W A ' -l
y~
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Ir ,H I(It
OF AGRICI 
T
LT ,RAL RESEARCH
-jop
In this issue
Survey of Preferences for Alternativ e
Christmas Trees
Pasture-Finished Beef Pleasing to the Palate
Consumer Preferences for Geranium Flower Colt
I eaf Variegation, and Price
lDogwoods Resist Pow~dery Mildew
Growth Regulators Influence Cotton
G~rowth and Yield
Keeping Milk Fever at Bay
Green Manures:
An Env ironmentally Friendly Way
to Control Root- Knot Nematodes
AXsian Ambrosia Beetles Threaten Southern
Orchards and Tree Nurseries
The Future of Alabama's CRP Grasslands
ON TI IL COVER: A NItir l~rx hollx bccomvis a cl
r hood iJrcmorx that can litrrially last fir x cart. Sce itrti a.
pige 3.
W i n t e r- 1 9 9 5 V o 1 U m e 4l 2 N uin m e 
r
; I III II RiP R (( i iii i Ni ti I I i I' II II ) S IHi
AidIAI t xiA(RIi ti tI I l R, I ' ISXT iMI'N"i S"IAii
AL iiiRx I xxN t .Rr .
I OVWFt I.. FROBISH ....... Director
DA VID H. TEEM1...........ssociare Director
Rt'SS1 t I B. MN\TIFFRINGr :Asociire Diiretoi
PI' G (RtE .. .. . .. . .. s istn t~ Diiretori
ROYr ROBERSON ..... Assitant irnctor
KAIE SMITH .. .... Associate Eito
ROBYH\N HFARN................caie Editor
TFII ttSA RODRIGUEZ- ...... Ar Deswinci
F 11TIORI NI COMMITTEE: L tmeli l i ho i
Nit iC happelka, Associate PioeNssoi ofi FoiCsiry:
Daii (Colliins, Associate Pirilesso oi Plant
Hoiiuiliiie: H-enit Kinnuxan., ANsoite Priofessor
oi N''iiriuliiiiai Econoics aiid tRiiil Socioloaex
R e I ICIi N',ltiiaiii Pinfessin iii PIUili v C ICn
Is Nd haiiletc. Astociaic ProteNssor iii CI1An
Altair: Dlatvid Associlut Nite PrioiicsNi
of Animaiil H ealih Reseaich: W\c- WoiodI Alunii
Asoit e Prfi iessoi ci Amonomy aiid Soil : G eotI iex
/,Chri ANNociate PrioieNssoi ofi F ntomoilogy andi
Rot Rolic ci.
I-DLITOR'S NOTE MINention iii itrade inamles
does ioi iiindic it u cndoisimiii bx ihe Alaaiima
Agricultiral I txpcimnin Staion oi Aiihiii ii-
\c eriix ol one hi and ot ci anorher. Ant uise ofI)C
ricide irdiet in cessN in labeled amiiunits ini iCsNachi
repoiried dohesno ici lntiie iecomimendarioni or
Suich die. Such uii S im nplt part ci ihe sci-
eniiic mnt ii''dion neccstart y t iiiiitc
ariNu matei als No chemical Shounid he mited at
rates ihote ihose pcritiied hy ihe lihel.
linfrmnaiocn conuined heri is at aiable io all per-
sons t huti 1e,1111 to ac e, color, Sex, oi narional
oig'in.
Alabamar Ag'ricuiltural I \/)('riore t Station .Sv mI'r
Hi~'/rlridril o! Agic iral/ Rceorxcr Vol. 42.,\No. 4, Wirrt'r /995
T lose ver prdiver hr the~
AAE-S and it ieni e' the begzinnin-, ol a
iie\\ \car.
Thnruou1-t the y ear, a xNaricty of
researchi has heen reporied. It is our goal to
gixe you a broad peirspectixe of the research
conducted to meet the needs of both the pro-
s duCer-S anti consumrsir. Unfortunately
hecause of budgetary constraints We mtit
r redrice the size and scope 
ol our research pro-
7 tram.
Lx ery dark cloud has a sivr lx in-
9 in-, The r eduction in fuinding prom ides an
opportu n ity to avscvS our programs arnd to
make somie changes to reflect todaxy's needs.
I We hax e the 
opportunity to ask 
the question
many children ask their parents - "Why'?"
13 Why arc w~e doing this research'? Why is the
13 proposed researceh more 
imnportant than other
areas? "'Whlis a difficult hut chal ngr ig
question.
The \AtAES has~ dex eloped its "Wish
1 4 List" Ior thiN Chritmasir 
Season. We c xi
That We could meet all of the rneeds
of the State's prodcrcerN and consumlers.
I hat the public understooid that
-1 7 food does riot Jrxt come frorm the grocer
store. Somiebody hax to produce it.
1 8 That the next F-arrm Bill tcco~rti/es
the imiportance oh ac-rrcultice arid f (r eNsr to
ilI- Alabanma.
That each arid exverx one hasavr
on xr
MryChirixtrmas arid Happy Nexx Year, and
that the cloxrrr of 1995 and the birth oh
1996 f inds yon filrIled with Joy and, mosr
ot all, Peace.
IPii, I3
Pagei 17
Si)wveyJ of Preferences
/or +U7teroawtive C/rs thu6-s
T rees
Kxeunetlh M. Ti/l. IBrid(4e vi.. Be/he, J. Dovid Wi/llims.
mnyn Alabamiins wld(1l /)uY sx I)(/pi me hollyl~ mido (1
(c\/))(~ss trees i lemlvst rltou i~ i ht,
Chris tmas trees. 7ie stufdy a/so iiidiouies a p)otentiU/ niche/for iiw(1t11-
/hi (i11( of/ier /1(ii) spe(cies tor USe a.s u/Ierflmitv Christf/fas liees.
With gzroxx ng, concern for the
env ironment. ther e has been an
ncrease in the demndu for liinv tees.
those harv ested wi th the roots for
f uture transplanting. To meet this
demand, some Christmains tree growers
are offeri ng container-crown trees and
trees dug fronm the Field that are hailed
and burlapped. These options alloxw the
(crowxer to sell liv ing tees for
Christmas or landscape plants through-
ouit the y ear. Howxev er the trees often
sold are not adapted to high tempera-
tures common in the Souith. The ens-
tomer may end up disappointed and
resort to buying an artificial tree.
Ley land cy press is an alterna-
tive for the traditional Virginia pine
Christmas tee. Although le\ land
ecypress is new to Alahamia. South
Cairolina has had ti emendous suecess
wxith this tree as a Christmas tree. It has
a gotod shape. eoloir. and branch
strength, and it does not shed needles
like other Christmas tee species.
Contai nerizied hollies are
another possibilIi ty. While xvisiting a
nursery in South Alaara. researchers
obserxved that all the hollies. Arizona
cypresses, magnolias, and cry ptomerias
that wxere sheared in a neat Christmas
tree fornm xx ere tagged by the kIi
scape des igners or archi-
tects I oi theiri projects. In
prox idling the desired uni-
form il f oi their ens-
tomers, nursery producers
also inadxvertently creat
ed some beautifJul
Christmas tree speci
mens. Also. wxhen plant,
are c-roxxn in containel s,
Serx ed. redlucinc the
long beenasmoW
histor y of Lise
Christmas trees.
xvey wxas conduieted at the Alabama
State l'air and the Southern I lomres and
Gardens Garden Center in Montgomery.
Three difl'eient tirees were displayed: l
cut lix e Virginia pine, a eontai nc. ca
mide ndt Uri/lint Holl/, bonom,,,
tclinon,4 ~l th rotah1t1111( l 1 tre)11 11si Im'd in
Christmas Trees, continued on page 4
Alabama Agr4ictua E10 1 l)ti/i/ ,Stationl S at ii
Christmas T'rees, cotiniued froii page 3
Table 1. 1993 Survey Ratings of Christmas Trees
Tree Avg. rating Pct. rating
4 or 5
Virginia pine (cut) 3.8 61
Leyland cypress (cut) 3.6 56
Holly (container) 3.3 50
Rating: I = would not buy the tree; 5S would definitely buy the tree.
Table 2. 1994 Survey Ratings of Christmas Trees
Avg. rating Pct. rating
4 or 5
Leyland cypress 3.8 64
Martha Berry holly 3.5 54
__Nellie R. Stevens holly 3.3 50
Little Gem magnolia 2.7 31
Carolina Sapphire 2.7 30
Arizona cypress
Springhill magnolia 2.5 26
Fairhope magnolia 2.4 24
All trees were in containers.
2 Rating: I = would not buy the tree; 
5 = would definitely buy the tree.
Nellie R. Stcxcns hollx. .iii l cuii lixe
Icy laud c press. All xwcrc similar in
Size and quality. Txwo trees of each type
wxere used, one of xwhlichi wxas decorat-
ed. Ideiitical oirnaiiieits aiid decora-
tions were used to prexveiit judgeiiieit
by decor atioin.
Respondents from both loca-
tions we rc compared on the basis of
ace. iiicoiim eiieder, aiid educatioii.
There wercie iio statistically sigiificaiit
differeiices hetmeeii the sites. thus the
two sub-saiiiples were combined for
further analysis. Respondents ini the
coiibi ned sample had an axverage age
ot 47 x ears and ain ax erage household
iicome oh S42,500. Txx eitx-six perceiit
ot the respondents xxerc iiale, aiid 741(
were female. Participants had an aver-
ace high school education plus three
years formal educatioin beyond the
high school lxvel.
