Merrill in 1982 [37] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Southwest Farm or Hatchery: Southwest Fish Hatchery, Terrell, Texas Origin: War Eagle (300) and a tributary of the Mississippi River (300) in northern Minnesota in 1978 Brood Population: 600 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight, body conformation, and sexual characteristics Stock: Spartan Farm or Hatchery: Spartan Enterprises, Spartanburg, South Carolina Origin: Local farm ponds stocked by Cheraw NFH, South Carolina, and from Lake Marion, Santee, South Carolina Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Spears Farm or Hatchery: Spears Catfish Farm, Montgomery, Alabama Origin: Auburn and Pine Hill in 1976 Brood Population: 300-600 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Spree Farm or Hatchery: Thed Spree Farm, Boligee, Alabama Origin: Hill in 1978. Diamond added for crossbreeding in 1984. Brood Population: 5,500 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight, body conformation, and crossbreeding Stock: Stallings Farm or Hatchery: Stallings Farm, Gant, Alabama Origin: Crossing of Triple M, Adams, and Easterling in 1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Stearns Farm or Hatchery: Stearns Hatchery, Wetumpka, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Covington in 1967 Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and lack of deformities [38] Stock: Steele Farm or Hatchery: Steele Farm, Laurel Hill, Florida Origin: Easterling, Crowson, and Triple M in 1980 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Stephens Farm or Hatchery: Stephens Industries, Selma, Alabama Origin: Auburn and Nelson-Anderson in 1961. Nelson-Anderson albinos were added in 1962. Brood Population: 100 pairs Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and body conformation Stock: Stringer Farm or Hatchery: Stringer Farm, Coffeeville, Alabama Origin: Pearce in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sulick Farm or Hatchery: Sulick Farm, Shelbyville, Kentucky Origin: Streams in Virginia Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sulphur Farm or Hatchery: Sulphur Fish Hatchery, Oklahoma Origin: Dumas, Hill, Sooner, Spitz Farm (Hill strain), Oklahoma, and Catfish Acres, Shawnee, Oklahoma Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Sunflower Farm or Hatchery: Sunflower Catfish Farm, Anguilla, Mississippi Origin: Tupelo, Sam Harris Fish Farm, Mississippi, and undetermined farms. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Tupelo is maintained separately and crossed to other Sunflower stock Stock: Tennyson Farm or Hatchery: Tennyson Farms, Grubbs, Arkansas Origin: Norris Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [39] Stock: Thomas Farm or Hatchery: Kindle Thomas Farm, Kentucky Origin: Ohio River, Nelson-Anderson, Schroeder, and commercial stocks Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tombigbee Farm or Hatchery: Patrick Farm, Lisman, Alabama Origin: Tombigbee River, Alabama, in 1979 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Transfisheries Farm or Hatchery: Transfisheries, Moorehead, Mississippi Origin: Dumas, a stock from Kansas (Farm Fish, Louise, Mississippi), McDonald, and Buddy Morrison, Yazoo, Mississippi, in 1971 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; originally all strains were kept separate, selected for growth rate and crossbred Stock: Triple M-1 Farm or Hatchery: Triple M Catfish Farm, Georgiana, Alabama Origin: Produced through crossing Goldkist (Quitman, Georgia) females with Goldkist (Humphries, Mississippi) males in 1966-67 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Selected for reproductive performance Stock: Triple M-2 Farm or Hatchery: Triple M Catfish Farm, Georgiana, Alabama Origin: Unknown source in Louisiana Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tuggle I Farm or Hatchery: Tuggle Farm, Lake Village, Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Dumas, Day, and Lake Chicot, Arkansas. This stock was replaced in 1979. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [40] Stock: Tuggle II Farm or Hatchery: Tuggle Farm, Lake Village, Arkansas Origin: Primarily Arant and Farm Fresh-M; a small contribution from Finch Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Uvalde (Studdard) Farm or Hatchery: Studdard Fish Farm, Moore, Texas, formerly Texas Fish Ranches Origin: Uvalde. One hundred brood of Uvalde stock were included with the farm. Uvalde stock from Cypress Creek Fish Ranches, Sabinal, Texas, was mixed with this stock to reduce inbreeding in 1978. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; relatively fast growing fish Stock: Valley Farm or Hatchery: Valley Fish Farms, Imperial Valley, California Origin: Wehau in 1974, Chico in 1979-80, Calaqua in 1980, Fish Breeders Cal in 1980, and Sequoia in 1980 Brood Population: 300 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Wallace Farm or Hatchery: Wallace Fish Farm, Senatobia, Mississippi Origin: Williams Fish Farms, Oklona, Mississippi, in 1978, Biffle Fish Farm, Pomtock, Mississippi, in 1979, and Battle in 1979 Brood Population: 450; brood are replaced when they reach 8-9 pounds Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body conformation Stock: War Eagle Farm or Hatchery: War Eagle Minnow Farm, Huntsville, Arkansas Origin: White River, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Watkins Farm or Hatchery: Watkins Farm, Elmore, Alabama Origin: Dumas in 1970-72, Yazoo and commercial Arkansas stock have been added [41] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Wehau Farm or Hatchery: Wehau Fish Farms, Richdale, California (no longer propagated) Origin: Osage Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Well-Fed Farm or Hatchery: Well-Fed Farms, Mississippi Origin: Yazoo River, Mississippi, many commercial stocks have been added Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Western Farm or Hatchery: Western Farms, Texas Origin: Fletcher Adams Farm, Mississippi Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Whiskers Farm or Hatchery: Whiskers Catfish Farms, Bowling Green, Kentucky Origin: Barren River, Kentucky Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Replacements from Barren River, Kentucky Stock: Wilkerson Farm or Hatchery: Wilkerson Catfish Farm, Greensboro, Alabama Origin: Wynn Coleman III ponds (Newbern) in 1978 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Williams Farm or Hatchery: Mac's Fish Farm, Opelika, Alabama, from 1976-1978 (no longer propagated) Origin: Son Williams Farm, Greenwood, Mississippi Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Williamson Farm or Hatchery: Williamson Farm, Kilmichael, Mississippi [42] Origin: Mississippi River and Aquafarms in 1976-1977 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Willow Farm or Hatchery: Willow Branch Fish Farm, Tahlequah, Oklahoma Origin: Hill in 1980-1982 and commercial Arkansas stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Wilson Farm or Hatchery: Wilson Fish Farm, Herrick, Illinois Origin: Sulick in 1971, Ople in 1972, and J &J 1978. Old stock were sold in 1980 and replaced with progeny from the original stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Wisner Farm or Hatchery: Wisner Minnow Hatchery, Wisner, Louisiana Origin: LSU Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Wood Farm or Hatchery: Wood Farm, Selma, Alabama Origin: Stephens, Tombigbee River, Alabama, and commercial Arkansas stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Woodard Farm or Hatchery: Woodard Farms, Holly Bluff, Mississippi Origin: Farm Fish (600 females) and Coleman (Arkansas River) in 1980 (800 males) and from Woodard production ponds (400 males) Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Yazoo Farm or Hatchery: Thompson-Anderson Farm, Yazoo, Mississippi Origin: Yazoo River, Mississippi, in mid-1960's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [43] Blue Catfish Stock: Bradshaw Farm or Hatchery: Bradshaw Farms, Arkansas Origin: Arkansas River Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Coosa Farm or Hatchery: Moats Farm, Remlap, Alabama Origin: Coosa River, Alabama, below Weiss Dam Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: D & B Farm or Hatchery: D & B Fish Farms, Crockett, Texas Origin: Females came from the Trinity River in Texas and the males from the Mississippi River in 1963 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for small heads; fish from Trinity River had much larger heads than those from Mississippi River Stock: Dumas Farm or Hatchery: Edgar Farmer, Dumas, Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Edwards Farm or Hatchery: Edwards Farm, Winnie, Texas Origin: Rio Grande and Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Fish Breeders Ida Farm or Hatchery: Fish Breeders, Buhl, Idaho Origin: D & B and Dumas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; survive and grow better than channel catfish (Fish Breeders Ida) at 70-80 F in raceways Stock: Gasaway Farm or Hatchery: Gasaway Farm, Athens, Georgia Origin: Dumas [44] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Jones Farm or Hatchery: Jones Fish Farm, Angleton, Texas Origin: Mississippi River (Leon Horne) in 1972 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Rio Grande Farm or Hatchery: Finley Co., Lonoke, Arkansas Origin: Rio Grande River, Texas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; has speckles on its body, hemoglobin patterns are identical to those of blue catfish from the Mississippi River Stock: Rio Grande (Hill) Farm or Hatchery: Leon Hill Farm, Lonoke, Arkansas Origin: Rio Grande Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Shepherd Farm or Hatchery: Shepherd Farm, Rosehill, Mississippi Origin: Auburn Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Silver Streak Farm or Hatchery: Pine Hill Catfish Farm, Aliceville, Alabama Origin: F2 stock was derived from original crossbreeds {I(Mississippi River x Alabama River) x (Warrior River x Cahaba River)I Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tombigbee Farm or Hatchery: Patrick Farm, Lisman, Alabama Origin: Tombigbee River in 1979 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Black Bullhead Stock: Jolliff Farm or Hatchery: Jolliff Springs Fish Farm, Koshkonog, Missouri [45] Origin: A farm pond in Alton, Missouri Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating White Catfish Stock: Bradshaw Farm or Hatchery: Bradshaw Farms, Arkansas Origin: North Carolina Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Hatchery and Introduced Stocks Channel Catfish Stock: Bubbling Springs Farm or Hatchery: Bubbling Springs State Hatchery, Arizona Origin: Imperial in 1977 Brood Population: 220 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced from the Mississippi River Valley into the Sacramento River, California, in 1874 and 1890, and into the Colorado River in the 1920's Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Stock: Carbon Hill Farm or Hatchery: Carbon Hill NFH, Alabama Origin: Tupelo, Mammoth Springs, and Corning Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Cedar Bluff Farm or Hatchery: Cedar Bluff