r F 
AGUUTiL 
iLEEi
"V
DIRECTOR' S COMMENTS
I it t Apil he School tof Forcxtr\ al \nbni hoxieti I
Ihiistoic nilcetine. T itled. the "Iiien tiojiol Conierence onl
lorexi \c'ettion \laiiiienient, this nieelina' aiiiiiielet
,cioiitis> andl potlicy iiike, fronm six continentx oiil more
thian 20 naions 01l the wxorild to NAut ii. B'y hoxtin' tii fi i-
ol-it,-Lindl iiiternaftional coiieincc. Aun ' School oh
I oiestn N in-ihei cxiolishec itself as a leaderi in loiesl
Iiiuieitie . planning. and polio' not jusI in Alabamiai but1
w\ )1ld\ idc.
Still, xonice people niehi ask. "x hot do ''lobal xxanmiin.
N\ Il dxx IeC pilluiiioni. the ,ptottetd OWxLI and other topiex lIs-
tixxetl at the contleine hx e to do wxith 1me2. 
Atibirn LOWELL T. FROBISH
I iix eit\ lCiide2ni DI Will iam Muxe1 ope1ne2d the Contei-
ence, and in Ili,, opening remairkx, lie answxered the thtie~tioi ol xx iN tile xiceiiietlx'
Dr\lu~e pointed out that ioiestirN ix a nine billion doliir iindustry in Alahini anid iihit xxe
liiie aihOn 2 million aicres o1 lorext landlxxhieb. iepie~entx 671( oi the liind
ba'>e. Miore i nipoitatlx, v' xxeboxe f(1ur thiniii going fur ux Ihaii None oilier stles mind nioxt
oiiier ioie~i piodiieing iet
t
ioii of the WXOrld (1oni' liaxe: (I x We liaxe the climate to
ierease prodnetioni, (? weN hav e the teeliiOlogy to incieasoe produti on. (3) xx1 ehlaxe the
toc ial andi poliieal inicentie ext) expanIit our forext iiitr'i a1.( (l4) Aloboniox ioiext is
95, pix miielx o(lx t.
National. presxration oh the xpottel owl in the Pa. lie Norihxx exi maN .eeci far
r eiio etd froni Alabama. But. iIl liiidiedx O1 thouxantlx o acre, aoie takenti tit ipiotltcitiin
iiexxheiMce xwiii it likely he imunte uip: Most likeN' iii the soiutheaistein ii iited States. wxithi
a arc xhire hein iin la ~bamai. I tcrnatt ioinill lx itti ini Ausiiial ia li d Nexx Zelandiic to
l)itelit tlexti netioii l' native encalN pti> ioiextx in fixe oi pliint, ii1,ix xeeii even I tili
ieiioxetl From Alaibma. Agini. xx liee xxill tliit Vtorl(lxx th Itix ini pine piOtlti 
n 1u 1 b
iiiotle op iioxt likeIN ini the xooihemixiei i t:.S.
AN, Di Miuxe poitei Out, the polieN (cixioiixO oi ilx pexticicloiuit ic''eiieri Oi
itiic'x xhpecie, iitegiation, etc. thiat iimpact tdirectlN Oii thie Nwor il' 10I hillioin mites o1'
commiieriaoi olexi hanl. inclireetlk imipaet on Alobhiimixs iOiext iiituiiti . Glolui cliiiite
chimiiie. polilntion, and ti hei eiixonmiiieitail iactoix thiat ane mu tectetd lix xworidte ioiext
iimeuiemt dciesioiis alxo direetix a)lecct ihe enirioinmiein ili xxhieli xx e lix e.
We hax e a siroing foiresitrx ieemciic prorhmi ot Auiun ii bt iiielu(i e ollolit ix
lii tleetx aiioiit ioiext eiineeix. econoiixi plaiit hitdt'ixtx. aiiit otiieir. Glhml topic
discotixxd ot time recent inteiriiationial ioietiv Col eieeicea mutbniu iieeiii ttianieii tihe beClet)
tlimi thie Sotiieoxi in geiierail iit Alabmi ini pmitictila xxill be calletluI tioiii pitotuice litte
tiiiibe piticincix in itie ftutie. Sueli piotduetioni ilicieie, dtlI jt hapimpmeii iiex etline
iinnov tixe idt intenivxe exoieli-piox en teehloit
MAY WL INTRODUCE
lr. lii 
>1 L1
of, Aimiil aiiit 1)oii
Science,. A nativ of
Ioxxa. Koiilei, joii A
tile Nnbnrii- x,11ilii
19)78 xxleie his ie-
xeclic efforits ii hac toc ui,tl tti iiicixii
Kuohlei-s eairnetd ai B.S. tdegee in animal
sc ience Ironi loxxa Stale Uix ei itx' heiore
oointto itie t. ix eriii ol, X iseonxin xx leie
he eaiinetd a M.S. iimt thle Ph.D). in '2eic"e
autnd imii 1 xci eince andt c on~lcle post-doe-
toral ieseaieh. He joiiied the Lacti iol loxxa
Staie U~nixeirsity in I1974 asx on Assixtaiit
l
t
iotexxoi . xei xin' there uniil lhe eoime to
Auihuii ii i> Asisocxiatie Pitexxtii He xx Ox
piroiiotedl to Proiessoi in 198)4 :uid. l*turing
I t90-9( , t hIle xer etla ON Nit il( piriiexstii ai
ixunllei ,lxuice hLmix examuinetd a xx I(e
irini'' oii eietic issties in pok prodtlcioin.
iRcuxtit ol' hix xtuid Oniii _cnetie
xeiell iioi igtet t o i maiiket fastei aie
rpcdi onct tiipa e I) ot ihi iii
ON THE COVER. Stocker cattle grazing fes-
cue, with broiler litter supplement, see story
on page 8.
Summenir 1992 ol. 39. N o. 2
\ yuairti cii pol of rc c c h p t Iihc
1
b Ith
Nitit IItN, i~it I ttI liiira I~v c il iwi i I~t
I R \I 1 1,1 - 1i N i SI .it .......N .ti IiIccIo
(Ii 1 L1S \\N 111< ('I N.._ >tti~ n ltc itt
kIMY Ri Mit O ......
KA 1til S~lit ii ....
Ii 1i:S NA lM[It )il IA/
.N..... t\o iuc t'.iln
Editorial Conuniilcc Lowell 1'. 1.1ohih: 1).( 1.
I lunch ick .:I sm,(taic Pro/(?vw) n/7/orli( lcllurc:
K . I .. limvcn.:lccic/u1n Pro/cssoi o/ PI(mi Pa-
lhulo",c: I ..' l . Moran. PIo/i'.vwl of Polflll ' S(i-
rwc(: L.K. Lamkc;lyyo( ium P1o1cyvo1 ol lam-
ih and C hill /)('rc/opu/cnl F..W. Rochclcr.
lcru(tow 1,101,vwl o/ 1',0(1&111411 /-u"iilcev-
,:S P.Schnlidl..l.ccr ricu('P1o1(,Swo1o/ lIlmwl
(1ud/)airsS(icmcsy R.iA. Ill(t,,.lv i l(uuMo
fc.vs(x of /'orcyU W.J. Mo111' 1mN/a/// Plo-
P'\wr o/ h.nluul( lr A.L. l: Sv1111. l w(Mit'
Pr( Jeyynr ~/ ,-lethal //c(//Ih Rcc(tr(h: and
I.A. McGnim-
doc nlii. ind ict i clo' n tcc t ibelte ointtniii
oiptt)icl te init e ilittc IhCiiI anx he
tic'tmll MCIrpci C( dttii nt i tii cimtIit IC iCC.
mCI~dd~in of~nc"I:RC. Sc , ,il ye
r
r
1
G.R. WEHTJE, L.W. WELLS, AND J.R. WEEKS
PERFORMANCE OF PEANUTS AS INFLUENCED
BY SEEDING RATE AND PLANTER
IN RECENT years, "air", or 
De
"vacuum", planters have become 16
available to peanut growers.
With this planter, individual 12
seeds are picked up and held against a
plate with a vacuum before being re- 8
leased into the chute that delivers a seed
into an opened furrow. These planters 4
are advertised as being very efficient in
achieving an even spacing between
seeds, and this added accuracy al-
lows for a reduction in seeding rate
compared to rates used with conven-
tional planters, which would result in a
cost savings.
Results of AAES research indicate no
significant difference in efficiency between
vacuum planters and conventional planters.
The study also indicates reducing peanut
seeding rate, while lowering initial crop in-
vestment, may result in lower yields and
profit.