Of 119 consumers, 55% iiid-
cated that they had purchased a tree
for the 1 992 season. Foirty-onie per-
ceiit of the respondeiits used an arti-
I icial Christmas tee iii I1992. 54(%
purchased a cut live tee, and 3% pur-
chased a lixviiig tree iii a coiitaiiier. No
partic ipanits purchased a ball -aiid-
hurlapped Christiias
trecc. aiid 2(/ chose
not to respond to the
Surxey par-
ticipants were theii
asked to exvalutate
each tree. A scale
Ironi oiie to fixe cwxas
used iii the exvala-
tion. A rating ot oiie
Suggested that the
coiisumer defiiiitelx
wxould not purchase
this tree f or use iii his
or her hionie, while a
iatiiic of fixe sui-
gested that the con-
sumier definitely
wouild purchase tie
tree I or ionic use (ITable I ). Results oh
this surxvey shoxwed an equtal pircfer-
eiice for Virginia piiie and Icy land
cypress. Hoxxecxer, hiolly wxas iiot far
behiiid.
A I1994 surxe cwxxas coiiducted
at the B irminchain Botanical Gardeiis
aiid againi at the Southerii Hoiies and
Gardens Garden Center. Sexvci differ-
cnt coiitaiiieirized trees xxerc decorated
and di splay ed. iiichudinii: Caroliiia
Sapphirie Arizona cy press. Icy land
cypress. Martha Berry holly, Nellie R.
Stexniis hiollIy, Fairhiopc magiioli a,
Little Gem magiiolia, and SprinighillI
macnolia. Best trees ini each species
xxere selected uisiiig tapei. deiisity aiid
color of foliage. unitforiiity, aiid distri-
butioii oh braiiches as selectioii criteria.
There xxere iio statistically
signitficant dit fereiices bctxx cci the
sites, thins the txxo sub-samples xxerc
combiiied for Ifuirther analysis.
Respoiideiits iii the comiiiieid saiiphc
had aii ax ciace ace oh 46 N ears.
Respoiidenis xvaried xwidcly iin their
household iiicoiies. Sixtceii perceiit
had incoiies less thiaii 524999; 251
had iiicomes betweeii $25.000 anid
549.000i: I 1( had incomes betwxecn
550.00 and 564.999: and 31 % had
incomes ol' $65,000 or more. Twenty-
nine percent of' the respondents we rc
male, and 71 r% wxcrec female.
Participants had an axvcrage highl
school education plus three y ears toi-
mal education beyond tie high school
cvel.
Ohfitic 171I coiisumiers Stir-
x e\ed. OW/i indicated that they had
purchased a ticc for the 1993 season.
aii increase of I I ck fromi 1992. Thirty-
tour perceiit ot the respoiideiits Lused an
artificial Christmas tree in I1993. a
decline oh 7% lromi 1992. Fifty-tour
perceiit oh the respondents puichiased a
cut lixve tree, 3%c purchased a li iiig
tree iii a conitainer. and 21k purchased at
hall -and-hurlapped Christ mas tee.
Sixty-twxo percent of the respondeiits
said they would buy a livec tree in a
container that could be plaiited outside
after Christmnas, cxcii ilionili they cost
miore thaii livec. cut trees. Hoxw cxer.
38c r still prel'erred the lixe, cut trees.
Fiiial ly, surxvey participaiits
xwere asked to ev aluate each tree, usiiic
a scale tfroni one to hi xc (Table 2).
Results of this surx ey shiow that there
is a strong iiiterest iii coiitai nerizecd
Christiias tees, especially leyland
cy press aiid holly. Although magiiolias
aiid Arizoiia cy press wer crianked loxx,
24- 30c/ of the participants indicated a
strong prefecrence for these trees. More
retfiiied pi uniiig techiques dex eloping
trees targeted at this market could
improxve iiteirests iii oilier alteriiativxe
Christmas tees.
Data inidicate an opportunity
for Alabaiia Christmas tree aiid iiurs-
erx industies to dcx elop and explore
this nexw market iiichc oppoirtunit\ . It
seems that tie peopile of Alabania are
receptivxc to change froii our tradition-
al Virginia piiie.
ilt ard Behre ae Assci ate Pr ofessoirs,
Williarrs is ar Assistant Proesr Gay&r isa
Resear ch Tecnician, and Potter is a
Research Assstant in Horticulture.
Alabamuua Agri(. if/l EI/ ?tlw1ir i Station .S'vsfel
Higi,'/rig'ri o/'Agi i trol Research Vol. 42, No. 4, Winier I1995
CONSUMERS FIND LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PASTU1?F- AN!) FFFDLOT-Fv\7vm -T Br-vv
Ann, H. .Simone, Nancx R. Green, D)avid I. Bruitsbx, (ai/f JIuiir. S. Biumion
v'egrass, which i~s vvide/v' 1)/outed as a witer aniua/ i the soiitheastern1 Uniited
.States, proYvides
t 
(In ex'Cee/lt f01'Cl'e tor' fIiLSh 1104 beef. Conisumer pan eI.t oiiiid
that r'e grass-l:/ed becJ' tastes julst as good as feedlot-fed /bee/ andc alsoa is hiighler in7
P[-ar'otenle, (i/i anitioxvidani and precuirsor to viltami A.
Most beef cattle are finished on Lrain diets ini
feedlots. Increasing and fluctuating grain prices, envx
ronmental concern associated with teedlots. and con-
sumer demands for loxwer I at beef hax e cenci ated inter-
est in using fcIovaacs as finish ing- diets tor beef cattle.
Prex iouis research bad indicated that the quali
ty of pasture-ti ni shed beet' wxas inferior to that ot feed-
lot-finished heel. Hoxx cver, many of these studies did j
not control slaunebter wx ielhis. Other resealrch suiccest-
cd that senlsory q~ual.ity of meat from animals finished
on f orage may depend on f orage ty pes, quality ot fI
ace, and stockinu rate. Early studies cx aluiated beet
subjectivxely usi nc small trained taste panel.
Therefore. it had not pr" iotusIy heel] establiShed i'
consumers can detect a flax or difference in lxsture-tin-
shed beef and grain-finished beetl.
Ev aluation of meat f rom cattle fin ished on ix e
crass. xxhich is commonl IN roxxn in Alabama and other
parts of the sotuther n U.nited States, is limited.
R} egrass may cointai n up to 4.0)-5.2 mg per I100t grams
tresh weight of [3-carotene. Australian studies show
cattle that are predominately pasture-ted tend to accu-
mulate [3-carotene in subcutaneous and i ntramuscular
tat. Theirefor e beef tissuie may hax e potential as an
anuxiliary source of [3-carotene.
The coals of this AAES study were ( I) to
determine it consumers can di fterentiate the quality ot
beet fini shed xxith annual rx ecrass (Loinm iiilti/lo-
riiii), annual rycgrass and "Titton 78"' bernmudac.rass
(Crnodon Ihbrid) hay, and a teedlot diet and (2) to
determine analxytically the imoisture. piroteinii fat, ash,
and [3-carotene content of beef' tissues from each diet.
Three groups of tix e Angus or Angus x
Hereford steers receix ed tinishinc diets of annual r
ry e diet until 
'b ilh
Pasture-Finished Beef, continued on page 6 iment
Al<htioiit A0 iritl/I/ l L / i/u / /ii t Jtui/ii Jss t'il
H~ighli,'hts o/ A gicultural Wt wch Vi o/. 42 No. 4. Winter I 995
s. i/tcd 1nt topI) ito btiitom,/ are tk ii ii/io i/ the i i/ic i//itt' i/Ct/Il
5
d 
d
Pasture-F'inished Beef, conttinlued ftonm pise 5
The Ifeed lot diet consisted of grain and
cotton seed meal ( 36(/ Tend-R-Lean
Beet Finisher Pellets"ix medicated).
T'he steers receixvinc orage-based diets
grazed rx eerass at a stocking rate of
one animal per acre. The f eedlot ani-
mals reached Slaughter xxeight in 72
days and the forae-finished animals
were led 161 days before reaching
Slaughter xxeight. Axverage daily gain
(ADG) for cattle ciazinc on rx eerass.
rxycrass and hax . and cattle treceixvinge a
feedlot diet wxere 3.1). 2.8, and 4.1 Ilh,
respectixvely.
Ax erage Slaughter xxeights
wxere I1.069. L.082. and 1.058 pounds
for cattle finished on ry egrass. rycegrass
and hay, and the feed lot diet, respec-
tixvely. and xxere not sigiificantlyx dif-
ferent. Therefor e. xweieht at Slauehtei
xxas unl ikelx to influence the objective
and Subjectivxe exalunat ion of the meat.
Eighty male and female x o-
unteers (acIe 18-6(0 years) who xxeie
regulai neat consumers wxere asked to
taste ribex e steaks aind ground heel'
three f inishinig diets (see the I igure).
MIeat samples we re ov en-broiled to an
internal teimperature of I158('F. The
panelists xx crc presented I irst wxitlh
three ground heel Samples I ol lowed by
the corresponding three steak samples.
Samples wxere coded wxith random
three digit numbers.
I he consumer panel irated
steaks frotm pasture-fin ished animal
higher f or juiciness, tenderness, and
oxverallI preferenice, but the differences
wxere not statistically diiffer ent (Table
I ). All the scores wxere in the accept-
able range. This std implies that
consumers did not detect anx dillfer-
ences in the steaks from di ffeirent treat-
ments.