NFH, Kansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Uvalde, Fort Worth, Inks Dam, Tishomingo, Farmington, and local rivers Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Some albinism Stock: Cheraw Farm or Hatchery: Cheraw NFH, South Carolina [46] Origin: Ponopolis Dam, Santee-Cooper Reservoir in the late 1950's and Marion NFH in the mid 1960's. McKinney, Frankfort, Orangeburg, Millen, and Marion (NFHs) have been added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Chesapeake Farm or Hatchery: Chesapeake State Fish Hatchery, Mt. Vernon, Missouri Origin: Osage River near Osceola, Missouri Brood Population: 200; 1/8 of the stock are replaced annually Breeding and Traits: Mass selection of fingerlings for body weight Stock: Cohutta Farm or Hatchery: Cohutta NFH, Dalton, Georgia Origin: Arrowhead State Fish Hatchery, Georgia, which had obtained those fish from Auburn in 1958-59. Stock from undetermined sources has been added. Brood Population: 200 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Cordele Farm or Hatchery: Cordele State Fish Hatchery, Cordele, Georgia Origin: Flint River, Georgia, in 1968 and Tifton 1978. Some brood stock may have also come from the Ocmulgee River, Georgia, and Chattahoochee River (Lake Eufaula), Alabama. This stock was transferred to Skidaway Institute and was ancestral to the Tifton strain. Brood Population: 300 brooders; are replaced when 6 years old Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Corning Farm or Hatchery: Corning NFH, Arkansas Origin: Tupelo, Lonoke, Mammoth Springs, Marion in 1974, Carbon Hill, Meridian, Stuttgart, and a commercial farm in Stuttgart, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: DOC Farm or Hatchery: Little Grassy Fish Hatchery, Carbondale, Illinois Origin: Tif, Tif+, Tif-, Tif Prop+, Osage, native Illinois [47] fish from Lake Carlyle (Kaskaskia River), Bull Shoals Lake, Arkansas, S & S in 1983, Powerton Lake, Illinois River, Illinois, in 1983 Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Dakota Farm or Hatchery: Yankton NFH, South Dakota (no longer propagated) Origin: Missouri River, South Dakota, Tongue River, Montana, and Lake McConaughy, Platte River, Nebraska. Fingerlings were distributed throughout the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Montana. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating; strain from the Missouri River had thick skin Stock: Dexter Farm or Hatchery: Dexter NFH, New Mexico (no longer propagated) Origin: Never spawned their own stock. Distributed fish from National Fish Hatcheries in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Durant Farm or Hatchery: Durant State Fish Hatchery, Bryan County, Oklahoma Origin: Uvalde in 1967, Tishomingo in 1967, Fort Worth, and local Oklahoma Rivers Brood Population: Undetermined; brood replaced every 3 to 4 years Breeding and Traits: Mass selection of 1 percent of the fastest growing fingerlings Stock: Farmington Farm or Hatchery: Farmington NFH, Kansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Cedar Bluff, Tishomingo, Inks Dam, Gerard River, Kansas, and local rivers Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Fort Worth Farm or Hatchery: Fort Worth NFH, Texas (no longer propagated) [48] Origin: Lake Texoma, Uvalde, Imperial (NFH), Dexter, Tishomingo, Cedar Bluff, San Marcos (State), Farmington, and Durant Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Frankfort Farm or Hatchery: Frankfort NFH, Frankfort, Kentucky Origin: Undetermined source in 1961. Fish from the National Fish Hatchery System and Cohutta have been added. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; 50 percent of brood develop good external sexual characteristics Stock: Harrison Farm or Hatchery: Harrison NFH, Charles City, Virginia Origin: James River, Virginia, in 1962. This stock was supplemented with catfish from two Virginia lakes, James River drainage in 1977. Albino stock from Frankfort have been added. Brood Population: 300; replaced every 4-5 years Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight (largest 10-30 percent); do not spawn until 5 or 6 years old; albinism common Stock: Imperial Farm or Hatchery: Imperial Valley Fish Hatchery, Niland, California Origin: Lower Colorado River, California Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Selected for spawning early in the year, spawning at young age, fast growth, and good sexual characters Stock: Imperial (Uvalde) Farm or Hatchery: Uvalde NFH, Texas Origin: Imperial in 1977; 220 pairs originally Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Inks Dam Farm or Hatchery: Inks Dam NFH, Burnet, Texas (no longer propagated) Origin: Lower Colorado River, Lake Buchanan, Fort Worth, Lake Texoma, Uvalde Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [49] " Stock: Inks Dam (Imperial) Farm or Hatchery: Inks Dam NFH, Burnet, Texas Origin: Imperial in 1978; 560 original stock Brood Population: 450; replaced every 4-6 years Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Lonoke Farm or Hatchery: Arkansas Fish and Game Hatcheries, Arkansas Origin: Pools in the Red River below Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, Oklahoma, in 1949. These fish and their progeny were transported, reared and exchanged at State and private hatcheries in Huntsville, Lonoke, Centerton, Smith, and War Eagle Farm, Arkansas, in the mid-1950's. Stock was added from University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Stuttgart, and Corning. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; reported to perform well in cage culture Stock: Lyman Farm or Hatchery: Lyman Fisheries Station, Gulfport, Mississippi Origin: Marion (NFH) in 1966 Brood Population: 200 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; albinism is not found in this Marion stock Stock: Mammoth Spring Farm or Hatchery: Mammoth Spring NFH, Arkansas Origin: Marion (NFH) in 1974. Stock was added from Corning and Tupelo. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Marion (Carbon Hill) Farm or Hatchery: Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama Origin: Carbon Hill in 1983 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Marion (NFH) Farm or Hatchery: Marion NFH, Alabama (no longer propagated) [50] Origin: Nelson-Anderson in the mid-1950's or early 1960's. Thirty pairs were obtained. Marion (NFH) and Auburn exchanged some brood stock in 1963 and 1965. A few individuals were added to increase population size when brood population was low. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Marion (State) Farm or Hatchery: Marion State Fish Hatchery, Marion, Alabama Origin: Marion (NFH) in early 1970's. Brood population was 12 in 1976. Brood Population: 200 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: McDuffie Farm or Hatchery: McDuffie State Fish Hatchery, Georgia Origin: Chattahoochee River at Eufaula, Alabama, and from an unknown hatchery in Arkansas (probably Lonoke in 1962, 1964, and 1967) Brood Population: 200-250 Breeding and Traits: Thirty-four brood replacements are selected annually from largest fish left in Georgia public fishing lakes Stock: McKinney Farm or Hatchery: McKinney Lake NFH, Hoffman, North Carolina Origin: Marion (NFH) and Cheraw in 1969 Brood Population: 250; 20 percent of the stock is replaced annually Breeding and Traits: Random mating; 1 percent albinism observed Stock: Meridian Farm or Hatchery: Meridian NFH, Mississippi Origin: Tupelo, Stuttgart, Mammoth Springs in 1972-73, Tupelo in 1975, and Lyman in 1975-78 Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Millen Farm or Hatchery: Millen NFH, Georgia Origin: Tupelo [51] Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Natchitoches Farm or Hatchery: Natchitoches NFH, Louisiana Origin: Cane River, Louisiana, Black River, Louisiana, and bayous of Louisiana Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Orangeburg Farm or Hatchery: Orangeburg NFH, South Carolina Origin: Ponopolis Dam, Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, in the late 1950's and Marion (NFH) in the mid-1960's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Pratt Farm or Hatchery: Pratt State Fish Hatchery, Pratt, Kansas Origin: Kansas rivers in 1911. Approximately 60 Lonoke brood fish were added in the mid-1960's. Brood Population: 1,144; 1,827 replacements from 4-year classes are maintained to replace brood culled at 8-10 years of age Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Rathbun Farm or Hatchery: Rathbun State Fish Hatchery, Moravia, Iowa Origin: Corning (84 percent), Easterling (14 percent), and Rathburn Reservoir (Chariton River Drainage), Iowa (2 percent) Brood Population: 1,000 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: San Marcos (NFH) Farm or Hatchery: San Marcos NFH, San Marcos, Texas (no longer propagated) Origin: Lake Texoma, Texas, Inks Dam (NFH), San Marcos (State), Uvalde, Trinity River, Texas Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: San Marcos (State) Farm or Hatchery: San Marcos State Fish Hatchery, Texas Origin: Lake Texoma, San Marcos (NFH), Texas, and Okla[52] homa streams, Trinity River, Texas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Seneca Farm or Hatchery: Senecaville NFH, Senecaville, Ohio Origin: Seneca Lake, Ohio, an undetermined Arkansas source, and Tupelo Brood Population: 400; 10 percent are replaced annually Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight and resistance to stress; stumpy individuals observed in progeny of Seneca Lake stock Stock: Tenn State Farm or Hatchery: Tennessee State Fish Hatchery System, Tennessee Origin: Tennessee River, Tennessee, and commercial Arkansas stock Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Texas State Farm or Hatchery: Texas State Fish Hatchery System, Texas Origin: Trinity River, Texas, Texas streams, Oklahoma streams, San Marcos (NFH), and San Marcos (State) Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tishomingo Farm or Hatchery: Tishomingo NFH, Oklahoma Origin: Blue River, Oklahoma in 1930's; Washita River, Oklahoma; Grand River, Fort Gibson, Oklahoma; Red River (Lake Texoma), Oklahoma; Fort Worth, Pratt, and Durant in 1950's and 1960's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tupelo Farm or Hatchery: Tupelo NFH, Mississippi Origin: Tombigbee River, Mississippi, in the 1960's. Lonoke, Lyman, Meridian, Stuttgart, and fish from the Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, were added. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating [53] Stock: Uvalde Farm or Hatchery: Uvalde NFH, Texas (no longer propagated) Origin: Fort Worth, Imperial Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Waterville Farm or Hatchery: Waterville State Fish Hatchery, Minnesota Origin: St. Louis River, Minnesota (34), Blue Earth River, Minnesota (10), and Mississippi River (Lake Pepin), Minnesota (118), in 1979-81 Brood Population: 162 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Welaka Farm or Hatchery: Welaka NFH, Florida Origin: St. John's River, Florida (one spawn, 1960's), however, most fingerlings distributed from this station were Millen or Orangeburg. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Blue Catfish Stock: Arkansas Farm or Hatchery: Arkansas State Fish Hatcheries, Arkansas Origin: Pools in the Red River, Oklahoma, below Denison Dam after its construction in 1949. Auburn was added in the 1970's. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Blind Pony Farm or Hatchery: Blind Pony State Hatchery, Sweet Springs, Missouri Origin: Auburn University in 1972 Brood Population: Approximately 1/2 the brood fish are replaced every 5 years Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced (Stuttgart) into Lake Jennings, Sutherland Reservoir, El-Capitan Reservoir, San Vincente Reservoir, and Santee Lake chain, California, in 1969 (1,990 original stock) Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA [54] Stock: Marion Farm or Hatchery: Marion State Fish Hatchery, Alabama Origin: Auburn Brood Population: 80 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Oklahoma Farm or Hatchery: North Platte State Fish Hatchery, Nebraska Origin: Oklahoma rivers Brood Population: 25 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Texoma Farm or Hatchery: Durant State Fish Hatchery, Oklahoma Origin: Lake Texoma, Oklahoma Brood Population: 100 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Black Bullhead Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced to California in 1874 from the Mississippi River Valley, these fish are common in Kern Kings and Delta Rivers Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Stock: Lake Mills Farm or Hatchery: Lake Mills NFH, Lake Mills, Wisconsin Origin: Mississippi River Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Brown Bullhead Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced into California from Lake Champlain, Vermont, in 1874, these fish (70) were planted in the Sacramento River Basin and are widespread in California Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA [55] Flathead Catfish Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Arizona Fish and Game introduced flathead catfish into the Colorado River in 1962 and these fish are now found in the Imperial Valley Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Stock: Cape Fear Farm or Hatchery: McKinney Lake NFH, Hoffman, North Carolina Origin: Cape Fear River, North Carolina in 1978 Brood Population: 30 (P1 generation) Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Monroe Farm or Hatchery: Monroe Fish Hatchery, Monroe, Louisiana Origin: Lakes in Louisiana; Lake Bussey (20), Lake D'Arbonne (3), Lake Claiborne (3), Lake Bistineau (12), and Cross Lake (4) Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Seneca Farm or Hatchery: Senecaville NFH, Ohio Origin: Muskingum River Brood Population: Undetermined (F1 generation) Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tishomingo Farm or Hatchery: Tishomingo NFH, Oklahoma (no longer propagated) Origin: Lake Texoma Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Waterville Farm or Hatchery: State Fish Hatchery, Waterville, Minnesota Origin: Lake Pepin, Mississippi River (64) in 1979-82. Two individuals from the Minnesota River were added in 1981. Brood Population: 66 Breeding and Traits: Random mating [56] White Catfish Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced from the Raritan River, New Jersey. Fiftyfour were planted in the San Joaquin River near Stockton, California, in 1874. Now located in every major California river drainage except Klamoth and Colorado. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Stock: Millen Farm or Hatchery: Millen NFH, Georgia (no longer gated) Origin: Auburn II Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Yellow Bullhead Stock: California Farm or Hatchery: NA Origin: Introduced in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta from the Mississippi Valley in 1874. Common only in Colorado River and in Lost River, Modoc County. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: NA Research Stocks Channel Catfish Stock: AR-3 Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Mating 6 Auburn females with 6 Rio Grande males (AR). Three AR F2 spawns were obtained. The largest 10 percent of the F2 were selected as brood stock and they produced eight F3 , AR-3 spawns. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: ARMK-3 Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Same six A x R pairings as AR-3 and 6 Marion females with 6 Kansas males (MK). Three pairings each of AR x MK and MK x AR (ARMK) were accomplished in next generation. [57] ropa- Largest 10 percent of these 4-strain F crossbreeds were selected as brood stock. These fish were then mated (33 pairings); largest 10 percent of resulting fingerlings were selected to form the base for ARMK-3. Brood Population: 70 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Aquafarms (Auburn) Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Aquafarms (MSU) in 1983; two sib lots totalling 10,000 fry were obtained Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Aquafarms (MSU) Farm or Hatchery: Mississippi State University, Mississippi Origin: Aquafarms Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Auburn Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Rivers in Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Original stock came from Osage Springs in 1956. More fish were brought to Auburn from Osage Springs, Marion (NFH), and Fort Worth in 1957. Additional NFH stock were introduced to Auburn from Burnet, Texas, and Uvalde, Texas, in 1958. Some stock was exchanged between Auburn and Marion (NFH) in 1963 and 1965. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; excellent dressing percent (13), difficult to seine (13), females produce fast growing F1 's when crossbred, albinism common, growth rate is moderate. Stock: Auburn (T A & M) Farm or Hatchery: Texas A & M University, Texas Origin: Auburn in early 1970's Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random meeting Stock: Auburn S Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Auburn Brood Population: 100 [58] Breeding and Traits: Mass selection (2 generations) for body weight, disease resistance, tolerance of low dissolved oxygen. No albinism observed for two generations. Stock: FFES-1 Farm or Hatchery: Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas Origin: Schroeder Farm, Arkansas, in 1979. Fry were obtained from 213 spawns. This stock originated from Dumas and commercial Mississippi stocks. Brood Population: Several hundred Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Illini x Tifton Prop -t+ Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Reciprocal crossbreeds were made between Tifton Prop+ and Illini. Illini is a wild stock that came from Carlyle and Shelbyville Reservoirs, Kaskaskia River, Illinois. Brood Population: 20 pairs Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Kansas Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Krehbiel in 1970. This fish originated (30-50 original fish) from the Ninnescah River, Pratt, Kansas, in 1911. Stock at Auburn University was derived from 6-8 pairings in 1976. Brood Population: 120 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; resistant to disease, grows rapidly, matures sexually at four years of age. Stock: Kansas S Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Kansas Brood Population: 70 Breeding and Traits: Selected for body weight (two generations); resistant to disease, grows rapidly Stock: Kentucky Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Kentucky River, Kentucky Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [59] Stock: LSU Farm or Hatchery: Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Origin: Eggs from 4 different geographic locations were collected in 1969 (Lake des Allemands, Louisiana, Amite River, Louisiana, and 2 stocks from commercial farms, Dumas and Yazoo). They were crossbred (5 spawns 1972). Two spawns were obtained in 1974 to produce the F2 generation. Parentage is uncertain, present brood stock is F2 whose genes could be any combination of the above. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: LaCrosse Farm or Hatchery: LaCrosse Research Station, USDI, LaCrosse, Wisconsin Origin: Imperial Brood Population: 20-30 pairs Breeding and Traits: Selected against shortened caudal peduncles Stock: Lake Village (MSU) Farm or Hatchery: Mississippi State University, Mississippi Origin: Lake Village Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: M x K Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Crossbreed between Marion females and Kansas males Brood Population: 50 pairs Breeding and Traits: F, fingerlings are fast growing and become excellent brood stock that readily spawn Stock: MK-3 Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University Origin: Six M x K spawns were produced in 1976. Eleven F2 spawns were produced in 1979. The largest 10 percent of the F2 were selected for future brood stock in 1980. Thirteen F3 spawns were produced in 1982. The largest 10 percent were chosen for future brood stock. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight; rapid rate of growth [60] Stock: MSU Farm or Hatchery: Mississippi State University, Mississippi Origin: Developed by crossing Lake Village with Aquafarms, selecting the largest F1's and producing 3 F2 spawns. Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Marion Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Marion (NFH) in 1970. Was perpetuated in 1976 with 6 pairings. Brood Population: 120 Breeding and Traits: Random mating; highly seinable, relatively large head, very poor disease resistance (13, 59), albinism common, growth rate moderate, a brassy color, prefeeding behavior in small ponds resulting in schooling and swimming rapidly causing a rippling effect on the pond surface. Stock: Marion (Kyser) Farm or Hatchery: Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Kyser in mid-1970's. Stock was eliminated in 1982. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Marion S Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Marion Brood Population: 60 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection (2 generations) for body weight; highly seinable, relatively large head (13, 59), albinism common, rapid growth, brassy color, prefeeding behavior in small ponds resulting in schooling and swimming rapidly causing a rippling effect on the pond surface. Stock: Minnesota Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: St. Louis River, Minnesota Brood Population: 8 males, 2 females Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight; spawn early in season, produce large eggs and fry (19, 59), poor resistance to disease Stock: Pine Bluff Farm or Hatchery: University of Arkansas Pine Bluff, Arkansas [61] Origin: University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff, Schroeder, Hill, McNulty, and Lonoke Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating; the Lonoke strain performed well in cages Stock: Purdue Farm or Hatchery: Purdue University -Origin: Farm-Fish and Osage Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Rio Grande Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Rio Grande River, Falcon Reservoir, Texas-Mexico; brood stock was captured from the reservoir in 1970 as subadults, reared to maturity in ponds at Texas A & M University, and transported to Auburn University in 1971 Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating; excellent dressing percentage (13, 59). They spawn late, exhibit poor growth, very susceptible to channel catfish virus disease, columnaris, and Ichthyopthirius, more sensitive to KMnO4 than other strains of channel catfish, mature at 2 years of age. Stock: Rio Grande S Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Rio Grande Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight, excellent dressing percent (13, 59). They spawn late, exhibit poor growth, very susceptible to channel catfish virus disease, columnaris and Ichthyopthirius, more sensitive to KMnO 4 than other strains of channel catfish, mature at 2 years of age. Stock: Santee-Cooper (Auburn) Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Stock two generations removed from native fish captured in the Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina; had been previously cultured at Kerr Foundation and Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station Brood Population: 9 males, 18 females Breeding and Traits: Random mating [62] Stock: Stoneville Farm or Hatchery: Stoneville Experiment Station, Stoneville, Mississippi Origin: Farm Fresh-M Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Stuttgart Farm or Hatchery: Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station (USDI) Stuttgart, Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Arkansas River, Arkansas, White River, Arkansas, and Dumas in the late 1960's. Additions were made from Lonoke and commercial Arkansas stock. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tennessee Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Tennessee River, Kentucky Dam, Kentucky Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random Mating Stock: Tifton Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Tifton strain was developed at the Coastal Plains Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia-derived by crossbreeding following stocks: Goldkist I from Goldkist, Inc., Quitman, Georgia, in 1973, Cordele in 1969; Goldkist II from Goldkist Inc., Quitman, Georgia, in 1970; Marion (albinos), Auburn in 1973, and Pickering in 1973. Crossbreeding resulted in 30 spawns. After one generation, the proportion of the genome contributed by these strains was Goldkist I, 13 percent; Cordele, 5 percent; Goldkist II, 11 percent; Marion, 21 percent; Pickering, 21 percent; and Auburn, 29 percent. Brood Population: 100 Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Tifton CV + Farm or Hatchery: Tifton Agricultural Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia (no longer propagated) Origin: Tifton was base population. After one generation of selection for uniformity of growth proportion of genome from each population was Marion, 28 percent; Pickering, 28 percent; Auburn, 11 percent; Cordele, 11 percent; Goldkist II, 11 percent; and Goldkist I, 11 percent. After two generations [63] of selection (second generation selected for fast growth rate), proportion of genome from each population was Pickering, 34 percent; Marion, 29 percent; Auburn, 9 percent; Cordele, 9 percent; Goldkist II1 9 percent; and Goldkist I, 9 percent. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Selection for variability and increased body weight. Stock: Tifton CVFarm or Hatchery: Tifton Agricultural Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia (no longer propagated) Origin: Tifton was the base population. After one generation of selection for growth variability, proportion of genome from each population was Marion, 37 percent; Auburn, 20 percent; Goldkist I, 13 percent; Pickering, 13 percent; Goldkist II, 13. percent; and Cordele, 4 percent. After two generations (second generation selected for rapid growth), the proportion of genome from each population was Marion, 19 percent; Auburn, 19 percent; Goldkist I, 25 percent; Pickering, 19 percent; Goldkist II, 11 percent; and Cordele, 6 percent. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Selection for uniformity and increased body weight Stock: Tifton Prop+ Farm or Hatchery: Tifton Agricultural Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia (no longer propagated) Origin: Tifton was the base population. After one generation, proportion of genome from each population was Marion, 33 percent; Auburn, 22 percent; Pickering, 16 percent; Cordele, 12 percent; Goldkist II, 12 percent; and Goldkist I, 5 percent. Family records were not kept after this time. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: Tifton + Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Tifton + originated from the same base population as Tifton. Largest individuals of those crossbred populations were chosen as brood stock. After the first generation of selection, proportion of genome from each stock was Auburn, 29 percent; Pickering, 31 percent; Goldkist I, 6 percent; Goldkist [64] II, 11 percent; Marion, 20 percent; and Cordele, 3 percent. After the second generation, these crossbred families were selected for body weight and outcrossed to produce the third generation. At this time, the genome represented Auburn, 16 percent; Marion, 16 percent; Pickering, 28 percent; Goldkist II, 28 percent; Goldkist I, 6 percent; and Cordele, 6 percent. Stock was transferred to Auburn University during the third generation and the largest Tif + and Tif Prop + selected for brood stock Brood Population: 70 Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight Stock: TiftonFarm or Hatchery: Tifton Agricultural Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia (no longer propagated) Origin: Tifton was the base population. After the first generation of selection for decreased body weight, proportion of genome from each population was Cordele, 31 percent; Auburn, 31 percent; Goldkist I, 19 percent; Goldkist II, 6 percent; Marion, 6 percent; and Pickering, 6 percent. After two generations of selection, proportion of genome was unchanged. Family records are not available for the next generation. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Selection for decreased body weight Stock: Uvalde (A & M) Farm or Hatchery: Texas A & M University Origin: Uvalde Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Warrior Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Warrior River, Alabama Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Blue Catfish Stock: Auburn Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama Origin: Tensaw and Warrior Rivers, Alabama, reared to maturity at the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama, and transported to Auburn University in 1975 Brood Population: 60 [65] Breeding and Traits: Mass selection for body weight; blue catfish from Tensaw River mature at earlier age and smaller sizes than other strains of blue catfish Stock: Purdue Farm or Hatchery: Purdue University Origin: D & B Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Stuttgart Farm or Hatchery: Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station (USDI), Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Arkansas River, Arkansas, and Dumas Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Brown Bullhead Stock: Auburn Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Streams in Lee County, Alabama. Stock was cultured in the 1950's and early 1960's at Auburn University. This stock was also cultured at Steamrn's Farm, Wetumpka, Alabama, and Millen NFH, Georgia, in the early 1960's. Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Flathead Catfish Stock: Stuttgart Farm or Hatchery: Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station (USDI), Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Arkansas River and Bayou Meado in Arkansas Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating White Catfish Stock: Auburn I Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Santee-Cooper River system, South Carolina, reared to maturity at the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, [66] Marion, Alabama, and transported to Auburn University in 1975 Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Auburn II Farm or Hatchery: Auburn University, Alabama (no longer propagated) Origin: Hoffman, North Carolina, in the late 1950's Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Purdue Farm or Hatchery: Purdue University, Indiana Origin: Bradshaw and Gould Farm, Arkansas Brood Population: Undetermined Breeding and Traits: Random mating Stock: Stuttgart Farm or Hatchery: Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station (USDI), Arkansas (no longer propagated) Origin: Orangeburg, South Carolina Brood Population: NA Breeding and Traits: Random mating [67] CATFISH BREEDING PROGRAMS A variety of breeding programs can improve culture traits such as growth rate, reproductive performance, dressing percentage, catchability (seining, trapping, and angling), resistance to disease, and tolerance to low oxygen. These programs can be as simple as choosing strains that already possess superior traits or can be more complex such as crossbreeding, hybridization, polyploidization, mass selection, or family selection programs which alter the traits of existing stocks. Strain Evaluation Channel catfish strains originating from different geographic locations within the United States grow at different rates and domesticated strains grow faster than native strains (11, 13, 19, 33, 68). Differences exist in growth rate during winter (19) as well as during summer. Strains also differ in disease resistance (22, 50), morphometrics (17, 60), length variation (8), hemoglobin (63), resistance to parasites (55), dressing percentage (13), seinability (13), feed conversion efficiency (13), spawning date, reproductive performance, and age of maturity (25). Some of these strains exhibit various anomalies. Smitherman et al. (59) found stump-bodied fish within the Auburn strain. This anomaly was caused by compressed vertebrae; dressing percentage and filet percentage were reduced in the stumpbodied fish. It is not known whether this trait is genetically or environmentally determined. Albino catfish are common and grow at the same rate as normally pigmented catfish (51) but are more vulnerable to predation. Bondari (5) demonstrated that albinism in catfish is a simple recessive trait. Crossbreeding Crossbreeding is a mating method designed to produce immediate improvement through hybrid vigor. Intraspecific crossbreeding in channel catfish usually increases growth rate (21), disease resistance (22, 55), and reproductive performance (25). The best crossbreeds grow 10-15 percent faster than their best parent strain. Reciprocal crossbreeds do not grow at the same rate (21, 23). The spawning rate between strains to produce crossbreeds may not be as efficient as pure strain matings (58). [68] Hybridization and Polyploidization Different species of catfish have distinct culture traits. Attempts have been made to take advantage of these specific characteristics and find crosses exhibiting heterotic growth rates through hybridization. Dupree and Green (27) artificially hybridized the seven