An experiment was conducted in 1991 at
the Wiregrass Substation, Headland, to evalu-
ate vacuum versus conventional planters.
Peanuts were planted at 110, 90, 70, 50, and
,nsit
y
target spacing
2.1"
RATE
110 Ib./A
10 20 0
target spacing
3.3"
- SEEDING
' RATE
- 70 Ib./A
I
10 20 0 1
Seedling Spacing, inches
target spacing
7.8"
... iAir
Conventional
SEEDING
RATE
30 Ib./A
0 20 30 40 50
Plant spacing using conventional versus vacuum planter at different seeding rates.
30 lb. per acre with both type planters. The
normal seeding rate is 90 to 110 lb. per acre.
A common lot of peanut seed was used that
averaged 750 seed per lb. Both planters were
operated at 4 m.p.h.
Germination was low, about 70 percent,
but this was typical of seed available during
1991. After peanuts emerged, the exact
spacing between individual seedlings was
measured over a 10 ft. section of row. Later
in the season the occurrence of white mold
and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was
determined because the severity of these
diseases has been linked to plant popula-
tions. Plots were dug at the optimum
digging date, and the center two rows har-
vested for yield determination.
At 110 lb. per acre, the theoretical exact
spacing between seedlings is 2.1 in.; and
both planters were fairly successful in
achieving this spacing, see figure 1. At the
70 lb. per acre rate, the expected spacing
between seedlings is 3.3 in. Again, both
planters were fairly successful in achieving
this spacing; however, compared to 110 lb.
per acre, more variation in seedling spacing
was observed regardless of planter. At the
30 lb. per acre rate, the theoretical spacing
between seedlings was 7.8 in.
The conventional planter tended to have
a closer spacing, while the vacuum had a
wider spacing. But, for both planters, the
overall variation in spacing was very high
regardless of planter. At these marginal
seeding rates, seedlings are spaced far enough
apart to prevent any cooperation among
seedlings in cracking open the row. Conse-
quently, stand skips are more frequent.
Peanut yield was influenced by seeding
rate, but not by planter, see table 1. Maxi-
mum yield was achieved with no less than 90
lb. per acre; lower rates resulted in incremen-
tal reductions in yield. As expected, disease
was influenced by seeding rate, but not by
planter. Higher seeding rates, which resulted
in a denser, moisture-holding canopy, had a
greater occurrence of white mold, table 2.
Thus an excessive seeding rate should not be
viewed as insurance of a good stand, but
more as a promoter of disease. In contrast to
the trend observed with white mold, TSWV
was more common with the lower seeding
rates. Apparently, the vectoring aphids, which
are attracted to open ground, accumulate in
plots with a thin stand.
Variation in the spacing between seed-
lings can result from less than 100% germi-
nation, insect and disease losses, and the
emerging seedlings having to grow around
obstacles. No machine can be expected to
completely eliminate this type of variation.
At normal peanut seeding rates (i.e., more
than 90 lb. per acre) this variation was nearly
equal between the vacuum and conventional
planters.
Wehtje is Professor of Agronomy and Soils; Wells
is Assistant Superintendent, Wiregrass Substation;
and Weeks is Associate Professor of Entomology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
k .................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................1
3
L.V. PURVIS. B.K. BEHE. C.H. GILLIAM, AND J.O. DONALD
'uivtuJ'zILL) bRUIL__LIk jLIt Llk IS At'.LPIAbiLL
IN A HORTI I TUJRF POTTING MIN
199( I . .V Ihama', IN)It IF% ill( ILI IIv
11 r)dLICC(1 3.01) 1111()11 Ih,.I)IhI )iICI IIt -
tCI. 111 ( ) It 1111 11 ItCI a11 hk It ,Cd;(, ICItil -
izcr and a, a plotci11 C\tcndcr in u)mC
11\ clock ICC(I , tI I Cc LIC, 1)a\ C not kept pacc
vv iill Ill Oduclilll and ncvv uc, li)r hrOIler
littcr arc in Clnta it dclua11d.
Pat rcearch dcnlO11,traled the Icai -
hlhty 01 uin 2 clnIhltrd littcr in a HICdiunl
to rl\\ hlrlicnltural I lant,. IIn\\C\cr.u(1lr
I)IOhlCnl, \\Cre IhOUl-'hI tO he ;1 I)OICIIIia1
limitation h) Clnnmrr acccptahilit\ OI
,uch a I)OltiIIL miyturC. An :Uahanla :ALri-
cultural I-yI)CriIIlCnt Station ,ludv vva, Con-
duciCd to ev alualC markclahilily O( a *'u)il-
IC ,rlvv ins, media aniCndcd w ith
Clmputcd hruilcr littcr and IO (ICICrmi11r 11
1111, prOduCI Could hC a cd in IhC 11 HIC.
l 11c ,tud\ \\;U C011d1,etcd ill cl11,umrr,*
Cullr= I i, HLhl erccw. i,(Ltik <,rccn: water
I k le~ nee(ed. -) i, mOrc vv atcr needed:
hcallh= I i, fail hcallh. ) k -()o(I health: alul ()(lur
I, IIO ('th)i I,'11(m L, Odi)r.
\\ IN IllO .C1 I y a\ ill iII 11lI y I I al Ii
IN kcl l Irrn N uiv Ill I a ICI I( .I) ni vI al'y a
Ill ,l\IC \ \:t Nyl Cyflyli Ilif I IIth ld d I -d
Ill , )I , 11111 lc lI () 1'.11 lo
u CC lnlpahl \1 lhyI Ifi\l)I0llitcycI I
Al 
1
h \\ a Clnic y Il I CC fiI tIC
IIM11CIIr Ict)l4l~l \\. VII l~il )I II IC
lily hotilly iI. U&.Ich dO1llIiCI IdyCilCol
a1 yl N ~. ti0y ih Iil . ,liN lC01C ikC(l Ii l:I
p dI 111 11111 Ill I llllld\c mI l~dy L 1dI-
l\l C.\ Iy pm I( lIy ntlI I\ cc iNkc to ratc1
\ I Itl O .11 Ill l II ly 111L llch ed(I CLII oi
110r IC. ICI llh and O dn~lr.lc1
dI n ru 11 11 i n llII I\ pIIC\ I cc Co a ii
ll~v Ili I 37cr _ colo I a h ic 0.11 l I i i lI
11c eeI it I Il l II 1~ ily~ \ I al t I
lhN ptcI I cv o eia. Flkill 1111 (C\itil
Al mivlad daclI d \iI1\II lIN lihC ill
ll1lllrtng,. Ih llIC id IN.7 r dlC
Il\k\ Ilk I\N Il11 i111 Naccl 11111 mtcd11,
I In l lulyN n i l I\ lnlrkllll I3. ) ll In
I~~vv ~ Il \lua ~ me II at 1 , loo Ir hcllh
Dallas Jewel ferns growing in various potting mediums.
.UI/>umli I Sr1 un lIl II I c)IlI1/I t bS)//U nI
B.K. BEHE. C.F. DENEKE. AND G.J. KEEVER
NEW iNA. - .. SHOW PROMISE
FOR SUPERMARKET SALFS
" f ;,. te-
Harbour Dwarf nandina. as shown here. sold well in consumner tests.
thit ithe tutu k~l ha l iiiuiCd. A\L'N itt
oflL lti LatLUL Catni pr iidc [CN N UltaL'L'
I iN~i L0 hl tiiut i i L IL'- 0\it Ut l rtiL
dt\ (11 ln itLL til. coN\LL'kN k10\\ uItilLa
tiNttl iUI NL i iiiit StLtIL' \iicu \\a, 00CL'
N\LtL'd LO ti~itIi 1iCt tt li Ll tirdtin LiLi
tINdnaktp)ntalo v0vici,0
LIMt ilL 2 , ide 4a , Iti;iL' \IL ' nt utLi.
rti ,i 'liicaIt iliLtir Tha' iiTICl k')L'tLhe
Itifl 4" li 47'( ,uLiti thamcL. The \LLin.itia
bu I ii tiliN Ni L IC C a 110 iii'' I i n)(
iiiaLLI \ hi I L NL LI Iha itt, N 'iti ilL' 4~
l/chn l , 1'I ii uliu a! I Ptkcrt' l/1u 1I/itl
\\ a ii' alu\ e iIi Ir lt SL'pl. 2 l ett . 2 . uULl
'i;l Gabil \\LI ,~ C\Il.~r 110111 LIININ-IIIt
[triL n I te tiil (CI pIt WI. Dtl l \o l L o IN
tall k cI. .11I SaI ILLiti c Nl). Paniflli we lL ti
"i/L c mil cr.l~i
Sl ,' of1 all 4- li -iii. Ii)itiLk Iliait, lt\ !I-
i'Ll
1 
1 _'.2 Ilint pci [,lL' Ltc ~rv \\L'. SUIdc, of
itid Sn ( ~itt i Latlirt 1( o1 IlL' mill cLt
iii -- Iii -iii. Jo ao ii n L' aIiii.