The ground beel' from cattle
finished on feedlots receix ed higher
Scores than that of ground beef from
cattle fi ni shed on pasture or pastuire
and hay. but the scores xxere in the
acceptable range. The consumer panel
did not perceix e any objectionable Ila-
xvor in any steak or giround beef sam-
ples . Siiice ground beef is normally
eaten xxith condiments or in a casse-
role. this sljoht dilleeoeeC xxould be
L uIIW\ dii u It ti dewC.
Table 1. Sensory Scores (cmn) of Steaks and Ground Beef From
Cattle Finished on Different Diets
Finishing diet Taste/flavor Juiciness Tenderness Overall preference
Steaks
Pasture 6.8 7.6 7.1 7.8
Pasture and hay 6.3 6.4 6.7 7.4
Feedlot 7.2 6.9 6.9 7.5
Ground beef
Pasture 7.6 6.6 - 7.4
Pastur e and hay 6.8 5.7 6.7
Feedlot 8.7 7.5 8.6
"The maximum full scale of scoie is 14 cm.
Table 2. [3-Carotene and Vitamin A Contents 
of Ribeye Steaks,
Ground Beef, and Liver From Cattle Finished on
Pasture, Pasture and Hay, and Feedlot Diets.
Finishing diets 13-Carotene content Vitamin A
Steaks Ground beef Liver Liver
(pg/I 00g)
Pasture 64 ? 11.4 87 ? 13.7 2,180 ? 748 51,650 + 28,031
Pasture and hay 63 + 15.4 80 ? 26.0 1,955 ? 1,161 25,134 + 9,397
Feedlot 36 ? 17 .3 41 ? 5.0 305 ? 64 9,600 + 3,967
*Data are average ? standard deviation with duplicates of each sample of each animal.
1-inishine, diets did not i nILu-
ence moisture. Ifat. or ash content of the
ribex e muiscle. Protein of steaks Ifrom
cattle finished on the f eedlot diet
(23.13% ) xwas higher than that of
steaks from the cattle fiished on rye-
grass pasture (22.05(7c), but not dillfer-
en t from animalIs fi ni shed in past iire
and hax (22.)9(' ). This diffterence in
pr otein content is of little practical con-
sequience as a tour-ounce serx inc" of
rihbeye steak f rom aniimal s fi nished in
the feedlot or on pasture xxon ld be 26
and 25 gaims. respectivxely.
Coloi ofl ribex e steaks frm
the thiree fi ni shine diets xxas not diffIer-
ent. buit Subcutaneous tat froim Ieedlot
animals xxas signifi cantly darker in
color than that oif ix cirass- and rye-
grass-and hav-tin ished an imnal s. Color
of1 subcutaneous I at is not usual ly an
issuie to consumers because cuts are
usuallx trimmed prior to retail market-
ill.
Cattle lin ished on rx ecrass
piisture and pasture plus hay had Sig-
nif icantly hiigher f3-carotene than the
animals fin ished in the feedlot (Table
21. Results Ifrom this stud\ shoxw that
meat and lix er f rom cattle fi ni shed on
x egrass pasture xxouild proxidle
ap~proximately 0.1I mg and 2 ing, 13
,ai otene per 1001 grams (four ounces)
rixx xxeight. respiectixvely.
This stucx demonstrates that it
is possible to produce beet ofl accept-
able quality on ry egrass pasture or on
rycgrass and hay. Although the time
reduiied to ireach a specif ied slaughter
xx eig'ht for animals erazing on rxeerass
pastuire oi pasture and hay xxas longer
han in the feedlot, the general quality
iiid consuiner acceptability xxas not
i'inpromised and beef from pasture
iiished cattle wxas highei 13 cai utene
content.
mne and Green ae Post-doctioral
c w arid Professoi, respectivey, of
lutiion ad Food Scierice, Branb irso a
oifessor of Agroniomy and Soils arc
rno is Director of the E.V Smith
(earch Centr.
Alaam A;i i ~,rhiultiural P 5//C 111/1(0Staion S v-steln
H/u/i/i ,'/s of A ericul/ural Rei arc P&i l/i'o/. 42. No. 4. ((iouc~ /995
GERANIUM
FLOWER 
COLOR,
LEAF VARIEGATION,
AND PRICE
L recent AAES sI!ri'ev of onisumiers iidica.
flower color and price are [lie top couiside,
[ions whien pulrch~asin1g geraniumns. Unilike p
t'ious studies in whiichi conisitmers p~referred i
flowters, the Auburn study ind/icates lavender
the ipreferred coloi; and that these /)referen(
Vary' accordling to gender gild( age.
Bidge~it K. Bchcc
tes (hinSU rerS shopping at two
-Y Montgomery. Alabama. 
g.arden centers
onl two Saturdays in April. 1993, V% re
1 ' sked to iate 25 composite pho-
'ed~ tographs of gleraniutm plants and
isj respond to sev eral demographic 
qucs-
tions. The ratin, scale \\as fr om 1 (not
Ie likely to huy ) to 
10 ()(likely to buy).
Each participant receiv cd a red gerani-
uim plant for participating.
Conj(oint analysis. a
technique dev eloped to iden-
tily and quantity consumers
preferences and to estahlish
ranking of these prcfcrcnccs.
w\as used to select f lowecr
cotloi, leaf"x vai ication, and
pice combi natioins. Live
. I lii\er colors \\ rc used: red.
ink. white, coral, and l\e
l vnr. 
Three 
leaf 
variegations
er used: plaini greeii leaf
im zone). green leaf, with
hi te zone, and green leaf
* it h dark zone. Price
pints from $1.39 to $2.79
increments of' 50.20
re used. Conjoint analysis
lected 25 comihi nations of
w factors. Researchers
'n developed composite
notographs to represent each
tnt andI price combi natioin.
r~f 
Of the 204 
respon-
ni,. 79(r wxere female and
cic mile. The a\cra"c
craniums continued on
7
H~i t.h/i, t ./ At I -i iduil Rest alth Vi'l. 42., No. 4. Wtri 1995Q
I
r
(;eraniums continued fom page 7 Table I. Three Highest 
and Lowest Rated Geranium Plants
Using 25 Composite Photographs
ace was 48 years and the median
household income wx as S50.0() to
S54,999. Thirty percent had complet
ed sonic high school. 4X81 had coin
pleted college, and 221( had complet-
ed collece and bexond.
Conjoint analy sis was used to
determine the highest and lowest rated
plants ( I able I). The lavender gerani
um with a white zone (Daniellet
priced at S I.39 wxas most preleried.
The white flowxer xxith plain green leal
(Snow White) priced at 2.39 was
least preflerred. In contrast to prexious
studies, red geraniums were not most
preferred in the AAES study.
Conjoint analysis also yielded
the relative importance ot each factor
when consumers were making pur-
chase decisions (Table 2). For the
sample as a whole, flowxer color was
most inportant (52C of the decision
process), lolloxed by price (45% of
the decision process). Leaf xariega-
tion was relatively unimportant in the
purchase decision. coimprising onlx
3 r of the decision. Ior men. flower
color and leaf variegation xere more
important in the purchase decision.
For xomen. retail price was more
important. Older consumer s (oxver age
60 years) used flower color and leaf
Nariegation more than the group oxer-
all in making their decision.
Despite gender and age differ-
ences in consumer preferences for
geranium Ilowxer color, leaf variega-
tion. and price, flower color was oxer-
all the most important factor in decid-
ing xhich geraniums minght be pur-
chased. comprising nearlx half of the
purchase decision for all gender and
age grouips. Controlling for price and
leaf xvariegation. the laxvender culti
var. Danielle was the most preferred
color foIlowed by a dark red cul tixan
Flame. Lowe'r prices wcre preferdccl
Highest rated
Rating Flower Leaf
6.56 i Lavender
2  
Var.
3
(Danielle)
5
6.39 Dark Red
(Flame)
Lowest rated
Price
Rating Flower
$1 .394 4.66 Pink
(Mrs. Parker)
None $1.39 4.27 White
(Snow White)
Leaf Price
None $2.39
None $2.79
6.36 Lavender None $1.59 4.21 White None $2.39
(Danielle) (Snow White)
Average rating on a scale from I (definitely would not buy this plant) to 10 (definitely
would buy this plant).
2 Flower colors were: white, pink, coral, lavender, or red.
3 Leaf variegation was none (none), green leaf with white zone (var), or green leaf with
dark zone (zone).
4 Prices were: $1.39, $1.59, $1.79, $1.99, $2.39. or $2.79.
5 Variety name.
to hieher prices. as one
might expect. Leaf x ar
iegation had little effci
on the purchase decision.
Thus, plant breeders and
marketers should focu
more on deloping and
selling different colors of
eraniums rather than
different leaf xariegation
patterns.
Behe s an Associate Proess
of Hart cultu re and Ne so
is an Ass stant Professor c'
Agricu turai lE
Rural Soc oo-
ERRI k
In the hall
issue (I
Highlights
this photo-
graph as
inadxertantlN
flipped. It
is sho" 11
printedI cor- Aiittiit,
rectIN here. AKirpic
Glits,
Table 2. Relative Importance 
of Flower Color,
Leaf Variegation, and Price to Consumer
Sample Overall, by Gender and by Age
Relative importance
Overall (n=191)
Gender
Male (n-35)
Female (n= 140)
Age
60 years or less
(n=134)
61 years or more
(n=37)
Flower
color
52.05
67.74
48.70
44.84
61.82
Leaf
variegation
3.38
Retail
price
44.57
1059 21.67
3.13 48.18
5.09 50.07
7.51 30.67
The percentage that each attribute was weighted in the
purchase decision as calculated by contoint analysis from
consumer ratings made about purchasing.