major Ictalurid species and produced 21 of their hybrids. They found that the channel x white was the only hybrid that grew at heterotic rates in aquarium studies. However, Chappell (13) found that the channel x white hybrid catfish grew slowly from fingerlings to harvestable size in ponds. He also found that the number of fertile and viable channel x white and white x blue eggs was extremely low. The hybrids blue x channel, channel x white, and white x blue have large fat deposits in the viscera (13) that cause poor dressing percentage in these hybrids and are associated with abnormal sexual development. The white x blue results in all female progeny. Giudice (31), Yant et al. (67), Chappell (13), and Tave et al. (61) found that the hybrid channel x blue grew approximately 18 percent faster than channel catfish. Yant et al. (67) found dressing percentage was higher in the channel x blue hybrid than in channel catfish. The hybrid was also more catchable by angling (61) than channel or blue catfish, and hybrids with blue parentage were more seinable than channel or white catfish (13). Hybridizing channel and blue catfish does not increase resistance to channel catfish virus disease (49). The channel x blue hybrids tolerate lower oxygen concentrations than channel catfish (26). The reciprocal hybrid, blue x channel, does not exhibit heterotic growth or dressing percentage (13). The channel-blue hybrids exhibit paternal predominance, possessing the appearance and traits of their male parent (23). The channel x blue hybrid inherits the desirable traits of growth uniformity, body conformation, morphometric uniformity, and seinability from its male parent, the blue catfish. Channel x blue hybrid catfish are not presently used in commercial culture because of the lack of consistency in hybridization success (62). Tave and Smitherman (62) determined hormone injection of 1100 IU human chorionic gonadoptropin per kilogram female increased the hybridization rate between channel catfish females and blue catfish males, and use of crossbred channel catfish females increases the hybridization [69] rate with blue catfish (25). Tave and Smitherman (62) found that hybrid eggs hatched normally and hybrid fry had normal viability. Wolters et al. (66) indicate induction of triploidy may also increase growth rate in channel catfish which may be a result of lack of normal gonadal development in triploid individuals. Mass Selection and Inbreeding Mass selection has been an effective breeding program to increase body weight in channel catfish (6, 22). One generation of mass selection upon Rio Grande, Marion, and Kansas strains of channel catfish at Auburn University resulted in responses to selection and realized heritabilities of: 63 grams, .24 ± .06; 73 grams, .50 ± .13; and 54 grams, .33 ± .10, respectively (22). Pooled response was 64 grams and pooled realized heritability was .34 ± .07. Males and females had similar responses to selection. Selection for body weight at 500 grams improved body weight of fingerlings at 30 grams (59). Selection for body weight did not affect dressing percentage, visceral percentage, head percentage, or seinability (59). Increased fecundity (Rio Grande, Kansas) and survival (Rio Grande, Marion) were correlated with increased body weight. Within crossbred populations [Marion x Kansas, (MK), and Auburn x Rio Grande, (AR)], certain individuals grew faster than the remainder of the population (19). The largest MK and AR were mated in all four possible combinations to determine if there were any additive effects that made them larger than the remaining crossbreds. Mean body weights of various F2 combinations were that of the mid-parent value. This indicated dominance genetics had made these larger individuals superior to the remaining crossbred catfish. Bondari (6) obtained a 20 percent increase in body weight after one generation of selection with the Tifton strain (University of Georgia), but a much lower realized heritability, 0.14, than obtained by Dunham and Smitherman (22). The difference in results might be explained by the mating scheme of the Tifton experiment. The breeding program implemented was a combination of family selection, mass selection, and crossbreeding with the major effects probably attributable to crossbreeding. A concern in selection programs is the potential of detrimental effects through inbreeding. One generation of full-sib [70] mating did not affect reproductive performance or growth rate in the Tifton strain of channel catfish; however, two generations of inbreeding decreased growth rate of the Tifton strain (59). Cellular Genetics The cytology of catfish is increasingly important as modern genetics and genetic engineering gain prominence. Since the makeup of chromosome complement may considerably affect the mechanics of inheritance, cytogenetic information on species utilized for selective breeding and aquacultural studies is of potentially great importance to fish geneticists and breeders. A basic understanding of the karyotype may be useful in determining the mechanics of linkage groups, explaining hereditary abnormalities, elucidating sex-determining mechanisms, facilitating genetic improvement through hybridization, and explaining hybrid fertility problems (60). The study of biochemical genetics and isozymes has applications similar to karyology. In addition, isozymes can be a tool used to identify specific stocks and measure changes in variation. Data on karyology and biochemical genetics of catfish are in tables 1-4. GENETIC DATA AND PERFORMANCE RECORDS FOR RESEARCH STRAINS OF CATFISH The relative performance of some of the previously described strains and crosses are reported in this section. The data were obtained at Auburn University, Kerr Foundation, Stuttgart Fish Farming Experimental Station, and Texas A & M University. [71] TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF KARYOTYPE DATA FOR 26 SPECIES OF ICTALURID CATFISH' No. 2N Species 4 58 Ictalurus. punctatus .................. 58 6 Ictalurusfurcatus ................. 2 62 Ictalurus natalis ........................ 60 3 Ictalurus melas .......................... 62 Ictalurus brunneus ....................... 9 60 Ictalurus nebulosus .................... Ictalurus platycephalus ................. 54 1 52 Ictalurus serracanthus .............. 3 48 Ictalurus catus ......................... 56 3 Pylodictis olivaris ....................... 2 54 Noturus gilberti ......................... Noturus .nsignis ........................ FN 92 84 84 76 96-106 76 92 90 64-68 82 82 74 LC 2 LM 2 LC + 2N 58 64 60 60 Formula 34msm,24stt 22msm,40stt 16msm,44stt 16msm,44stt 38msm,14stt 26msm,30stt 28msm,26stt 20msm,34stt HoM% 25.8 30.5 38.9 31.5 33.4 31.1 34.7 27.4 M% 74.2 67.8 58.3 64.5 53.3 67.2 65.3 71.0 HrM% 0.0 1.7 2.8 4.0 13.3 1.5 0.0 1.6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 60 60 58 58 6 54 0.0 43.0 57.0 6 60 14msm,40stt 2 54 68 Noturus exils ..................... 24.1 75.1 0.8 8 58 24msm,24stt 10 48 72 10 "j Noturus nocturnus .................... 0.0 24.5 75.5 62 26msm,20stt 72 16 12 10 46 ! Noturus leptacanthus ............... 48.7 51.3 0.0 12 58 24msm,20stt 68 14 2 44 Noturus funebris ....................... 23.3 73.4 3.3 56 26msm,16stt 68 14 12 3 42 Noturus phaeus ...................... 71.2 2.2 30msm,12stt 26.6 14 10 56 11 72 Noturus gyrinus ..................... 42 2.2 10 54 30msm,12stt 34.8 63.0 9 72 12 Noturus lachneri .................... 42 2.6 44.8 52.6 56 20msm,30stt 70 6 50 Noturus flavus (Cooper Cr.) ...... 2 1.0 27.8 71.2 56 22msm,26stt 8 2 70 ................. 48 8 Noturus fiavus .. 1.7 38.7 59.6 62 30msm,22stt 82 10 4 2 52 Noturus flavipinnis .. .............. 58.6 1.8 24msm,26stt 39.6 8 62 50 74 12 11 Noturus miurus ................... 82 4 13 66-72 Noturus albater ........................... 53.3 0.0 36msm,10stt 46.7 8 8 54 46 82 3 Noturus elegans ........................... 3.2 35.7 61.1 58 34msm,12stt 80 12 10 15 46 Noturus h. hildebrandi ................ 2.0 33.8 64.2 58 34msm,12stt 12 10 46 80 6 Noturus hildebrandi lautus .......... 66.7 0.0 20msm,24stt 33.3 10 58 44 64 14 ............... 1 Noturus flavater ... 63.6 3.7 24msm,18stt 32.7 10 58 42 66 16 7 Noturus eleutherus .. .............. 26.7 73.3 0.0 54 20msm,22stt 12 8 1 42 62 Noturus stigmosus ... .............. 57.6 0.0 20msm,22stt 42.4 16 10 58 8 42 62 Noturus munitus ........................... 1.4 40.1 59.4 56 24msm,16stt 16 12 40 63-64 9 Noturus taylori ............................ 'Abbreviations: number of specimens (N), diploid number (2N), fundamental number (FN), number of large chromosomes (LC), number of large msm's (LM), percent of hypomodal counts (HoM%), percent of modal counts (M%), percent of hypermodal counts (HrM%). (Adapted from [43]). TABLE 2. ALLELE FREQUENCIES AT BIOCHEMICAL LOCI OF SEVERAL STRAINS AND LINES OF BLUE, CHANNEL, AND WHITE CATFISH AleeM AlleleFrequency, MS 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .90 .10 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .45 .55 K 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .84 .16 1.00 KS 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .80 .20 1.00 MK-4 ARMK - AR-3 - by stock A AS 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 R 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 - RS 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 Tif 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 Tif+ 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 ABL AIWH 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 'z 3 1.00 AAT-A-1 ......................... AAT-A-2..................00 1.00 AAT-B-1 .................... .00 AAT-B-2 ..................... 1.00 AAT-M ........................ ADH-1 .................. 1.00 ALD-B.......................1.00 CA-1 ................... 1.00 CA-2 ......................... CK-A-1 ..................... 1.00 .00 CK-A-2 ................... 1.00 CK-B-1.......................... 1.00 CK-C-1 ......................... 1.00 EST-A-1 ....................... .00 EST-B-1..... ............. EST-B-L-1 ..................... .00 EST-D-1 .................. 1.00 EST-D-2 ..................... EST-D-3..................... EST-E-1 ..................... 1.00 .00 EST-E-2 ..................... EST-C-1..................... 1.00 GAPDH ..................... 1.00 .373 GPI-A-1 ..................... .63 GPI-A-2...................... - 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 - .00 1.005 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 -- 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 1.00 - .00 .00 .50 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 -t)-~ - 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - GPI-B-1...................... GPI-B-2...................... IDH-A-1..................... .00 IDH-A-2 .................... 1.00 IDH-A-3..................... IDH-B-1..................... .00 IDH-B-2 .................... 1.00 LDH-A-1 .................... .00 a. ~ l I\r~ r .37 .50 .63 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .05 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .03 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .12 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .002 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .874 .13 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .05 .95 .00 .95 .05 1.00 - 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00' .