it ILL "t ipItnL' Oi i' calL' 'S,
IhC Lul iIa 'L t ii\t0uC tlt iLt1iidC IthIL
iiLnL'. it pcl iL a~nd lii~c~ IiIL ~ anct ,ma\I1'Ndli ill
\\Ii'ii I tteIltL.tiN 'ip Ltiiice. ILL'Nlttheilit.i
\inihuc, ate ; 1n~t mpolan 5
R.J. MITCHELL. G.B. RUNION. W.D. KELLEY. AND D.H. GJERSTAD
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PINE 
MORTALITY ON
FORMER AGRICULTURAL SITES
ni \i.thaiuia. Moure titun 1.5u hiliutu
puile Niiuligeutc ii [ nti mitwttex
lu itt ln tie Au cc lined Sxilaute,.
c luiate andi li ci tuliieit p itelaniN. NItchi aN
the CoiNsert ion Rc~crx e Pt itet ati (CRP).
Thrlughe the CiRP alione. tre than I.t tiil-
lin acrIe, itt et itbe ciriplaind in the S'tithl
xx ri cocinixcited to pine plattnttin,.
A iiiiiitei ofi uniepectcid plli hax e
licit encioutititedu ini thiN IIANN"xe Ic"ci
Ml.tiiiu Molht. I Uue paiuticulalu IxNriiiii
Puitll ix li thei Nor1eculit' nix ix 'val -
PrcI edcu til a iuituem it NiteN. lIn ,Nili
elitittieN. the taiure late xx, An eait ixtxoi
tailureN liiicxcix lixc PlalatiiinN. On )inuuiu
ift he~e site,. I cpcautcx plantting I xnltcd itt
ielraedtl tailture (flie tot p1ne nttliltx
\hhiineh cxx data xx fe axailable tot de-
termtine the can~e itt tile~e tailure,. a tuittibe
iii I'ttir wexrce Nsispectex. Amiuing IleC
xxCF rcuieNIuaIlie 1N00 L fe tioil pas fnli iii'
p .ictieN (ItLch AN euiixx iii' Nix bcitN i. lcihi-
Colit tittloll. plant diseaseN aini/o cii i i
tideN ,itnd toot lccliiiL I nect, coiitilitk
contdluctedi hld ,tudic, dtui iia, 2-xccir i-
ii(d toi dltertine I il iii If hexe factors.
aline of in conlittiot. cotitited to the
cxce"" eNx piiic Nee(l mc nitilI6
T he I irst NtIII itxolvcid appl\ing lix e
C01ii11i1011 NON bea1 bet hiciL l1e l'iixx I
I fi Ian [,. l3 aatfaii k Kiric andi Scp-
tcl k .) 2l. 1 ln 4 timneN the Libeled rates onl
bctor ic wercexct plintcl. Thle lollmix ill"
IOceciiubci piiic tc eeNxxci platid and not-
talit\ \\~ ,i ~ r sNeNtlid-(\x.n\ thioiih the
CRMioxil' eull midat t1he cnd ofthie lit NI
eiiix ill" ,eauiit ill the field.
liit~In t i t t fle t ivii alt 1iL11(Lctit ni
te~idnual heriid leNtol pa"t Prtice1.Nx wet
tilt majorii lacthoi, int the libser\ d pine mt-
I le Ncon
1 
Nitili NNa AN oitdutlted at flxc
loicattioin thitugholtuit the wat,tl lin~i of
( jeuli a tepi erNtigIti pil ( RP
,itc, tutun ini Noll p)11 titti
.tttrlx actdic (4.1) toi tcL,Nahll
xxhit hen the 11o e Nhal icnsI
NLINici N cxlZ liii an ei\N ANulii dthe
ICiA x thpile tieheclticni
ix A td ticrt, N(le, 4,N and x hi
C x N uitti cyilt 117,11 I l
u\ ltitile ttil UuN A N nluiix the(l
teititl liitN!itt .l iit\(vir rtd
(riol ips hu ith Ititadlat xx hl the NeedIlitiN
xx e il~iutexl o loix cd bx Al "oil tatiiieiit al
ni(i-l easoNuiiiuut t11 xIt dce teexhitie aind iii-
\Iiiu thain lxxice the tiuhtcit tint111
ti atl NeexllittCN dlied comttpated tol tliiic
tiCated. I le I iexjnenCN 0 otot ICedunuz wxAN
dr~aatictelll x iedux ed xfili thle toot dip
iti~ectli Ie treatment. liox cxci the ettectN
werce Nltort livedx. Bx the tmiddle of the
ql iried. It wxx fi otnd thlt llo~c site, witli
xi'iilant iutortillitx alxx} haN ud iiN
present. wii Ic ci ib lie NiteN had good Nut-
xix al irateN.
Ntmlitici unii alsii wxetc isioIated Fritit
tie toot Nx NtettiN iii Neeitn u nxx ith lese
NtudicN hit. althiough a nuntuetol pitntuallx
pa.tltinic tuni i xx e tound. no direct Ilink
to iii rtit xx iNa iniited. ILatlx . nemta-
tuideN. tepor ted to be lxi rfl to puine NeedI
lieN x rc fitttnd in the ri i/iilcre cit pine
NeedliiuN. [hiixxcxci. tliN also coutld unit he
ditextix elated toi the uttittaljtx' iibsctxcdiii
the NtidieN. Nex et thclexN. the interactuion ott
roout PRith nici t oiim arid tmeiiitodeN lxix
taxe cben ipotitan., thoutieh tme xxoiik iN
needed tot determine their title ini Needliil
Ilt ,Nutiiiiai x pine ituittalutx oil acu -
tuial fi elds xAnlot related tio ici bicixleN.
eithier te~ixitll 11'1h ptast a~ciualti actix i
tieN, iii tllite uied ini pine cnltnre. lite
1cii tal0 ttx , xxANcluelx aIN0uiated xx ttht tioi
teeditue bx cropbN. and1 tiNt an insectix ide tit
conuttoil 1-inb leedune1 reduced liii!talix i
n1it ixawikx. I-Liital (Ii~eA~eN andx nticxtuieN
tuxix hemxtxedx ilL N it toe putue itriotlt'
bit thteir mole, appetar to he lesx imiptrtanit
IThese restsI Nnect txt liutduxx nuei
plaiitiing pinie, ini areas that xxetc recetix
I aritued. pArtix ularI bit aInuex Nuix ban iii
peatnut fiteld,. Nihould carfet olix asseNN the
pieNctic iii Ah~cnxe i01 '_rnN.
\Iu'hi Am\ \l'' 'xPtut~ori 'Unitm ix tt1ittiix
,itmi,ttx. D,iti Naiex iiil So~xilii , i tI~rltNci'
Iuo~u ic 011ix c nd jltdai rt~
'It ulh l t.~ ii lii icr! I \/w(rIiii'1I! S/t/11n
,
. z
J.H. WILHOIT, C.W. WOOD, AND K.H. YOO
POULTRY LITTER
SPREADER PATTERNS
EVALUATED
AFTER poultry litter is spread on
pasture land, light green streaks in
the direction of spreader travel are
often noticed on the grass, indicat-
ing an uneven nutrient distribution across
the field. The cause of this was the focus
of an Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion (AAES) study.
Poultry litter is typically applied to agri-
cultural land using spreaders similar to the
type used for broadcasting granular fertiliz-
ers. Poultry litter can be quite variable, but
tends to be characterized by similar particle
types; fine material that appears to come
primarily from the manure, intermediate-
size particles of wood or peanut hulls, and
larger clumps of caked material consisting of
wood or peanut hulls, feathers, and manure.
These particle types may contain differ-
ent proportions of manure, the primary
source of nutrients in litter, so the nutrient
content of litter could vary with the particle
type. Particles of different sizes and densities
also have different throw characteristics, so
variation in nutrient content with particle
type could account for nonuniform distribu-
tion of nutrients across the swath.
In the AAES study, a pull-type spreader
distributing poultry litter was driven over
the center of a set of evenly spaced collection
pans three times. Poultry litter samples also
were collected on a tarp spread across the
swath. Samples were sieved, and N and C
concentrations were determinedforeach sieve
fraction of the tarp samples.