/)C(httoitil ,~ IC/I iC Io txitI lur4h,t. \,r/ii ot/. O 1r~lcC/N'
IKtc~ti ,. RCC ISn c i. ScC is en, S ~li/ Cil.:c, (ilCI li/iCCIC
Hi- cifhs o'Agicf/tiol Rscacrch 1,o/, 42, No. 4. l'intc 1995
"- - II ---------- --
I Iililicil 1 (0iit Th I/oi e,i coito i u ti
sout on the I u~c o1/( th iiv co l
19ogwoods Kesist
Ats/yin Haom'ai, Char/cs Gi/lini, Garr, Kec ct, mnd Date W Vi/inms
TWO YEARS, poxx cixr mildewx has
emecrCd aS a common anti dish ii uin-
disease of f lo\\ rinc docxxood in
landscapes and f orestedi areas across
Alabama. Trees cmxx inc, in heax\
Sliade to full Sun have Snffered ecuall\
from this disease. In AAES tests on 2O
i loxx en n docxx nod x arieties, onlx
Cherokee Brax e prox cd highly resis-
tant to this disease.
This Study con firmed that
I Ioxx'ri ii douzxxood cnlti xarS re- MUCIh
miore likeiy to bc disfi oni ed by poxx-
Clrx il dcxw than konsa or hyhbrid doe-
xxoods. Ot the 26 cultixarS of floxxct
incs ciooxxood screened. colonization of
the leax es ol fiv xcucltix ars of tloxxer-
ing clogw\oodl gcncrallx wxaS unobiru-
six e and tree aesthletics were larceix
unati'etCd. Sex eral cnItix arS ol' the
iloxx rinc docxx ood wxere. hoxxe e. Sor
susceptible to poxxdery mi ldexw that
func'icides xxocld be required to main-
tamn tiee health and beautx. W\ith the
exception of Eddie's White Wonder,
the hx brid. kousa. and gi ant ciocxxoods
display ed a consistently high lex el of
resistance to powxdery mildexw.
With thc i ncreasi ng enmphasi s
on minimizin? the uisc o1' pesticides in
homeC and conmmer cial laindscapes, dis-
ease resistant cuitixairs offer thc most
practical and eti'ectix e means for
controllingz diseases Such as
Owlxxp 
det x 
mildexx 
on wxoody
(resl andi Shruib,. H-owxex cr, the
eattion of ccilti x irS of the
I ioxxerinuc and other ciocxx ood
elections tco powxdery mildexw
N - is larceix unknox n
1The considerable dif-
I erenccs in the sex crity of pow
-Af mldcxx xxhich haxe bcen
' k' bserx ed in sex eral Stands of
,cedlim-c floxxcrin, dooxxocods
f in the Auburn area, are a str-oncI
.~iincication that some cuiltix ars
A'I the I loxxering cdogxxoocd mna
'4wt c( hichix iesistant to this dis-
asre. In an AAI S-suipportecd
fieid Stuid. the reaction (if cci-
IxA ars of the I Ioxxer ic. kousa.
Powdery Mildewx, continued
OR c/f ~iC
111abconn A;riculturol E.iperimew Slalion S .vrm
Highli,,hts ofrl,,ricultural Research Vol. 42, No. 4, 6Vinter /995
/"
Pow~dery Mildew, continued fromt page 9
1)1d i d.il a *sii)Lce selection ofI the
giant dogwood to powNdery mildew
was determined.
Bare-root dogwxoods were
planited in M/ar ch 1993 in a Mai xii
loamy sand. The trees wxere crown in
tall sun and wxatered as needed wxith a
trickle irrigation sy stem. Twxice a year.
each dogxx ood was topdressed wxith 0.2
pouiid of 13-13-13 fertilizer. D~irected
herbicide applications and mow ing
were used to contr ol we eds. A isuial
rating ot poxxdery mildewx sexerity wxas
made on August 4. 1 994 and MIay 24.
1 995 using a scale ot 0 to 4 l0t= no dis-
case. 4 ='76-1 00% of leav es damaged
or coloii ed by the powxdery mildew
I itns).
With tewx exceptions. cuiltiNvars
of the flow ering dogw ood piroNed to be
nRxdcrately to higlhlr Susceptible to
powxdery mildew (see table). Both
N eairs. discoloration and distortion oft
the ULi Icax es along2 ti itlh some pre-
mature leaf shed were seen onl many ot
the flow ering dogwoodl culti NarS
screened. Of 26 flowxerinc dogwood
cuiltivxais e stabl ishied. 19 wxithi disease
ratings of1 20 or more for one or both
Nyears we re considered highly Suscepti-
ble to powxdery mildew. First Lad's,
Rubi a Pinuk. Pink Beauty. Pink Flame.
aind Purple Glory consistent ly had the
highest disease ratings. In both years,
light to moderate pow dery mildew dam-
ace w as noted on the cultixars [mn-tt
Cloud. Spiingtime. Cheirokee Chief.
Cherokee D~aNbreak, Weax ers Wh ite.
and Kulon White. The newly ireleased
cu Iti Nar. Cherokee B raxve, remai ned
free of pow~dery mildew in 1994 and
1995.
G;enera1llN. the selections of
kou sa and hN bri d dogw voods xx crc
mor e iresistant to pow\dery mildew than
those of the flow erne diicxx ood (sec
tablet. Across all hN biid cdoew ood
selections, onlIN the disease rati ngs f or
Eddies White Wonder w ere si mi lar in
both y ears to those of the flow ern n
d0igWOrd cUltix urs consideied modei-
atelN Susceptible to poNwdery mildecw.
On the remin iner hN brids Aurora.
Constellation, Galaxy . Stardust, Stellar
Pink and to a lesser extent Ruth [E len,
only a few colonies of the pow dery
mildew fuangus were scattered across
the toliac-e and no leal discoloiration or
distortion w as obserxved. Ini addition.
the koUSaI dogw ood cultix ars NIi lkN
W~ay. Satomi. National, and Milky
Way Select remai ned almost symnp-
tom-tree both years.
PowderN mildew was nexver
obserNved on the giant dogw ood
Controx ersy.
Haa i Professr of Plant Pathology,
Gilami a Pr ofessor; Keeveis a Pr ofessor,
arc W ilams is ar Assitant Pr ofessor of
Ho-ipre.
Reaction of Dogwoods to Powdery Mildew
Disease rating Disease ratin
Cultivar Species July 94 May 95 Cultivar Species July 94
Dwarf White CF N.R.
2  
3.0 Springtime CF 1.5
Junior Miss CF 2.8 1.7 Cherokee Chief CF 1.5
First Lady CF 2.6 2.1 Eddie's White Wonder H 1.4
Welch's Bay Beauty CF 2.6 1 .8 Cherokee Daybreak CF 1.4
Ozairk Spring CF 2.6 1.8 Weaver's White CF 1.1
Rainbow. CF 2.6 1.6 Ruth Ellen H 1.1
Rubra Pink CF 2.5 2.0 Barton White CF 1.1
World's Fair CF 2.4 1.6 Wondeirberry CF 1.0
Stokes Pink CF 2.3 1.5 Auroira H 0.6
Cloud 9 CF 2.3 1.7 Milky Way K 0.5
Cherokee Princess CF 2.3 1.5 Satomi K 0.3
Double White CF 2.3 1.5 Constellation H 0.3
Pink Beauty CF 2.3 2.6 Galaxy H 0.2
Sunset CF 2.2 1.4 Stardust H 0.2
Red Beauty CF 2.2 2.0 Stellar Pink H 0.2
Pink Flame CF 2.2 2.5 Milky Way Select K 0.1
Purple Glory CF 2.0 2.0 National K 0.0
Autumn Gold CF 1.7 2.9 Cherokee Brave CF 0.0
Fragrant Cloud CF 1 .7 1.8 Controversy G 0.0
CF flowering dogwood. Kkousa dogwood, Ggiant dogwood. H-hybrid dogwood (C. florido x kousa and Cornus nuttolli x Florida).
2 N.R.=not recorded.
llhu Agrr o.44,.~iutura no La/)er;in cu .Stati on Sys ~tem?
Highmg/itso/ g'ricuii/tiilRe S( (11.1 II n0. 42. No. 4. tnor1/995
ng
lay 95
0.8
1 .4
1.3
0.9
1.1
0.1I
1.5
2.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS INFLUENCE
COTTON GROWTH AND YIELD
Uccle Monks and Mike Patro
E t( essive t'e( etative, often called "rank, " rmth (f (ottonI reduces sunlight p~enetration
through the Cano'p, increases relative humidity in the lowter canopy, and lowters the efficiency of
/)icl\Oit,,. The resut (011 be ani incrc(med incidenice of'boll rot.
In an AAES study. miepiqilat
chloride, the standard plant eroxx t
re gu lator for cottoni. contr oiled
0 rowxth betier than sir -
I onx ILirea herbicides. but
neithler reduced boll irot
and in Some application'
both pr oduced loxxer \ jeld
than nonti eated cotton
plots.
NMepirjuat chbb
ride. wxhichi is marketed
tunder sexveral trade naimes.
can be applied according to
the iinutlactu rer'\ label at
multiple loxx rates begin
nine at the pinhead
square stage of groxxth or
at higher rates at t ir i
bloom. The \ iel d responso.
of cotton to applications ol
imepiquat chloride has j
been e xtrenmel Nariab le
rargi ng from no~ effect to a
y ield increase or decrease.
Cotton \ ield r espoise .II
x ar y ac-cording to
lion, plant maturity. 
:11
enx ironmlental condition,,
Mepiquat chloride can
sometimes increase the
earl iness of cotton due to,
increased fruit retention on tirst posi-
tion frit sites.
Sul foux lurea herbicides hav e
tr aditionally been used f0r wNeed con-
trol in coin and soy bean production:
hoxxex er. herbicides in this chemical
farm iN recentlIN haN e been labeled for
uein cortn . These her bicides arc
sale. elI ectixc. and extrcmrelx reliable
in thir activxityx and, at low, doses.
riighit hiaxve potential in reducingT plant
heilit wxithiout killrim~ cotton or reduc-
ii its yield. Berisul furon is a Su I
ton \ n iea-t ypC herbicide cunrerlt ly
LIsedl for controllIing broadleaf wxeeds and
scdye' in rice. I3cnsulfuron has a s1hoi1
half, life. is no~ntoxic to most
fish, himrds, and other
~ xxwildlife at loxx to medium
concentrations, and is Nvery
reliable in its actiN itN.
To CN aluate the
e lectiN eness of bens~ulm 
aIS a plant eroxx th rec~ulator
in cotton, studies xxere con-
ducted at the Gulf Coast
Subi station in I 'airhope Irom
1992 thronch1 1994.
1y\1eprlquat chloride and
biensulluron wxeie applied
pstemergeice oNver-the-
top xx ith a conx entional-
ty pe spraN er at the pinhead
squaire and/or earlN bloom
sta'_e of cotton erowxth.
The x aneties planted wxere
[Delta and Pineland (DPL)
5690 in 19901 and I1993
and DPL-5 1 in 1994. Prior
to harv est, hei ohts xxere
reci irded and hboll counts
wxere conducted to deter-
nine the efIfect of growxth
Sre'urlation on boll rot iiici-
deuce and cotton matir ity.
IThe plots xxere then machrine-harx ested
adields xwere recorded.
Growth Regulators, contintued on
piec, 1_
Ala bamah Agricuitul Exp/rimiet St ation Svst m(i
ihli htsi o/ A ictura/ttl Resc h Lhl n . 42. .\o. 4. t intcr / 995
Growt Regulators, cn tinuci ft em
pa ce l l
I he initial cotton lesponse Ir
hensUi fLi Uron application xx as yel loxx
apical mcistems, purple coloration 01'
leaf niargi us and petioles, and sloes
11row th. Initial injury xxas I1) to 14
dax S in duiratioin. alter xxhich the cotton
rcuained its normal coloration. Most
of the mepiquiat chlor ide t-catmcnts
Successf ully shortened cotton (Tahle
I . H-ighei rates applied Setllictialkl
xwere especially eflectix e at reducin'
hlei ht. Bensul I'l ron wxas not as el'f cc
tix e as the mepiquat chloride. Wxith lit
tie to no additionalI response as the
rate wxas increased. Al though plant
height xx as reduced by somec treat-
ments, boll rot wxas not affected by anx
treatment.
Percent open boll s indicated
that cotton maturitx was delaN ed ini
1993 by nmepiqluat chloride applied
sequential ly at the hig-1hei rates (Table
I I. Mepiquat chloride did not deicli
maturitx in I1994. Bensl furon also
dela\ ed boll1 opening in 1993 for toni
out of Ss treatments. The hi cher rate
ot bensulfuron applied alone at the
pinhead Squnare stacle of Lmxx th or
Sequ~entially deaedbl opening in
1994.
Cotton yileld wxas not affected
by treatment inl 1992. In 1993. all
Sequieniial appl ications of imepiqunat
chloride decreased v ield from 18 to
26% ("I able 2). Mepiquiat clo ride did
not reduce yijeld in 1 994. IBenstui on
ieduced cotton yi eld in thriee out of si \
treatments in 1993 and 1994. especial-
ly at higher rates. Single application
of bensulf uron at loxx rates did not
reduce cotton x ield.
In Summiary, mepiqliat chlo-
ride. cuiriently considered the indus-
try's standard plant groxxth regulator.
was more effecti xe at control lin- cot-
ton hcliht than bensulfuron. Although1
etottoin hei? ht xxas reduced by Sonic
Table I. Effect of Bensulfuron and Mepiquat Chloride
on Cotton Growth, Bollrot, and Yield, 1992-94
Cotton plant development)
Open boils
1993 1994
Treatment
2
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Bensulfuron
Bensulfur on
Bensulfuron
Bensulfuron
Bensulfuron
Bensulfuron
Nontireated control
[SD (0.05)
Rate
g a i /ha
4
10
10
5 fb 5
10 ft 10
l0 ft 20
20 fb 20
0.0 17
0.017
0.0 17
0.034
0.034
0.034
Timingi Height
In.
4
PHS 132
EBL 114
SEQ 112
SEQ 109
SEQ 102
SEQ 97
PHS 135
EBL 112
SEQ 119
PHS 125
EBL 122
SEQ 125
135
10
Rotten bolls
Pct
26
24
27
28
28
26
22
24
23
21
26
26
24
NS
Pct.
18
27
22
14
13
16
17
19
15
19
16
15
25
8
SHeight and rotten boll data were pooled over yeairs due to lack of interaction.
2 Bensulfuron treatments included a nonionic surfactant at 0.2So% v/v.
3 Abbreviations are as follows: PHS =pinhead squaire stage: EBL =early bloom stage: SEQ
sequential treatment at PHS and EBL.
4 One ounce = 29 grams: one hectare =2.2 acres, one inch = 2.6 centimeters.
Table 2. Effect of Bensulfuron and Mepiquat Chloride
on Cotton Yield, 1992-94
Treatment
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Mepiquat chloride
Bensulfur on
Bensulfuron
BensulIf uron
BensulIf uron
Bensulfuron
Bensulfuron
Nonti eated control
LSD (0.05)
Rate
g a.i.ha
3
10
10
S fb S
10 fb 10
10 fb 20
20 fb 20
0.0 17
0.0 17
0.0 17
0.034
0.034
0.034
Timing
2
PHS
EBL
SEQ
SEQ
SEQ
SEQ
PHS
EBL
SEQ
PHS
EBL
SEQ
1992
4,450
4,180
4,510
4,740
4,190
4,600
4.6 10
3,5 10
3,730
4,380
4,470
4,260
4.500
NS
Seed cotton yield
1993
kg/h a
3
2,410
2,450
2,210
2,140
2,020
2,310
2,380
2,460
2,440
2,310
2,310
2,190
2,820
450
1994
2,950
3,300
3,000
2,850
3,050
3,000
2,800
2,800
2,250
2,700
2,850
2,100
3,100
340
1Bensulfuron treatments included a nonionic surfactant at 0.25%o v/v.
2 Abbreviations are as follows. PHS = pinhead squaire stage: EBL =early bloom stage: SEQ -
sequential treatment at PHS and EBL.
3One ounce =29 grams: one hectare =2.2 acres, one kilogram - 2.2 pounds.
treatments, the incidence of boll rot
wxas not affected. Since bensulfIuron
wxas not as elffective as mfepiqtiat chilo-
ride at contiollingc cotton caroxxth and
reduced x ield iii txx out of three years
for somec treatments, it does not appear
to hax e potential as a plant growth reg-
ulator in cotton.
Mnk s an Assant Professor and Patterson
ianAsscate Proesr of Arooe and
Ii i/NI/i (1 A gcu iliiie Ei / \/Nimiiie i SoIalioi
H/i/hi c/ts 0it iieii/!iii Research1 'oi /. 42, N\o. 4, Wiouei 1 995
MILK FEVER
AT BAY
ADDING HAY TO BROILER LITTER RATION HELPS PROTECT COWS
Brian J. Rude, Darrell L. Rankini , Ji:, S. Ldd/v Peacock, andl John T Eraii
Fe1)JYbriler litter to broad cowt's u.s
ai wtinter feedstiiff baA l beel? practiced for sever-
a!/ years because of its economic adv antages. However.
some cows conisuming broilecr litter duirinlc pregnancy hax e
exhibited si ens of milk fex er lolloxxing caix ing. Milk fe\ cr
is a calcium deficiency in the cow as a result of the
increased deimands ot milk production. A r ccent AA IS
study shoxxed that a small amunt of hay each day xxas ben-
eficial for partially al leviating the stippressed scrum calci-
umn obserx d in cowxs fed broiler litter.
The first trial wxas con-
ducted at the Sand Mountain
Substation in Cr ussx if I in
1993.* In late October. 45 preg-
runt cows wxere dix ided into
three equal groups and fed hay 
in
or a diet containing 801% broil-
er Ilitter and -'0(( corn or the
broiler litter and corn diet wxith
2(/ ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride has been
used in the dairy indu Ntry to prex ent milk fe ei. Diets xx re
fed througfh early April.
Txwo di cestibilIity tirials xwere conducted wxith the
hi ~t being at the initiation of the stuidy and the second
n111ediatelx I olloxxins calx inc. Although clinical milk
er xwas not obserxved in any of the coxxs fed broiler litter.
ond calcium concentrations were stippressed. Cowxs fed
ccrilei littei absorbed more calcium. xwithout increasing ui-
nary or milk output of calcium. yet serum calcium concen-
atiis were decreased. thus piredisposing the coxxs to milk
x :er. Cows fed hay exhibited normal concentrations ot
,Ci am calcium.