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .73 .27 .80 .20 .00) 1.00 1.00 .94 .06 - 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .15 .25 .05 .00 1.00 .02 P^ .00 1.0' .i .9f, -.00 1.00 .90 .10 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 .86 .14 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .73 .27 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 Continued TABLE 2 (Continued). ALLELE FREQUENCIES AI BIOCHEMICAL LOCI OF SEVER:',-.CATFISH AINS AND LINES OF BLUE, CHANNEL, AND WHITE 1.00 LDH-A-2 ........................ LDH-B-1 ...................... 1.00 MDH-A-1 ...............:.. .00 MDH-A-2 ................... .23 .................... .. 76 MDH-A-3 MDH-B-1i..........................00 MDH-B-2 ................ 1.00 MPI-1 ........................ MPI-2 .......................... - .95 1.00 .00 .60 .40 .00 1.00 - .97 1.00 .03 .90 .06 .00 1.00 - .88 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 - .85 .00 1.00 .00 - .75 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 - .95 -.00 1.00 .00 -- 1.00 1.00 .00 .98 .02 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .04 .71 .25 .00 1.00 - 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 - 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 - 1.00 .02 .78 .20 .00 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 .00 .75 .25 .00 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.005 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 ..00 .00 -1.00 - PEP-A-1 ......................... PEP-A-2 ......................... .00 .00 .06 .10 .00 .00 - - - .00 PEP-A-3 ...................... 1.00 .00 - .90 .10 - .68 .16 - 1.00 .00 - - - - 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 -4 PEP-A-4 ........................ PEP-B-1 ......................... PEP-B-2 ........................... PEP-C-i ..................... PEP-C-2.................. .07 .86 .07 .00 - .00 1.00 .00 .00 - .00 1.00 .00 .00 - - 1.00 - .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 - -1.00 - -1.00 - .00 .00 1.006 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 -1.00 - - - - .933 .07 1.00 .................. 1.00 SOD-AI-2 ................... .00 SOD-AII-i .................. 1.00 .00 SOD-AII-2 .................. XDH-A-1i.................... 1.00 ooPGDH-A-1 ............... 6PGDH-A-1 ................ .00 1.00 6PGDH-A-2................ .00 6PGDH-A-3 ................ PGM-A-1 .................... PGM-A-2 ........................ SDH-A-1 ....................... SOD-Al-i 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - .74 .26 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - .68 .32 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 - - 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.007 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .008 .91 .09 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - .42 .58 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 - .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .90 .10 .89 .00 1.00 .11 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 - 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .80 1.00 .20 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 3 This allele had a frequency of .28 'Is only expressed on LiOH gels. 2 This allele had a frequency of .03 the previous 5generation. the previous generation. 6 4This allele had a frequency of .30 the previous generation. Tis may not be the same A-i allele as possessed 8 7 This May be a distinctive white catfish allele. This allele had a frequency of .89 the previous generation. by the channel catfish. rare allele, which had a frequency of .06 the previous ABL=Auburn M =Marion, MS=Marion S, KS =Kansas 5, Blue, AIWH=Auburn I White. K =Kansas, from generation, is probably differentR =Rio the A-i A =Auburn, AS =Auburn S, white catfish alele. Grande, RS=Rio Grande 8, Tif=Tifton, TABLE 3. ALLELE FREQUENCIES AT SERUM ESTERASE-5 AND TRANSFERRIN LOCI FOR CHANNEL CATFISH (ADAPTED FROM [57]) Allele Esterase-5 F I S Minnesota .......................... 0.00 0.00 1.00 Rio Grande ................. .11 .42 .46 Trinidad .................. 13 Strain Stuttgart...................... .05 Buckholts..................... .58 Arkansas Marketable ................ .46 Cull......................... .15 Auburn ....................... .09 .16 Uvalde ........................ .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .84 .95 .42 .54 .85 .91 A 0.32 .02 .01 - Transferrin C B 0.35 0.32 .15 .48 .14 - D 0.00 .21 - .63 - .35 .25 .31 .83 .19 .12 .15 .15 .40 .41 TABLE 4. GENE FREQUENCIES AT SIX VARIABLE GENE LOCI IN 10 CHANNEL 2 CATFISH HATCHERY STRAINS'. (ADAPTED FROM [48]) Strain (number of fish assayed) FFES1 FFES2 FFES3 FFES4 FFES6 FFES7 FFES8 (44) (55) (40) (40) (50) (62) (40) Gpi-1 100)..... 200) .. (-100) Idh-2 (100)... (157) .... Ldh-3 (100) .... (157) .... Pgm-1 (100) .... (340) .... 0.73 .25 .02 1.00 00 88 12 85 13 02 3 BONI (20) 0.81 .19 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .80 .20 .00 .00 BON2 (24) 1.00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 BON3 (20) 0.90 .10 .00 .98 .02 1.00 .00 .73 .27 .00 .00 .84 .16 .00 1.00 .00 .76 .24 .82 .18 .00 .00 0.83 .16 .01 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .60 .39 .00 .01 0.79 .21 .00 .88 .12 1.00 .00 .94 .05 .01 .00 0.63 .37 .00 1.00 .00 .81 .19 .86 .14 .00 .00 0.69 .29 .02 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .83 .16 .01 .00 0.73 .27 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .86 .13 .01 .00 (175) .... (85) .... Pgd-1 (100).....97 (130) .... 03 Mdh-3 (100) .... 94 (127) .... 00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .89 .11 1.00 .00 .96 .04 .90 .10 1.00 .00 .92 .08 1.00 .00 .93 .07 1.00 .00 .97 .03 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .60 .40 .87 .13 1.00 .00 .69 .12 ( 50) .... 06' 00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .19 'Electrophoretic 2 3 techniques of Allendorf et al. (1). = Allele nomenclature of Allendorf and Utter (2). FFES = Fish Farming Experimental Station; Bon Tifton. [75] TABLE 5. RELATIVE BODY WEIGHT OF CHANNEL CATFISH STRAINS GROWN IN EARTHEN PONDS STOCKED AT 7410/HA (ADAPTED FROM [22, 59]) Weight (g) Strain Experiment 1 t .............. 513 Kansas S 459 Kansas ................... Marion S ............. 486 Weight (g) Strain Experiment 2 ARM K-2 ............................... 513 513 .................... MK-3' Kansas S2 ............................. 495 M arion .................. Auburn (Auburn) Rio Grande S1 ...... Rio Grande .......... 413 322 436 295 Tifton+ ............ ..................... ................ FFES-1 ... ..... M x K .. . .............. Auburn (Texas A & M)........ Mississippi (commercial) ....... M SU- F ................... ... ... .. . . . . . . . LSU- F 2 .......... .... ... ... ... . . . . . . 373 (403) 361 360 342 307 299 294 3 i One generation of selection. 2 Two generations of selection. 8 403, mean weight of fish without caudal deformities. TABLE 6. RELATIVE BODY WEIGHT OF CATFISH SPECIES AND HYBRIDS GROWN IN CAGES AND PONDS (ADAPTED FROM [16, 59]) Weight (g) Stock Weight (g) Stock Experiment 4 Experiment 1 4823 3631 Auburn channel ............................ Lonoke channel ... 436 Auburn blue ................................... 344 Arkansas blue ....... 397 Auburn I white .............................. Experiment 2 501 Auburn blue x Auburn channel .... 4512 Lonoke channel ... 563 Auburn channel x Auburn blue .... 322 Arkansas blue ....... 292 Auburn I white x Auburn blue .... Experiment 3 468 Auburn channel x Auburn I white. 5681 Federal channel .... 389 Auburn blue ........ 361 Auburn II white .. i Restricted feeding regime in cages. 2Ad-libitum feeding in cages. In ponds. 3 [76] TABLE 7. MEAN HARVEST WEIGHTS OF PARENT STRAIN AND CROSSBRED CHANNEL CATFISH AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CROSSBREED TO THE BEST PARENT STRAIN (ADAPTED FROM [21]) Strain Experiment 1 Marion x Kansas ...... X weight (g) Percent increase or decrease 1.0 294 a ......... 291 a Marion x Marion.................. ......... 261 b Kansas x Kansas........ Experiment 2 13.0 Auburn x Kansas ................ 294 a Kansas x Kansas........ ......... 261 b Experiment 3 336 a 9.1 Marion x Kansas................. 308 b ....... Marion x Marion........ 300 b Kansas x Kansas................. .0 310 b AR x MK .................... ........ 308 b ........ MK x MK ................ Experiment 4 6.9 Marion x Kansas................. 694 a Marion x Marion... .............. 649 b 620 b Kansas x Kansas.................. Experiment 5 7.9 494 a Auburn. x Rio Grande ............... 458 b Rio Grande x Rio Grande ........... 454 b Auburn x Auburn....................... Experiment 6 489 a Auburn x Auburn....................... 413 b Rio Grande x Rio Grande ........... 18.0 398 b Rio Grande x Auburn ............... Experiment 7 8.2 639 a Auburn x Uvalde ..................... 15.9 497 c Uvalde x Auburn ..................... 591 bUvalde x Uvalde .......................... 514 cAuburn x Auburn....................... Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different (P > 0.05), Duncan's Multiple Range test. [77] TABLE 8. MEAN WEIGHTS OF PARENT STRAIN AND CROSSBRED CHANNEL CATFISH FINGERLINGS AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CROSSBREED TO THE BEST PARENT (ADAPTED FROM [21]) Strain Strainor X weight (g) Percent increase decrease Experiment 1 Warrior x Commercial .................... 127 a 14.4 Commercial x Commercial ................... 11 b Warrior x Warrior ........................... 75 c Experiment 2 Commercial x Tennessee .................. 89 b 20.0 Commercial x Commercial ................. 111 aTennessee x Tennessee ................ 57 c Experiment 3 Marion x Kansas................................ 142 a 31.0 Kansas x Marion ...... ........ ............... 118 b 8.4 Kansas x Kansas ................................. 109 c Marion x Marion .............................. 96 d Experiment 4 M arion x Kansas................................. 51 a 17.7 A R x M K ............................................ 44 b 2.3 Kansas x Kansas.................................. 43 b Marion x Marion ................................ 43 bM K x M K ......................................... . 39 bExperiment 5 A R x A R ............................................ 20 a M K x A R ............................................ 20 a 11.1 A R x M K ............................................ 18 a 0.0 M K x M K ......................................... . 18 aRio Grande x Rio Grande .................. 8 b Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different (P > 0.05) Duncan's Multiple Range test. [78] TABLE 9. PRODUCTION OF 8 GENETIC GROUPS OF CHANNEL CATFISH IN 3 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS-PONDS, CAGES, AND AQUARIA (ADAPTED FROM [33]) Cross Production (g) Cages Aquaria 2686 a 2542 a 799 a 486 c Ponds Marion x Marion ........................................... 19733 a Warrior x Commercial ............................... 