An analysis of the particle size distribu-
tion data from the samples collected from
the pans showed a concentration of smaller-
size material closer to the center of the
spreader. Most of the particles smaller than
a 16-mesh sieve (0.0469-in.) landed within a
distance of 12 ft. to either side of the spreader,
while the particles larger than this were
spread much more evenly out to a distance of
20 ft. to either side.
The results of the laboratory analysis on
1.5 -
the different particle
size fractions 
(col- 1.0
lected from the tarp)
showed a consistent
increase in C con- 0.5
centration with in-
creased particle
size, from an aver- 0
age of 26% for the 
-24 -20 -16 -1:
smallest size frac-
tion to 43% for the
largest. The N con- 
Application
centration varied
randomly from 3.2% to 4.3% for the differ-
ent size fractions, however, giving no indica-
tion of higher manure concentrations for the
smaller size particles. Accordingly, the aver-
age nitrogen concentration in the pans spaced
across the swath was relatively constant.
The weight of litter collected in the pans
was used to calculate application rates and to
determine distribution uniformity for differ-
ent possible travel spacings (swath widths)
with the spreader. Uniformity was assessed
by calculating a coefficient of variation (CV,
expressed in percent, with the best unifor-
mity indicated by the lowest percentage) for
the amount of litter, including simulated over-
lap for the different travel spacings, col-
lected in the pans spread across the swath.
The table shows the CV and application
rate results (average of three trials) for simu-
lated swath widths from 24 to 40 ft. The
minimum CV value was 11% at a swath
width of 28 ft. This result was consistent for
all three trials. The application rate at a 28-
ft. spacing was 1.39 tons per acre. The figure
shows the distribution pattern for one of the
trials and the simulatedpatternm (including the
overlap) for the 28-ft. spacing.
The operator's manual for the spreader
recommended a 40-ft. swath width and indi-
cated an application rate of 1.3 tons per acre
for the spreader gate setting and bulk density
of litter used in this test. At a 40-ft. spacing,
the application uniformity obtained during
n rate and spreading of poultry litter.
this test would have been very poor, as indi-
cated by a CV of 50% and shown in the
figure. The application rate also was much
lower, only 0.96 tons per acre at a 40-ft.
swath width, see table. These results sug-
gest that travel spacings used when
spreading poultry litter may need to be
somewhat lower than the manufacturer' s
recommendation.
Based on this study, uneven nutrient
distributions often obtained when spread-
ing poultry litter are probably due to travel
spacings that are too wide rather than to
differences in nutrient concentrations and
throw characteristics for different size litter
particles.
Wilhoit is Assistant Professor of Agricultural
Engineering; Wood is Assistant Professor of
Agronomy and Soils; and Yoo is Associate Profes-
sor of Agricultural Engineering.
POULTRY LITTER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND
APPLICATION RATES FOR SIMULATED
OVERLAPPING SWATHS
Swath Application Coefficient
width rate of variation
Ft. Tons/acre Pct.
24 .................... 1.63 16
26 ..................... 1.50 12
28 ..................... 1.39 11
30 .................... 1.29 15
32 .................... 1.21 22
34 ..................... 1.13 30
36 .................. 1.06 37
38 .................... 1.01 43
40 .................... 0.96 50
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Application rate, tons/acre
2-
- Single pattern
- - 28 ft. spacing
* - - 40 
ft. spacing
2 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20
Spread distance, ft.
24
D.I. BRANSBY AND J.T. EASON
1(EMARKABLE PROFIT MADE FROM STOCKERS
ON FESCUE-BROILER LITTER SYSTEMS
R OW CROPS are _ cneralk\ i.-
(3a1 lCc as sttore p1 of tihle thani heel
cfnItrpisesc. Hoxx cxci. an Alahaimia
station. Ctiroix'xlie. 'h,l\ cl 1tha1 xtckers
raised tn Lall lexcnC eri tlj/Cd xxtillh broilci
I lit cant be cconiall aix ott ti~iix CA ixti
ttow cirops.
Inthei tall-\ xxnici 'pr-iil peiod ofl. ' 19188
5) 9attd 1959-90, inlccid tIIfutric
Ketucky 31 l llCLICuepaxlhi~C rC rwCi.1acd
h\ Attiui .tiid Aitusix II'iCtlrcIl~c ee x wih
ani ax c'tIe ititial xxci(3lll ildl 4(1 . Aimals
ont181ii hall ~ i the xxtuC CicC aii\ Cdx cci- icc ic s~
1o a 50):50 briler liiicr:shltlcd corit supplC-
mttnl in se Ilf-cedcrx Stock iic rates x ci C
1.5 to 3.0) aimtal, per atcre Without xippiC-
ittct. atnd 2.0 toi 3.5 aiimal pci aciC xxilb
xtippliCtt~iot. (ira/in'! Slai i1d in Oct-
Atnimials it the igiit/iic-ontly paddlcocks
xx d riio cdc rtiit paxlicirC 101 0 90f clnS
ini idwin. ltic. Dut ing this> timthey ilixxc
led. a 50:501 broiler Iitlc'r:xliCllccl coirn didt
onilx. . \nimial, x ith xppleCnn tcttaincd oil
paxitirCtironcliotthe xitci . lPatxuiCx xxc
c'iltiittiluil\ ''avi i/Cu ,i3ltoc kitic tlcs xxet
nt altered ox ci ltime. All paixlutCs xxcii.
lcriilizeccl xtill 2.5tions of biioiler liitei pe'r
actrc inttall antd. spr1ing.
The~c cist oii brili liittxx eas 510) pertott
luit lcrili/Cri .u 5ii 1 pci ht a, at teii
itt_1Ct iiCtt iluC io the aidcdiiionltl piicCxxiii
itxvolx ed. Shlled corCin cost S1106 pci ltot.
Box inti price ofl-, "asc xx5t 87.39. pcr hutt
dirccl" ci cht (ci ). Siccirs that xx cie nolit Supple-
ticilec xxctc soldl at ihe Sale x atd for ani
,tx Ctri.c price of1 8811.67 pert cxx t. Itiose 1tha
xxr siupi~plemtt3t d~ xxr cic d to)1.) a packiitg
hituxC loti an ix Ctrcc oII S71.74 per cxx t.
it itccted al .ttt.uncux ltcc lcxcuc in 19219-
90)) arc xlhoxx in it tbl 1 li u c e ithat xx CiC
not xupplciiicttcc Table _' slioes dat f.or t
thiOSC. thti xx crc xipplCt tC. For
ttoituppl~citttcl ccix. the conmiuiiic opli-
I'it iCCtr (XlCiiirx chi Ioc fun-
1..ll'acil I rdli xi itii xxd cati\i3hi
c.apilvHwvtainletIn 
xxi Iliciti111 
litii 
lustrc'c
I'xSCU oin both1 Pasxture andc xxittic
tecl Ph1aScS iif ptii1uclio1. I hC
ne.t C. utv ssm la , il e
In cotst.. dost" xxCic hildiei
Mtid icltirns xxCtC I1lxCt lot in-.
Iectecd lecc tha 1 f8 ot I UItiti1X.4X1-i
Cxc ic.liii xx.1>Black baldy steers on test at the Sand Mountain
(icc ISIC hsra 
cattiedl Substation.
pimtily h\ thec iost, associ-
atedl xxith c.atr ing moirettut an imtal, ott in- cllittg price otainedi 10ti I inished catle,
Iccicl icxCI..C to aciCx C Agtiil pct act.' ,1i1t- iciatix c tothC notixuppictcitcl ailthat118
t ltoI Otu> sirCc I CSCUC. xxr Sicxtd asx leedetx.
I Ccco xx ciC ItliCt tant lon inftliid ci ticsC .C i 
8
1i' iSipeiinte iit. Sanid \Iiiuil1tiit SLbI~illtoil
c~tiicki 'tlt i.'i C ilitl conl-
atchtiex i xtil roxx crops. I liixx
Cx Ci. tilt> couldl ChtntiC iI
litrC x c iicc cil I cxii pea>
tnte cxxxonici htxC to decidie
isxxiirtl h t risk ,xxiciIICi xx ith
ducitin 011 li tnctIt cC ICS-'
Althu> anbiml liii xo
lintlcand'c te xx peci Cnti cc
xiipm>ictititeri \A ere> xx Ci-
xtipplcnlticcol ,fetlt, witx c
I' XI1 I. PkOIca rION AMii Fr oxoxi DA- 1-OR STEFERS TI 
W\rx oih S11 'IF~iI\Iii. Oi> iIFFti FI ~ s-~fN( FREE FFscII
Pxsi IRES, 1989-90
Infected Fungus-tree
P'rod uct ion data
Econoic optimiuim stock rate. head/ac. 3.0 2.0
P'astuire av erace dily g atin. h ....... .90 1 .50
W\inter teed ax ciace clail cain. lb.. 1.42 1.78
0) ci all 293) dla axg. da il gai n, lb.. I1.02 1.5
Tothal "alin/ac.. lb......................... 897 926
Economic data
C'ost per lb. of gaii, dol .................. (0.38 (0.3(0
Total costs per acre, dol .................. 1,547 1.0)81
I otal Iin.omie peI acrie. doi................ 1,837 1,489
Grioss ma1 gin per ac, dol ............... 290 408
( ross imarglin per head. dol............... 97 2014
' Thcw costs include piurchase prtce of aninmals and interest on that
intmrent, but do not include fixed costs such ax land and labor.
T.A 1i 2. PROui c I o\ Am)l Ecoxoxrii Dxi . F OR STEERS THA
\\iko SIii'iixiDnof INFECTEDN) [Fti\Ls-FREEFESxCUE
PASTi RES. 1989-90
Infected F~nU-i' e~
Production data
E conoic optimtunm Stoc k ratie, head/ac. 3.5 3.5
Pastoite aixciage dailx gain lb ............. 1.7(0 1.83
Fe consiiunied per Il. of g'ain. lb.... 10.5 10.1)
Economic datta
C'ost per lb. of gain, (dol.................. 0.48 10.45
Grios,, nii o per acie, dol .............. 180 26
Grioss mnargin per head. dol ............... 51 76
s ~D.L. KUHLERS AND S.B. JUNGST
iOWI' (JETS PIGS T y
rhyme flte itloi to matrket tt *,ti homie.
the lit im. Iathtiiattd teediwt> increa,. I a~t
the~c eitt> hett w\ill atioiw Ii odLiCtr to
F :vpertttnt Statttin >Itoi clltit ,electlonl
till >tottn the little fort the ig,' to reach
martket eri''ht ittdac iNei ttoelcr mte>r
Ini the telt. a line of Lantd-Irace aoitd a line
oft Duoc pi'-", \\eie eletkNIpetit tII\ tot
to eleetioi \t it .tt tired. I he eXpet ten-
ltI lite, were ,titrted in 1 9S? ttunim att'
hine Ironti each oft the hiedl letet fot
paItt et- ?)(t -d> wei''ht (,eect line). \
xeoitd lite. onie I 0om each hieed. r> -
dointi ,electedan aiildm itht h ied (otrll
e\tejl 2OO-da o t e'iht. ete inotetii ink-
it'' ,electttn deetitttt', tiltouIt'hont tihe ie~t.
\lant eitent ot, Fi' rom the ,elect andi
pi>ot edci breetd teatted tn tite ,aite litilt-
ii,- antl ledi the ,Limle diet> it tile ,~tLme itte-
N ii>. \\ i''itt ofl the piL', v>ete retoidedl it
ne>~ tlea>LtI etneint \\ ro>tt tde Lit '( ( di>, oft
aLc ndlN i toltttjteth to tite iN ert i''e N>et
ott O() l Ih Jot itc Ipitg. Sintce thi, >>a a
tl~e hteh erdi t tottide iiieedttl' ,tock \\a,
itiodhute to ttihethe hi-eetitte tie) taJid the
Itine> N\ etc ,imai I i 5 hoart itid 10 m > in r
each ,elect lute . tile tthteedttL'' of the pi'g"
ttteeicet to ltiout 21'%( in tile Droo ,elet
litte .tid I(S' itt the I itthie ,elect litte.
Altet (0 eti ott ,eietion, tile Laitdrtte
,eiectlitte pig, L\IN et ''d 5 1.4 i). idt tile
L' -I-
Ku
Landrace pigs setected specificalty for 200-day weights.
tie itt 2(0' atid 2V tttt tihe Lanidiie and
LWrOCt litte,, te~~itN el Ilhne> t >Cit
kai ie, itet eet tite t i hreeol> euto htere. At
N>irtet tte l)Litoto ~eet- tine piii' et ec
it 1 ite i'. morie tae I t o t ro-le tIie t
litl aI~tttLt t t.iue > a drc N>ltli ni
tite ,uit N> et'it \hc\ itet til t e ioite. lo-
dt ten e iietwhel tte iuiociltinue> pitt
evtrted. Ih li tt eN e eN cnolln ett,
till O i ee1 i. t Ihao. thtet
> e ndi teteti.1 liClt laxoi
intdtoie> ''ettet toeieo.l
Si 'i-i
Tti i
5' iLhi,
I l I It' . ...
itt Ii,A liir.
elleett~e \\a\ to itCl ee irth iaud \eitt
h~oLeannt t ituo imporanl t t tile in-ie'le~
deittthIn ittilt' FC to N etttltttiliie l.te ierl.o
N>ive >hoc it icctinaj~c
htockfat thitekie>, I itatthe Dotr i" lete
lii ' piLi ei fittir othtnttei uni iiid te
tit 11(ei.
* I o i w o i the dua liii ~ t- LS. o
'I~ lt Siii I) til. tud ied l hat a 551 i i n
ia)draicc
Sctuoct (iiiuii
..... .0"
.. '._. 10 .
....... 
1 
0 
,6
'.-.4
1I.
1)4.,S
II
1
'15.
.7? S9 (-iS
.77 .7.7 .75
\/olbouur a~u 11 t /tJll /o t-~w im(eut S.NillI
Sclccl Cimtrol
T.P. MACK AND D.P. DAVIS
WEATHER
VARIABLES AID
IN PREDICTING
ABUNDANCE OF
LESSER
CORNSTALK
BORER
THE LESSER cornstalk borer
(LCB), a major pest of peanuts
grown in Alabama, can severely
limit yields of peanuts when lar-
vae feed on the crown and developing pods
and pegs of peanut plants. Population out-
breaks of this insect occur in hot, dry weather
in peanuts grown in sandy soils.
Research on LCB at the Alabama Agri-
cultural Experiment Station has focused on
the life history of this pest and how weather
influences population outbreaks. Since all
factors known to contribute to outbreaks
involve hot, dry weather, researchers began
to explore the possibility that certain vari-
ables could be developed to predict out-
breaks based on weather.
Such a prediction system would be ex-
tremely useful to anticipate outbreaks of
this insect, because scouting for larvae is
time-consuming and growers often start
scouting after damage occurs. Many grow-
ers apply a preventative application of a
granular insecticide for control of larvae.
However, all the insecticides used for man-
agement of LCB degrade in as few as 19
days in hot, dry weather. An insecticide
applied too early also will degrade, leav-
ing plants unprotected. If treatments are
applied too late, much of the damage to
peanut plants already will have occurred and
yield will decline.
Through this research, a prediction
equation was developed by simplifying a
complex simulation model. This equation
uses a single variable incorporating posi-
tive effects of hot, dry weather and the
negative effects
of normal, wetter
weather.
The equation
developed is Y=
(H-W). In this
equation, Y is
equal to the
LCB-days and
represents the
cumulative effect
of weather on
larval abun-
dance; H is the
number of days
-10
No Scotin gNeeded
-20
0 20
where the temperature is 95?F or higher and
less than 0.1 in. of rainfall occurs; W is the
number of days that the temperature is less
than 95?F and 0.1 in. of rainfall or more
occurred. The variable H represents days
that contribute to the development of popu-
lation outbreaks, and W represents days
that produce a lower population. Neutral
days (i.e., more than or equal to 95?F and
more than or equal to0.1-in. rainfall) do not
contribute to LCB-days. Thus, LCB-days
are a running total of the cumulative weather
events since planting. A cumulative total of
0-10 LCB-days at 30 or more days after
planting means that scouting fields for the
lesser cornstalk borer is needed.
The usefulness of LCB-days was tested
in four validation experiments done at the
Wiregrass Substation, Headland, in 1989
and 1990. The tests determined whether or
not an application of a granular insecticide
for control of the lesser cornstalk borer at a
given number of LCB-days increased yield.
Conventionally tilled and planted
Sunrunner peanuts were used in both years.
If LCB-days were positive and a treatment
was suggested, a granular insecticide was
applied and yields were compared from
treated and untreated plots. If LCB-days
were negative, it was validated that no yield
increase would ensue if pesticide was used,
as compared with untreated plots. The
granular insecticide used was chlorpyrifos
40 60 80 100 120
Days after planting
(Lorsban?)
applied at 2
lb. active in-
gredient per
acre in a band
application
over the row.
Plots were
surveyed
weekly for
damage. Soil
was sieved
weekly, or
when dry
enough to be
sieved during the growing season, to de-
termine the number of larvae present.
Yields were taken from the center two
rows of each plot at crop maturity.
LCB-days were mostly negative in 1989
and lesser cornstalk borers were rarely
found. Insecticide applied at negative
values of LCB-days did not increase yields,
compared with yields in the untreated
plots. In the outbreak year (1990), LCB-
days exceeded 35 and lesser cornstalk borers
were abundant. More than 10 larvae per yd.
were found in some fields. Insecticide ap-
plied at 0, 5, or 8 LCB-days increased yield
compared with yield in nontreated plots, and
insecticide applied at more than 20 LCB-
days either did not increase yield or actually
decreased yield.
These studies verify that LCB-days are
useful in timing scouting and applications
of insecticide. A three-tiered approach can
be used with LCB-days, as shown in the
figure, which suggests scouting at less
than 0 LCB-days, danger at 5-10 LCB-
days, and damage occurring at more than
10 LCB-days. Growers must record the
amount of daily rainfall and daily maxi-
mum temperatures in each field through-
out the growing season and calculate LCB-
days from planting.
Mack is Associate Professor and Davis is former
Post Doctoral Fellow of Entomology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station10
J.F PITTMAN AND L.K. LAMKE
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DECISION TO MOVE
AND CHANGE JOBS
WHY do people move and are
there factors that can help pre-
dict the decision to move? These
questions have been particularly
salient in recent years as data
have revealed various patterns of
migration away from rural regions.
Census reports show that during
the 5-year period prior to the 1980
census, 46.4% of the nation's popu-
lation moved. This trend also was
seen in the southern region of the
United States (Texas to Delware and
bounded by Maryland, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Okla-
homa) where 46% of the population
changed residences.
Comparing national trends to the South,
roughly the same percentage of the popula-
tion moved, but in the South, more moved
out of county and state. Alabama reveals a
more stable population. A smaller propor-
tion of the population (42%) moved in the
same 5-year period, and more Alabamians
(60.8%) relocated in the same county, while
somewhat fewer residents (23.3%) moved
out of State.
Though this indicates Alabama has a
more stable population compared to the
rest of the region and country, rates on in-
migration and out-migration offer a less
satisfying picture. While data indicate an
impressive rate of population growth in the
South, Alabama data show that out-migra-
tion is high in this
State. For every 100
people who moved e
into the State dur-
ing the 5-year pe-
riod,80.2 others left,
and, for each 100
employed people
moving into Ala-
bama during this
same period, 89.7
left the State. These
figures suggest a
slow rate of growth compared to the rest of
the region and a prominent loss of talent,
given the great numbers of employed people
leaving the State.
To evaluate the reasons for this move-
ment, a survey was conducted through a
large central Alabama daily newspaper that
attempted to
Sanalyze this
trend. The
researchers as-
-sumed that the
tendency to
move and the
0 tendency to
change jobs
could be used
as an index of
a person's or household's willingness or
intent to change. The researchers also as-
sumed that opportunity and motivation
factors were both involved.
The survey obtained 330 respondents,
though analysis was limited to the 290
respondents who had paying jobs.
The sample was largely white
(92.4%) andmarried(67.9%). Ages
ranged from 22 to 71 and the aver-
age age was 42.7 years. Some 58%
of the sample were women and
approximately half the sample were
parents with an average of 1.6
children. Typical education level
was "some college" and typical
income level was $35,000 to
$45,000 annual income. Most
(78%) owned their home, and more
than 75% had moved at least once in
the previous 10 years (average moves
in that period, 2.8).
Five variables were evaluated for
mobility and/or job change: ties to the
community, marketability of job
skills, community satisfaction, job
satisfaction, and quality of life.
Two variables, marketability and
community ties, seemed to best repre-
sent "opportunity." Marketability mea-
sured the respondents' beliefs that they
possessed job skills that could earn them
comparable or better wages in alternative
employment. The more marketable a person
was, the greater tendency they showed to
change. Community ties involved home
ownership, the number of years lived in the
community, and the nearness of relatives.
The greater the community ties, the less
changeable respondents felt.
The other three factors represented mo-
tivators for change and measured respon-
dents' feelings of satisfaction with various
aspects of their lives. The strongest predictor
of changeability was satisfaction with the
community of residence. People who were
more satisfied with their community were
less likely to move away than those who were
less satisfied. Job satisfaction was the
second most motivating factor, and
changeability increased as job satisfaction
decreased. Quality of life measured satis-
faction with respondents' lives, including
family and marital relationships. Greater
changeability was predicted by lower levels
of satisfaction.
o However, the rela-
? tionship between
o changeability and
quality of life was
weaker than the
other two factors.
This is probably
due to the reason-
ing that people do
not escape life and
family in a move,
and the tendency to make changes would
likely result from a belief that a change in
environment would improve family rela-
tions.
These data indicate that both opportunity
and motivating factors help explain a will-
ingness to change in this sample. Those with
more marketable skills and fewer commu-
nity ties were more likely to consider mov-
ing or changing jobs, as were people who
were less satisfied with their community,
jobs, and life in general.
Pittman and Lamke are Associate Professors of
Family and Child Development.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
11
S.0. OLOWOLAYEMO. J.C. REEVES. N.R. MARTIN. JR.. R.R. HARRIS. AND D.I. BRANSBY
N.~ .~J
OPTIMAL STOCKING RATE
Lbs./acre or $/acr
600
525
450
375
300
300
150
Weight gain/acre
Net returns/acre
T 
O( 
I:I 
1( 1'I 
Il 
i 
ili/C
I III d". I)CCI pr oducIL
.anI t kn\\ the hilhc I
Nillykin .ily' tha Ild ill
prioduiCC thy' 'Iy'.ly'N ail . 1kov-
C\ Ci I y''CdIc L i I Ni\i thati lile
oloiillyi N \\ c .iNmt y ltyy p 11od Iuc- S
~tin u Li n i' nut \yI' liill,, 'il
fln illI y' 01 I \ c I \ c lw.liciA III\ c \h
to \ c .i iin \ ha'iii daNN. (\ d d h
I Ct fai\ lyd'yrit.~y \\Dhl tii p~Ci coiict a
the GulI y 'Itiiii Suhiyiy' II IC irhup' frod\CI n"
Nyl'h Cliii IN \\Cit ydtyoliL~ Lateo'' I- 3yI'CI
NiOL ky' N f \\ .CI C L . ani d N)ri nll. \vIC
the rlCin.I h'C louyM~uC, lyinCd oNl(yp'
600
-75
-150
1.00 1.201 .40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
Stockers/acre
ilte I 1S)5) in \iA iixiil.
plcCnCi oy l\ y'I \\CIy' thy' niuOI 11111111.111
y'i)\y'i ii~nyl d I\crnId''y &le\ii in\ ;11)
pdoi Iiti'. pe aiii lOn iii' lily' o I~r~ jli
I i. i " da I Pv CCII I .iilyl1.7 NICC hei diyi i Cu
ytid il\ I I C i ,Ii ' r te ( lC I ,IC~yN e
\\ lil I i~l Aiil p I' d i 3 iliICillCI I~ ace) IC-
duCd alyCL loll , in lily '.liiyii idy .1
\\ ily I0-lC Clte in the I iinli/a ICid . \0 hnIC
pC C.\\ lilyreur I~aei yl~niNCid (\1. 7ICCilid
lilycr lilly lilli~l thyN lily ytucin'y'iC aty'
iie iuil i'y'lyy l h i ii\n yi, nly l i lihN
ypoill hi dhyiC t i lly' \dN with\y' ltaidilII
i lilll i l iIli'yd a tiiyIxIhC iculy' i Iili-
pound ofI~ 2lihh i, ( ut hyilly h<.ii\ e re ill
1< icac by thiiivi I iuu loc Li Ii I1111
Ilii ,I \ iny1 "hhi th toIk iL r
ice'
Biological versus economical optimum for beef cattle.
I hdwmu .l "i'irul7urcrl f._qwl-ilm'n/ SI(IIN t
t
R.T. GUDAUSKAS. K.B. BURCH, P. JXN A.K. HAGAN. AND J.R. WEEKS
PIVV\JTFNT TN AI AV NO
peceed. Mucith iniclate, thatt addlitionial
st ud oni thle impor ltaince oft Ihese i rU >e
IIl pent ini .\Iamia CICM-k\ Is war-
ranitedi.
1;111.. and IlIhian i, :Asuie Plates~o of ant~Il
IalhloL Wcck, S ,\,cae rt~r
Symptoms caused by peanut mottle virus.
[IF: OCCI RRF\ I: andt impoi-
I tI 01 mam fng\ an Iaid n~emI tode
icited diseae> an peanut., in Ala-
hama are Wc lIlt amCInted in
eIoliiiXii11)1 ii i Luse> attac kine this c~rop.
I lI\\ C\ Cl a reent \IA~la .\el legrilutural
I :\hCl iment Stationi \ \ SI >ttid\ Nho\\ ed
P'S\ II oe iespicat ini tie Statec
lnrling 1909 .i( ~Icia\ Cs Iroill) peatX~i
f CLIIe. W~er e CIIleetedI Iiro 11 held> >eleetedI at
Ilndomn in the 14 coutiie llakii_ Lup the
majllol peanuLt pr~LItitlll area. S\ mptoml>
onl suspectedi\I I vusinlleted plants i inLuId
eat chilorsis. Ililttilim. Iletlos, linle pat-
teirns. distortion, al(il II\ Cill phlint tuiltinflO.
Leaf samipie> atlso \L eie takent ill these same
I eldi> liroi plaints>l-Io\ ig iloappaleilt N\ mpI
toni>. Sap W\a> extracted tfiroil all samlies
,adlt tested lot PMV. PSV, T ISWV, and
peanut stripe v irl> (PSt\ h\ ioassa\ N on
IindicatIor plant> in the el1eenhonse. andI by
eni\ nie-liniked illlliLolII>Irhelt a>>at\
hi IS I Ill the iah-IIIatoli
PI'\ andt TSWV \. >iiiair\ or ini tllihiia-
til~l. \\ ere idetii edl in! e\ ei C Inait anti
C1enll\ ii t hi'h el- t eqLine\ ini mli t cI ni e>
see table I. PSV W\a> found ini a mlalority of
the ontites. bLut at luCh ILL~ ei tleulnne\
No ilthei \ iL> lsel iIIlil1
1 
PtV. sere
iLICntifieLI ill at\ saii-p-Ie L11iLI it the 2- Cal-
p-Ir iod.
A Lumil-Ii-\ LII le>lhit tor ll s amlIes
pleseiltttt ini tahle shtoes >that _eeli
it idlellee lot I S)V andt PSV \ ei~re ailt
the samli i-I 199 and~I 1991. L)) 11e that of
PMV1 del inied in iL991i. PMV1 adl TSWV'
ai>Io 55 er e etret.td at
rathe IhIeici ideiie
ain \a- 111t (ill at It
pea iatl plait>. esfie
t
0toml hsokeld II tIt [
Illli/et at tile ItmeC
Can~e nIailL I ield, >Lri C
vewd~ ill 19901 
SweIC II
whlIih tail CiInfI ound It
RltIl t1ll the to-
tal atea sLII C\ eLI
>hos CLI that PMVI ad
TSV \ r 55tiI'ctec.teti ill
thte tilid> Ill all 14 eliunties.
table 3. PSV \ 55a> Letel.ted
Ill abiou(t lI-fluth l1t thle
fieldl> III \es (i: hlrse e.
thiese Heldl> W55 elocatetd itt
II Ilto the 14 ciluntle>.
I heseI res>L It agel ee\ itli
o t her letcent >1115e~s > >loSS
in'z that ITSWV \ Il Llt CI
eele CCailSIL IIIohLhltt the
peint llp1 ILduII.tilt- at ea.
Thiese I esults also intdicate
that PMV1 \ 5a> pies alert in
the c11op. ad I hat P~SV lc-
tLul CLI at Ics>Cl. butl >ielit-
t alit. tid fe> a1> 55I el.(ell
et al IS it idlenlee of all the
VI ruses appealdt eL ~he iIliethc
Than1 g5a> pr es Iily sLI>
Co111(1 
No,. No.
ar1o1 ..... 12 53
ttIIIck ..... 8 64
ull Ir ...... 6 %6
alfc ..... 17 401
irien,z ... 7 35
)al ......... 12 71
ssami a..... 7 41
c e a..... 16 1109
elis ._.... 19 143
ike ........... 12 81t
uIt I ..... 7 55
Nol.
1990
387 .......
155 .......
1991
504.......
839 .......
Symiiptomsi
199)lt 91
No. prtii infected %N ith
PM\' PSV TSWV PMV+TISWV
Infectedtl 5111
PMV PSV' TSV \PMIS+TSWV
P(u I. P- PI 1
+i 690. 5.9 63.8 47.3
- 18.7 0.6 20.0 12.3
+ 12.1 4.6 56.0 7.3
14.7 5.2 6.3 0.5
I LIII I 3. Ii 11) \IoN it OfI ''It SIN Pl1N i> Fir-i i~>
Overall incittente
knllt NI. PMV\ PSV TSV PMV\+~TSWV
19910
i eld, -_..-.. 71)
('aun111 i ......... 14
1991
F ilts......... 88
C( utires ........ 14
Pit. Pct. Ict.
1.4 27. 9 14.3
100.01 71.4 1001.0)
59. 2 .1 80.
78.6 64.3 1001.01
T-\iii.r: I. VikrSrs Iui_,,r11IFO INS) MPr(1yt-cnc PF\nrr PL.v.CTS ar C01\1).
TABIA 2. VIR(SFS IoFnriFU rN S) VwioStcru au Ass w-Io\t.-cric
;Vuhtmlt) , I "'ri(ulturul /-_vpcr-l nrc'u/ Stutioll
&P SCHMIDT. W.H. GREGORY. AND J.S. BANNON
UREA-TREATED HIGH MOISTURE MILO USEFUL
FOR FINISHING STEERS
IIiiI 71 jIIiI \1 N ri mlio11111 Ill hlL' m)iI li
HilIN lpL' IIcedt ai ciiioi ini tlLhet
Nlii ILII 1 hr oI17I t\ GreI L IiI ,i.
Ii alL tCIIllII'IILI III '1111~p IttlN
'111 A~hnII. \I huN IIlL' \Hl. in:lII\II1'
LI\ d I illor Ht I 111 Iil tan Ion I INIc hot.i
tuu llvIN IlL~uc indIulN nli iILKI IhiLLI yaiii
mo II IC anIL prCiiiIC [\It Iure\ th
111) l IiI ha iIIm 17111 II 111111 \ Wil oI ]Ili lo
IIIO l CCLI L ull_' M I i nu ilr CO 111 f l IIII 1111
I n d LII il dil\\ l~ atI IIlo I 0 L Ii .C
liHI acLI oII hI dc~tINhi c IiHKn NLimi Ini -
I I , . .
I I , . .
I I h
N I I) I
Iii ti
i,, lhr II 
Ill ux IIra I 
hi ll''
I1o tI~ILIN~Id (f1 l'
th l c arckIN iL IillltoIi I
to 11l111 l lN 
Ii 11 LC 011
III' Ii11 111on I NI ,C(1 10 11C111+
\IliiiI''IiI lll, i I ll
(;III IINC (NIIll (C', lul [1 1
produce1 11c nl 1 icI Ii I
Iri i 
1
I LI lth I a inlLl ''IL I IN
I ICll Nih ILlV NIli dLICll
M I UIll/C I ~um 11111 I i\ I I111
heatled ~ill ham po I lI i LI i l t -r IIc i-I
Iii ii l h\i I ~ ll andI 111 111 i liiLl\ Il0 n IL t
11In I I INLI Il m lo' It '' II I I ~ Ih 1. Ii\
LI 111111 pIrlL111i h.IiIlL'L'II\ IllllliihII
lI , i~I
I l /1 ' j\Id
\ ii -Iiallnr 
\IIL 4 'N 4(
I I
iiI i 
1
k (e 
1
t '.47
I er IilcIl iI It '7
1 I wa lrr ltl IIIl -'.7()
IN ac e Ir 11111o IIi Il .
lilol I1M ha cIIIl Il ii i
pI e (Lalli pl'il rl io toiil
Irr i1 ()i I I t v to c
SILL! IId diet, LolliHmiI' L cImi llNL'I
hllLI Iine N klNCl ~I \ had111 IILI NC dI
pat t o II IIIL\ I d h e luLII 111711o I 1)111) I Itd
ur I kllII trea ll ili ll had I , II I tIIil II Itd
Ill' ;IlI loI l -I 'I c IIILL .tilt [ti NI L111
IlI hlt 111 Ic IttI ll l\ (i c II IIllt Mild IccdIt
rluliccf I \ r thl I l;I l I C 11Il i It iN
IIIke t olIl 1111 holy urealwilcIIt mid iiiill)-
IlL that 1111 I N N ' Ira Irac l L 1)h11 itull Illo
'ilr not nil d to he I r~ c II IIIIl 
i o to1 11111
Ill//)l1111 liiif0tu I \r(un r/L-/iu) Ihtinrt/ 
1
l/(iemu/
K.M TILT, C.H. GILLIAM, J.W. OLIVE, AND E.L. GARDEN
GROW-BAGS EVALUATED FOR SPRING
AND SUMMER TRANSPLANTING
LANDSCAPING has become a
year-round business, resulting in
demand for plants that can be
transplanted during extremely
stressful conditions. Research conducted by
the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion indicates the use of grow bags may help
meet this demand.
Because harvesting of ornamental trees
grown in traditional field production results
in 92-98% of the roots being removed, trees
from this production method cannot be har-
vested year-round. Container-grown trees,
however, have more confined root growth,
resulting in more flexibility for harvesting
and transplanting.
Grow-bags, fabric bags that are placed
around trees at planting and constrict root
growth for easy harvesting, have potential
for this use. But these grow bags are not as
readily accepted by consumers who prefer
plastic containers. To overcome this prob-
lem, some nursery producers raise trees in
grow-bags and transplant them into plastic
containers for retail sales, but limited data are
available on this transplanting practice.
A study was conducted comparing tree
growth of traditional field production and
grow-bag systems in the sandy soils of south
Alabama, where traditional field harvesting
methods are more difficult. The study also
compared performance of trees transplanted
from the two production systems to 20-gal.
containers in March (dormant trees) and July
(actively growing trees).
Small 1-qt. sized plants of live oak and
Natchez crape myrtle were transplanted on
March 24, 1988. Live oak was selected
because of its reputation of being more
difficult to transplant, while crape myrtle is
a tree that traditionally transplants easily.
Trees were planted in a Malbis fine sandy
loam soil at the Gulf Coast Substation,
Fairhope, in either 18-in. diameter grow
bags, which were back filled with native soil,
or by direct planting in the field. Cultural
practices for weed control, fertilization, irri-
gation, and pest control were the same for all
treatments and plants were spaced 6 ft.
within rows and 10 ft. between rows.
Height and caliper data were collected on
October 17, 1988, and March 1, 1990. On
March 17, 1990, one tree sample from each
replication and treatment was randomly se-
lected and harvested. A 20-in. diameter root
ball was dug for the traditional field-pro-
duced trees, as recommended by the
American Standards of Nursery Stock.
Grow-bag grown trees were removed from
the field in the 18-in. bags. Trees from this
sample were cut at ground level and fresh
shoot weight determined. Root balls were
washed, and the roots were severed and
fresh root weight recorded. Two additional
trees from each replication and treatment
were dug and transplanted into 20-gal. con-
tainers filled with pine bark (bags were re-
moved from grow-bag trees).
Trees were fertilized by top dressing with
5.3 oz. per pot of Osmocote (17N-2.6P-
10K plus minor elements). Trees were
placed under 50% shade for 1 week, then
moved to a production area, which was
under overhead irrigation.
On July 11, 1990, 4 months after trans-
planting, trees were measured for caliper,
height, and shoot weight. Root balls were
evaluated on the percent of the root ball
surface covered with roots. Oak roots were
washed and root growth extending into the
pine bark from the severed roots of the
original root ball were cut and weighed.
Crape myrtle root systems were too dense to
separate the container medium from the
roots, so only root ball ratings were taken.
On the same date (July), the remaining 24
trees from each species and production
method were measured, dug, and trans-
planted from the field into 20-gal. containers
using the same procedures described earlier.
This was done to evaluate transplanting suc-
cess during stressful conditions of Alabama's
mid-summer heat. These containerized trees
were harvested 90 days later and fresh shoot
weight and root rating measurements were
recorded.
Growth was generally similar with both
tree species grown in either traditional field
production or grow-bag systems. One ex-
ception was 1990 live oak height growth and
1988 caliper growth where trees in tradi-
tional field production were 7 in. taller than
trees grown in grow-bags and 0.1 in. larger in
caliper, respectively. However, this differ-
ence was not reflected in the other growth
variables, which concurs with most other
research on grow-bags.
Neither caliper nor shoot weight of crape
myrtles or live oaks differed as a result of
transplanting the dormant trees to containers
in March, 1990. However, live oaks and
crape myrtles produced by traditional
methods and grown in containers for 9
months were 16.5 and 6.7 in. taller than
trees grown in grow-bags, respectively.
Live oak root regeneration measured by
the root rating was enhanced when plants
were grown in grow-bags, (3.5 for grow-
bags, 2.6 for traditional field production).
July transplanting of crape myrtles re-
sulted in similar growth to the March trans-
planting when comparing grow-bag to tradi-
tional production. All 24 live oaks produced
by traditional field production and trans-
planted to the 20-gal. containers in July died.
Live oaks grown in grow-bags survived and
continued to grow until the October harvest.
Though all trees may not benefit from the
fabric bag system, this research indicates that
some plants can be grown as successfully in
grow-bags as by traditional field production
methods. Some benefit may be gained in
transplanting from grow-bags when using
more difficult-to establish trees during
stressful periods.
Tilt is Associate Professor and Gilliam is Professor
of Horticulture; Olive is Superintendaent of Orna-
mental Horticulutre Substation; Carden is Superin-
tendent of Gulf Coast Substation.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Grow-bags confine root growth for easy harvesting
15
~J.J. GIAMBRONE AND T.L. HATHCOCK
D~Li 1i V L Y I~~ iJ L LL0VLD) 1U 1k iL)LN I1ftICAI~iN
Tissue print nybridization showing variation in staining intensity among IBDV isolates. A -variant E: B -unintected
control: C = GLS-5: D = S1135 reovirus vaccine: E = Bursine' F =APHIS.
\ I I:(eo iyl l Se h r;t I j~eLLN to Ielid it
rlytyi. 110)o1 ilL l l ly L\. i131 1ili1l. IllyC
:111111 iiiily on iilliy 01 ionillt I i y iiimU
(lIliuii )\ \[ S l\ tiid\\ II N oduildut to \ arit
Il ielli I~rldof ciLCN. \IilyltII IcCl'lul
the lieoil ,I liLt o l a l ihele ; ilalle tIL i,
c~rlle ipoe )cy Irten hN iin he :iliioi
lililiL' lid r L ni o t ILL ~iLL CL iIL lIrut in~
I IlleetII eel eLI Illekeilan I eif 110oLi1iey
Nh mlN~il lfl\ IC ei , iel: clie illC the ll)S
Line I le SII tl . Llclul \iiiie IlirNti
Siii illy I:lil\
1
" iI yoiilioi llyyC~ idu y 10 ,C
nliNy \\ ilnilhc iIlr m ii lt te irol ir
\ ii lieno iii. inh m Nuly andioIIi l
Iele l 11 h iat io i n i iy1 iet.IIel l l
Ae II Lic. tmad.11 ronI a"IIi umd~
II il i lie thiie rut iileiit I )ii I L ol a ut o 
eIItti
I ly "l h IC th11n .Iricidi~i~ ( i.111.y lo
t.11 ily N01,iilyii l fri~ont i ii Cn ii iytnl liii
iIerleol I~jImNi l)iICainl In Iy C l j uil n-yulu
.iiid ICU I l i iN li iLd hind I ol 1)1 nlii i t IC
to no Color
I hUN~t Ii 0111 Ihj IiN C~ liir iy N11yi y 111)
mll 111 m ilo o)I Cu;ii Niuiiii 1(iipip 1 Ilt
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ST,
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY. ALABAMA 36849-5402
Lowell T. Frobish. Director
POSTMASTER-Address Correction Requested
hiil dI \\ jiiiiey Ih nnmihitik c Irhini I liet
rhiliiihCil y Ilin(l1y iN ilill 3 tou . H-I Cllie
,taried Irii )/i.
lec. m1ie thbI I I~lllile l lIV lL el'C C
F\eekN oii 11 iiiiiiii t iriiia he liy
Ircv d lie t~ihil e I yoiil Ii~oiCille iii ile ntyl
In i ( L tNNjin I~ I~h liii elllil hA picIi iii ( in
;I li lll d .ii,i''e N in' NIe rci tey liorliv
wATk IoN mtrot cl)rmuCfo a
I~ ~ ~ NNPOI ORG.hjy1 ,Cml;ll n ii n
I~riC t innunllurr, FEESai PIDoi
dautC~, md desPE[RMyITCmI N O o~
IhC, adanlaC, I CC, LA. cclu~0