In this study, cows consuming broiler litter were
Jepositing calcium into the bone wxhen they should hax e
e ,n i esoi bin c calci L-r iom the bone. Addition of ammo-
niuam chloride wxas not effectixve in minimizing the ef feet
'Iler littei had on calciuim status in these cowxs.
A second trial xxas conducted at the Sand Mountain
-Iuhstation in 1994 to determine if supplemental hay wxould
on set the ncatix e effect that broiler litter xxas hax'inc on
calciutm status in coxxs af tei calvxinc. In late October. 48
precnant coxxs were dix ided into three equal groups and ted
hay, broiler litter and corn. oi biroilei littei and coin with
fix e pounds of hay per cowx per day.
As in the prex ions trial, broiler l ittei decireased
N ei tm calciiumi oneenlitiitoim: hoxxex er. additionl of Ixv to
Keeping Milk Fever at Bav, continue) om page 14
Hiuliis ol A,,cr11 ahrul Resch ni 'oI. 42. No.* 4, W inter 1 995~
Keeping Milk Fexver at Bad-, continued ft om page 13
AN ENTVIRONMENTAU
T, , I+!M lt. I tIL eliot
these changes. Measuring serumi
h\ droxy proline. an i ndicator of bone
breakdoxn, indicated that cow s led
broiler litter we re depositing calciurm
nto the hone instead of using it I or
milk production. Addition of. hay to
the broiler litter diet al lowxed less calci-
uim to be deposited, and apparently
maintained Serum calcium xxithiin
acceptable limits.
A third trial xxas conducted on
the AU camlpus in 1995 to fuirther
assess the effects of Supplemental hay
on calcium status in animals led broil-
er Ilitteir. TO accomplish this ohjectivxe.
pregnant coats wxere used as a model
for brood cows. B~eginning in October.
these goats wxere fed three diets similar
to those in the second tirial . Goats wxere
subjected to metabolism trials i mmedi-
ately betfore and af ter kiddinge.
As obscrv ed in cowxs. broiler
litter consumption suppressed serum
calciurm. cx en though more calciuim
wxas retained in the bodv of g(oats fed
hilerc lilici. \ ii t xx a" ec mI i ne1111d
Serum Calcium Concentration in
Cows and Goats near Parturition
Serumi calcium (mig/dL)
Cows
Hay 8.9
Broiler litter + corn 7.5
Broiler litter + corn + hay 8.4
Goats
Hay 11.0
Broiler litter + corn 6.0
Biroiler litter + corn + hay 7.2
in Wxas occuirring in Coats that
had been consu mine broiler
litter drring precnancy . Similar to the
second trial. serumi cale cinm sg
ncreased and bone deposit ion wxas
decreased in Coats consuming broiler
litter and supplemlented With hay.
Resrilts Of these Studies indi-
cate that the imilk fev er probleims
frequentlx obsers cd in cowxs consrum-
nc broiler littei dririn C pregcmncy is a
result of abnoirmal calcium mnetabo-
sin. The decreased Serrii calcium is
a resrilt of calciumn mnetabol isin bei n
directed tossards bone deposition at
calvxinc(. These cowxs need to mai ntamin
Serum calcium at this time dume to
the demands of milk prodriction. The
pimiary mechanism to accomplish
this is thirorigh bone resorption of
calcium. It was also showxn that the
potential for this Inroblem can be
mninimnized xxith addition ot hax to
biroiler litter diets.
Althoug-h serum cal ciurmi
xxas suppressed in each of these ti-
als, it should also be pointed out
that clinical milk fever xxas oralx
Obserserl inl twxo COWxS conSUmIIIuc
broiler litter. In Cencral. the cowxs that
exhibit milk fce e and thus require
treatinent, are the older cows (,greater
than eight y ears of age) and the best
imilk prodricers tie., xxean the heaisi
est calx es).
Rude is Graduate Student arc Rankn ir
an Associate Proefessor of Arimal and
Daiiry Sciences, Peacock is a Hercsman
and Easer i Superintendcent (retired) ef
tne Sand Mountain Substaio n.
any segetable ciops
produrced in Alabama
are slisce Pt b c to
xvarious soilborne
pests, such as root-
uised to Control0 neima-
todes. brit wxill be
banned bhy the year
200)1 for ens ironmn-
tal reasons. AAFS
research has torind
that certain ii reen
manure" ciops may
pros ide growsers and
researchers an ensi
ron mental ly friendlyx
wxax to control these
pests.
Meths I bromide, a bio-
cide that kills soilborne diseases.
xx eed seeds, and soilborne insects.
has been rised as a soil trii ant
for many yeairs. l-oxx exc enmeths I
hiromide is an ozone depleter and
is Subject. according to) the Clean
Air Act, to a complete ban on rise
and production.
There is no single prod-
uet or practice that can achiex e
the effectix eness of this Coi-
porind against Such a wxide range
of plant pests. Instead of a sin cle
component, control of soilhIorne
pests of x egetables must invols e
an integrated sx stem using both
pesticides and cultural piractices.
Root-knot nematodes are
inicroscopic roundwo (rms that
A 1(1)11111 .A, h unn ol I serinl Slot lon
Hig'hliO/;; ol Agr iuliurcl Researc h Vlol. 42 No. 4, WtVer 1 995~
M AT i J T 
Williamu T. Cr, i , L . ,hl A. (hwrel-e, (1/ Rdi go R/l14 
odri m -,i.-A 1/noW
FRIENDLY 
WAY 
TO 
CONTROL 
ROOT-KNOT 
NEMATODES
rohots. iifectiion by root-kntot ncma-
todcs r csutis in losscs tI'it ild anid plailt
vi c r and inc rcascS plant Snsccpt ihi Iit
to oithe1r pathliogenus. Rot-knt tncima-
to dcs arl c spcciall INprevalcnt in areas
with sandy, soil and mild wxintcr tcmpci-
at urics, stichI as thle coastal pl ainiis ol
A labaina. Bcsidcs v ecetables. root-knot
nc maito dcs alIso airc major pests of agro
niom ic ci ops. Such as peanuts and Cot-
ton1.
Becauise 1)f the i mpendli 1g
climiination of methx I hromidC.
rescar chcis hax e been exploring other
Sion 111 tir inem Vato de control. O ne
alteriiati xc cultural practice being
e~xplliicr1 is the use tof green manureS-
soil xxhil Ic green and lix inc. I his prac-
tice is coimmoin wxith leCu-me cox ci
croips. as theN add nitrogen (N) tto
the sodil and i mprox e Soil physical
propeclties.
(reen manureS alsti can hax c
inhibittory ellects on root-knot iieiia
ttidcs. These cli ectS may be a iresulIt 1)f
increases in beneficial ori anisms due
tt ecn nure-S. tor because til tt)\ic
substances. surch as amnitiia or tan-
ins. ireleased frm dlecax in g plant
material. A series o1 studies
w crc ctnd ucted to di SCOx er it'
(Ccii manuireS mi ~ht be usel ul f or
control Ilug rot-tknot nemiatoides om
x cgetab Ic croips iii Alabama.
Inl) p 'IifhiOg coimponds Nith pos-
ihlc ncinaticidal effeccts we re ,clcctcdl:
Ic~pcdlcia. comiion v etch, elx eibcan.
upill. castor. rapCSCCd., Lisclha ints-
ii 1d. arid mai old. (jrci InaiitrCS
cr mixed w~ith root-knot iiiiatiidc-
'cstcd soil at a rattC ol I .001) pounds
N per acre. Aftei two wxccks, the
rivNINinc ncmatodcs we rc extr actcd
)m cach trcatmvlcnt and (hcir numbers
I c ctimparcd to a 1101111cated ricr-
dc-infcstcd soil coiitrol. All tilec ccl
i u rcS tcstcd rcd uccd loot-knot
Iliatodc popuilatiiins in thc Soil to
/c Zro.
Ini a secotnd cxpcimencit. the
nc ci cut Lirccn mantircs w rc i ncor-
Sttcd at a ratc of 50() piituids of N
pci acrc. G~reen manur cs \\ ci c coi-
lacd to Soil amniccd vA ith nica Icirtil-
i/cl at thec samec N iatc to pr oxidc a
compairison to a coniiicrcial lcrti li/clr
nitrogccn Suie. Soil putlations of
root-knot iicmattices wrcie sienifi cant-
I) r cduccd by all treatmecnts.
To dctcriinc thc effecct ofl
Lrccn mianurcS on incmattidc p p la-
tions and v ccctablc cro p g row th. irapc-
sccd and x cI xcthcan grccin maimurcS
wercl- uscd. V~lcl cbca is a Summinr
lcgumc ciop that is ahlc to fisx N. accn-
mu I atcS hilh hiomass. and has bccnI
showni to hax c root-kniot nicmato~dc
nh ihi tory effeccts. Rapcsccd is a xxtin-
tcr cruicitcrouS crop that is bcin I'Stud-
icd as a poitetial ncw crop for1 (hc
Green Manures, continue] on pagc 16
'5;lhlhulll(l ,kgricllliluzd L:q)crimcill Slalion SY.ricm
llieh/ichr. (4;1eriru/nmul Research lc)/. -l'. No. 
4. Wirier /995
Green Manures, continued from page 15
Southeast. Gireen manniring wxith rape-
seed is recommended in the Northwvest
for conriol of the poato~ root-knot
nematode.
T he green manures were
i ncorpor ated into root-knoit nematode
infested soil at three rates 400. 600.
and 800 poundls at N per acre. After
incorporation of each green manure, a
squash secdl ing wads tiransplanted into
each pot. Two months later, squash
roots were eval uatedl to determine
decree of callinig and plant dry wxeight
as atfected by the green manure.
Green manurie treatments were corm
pared to a control of squash growxn in a
hare nematode-infested soil amended
wvith recoimmended rates at' N. phos-
phorous, and potassium.
There was no diffeirence in
severit of calling at squash roots
cIroxxn in velx etbean-amiended soil or
the control. Rapeseed treatmnents were
Adult fcmr' runa-knot ,ic'naladc'
800 600 400 Control 800 600 400 Control
Lbs. N/acre
1.I ' t j u t/ \ Ih r ,,r( /1(1 rr m u r (hi ,/il inci .
veiy effectiv e at liiiggalling of
squash roots (Figure I ). The two high-
est rates of irapeseed green manure
eliminated cal ling, xxhile callinc was
significantly reduced usin" the lowvest
rate. Unftortuanate ly, rapeseed green
manure xxas also ph'.totoxic. result-
inc in si cni I icantly reduced wxet and
dry squash wxeigahts in comparison
wvith control and xvelvxethean treat-
iments.
Nematicidal cetfects and
phx totos ic ity may be due to
compounds in rapeseed tissue.
G lucosinolates are found in rape-
Iseed plants and the v ariety used in
this research wxas patiularly high
in this compound. As gl1ucosinolates
break down i they release methyl-
isothiocy.anate. This is an activ e
iiwredient in some commercial
nematic ides. Green manulres in
this study wxere incorporated at
rates based on nitirogen content
rather than gI0ticsinol ate content.
Theireftoire it is diff icult to determine
if treatment dlifferences wx cie diiect-
ly due to c11lucosinolates. Phy.totoxic
effects f ronm rapeseed gireen manuire
might he oxvercome by allowxing sif-
Lbs. N/acre
ficient time for the material to decom-
pose betfore planting.
While urea appeared to be
equally as etftective a ilematiciole as the
creent manuiies, it does not piroxvide the
added heneftits ot c'reen man uri ng
Green imanuriing adds orcan ic matter to
the soil, xxhich may imnprove soil phys-
ical properties such as tilIth and wvater
holding capac ity . Gireen imanni es also
improv e the soils nutrient status by
addin? N. P. K. and othei nutrients to
the soil.
Green imanuires. at high rates.
xvere tound to reduce root-knot nema-
tode numbers in the soil. The ty pe of
cgreen manure used influenced its effec-
tix eness. Rates used in these experi-
ments xvere hich1er than xxould be practi-
cal inii ciropping situiationl. Future
research xxill seek to determine it lower
rates of creen manure also haxve nemat
tode-inhibitor.ettects. It' so. then green
manuring could pirxve to be one compo-
nent in integrated pest control for
Alabama xvegetable crop production.
Cro sa Research Ass stant and GuKera ia
an Assistart Pr ofessor of Agironomy and
Soil. Rodrirguez-Kaoana is Professor of
Plant Patnology.
-Alh/ ab a r'a ha /archu-t I \/N ae, Sa i .Swto SvAfei
Higthligis'h of Agriculrhral Re search Vol. 42, No. 4, Winter) 1995
6[
L Rapeseed
Velvetbean
+15161/fi 1+1m oso K/i/kf5l61ee tics
THREATEN SOUTHERN ORCHARDS
AND TREE NURSERIES
Michael D~ai s antl Rl/and Dite
DAMAGING BUT
INITE RE ST IN G
INSECT-the Asian aii-
L hia beetle-has been intro-
snth Sotes.A E
inf onrmation abouit this lpoten-
tiallv dev astatinig itnsect and
may eentually lead to newx
cotntrol measures.
.w ' .. ' . .. .. - ' ...4 .1'
WQ,"
y ".f mfiklw ' i
/ IguH( 1 . / I//c l /) m /Nl IetN ih r ini in/
a Yoshino cher inak (mag'nified /6)
The Asian ambrosia beetle
(Xvlosandrus (1 a in 'a ili) is a tiiny
inisect females are only I1.5 millimie-
ters long (Figure I). arid the males are
ev en snmal ler. The beetle wxas f irst
reported iin the United States in a peach
orchard in South Car~olinia ini 1974.
However, it did not become a seriouts
probleii utitil the last fiv e toi seveti
years. Nurseries fromi Texas to
Matryland to Florida hav e reported
iioderate to heaxvy losses as a resut
(if beetle attacks, and the tiumber of"
attacks has been eroxxing. The list of
hosts includes pecan. peach.
i aple, oak, amid sevecral ornamnital
trees.
An AAES Study wxas iniiti-
ated in I1994 to learni more about thiis
itisect anid the (damage that it causes
atid to provide iniformation that might
help control this dlamiage in the future.
Caretful examination of ortia-
mental cherry, onie of the beetle's many
hosts, has shown i that the itisects d10 not
attack a tree randlomly. More than 801%
of the bore holes were miade at the sites
of letnticels, areas oni the trees surtace
where the cells are loosely packed anid
presuniably easier to pienetrate.
Trees that are attacked do not
initialhx show mianiy sy mptomis. Sitice
he insects are so tiny, their entry holes
into a host's trunk arc inconspicuous.
One interesting sig._n of attack is tooth-
pick-like cy'linders ot sawdust pushed
out Of the holes as the inJsects hotre into
the tree ([igure 2).
Internally, the sapwvood of
attacked trees becomes discolored
;wound the tunnels excav ated by the
heetles ( Fig~ure 3). With in a month of
attack, the trees w\ilt r apidly frtom the
tops, and often the plants (lie. The
amount of dieback depends on the age
and health of the attacked tree.
H-ow can an insect so simal Id(1
omuch daag' Thougihl the inisects
attack in large numbers, their tunniels
1,houtld only cauise a genetral decline in
health rather than rapid death. The
answer lies with the beetles' life
cycdes. Various inv esticatot s ha\ e
shown that these insects bore i nt() the
sapwood of \ ountg trees ini early spinitg
atnd carry wVith them a fungus. The
futicus eows inside the tree arid hines
the interior of the tunnels. The females
then Iay their eggs ini these locations
and the larv ae feed on this fungus, or
"amnbrosia ." as they dlevelop ( Figure
3). At maturity. the beetles mate itiside
the tunnels, alter which the females fly
awao in search of at niew host.
The ambrosia fuingus is a
memiber of the (cenus Ambra siella.
whIiich is of teni not pathogeniic. Hlow\ever,
amnbrosia beetles have been kniown to
initroduce other fungi that are patho-
genic alotng with the ambr~osia fungus.
Asian Ambrosia Beetle, continued on
page lb
Al/abama Agr~icun/anal I x/N'rinment Station Sv'stent
Highlghmts of Agricultural Reseaarch, Vol. 42. No. 4. Winter / 995
1o012 Gotidnwian AOI-~ Y-illerl.
Asian Ambrosia Beetle, con tinuedj from pa,,e 1?
11
Fiu jc/ . Lairo andi e11( c s in ibeuktle /ic ii in cccl
cleiii ci cocoi. Notei the w iti ftl t'cl iiclchnc (amii
/ut n,uc linintfhe 111111n( / nict,'iidu / O)c)
p 
.1
/ "'o -_ l ui ./r , r i c r' i/h c c-
w/c cc toc ud , cn r 11111 )itic 5i 20c)
Fi uariun, and Cerutocx stis species.
AAES studies of the interac-
tion betwxeen pathogenic fungi and
xwood wxere clone on eastern redbud
and Japanese cherry. Thcse studies
indicated that the damage dlone to trees
toccuirs because of blockace in the
Alabama Sg'ii 1,ii Itra inILxpw tine ti ation .Svx tent
Hig~hiic,hits uc/A iriciuitio Ru enrc u/iol. 42, Nvo. 4. , Wite/ 19'c
wxood s x essel elements. That
hlockaoc oCC His thr ough sex cial
means. The galleries olt the bee-
ties can cause some blockage.
Another means is h\ production
ol threadlike strands called
hy phae by the pathogenic fngi.
These hy phae can growc into the
vessel elements and can appear in
l atg ccnou ch number s to impede
almost completely the f loxw of
wxater ( Fignire 4). The energy
niah
needed for hyphal growxth is pro-
v ided by a trees owxn food storage
cells. Also trees can i nadx ertently
plug thenr oxxn 
x essels bx producing
"'urs. Both cherries and rcdhuds pro-
duce gums as a defense mechanism
when xxounded or attacked hy a
pathogen (Figure 5). These coins
inhibit the spread of the pathocen but
can also block x essels. So in t-i iv to
protect i tselfI the tree can actuall Com-
pound the problem.
Unfor tunately. this i nsct/di-
ease complex is relatixvely nexw in the
Southeast and an effecti xc control has
not been dcx ised. Since thle I uncuLs
establishes itself in the sapwxood, tradi-
tional fuingcic ides are not ef fectivx .
Current control iecom mendat ions are
ai med at the beetles. Traditional borer
spraxys, such as I indane or ch lorpy rifos
products. are reconmmendcd but hax c
proxven inconsistent.
Rcscarchers elsewheic are
expeirimenting wxith tiraps. The use of
traps shoxws some promise. but results
are still pirclimi nary . If the traps prove
to be effectixve. they can be used to
monitor populations so groxxers can
make more iimnely spray applications.
Exven if the traps prox e usel ul. remox al
and immediate destruction of inflected
trees are crucial to prex ent f urther
spread of the insect and its I ungal
inoculum.
Davis i Gr aduate Studentr an d Dute is a
Professor of Botany arc Micr obiolog.
THIE FUTUJ1
AAP
D ing the
dctv de,
nitcit1/lit _),0"( tuu/lionT acres
through ti/C Co//sCraiAolt/
Reserve Protwnaii (CRP)
with the goal of rCI/o'I'inif
highiY ei-djl /c(rop)lan/d
/iron/ /)/Yd/ci( 101. 
The first
CRP cofltra/c15 on/ this land
expired in 1995 alid,
althouagh/ Il/Ol a ccepted a
l(/1/downelrs Ilit 1tt!ol
decide u'Iiat to do 'With ti/al
IlandC. An AAES stutdy
eA/plo/red tile 0/ption/5 bei
cons/idered by, ladco'o'er~s
ill Alabalna Black Belt
region.
The CRP was enacted by
the 1985 Farm B3ill and al lowe d
e'go'Gun dnc, IBtuie Mitfan , Kuihr vi lIH -li Tov jBcsi
7-.11:
OF ALBM S CRP GRASS LANDS:
TLI)X EXAMINES P~ROSPETIVE USES OF CRP GR~ASSLANDS IN THE BLACK BELT
lanihOxntletS to receixve annual pay
ments for It) xear contracts to retmoxve
land I tom crop proditctiotn and cet t
it to a conserxving use. Nationx ie Sur-
Cx s h~a\e indicated that landowxners
plan to tetitrni mote than one-halt ot
the~ CR P land to) ro-\crtop pr oduc tiot.
On Ii about 4fl(% of the acreage wonuId
remain in cr-ass or trees.
IP iec trees xxere planted on a
much lar er percentage of the CRP
cr opland in Alabama than nationallx.
Upon
1 
expiration ot CRP~ contracts, xir-
tutallx all tis land wxill tetnain in11 tim
bet production into the foreseeable
funture. IIoxvever, ahont one-halt. ot
271 , 00(0 acres of' Alabama\s C'RP land
enter ed the pr ogram in permanent
c1rass cox er. arid more than one-halt ot
these grass acres are located in the
Black lt tegion.
Researchers ttotm the AAES
teatmedl with ex'tension special ists and
personnel ot' the Natural Resoure
Consetrvaitiotn Serv ice to ttnittate a pro-
ject desigted to dexvelop recotnmenda-
tionS tot eux ironmentally soutnd nmulti-
lC-euse Optiotns fr tetuining CRP
brass acres in the Black lt.
TIhe p~roject began in the Sutni
mer of I1995 with a Surx ey to dleter-
Mne ectrrenlt tncltnattonS and inten-
tiorts of (iRP contract holder s tot utse of
their trograin gr1assiatIds. to oittline
their co~ncepttiotns of' the lands eco-
tnomic potential tot the neat fuitutre.
and to estimate their Capacity to
implement these plans wi thin a tea-
sonable ran ce of their cost estitmates.
Sin mitlateousl. at Prelimtitnary Sitr\ ey
of the prtesent coniditton ot herbaCeois
vegetat ion on land wxith CR P gtrass
contracts xxas conduteted to Ptroxide
somec itdtcation of the lands potential
tot altetrtat've uses and pteltmttarx
estitmites tot convxets ion costs.
Itk\e C'RP contiract holdetrs itn
each of' fiv e B lack Belt counties xxetre
interxviexwed betwveen Jutly and October
1995. I )nr-inc1 the interxviewxs . a short
Ptrodutctiton hi stotrN of the c ont act wxas
established. Landoxwners wxetre then
asked Sex eral yliestionS abont their
plats for C'RP grassland, tncluitdng
their opinions regardtng platns for Sitm-
ilar land in the area and local rent estt-
nmiteS for \ attoius classes ot Ctroplatld.
Preliminary analx sis of, intet-
vitC\ws xxith landowxners in the Alabama
Black Belt indicated that a large pro-
pottiotn ot Cutttent CRP contracts will
remain in permanent vegetativxe cover
well into the futute (See the table).
Miost landowxners planned to lease
hntinc t ichts at rates of $4-K per acte.
Sexveral indtc ated interest in tretitg
laind tot beet ptroduitton and knewx
local tatrmets wxho wxold be itntetrested
in renting' theit lanLd tot tisl, puttpose.
Other s wetre intetrested in establish-
ment of' mar-ketable pastitte itt han
land, butt LIidl not know of tinterested
farmer s tn the atrca.
( n ly onte fat-tvietlandlowxnet
indicateid the possibilitN that C'RPI
grasslani i ght retutrt to t oxw-top
pr odutiotn. Manx landoxxnets Cot)-
mentedl that the land~ hadl atlteadx been
oitt itt triix-Ctop ptr)duict itn tot ote ot
two v Neat's prior to initiation o)1 the CRIP
progr amv atnd that they LiL lot platn
ctop productiotn on thetr 1ti1l(t In the
fuLturte. Reasonts tot this wxetre cetitet ed
Li) conserx ationt oft the landl wxith towx
croppng sect) as Ldatmagttng to thle ft ag
Ie ptrairie soils of, the atea.
IUit ring the ptelimitnaty Siurxey
of CR P landowvners,. a w ie trance of'
existig xveget ativxe statu itWxas Lliscox-
eredl. EItsttng xeet atioti appearecl
adLl tte 10or erostorn cotrol ofnt all
CRP actreace suttrxexed. Mitch il' tile
acreage showxeid the pritdu~ctio tit)-
tial of highly eroiile latnd uttder xvell-
CPR Grasslands, ConrillncJ on Pabve 20
IHig'Iligl\ t/ Agri i ultur10 Rci 1'o h (LW. 42, Ao. 4, It ililr 1995
CPR Grasslands, wnrtinueJl from patle 19
managed beelt cattle grazin c systems.
Product ion potential was greatest onl
CRP~ contracts held by tarmer-
landowners. On f armer-held CR P con-
tracts, not1 only was the amount of for-
age more sat isfIactory. but fences, hold-
ing pens, and other necessary cattle-
handling facilities had been maintained
in working condition.
FifIty percent of the landown-
ers had planted food plots primarily for
deer or quail. Amnonnt spent on food
plots was $35-100( pei acre. Al most all
ofl the landowners ireported an increase
in the nn nibei of dleer and] coyotes, and
a decrease in qu ail 1These fi ndings are
in keeping with general trends in the
Southeast and are not considered an
aspect of the CiRP land-management
pratct ices.
F-ifty percent ol' the landowvn-
ers had considered establishing a hunt-
ing elibh or leasing land for hiinting,
mcl nding One owner wxho ciiirently
leases land to a hiunti ng C IUb. Whether
inteirested in hunt ing leases or not,
44( of the landowners had no opinion
of the management cost or income
expected fiom hunting leases. Ch~
All the ow5ners wxho had coir
sidered a hunting lease h,
1
d
planned primarily 
for qil 
Char
hunting.
M/ost landowners 
expec I 
Acre
ed to spend $I(X) or less per act e CRP
to establish and maintain a hunn- Expe
inc cUb or lease. 
If land wxas Pa
leased to a huniiitin g C I Uh
landowneirs anticipatedl thle club
voiild assume expenses Ie Plans
land mnanag'ement necessary 
1( Hu
Pa
maintain the wxildlife 
desiied. Cr
A mouint of cx pected income Tr
from leasing land fi qiiai I hunt-
ng was 51I50 to $1 .000 per person lpet
day: 441/ expected to receive $1I0 or
less per acre. Expenses andl income
from huntinii leases and clubs aire
dependent on sev eral factoirs such as
f ac ilities prov ided,. condition of1 land
and came, and rates in neighboring
aireas.
Sev eral outlets I or this project
aie plaiiied. Fiist. a handbook that
contains inlormation for use in ex alua-
tion and implementation of' options
is beinga dev elopei. Second, a more
in-dlepth anal> sis of the siirxey, i ndludt
ing detai led estimates of option Costs
Lracteristics of Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) Landowners in Five
Alabama Blackbelt Counties
racteristics
(yrs)
s land owned
grass acres
cted rental rates/acre
sure/hay
ildlife
for CRP grasslands
intlng
sure/hay
rop production
ees
Average
61
1 900
574
Range
43-80
360-5000
1I5-1300
$15.25 $10-25
6.50 4-8
0 of total acres
and returns. wxill be as ailhlc. Finally,
cunty and area meetings arce planned
to prov ide a forum n r td iscu ssion wxit h
researchers, extension special ists. and
technical assistance agency peirsonnel.
Industry representativ es will be invited
to these meetiniigs to present infor ma-
tion related to options discussed.
Goda is cc Associte Professor of
Agiulua Ecnmc anRu lScooy
Milet isca Asisant Pr ofesso of Agronom
and o s, Gmenezis anAssociateProfesCr
of Animal and Dairy Sciences Flynr is an
Asisant aofessor of Forestr, Hi am is
Graduate Student and Best is an Associate
Professor af Zooiogy ad Wildife Science.
AL ABAMA AGRICUL TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AIUBtURN tUNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVL'RSIi Y. ALABAMA 36849-540)3
ILowselI '1 . I ibsh. Dir ector
POSTMASTER-Addrmess Corection Requested
NON-PROFIT ORG.
POSTAGE K FEES PAll)
PERMIT NO. 9
AI,"BURN. ALA.
025 02 
10O7
E6/29/98 31115
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