18383 b Rio Grande x Rio Grande ............................. 14779 bc Commercial x Commercial ....................... 13961 cd Tennessee x Yazoo ........................................ 12589 de Warrior x Warrior .............................. 10381 f Kentucky x Kentucky................................ 8222 g Tennessee x Tennessee ................................. 7920 g 2271 a 2418 1613 2498 1784 1484 a b a b b 600 b 554 334 457 414 294 b e cd d e Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > .05). TABLE 10. COMPARISON OF GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, AND VISCERAL FAT PERCENTAGE IN BLUE, CHANNEL, WHITE, AND HYBRID CATFISH (ADAPTED FROM [13]) Cross Visceral fat (pct. body weight) Gain (g) Feed conversion Channel x Channel (Auburn).............. 482 bc 1.36 abc 3.5 ab Channel x Blue................................... 563 a 1.21 a 3.8 ab Blue x Channel...................................501 b 1.41 bc 7.0 bc Blue x Blue (Auburn)......................... 436 cd 1.51 c 4.6 abc W hite x Blue ...................................... 292 e 2.24 e 12.1 d White x White (Auburn I)................. 397 d 1.99 d 5.3 abc Channel x White ................................. 468 bcd 1.49 c 8.4 c Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > .05). [79] TABLE 11. PERCENT GAIN OF INITIAL BODY WEIGHT (1 G) AND FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY (S) FOR FINGERLINGS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AND HYBRIDS OF CATFISH FED AT 3 PERCENT OF BODY WEIGHT OR AD-LIBITUM IN AQUARIA (ADAPTED FROM [27]) Species or hybrid' Experiment 1 Feeding rate 3 pct. of body weight Experiment 2 Feeding rate 3 pct. 01 body weight Experiment 3 Ad-lbitum feeding S Channel ........................ 0.9 White x Channel......... 1.1 Blue x Channel ............. 1.3 White...... .............. 1.4 Blue x White .................. 1.4 Channel x Black ............. 1.4 White x Black ............ 1.5 Blue ............................... 1.6 Yellow ........................... 1.9 Blue x Yellow ............. 2.3 White x Yellow ............... 3.2 Channel x White...........Channel x Yellow.......... Channel x Blue............Brown x White............Black ........................Brown x Channel ...... Channel x Blue F2 .. . . . . . . . . Yellow x White............ .Blue x Brown.............. Brown........... Brown x Yellow ........... White x Brown ............ ' Black = Black Bullhead, brown Pct. gain 302 242 212 194 186 186 176 164 144 116 85 - S 1.0 1.1 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pct. gain 189 188 247 200 180 159 264 237 173 191 157 161 123 165 122 103 93 85 yellow S 1.2 1.6 1.3 Pct. gain 448 319 422 1.7 1.6 298 256 = .9 .9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 Brown Bullhead, = 1.2 508 1.2 402 1.7 258 1.6 300 2.3 181 2.2 196 2.3 203 2.1 230 3.1 143 3.1 143 4.6 89 2.6 173 Yellow Bullhead. TABLE 12. FEED CONVERSION EFFICENCY OF 12 GENETIC GROUPS OF CATFISH STOCKED SEPARATELY IN 0.04 HA EARTHEN PONDS AND OFFERED 4890 KG/HA OF FEED FROM [13]) (ADAPTED Group Feed conversion efficency Channel x Blue .. .............................................. 1.21 a Marion x Kansas................................................1.22 a Marion...................... .......................... ..... 1.26 ab Kansas.......................................................1.26 ab Auburn x Rio Grande............................................................ 1.27 ab Auburn ............................................................................... abc Blue x Channel.............. .................................. 1.41 bc Rio n e h Grande......................................................................... ht .......................................... 1.42 bc Chanel Whie...................................1.49 c Blue.................................................................................. 1.51 c White................................................................................ 1.99 d White x Blue. .................................................. 2.24 d 'Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05). Duncan's MRT. Blue, channel, and white are Auburn strain. All other strains are channel catfish. 1.36 [80] TABLE 13. PARASITIC LOAD ON CATFISH FINGERLINGS GROWN IN PONDS AT 146,000/HA (ADAPTED FROM [55]) Parasites' Trichodina Scyphidia Trichodinella Cleidodiscus Lchthyopthirius White................................... 3, (0-15) 120, (40-200) 0 Kansas.................................. 3, (0-10) 34, (15- 60) 0 White x Blue.................. 3, (0-10) 32, (20-100) 0 Blue............................... 1, (0- 5) 28, (15- 30) 3, (0-13) Blue x Auburn.................. 4, (0- 9) 115, (70-190) 0 Auburn x Blue.................. 1, (0- 5) 145, (60-300) 0 Auburn x White................ 1, (0- 5) 0 0 Auburn........................... 14, (0-80) 556, (150-950) 0 Auburn x Rio Grande..... 1, (0- 4) 160, (0-800) 0 Rio Grande...................... 9, (0-22) 800, (600-1000) 0 Marion ............................. 0 89, (15-160) 0 Marion x Kansas ............... 14, (0-35) 22, (0-200) 0 'Numbers outside parenthesis are average numbers for each fish and those within parenthesis white catfish are Auburn strain. All other strains are channel catfish. 0 0 5, (0- 15) 0 8, (6-10) 166, (70-270) 4, (0- 10) 0 30, (5-120) 0 11, (0- 20) 0 16, (7- 32) 0 30, (2-120) 0 25, (0- 90) 0 11, (0- 30) 0 46, (15-70) 0 10, (0- 30) 0 are range of parasitic load. Blue and TABLE 14. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Six GENETIC GROUPS OF CHANNEL CATFISH EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH FLEXIBACTER COLUMNARIS Experiment 1 Genetic group Genetic group Auburn .......................... Marion.................... Dakota x Rio Grande.... Auburn x Rio Grande.... Rio Grande ..................... Percent mortality 33 63 50 75 63 Experiment 2 Genetic group enetimortality M arion....... .................... Marion x Kansas............. Auburn x Rio Grande Rio Grande ................ Percent 0 0 11 25 TABLE 15. MORTALITY OF EIGHT GENETIC GROUPS OF FINGERLING CHANNEL CATFISH FED CHANNEL CATFISH VIRUS (ADAPTED FROM [50]) X percent mortality Group Rio Grande ............................ ........................ 72 a 43 b K entucky ............................................................................. 33 c M arion ................ .............................................. ........... ............. W arrior ................. ................... ....... ..................... 29 c Tennessee .................................... ............ .................. 12 d Yazoo ....................................................................... 13 d Tennessee x Yazoo ..................................... .................. 10 d W arrior x Yazoo ..................................... ..................... 9 d Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > .05). TABLE 16. MORTALITY OF CHANNEL X BLUE HYBRID AND CHANNEL CATFISH IN PONDS, CAGES, AND TANKS WHEN OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS WERE REDUCED BELOW 1.0 MG/L (ADAPTED FROM [26]) Environment Ponds .................... Cages .................. Tanks .............. Number of catfish Hybrid Channel 500 600 500 Percentage mortality (SD) Hybrid' Channel 7.5 (0.7) 51.0 (4.2) 33.0 (-) 500 600 500 50.5 (0.7) 87.5 (2.1) 100.0 (-) 'Mortality of the hybrid catfish was significantly lower than that of channel catfish (p < .01). TABLE 17. DRESS-OUT PERCENTAGE OF CATFISH GROUPS GROWN IN EARTHEN PONDS AT 7410/HA (FROM [17]) Group Number dressed Dress-out percentage' 64.3 a 15 Blue .......................................... 15 64.0 a Rio Grande .............................. 15 63.3 a Auburn ..................................... 15 62.0 b Channel x Blue ........................ 10 61.5 b Auburn x Rio Grande .............. 60.0 c 15 Marion x Kansas ...................... 59.3 c K ansas ...................................... 15 59.3 c 15 M arion ...................................... 59.0 c 15 Blue x Channel ........................ 59.0 c 10 W hite x Blue ............................ 56.5 d 10 Channel x White ..................... 55.0 e 15 W hite ........................................ ' Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P> .05). Duncan's MRT. Blue, channel, and white are Auburn strain. All other strains are channel catfish. [82] TABLE 18. MORPHOMETRIC RATIOS (BODY CONFORMATION) FOR NINE GENETIC GROUPS OF CHANNEL CATFISH FINGERLINGS (ADAPTED FROM [32]) Group Trait PDL'................. Marion Auburn Warrior Kentucky Yazoo Tennessee Rio Grande Tennessee x Warrior x Yazoo Yazoo .149 .059 .187 .128 -0 BD .................... 0.272 .153 0.260 .150 0.257 .148 0.264 .148 0.275 .162 0.269 .153 0.274 .160 0.269 0.278 .151 G...................... .056 HL ................... .195 HD RD.................. HW................... .149 CD........7.07 CPW ................. .037 .132 .055 .184 .15 .140 .037 .050 .182 12.26 .132 .080 .034 .053 .186 .142 .076 .035 .059 .192 19 .148 .077 .036 .057 .191 .128 .060 .192 .130 .060 .193 .130 .145 .075 .034 ' PDL = predorsal length/total length, BD = body depth/total length, G = gape/total HL = head length/total length, HD = head depth/total length, HW = head width/total length, CPD = caudal peduncle depthtotal length, CPW = caudal peduncle length, .147 .078 .035 .141 .074 .037 .149 .076 .037 width/total length. TABLE 19. HEAD LENGTH, HEAD DEPTH, HEAD WIDTH, CAUDAL PEDUNCLE WIDTH, CAUDAL PEDUNCLE DEPTH AND BODY DEPTH TO TOTAL LENGTH RATIOS OF BLUE, CHANNEL, WHITE, AND HYBRID CATFISHES (ADAPTED FROM [17]) Group HW' HL HD CPD CPW BD White x White ............ 0.173b 2 0.212b 0.112b 0.083b 0.037b 0.205b Auburn x Rio Grande............ .143c .203d .104d .073c .032c .164c Marion x Marion............ .143c .204cd .106c .069dc .165c Kansas x Kansas..................... .138c .202d .lO0ef .069de .030d .165c Marion x Kansas............. .141d .204cd .097gh .069de .032c .157de Rio Grande x Rio Grande.. .138e .207c l10e .070d .029ef Auburn x Auburn........... .135f .198c .099f .068e .029fg .l6Ocd 2 Blue x Channel ...................... .13 g .193f .096hi .064f .O28gh .154ef .192f .095e .064f .027gh .156de Channel x Blue.............. .1241 Blue x Blue .......... ........... .127i .183g .095i .063f .026f .162c = head 'HL-head length/total length, HD = head depth/total length, width/total-length. CPD = caudal peduncle depth/total length, CPW = caudal peduncle width/total length and BD = body depth/total length. Blue, channel and white are Auburn strain. All other groups are channel catfish. 2 Means followed by the same superscript are not significantly different (P> .001). .031d .151f HW TABLE 20. MORPHOLOGICAL COEFFICIENTS DESCRIBING THE OVERALL DIFFERENCES IN SHAPE OF CHANNEL, BLUE, WHITE, AND HYBRID CATFISH (ADAPTED FROM [17]) Strain Body conformation coefficient Coefficient of head size Coefficient of caudal size 0.497 a 0.120 a White x White.................... 0.822 a' .450 bc .105 b Auburn x Rio Grande...... .719 b .717 bc .453 b .100 cd Marion x Marion.................. .099 cd Kansas x Kansas................... .704 bcd .440 de Marion x Kansas.................. .700 cd .442 cd .101 c Rio Grande x Rio Grande... .696 d .446 bcd .099 cd Auburn x Auburn ................. .689 d .432 e .097 d .092 e Blue x Channel ................... .667 e .421 f .416 f .091 e .663 Channel x Blue ................... Blue x Blue ........................ .656 .405 g .089 e ' Means followed by the same letter are not different (P> .01). Channel, blue, and white are Auburn strain. All other groups are channel catfish. ee [84] TABLE 21. SEINABILITY (CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT)'OF SEPARATELY STOCKED CATFISH GROUPS AT THREE SAMPLE PERIODS (ADAPTED FROM [13]) Group June 16 Percent population captured July 30 Aug. 31 Season mean White x Blue .......................... 88.3 a2 56.7 abc 74.3 a 73.1 a 71.0 a 39.7 cd 64.6 ab Channel x Blue ......................... 83.2 a 56.4 ab Channel x White .................... 77.3 a 42.0 cd 50.0 cd Blue ....................... ................. 57.0 ab 68.4 ab 79.9 a 68.4 a Blue x Channel .................... 52.6 ab 49.4 bc 55.0 b 52.3 b 8.3 f 24.3 cd 13.2 e Kansas ........................................ 51.6 ab Marion .................................... 45.9 ab 34.7 cde 25.8 de 35.4 c 19.8 de 12.8 ef 25.6 cd Marion x Kansas ................... 44.2 ab 29.8 cd White ..................................... 36.9 b 23.3 de 29.1 d Rio Grande................................ 34.4 b 25.2 de 27.9 d 29.2 cd Auburn x Rio Grande .............. 28.4 b 21.6 de 12.4 ef 20.8 d Auburn ................................... 27.2 b 17.4 e 10.9 f 18.5 d ' Catch per unit effort is expressed as mean catch from three replicates having 300 fish per replicate. 2 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > .05). Duncan's MRT. Blue, channel and white are Auburn strain. All other crosses are channel catfish. TABLE 22. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IN THE POPULATION VS. PROPORTION CAUGHT BY ANGLING FOR BLUE CATFISH, CHANNEL CATFISH, AND THEIR RECIPROCAL HYBRIDS (FROM [61]) Group Relative abundance (pct.) Weight Number 9.23 28.65 37.44 24.68 100.00 37.88 62.12 100.00 Proportion in catch (pct.) Weight Number 2.67 22.67 57.33 17.33 100.00 25.34 74.66 100.00 1.53 17.32 63.85 17.30 100.00 18.85 81.15 100.00 Channel catfish ........................ 9.07 Blue catfish............................ 32.82 29.54 Channel x Blue ........................ Blue x Channel .................... 28.57 Total ..................................... 100.00 Parent species.................. 41.89 Hybrids.......................58.11 Total .................. .................... 100.00 TABLE 23. SPAWNING PERIODS OF FOUR STRAINS OF CHANNEL CATFISH DURING 1976 AND 1977 SPAWNING SEASONS AT TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS (FROM [10]) StrainSpawning Strain 1976 Minnesota........................ May Uvalde............................ May Auburn........................... May Rio Grande ..................... June 5 - May 9 22 -July 7 17 -June 19 15 - August 30 period 1977 May May May June 5 - May 12 16 - June 9 28 -June 18 18 - June 27 [85] TABLE 24. REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE BY STRAINS AND CROSSBREEDS OF CHANNEL CATFISH' Pairing Age of geo parents Number of m2w pairings Number of spawns Spawning n rate, pct. pwig2 day Number of eggs per kg female p (CV)3 Survival of progeny to 45 days, number per kg female parent 00 Group 1: Marion (M), Kansas (K), and crossbred (MK) strains, 1979 32 9 28a 4.Oa 5,104(19)a 440a 2 4b 10.Ob 6,934(6)b 44b 50 2,423 c 62 c 2.7 a 7,764 (17) b 21 13 Group 2: Marion (M), Kansas (K), and crossbred (MK) strains, 1980 M x M .................... 4 24 13 54 a 2.8a 8,081(37)a 1,504a 1,755b 19 49 a 10.b 8,006(49)a K x K ................... xK 4 39 1,800b 4 17 9 53 a 2.9a 8,111 (24)a MK x MK.............. Group 3: Rio Grande (R) and Auburn (A) x R crossbred (AR) strains, 1979 25 8 32 a 10.8 a 6,061 (30) a 776 a Rx R................... 3 4.0Ob 7,480 (15) b 1,158 b AR xAR .............. 3 18 7 39 a Group 4: Second generation two-way (F2) and four-way crossbred strains, 1982 2,185 a F 2MK x F2MK..... 3 41 21 51 a 14.3 a 8,248 (27) a 8 62 ab 17.0 b 7,375 (18) ab 2,331 a F 2AR x F 2 AR .... 3 13 9.9 c 6,540 (32) b 2,272 a ARMK xARMK .. 3 41 27 66 b IChi-square contingency test for spawning rate, chi-square test for juvenile survival, Duncan's multiple-range test for spawning day and fecundity. Within each group separately, values in a column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P > .05)' (from [251). MxM xM .................. KxK .................... MK x MK.............. 3 3 3 2 Days 3Coefficient of variation: CV from the first spawning within a group. 100(SD)/mean. = TABLE 25. MEAN WEIGHT (G), PERCENT SURVIVAL, YIELD PER HA, AND FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF FISH FROM SIX CHANNEL CATFISH STRAINS EVALUATED AT THREE DENSITIES AFTER 150 DAYS (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, [48]) 2 Per hectare Strain density 4970 7410 9850 4970 7410 9850 4970 7410 9850 4970 7410 9850 SAdjusted for 2 FFES = Fish FFES-1 399 359 326 78.1 86.3 87.2 3115 5157 5504 1.35 1.29 1.39 FFES-2 FFES-3 FFES-4 FFES-6 377 378 351 89.9 79.4 83.7 3343 4470 5705 1.09 1.19 1.27 FFES-8 345 315 261 94.5 96.3 98.1 3260 4552 4991 1.30 1.37 1.56 Weight (g)' 378 420 380 384 406 352 303 343 331 Percent Survival 96.2 79.9 85.6 96.1 86.5 88.7 94.5 82.4 68.3 Yield (kg/ha) 3953 3439 3624 5864 5312 5150 6026 5529 4696 Feed Conversion Efficiency 1.62 1.46 2.18 1.47 2.05 1.59 1.85 1.68 2.46 initial weight. Farming Experimental Station. TABLE 26. GENETIC GROUPS EXPRESSING IMPROVED PERFORMANCE FOR COMMERCIAL TRAITS IN RESEARCH TESTS (FROM TABLES 5-25) Traits Genetic group' Body weight ........................................................................ ARMK-2 MK-3 Kansas select Marion x Kansas Channel x Blue Resistance to Disease.......................................................... Channel x Blue Kansas Kansas select Tolerance of Low Oxygen Concentration........................ Channel x Blue Seinability ............................................................................ Blue catfish Channel x Blue Marion Marion select Hook and Line Vulnerability............................................ Marion x Kansas Channel x Blue Dressing Percentage ........................................................... Blue catfish Channel x Blue Auburn Minnesota Rio Grande Uvalde Spawning Rate..................................................................... Marion x Kansas (brood) Early Spawning, Large Eggs and Fry .............................. Minnesota 1 Each genetic group is ranked 1 or 2 in research tests. [87] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to express our appreciation to personnel at the federal, state, and private fish hatcheries for their contributions to Circular 273. Data contained in the circular were collected through April 1, 1984. We welcome additions to this information to allow future updating of the circular when appropriate. We also acknowledge support for this project by the United States Department of Agriculture (Research Grant USDA ARS-587 B30-1-349). [881 REFERENCES (1) Allendorf, F. W., N. Mitchell, N. Ryman, and G. Stahl. 1977. Isozyme Loci in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.): Detection and Interpretation from Population Data. Hereditas 86:179-190. and F. M. Utter. 1979. Population Genetics. In W. S. (2) Hoar, D. S. Randall, and J. R. Brett, eds. Fish Physiology, Vol. 8. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. pp. 407-454. 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Proceedings Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 29:57-62. 1976. Blood Protein Variation in Eight Stocks of Channel Catfish. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex. Smitherman, R. 0., R. A. Dunham, T. 0. Bice, and J. L. Horn. 1984. Reproductive Efficiency in the Reciprocal Pairings of Two Strains of Channel Catfish. Progressive Fish-Culturist. 46:106-110. [92] (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) , R. A. Dunham, and D. Tave. 1983. Review of Catfish Breeding Research 1969-1981 at Auburn University. Aquaculture 33:197-205. , H. M. El-Ibiary, and R. E. Reagan. 1978. Genetics and Breeding of Channel Catfish. Regional Research Publication 223, Southern Cooperative Series. 34 pp. Tave, D., A. S. McGinty, J. A. Chappell, and R. 0. Smitherman. 1981. Relative Harvestability by Angling of Blue Catfish, Channel Catfish, and Their Reciprocal Hybrids. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1:73-76. and R. 0. Smitherman. 1982. Spawning Success of Reciprocal Hybrid Pairings Between Blue and Channel Catfishes With and Without Hormone Injection. Progressive Fish-Culturist 44:73-74. Taylor, P. W. 1977. Serum Protein and Hemoglobin Characteristics of Various Catfish (Ictalurus sp.) Under Normal and Diseased Conditions. Doctoral Dissertation. Auburn University, Ala. Wolters, W. R., C. L. Chrisman, and G. S. Libey. 1981. Lymphocyte Culture for Chromosomal Analyses of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Copeia 2:503-504. , C. L. Chrisman, and G. S. Libey. 1981. Induction of Triploidy in Channel Catfish. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 110:310-312. , G. S. Libey, and C. L. Chrisman. 1982. Effect of Triploidy on Growth and Gonad Development of Channel Catfish. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 111:102-105. Yant, R., R. 0. Smitherman and 0. L. Green. 1975. Production of Hybrid (Blue x Channel) Catfish and Channel Catfish in Ponds. Proceedings Annual Southeastern Association Game and Fish Commissioners 29:86-91. Youngblood, P. N. 1980. Growth and Feed Conversion of Six Genetic Groups of Adult Channel Catfish Selected as Broodstock. Masters Thesis. Auburn University, Ala. [93] AUBURN UNIVRSITY With an agricultural research unit in every major soil area, Auburn Universitv serves the needs of field crop, livestock, forestry, and horticultural producers in each region in Alahama. Ever- citi zen of the State has a stake in this research program, since any advantage from new( and more economl- Q 10 T ical way s of producing and handling farm products di rectly benefits the consunng public. is ®® O ® Main Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn. s 1 2 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. 11 12. 13. 14. 15 16 17. 18 19 E. V. Smith Research Center, Shorter. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield. Forestry Unit, Fayette County Chilton Area Horticulture Substation, Clanton. Forestry Unit, Coosa County. Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill. Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. Forestry Unit, Autauga County. Prattville Experiment Field, Prattville. Black Belt Substation. Marion Junction The Turnipseed-Ikenberry Place, Union Springs Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Camden. Forestry Unit, Barbour County. Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville Wiregrass Substation, Headland Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton. Solon Dixon Forestry Education Center, Covington and Escambia counties. 20. Ornamental Horticulture Substation, Spring Hill. 21 Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope.