A I rwvr r t r ime rm.m m m 4 C DIRECTORS COMMENTS T hui ncI Ii n l hml a\IN. Ii i (11 LIit 1 ) n1 i o L' t h e l i t in i . I l S t a t e A n d , 11101 iilk rJ inC in ilic StL. id d ii~i 0(11L even i Ln i L'\n , IlL lu i i CNI \ iL'LL'II Ill~e citCl ~(IIIn IleC 1 thi, \ito iith . mu iih IiC iiulu~toi P Irap 11 t Ihi-cN c l. il ic O\Iii~lo tih'etl'IN1~ J L c~ III II I IL'Iin ovvi~i .11 111 11111 Iot in mll 1 aILIL~,I' 0 0, (oA, har IkLr ol~ni IcOL I i . Li ke~ Llk ot ilil Ilcl)L',I LOWELL T FROBISH IN I,\CllaI 1111int' piilpxi oi ctnirciilx xoiih hctxccnIi 5and N5;pr clrd n the xtiiiilin kitai4. of1 1 hi c sn rx exed anso crcd corrcctIl). 2i \lost m1iredt pinet andl Iardlxx fioresiits in tlahaiia xxiii comec back toi pint' naturaIIl ai harux clii 136 /( a nxxxcrcd corr~ctI lI. (3) Special precationsli arc necessxary luirin a tiinhci harx cxl to prex cnt sil erosion 19 aiixo crc( correctlx . 41 F'orest industries sp~ray lheir pint plaiitations wxithi herbicidesx ec rx xcar (-894 ajuxo c coirrcct) )x. 5;) In order to;'rlio pine, it is nccxxalx to controil liardxx 1(1( coiiplecitionl willh tire. heri'icidecx tIhriiii olc m 11othr imcthod 53(( anwei red correct]x ). (0 I'rcxriheci hiriiii is more harmful toi IarIxxlioid thain to pines (464i anxxwerced coirrect 171 l \I it II r.. ux ar isciitercd forestecrs iln \ a a na (71' ( aiiwe redI co rrclk x). 18 Lami fr'. c st ind(uistries oxx n mosl of \Iahama'x timbewrland. ii x alrtadix anixxered thisx tior xiin bit iunt 33(( of thosex xiir cx t't anxxx crc cllrretl)x.1 (9) i'I i1111r is Iiniiiii Ih lt' thrtec aigrict'utral to'i ities in Utahaia. ii' l x~x anwrcul thjisxn lootii. andiu 83'/4 alixxiertl It corrictlx .) 111) Fori ta\ %cal. 19911. capital g~ains intomet friiii tilibr sales is tapcd at a toxxe criatte thai tht' paid fori or'dinai'x income 134(( answe red( correctlx 1. MAY WL INTRODUCE t)i. .tii lil. I: t 1310\\ 0. \ 9ctdlhk' 11I'h>oo ~ ,11 IlortIc lL IC Anli fiL ( liii~iNi l P.)iotclue 101 TE CO E I Crimo lver~iv caIbsedeiitoAlyirete AhigaSerlted olltn, i '~) stovr o page( t 16.1ccln\cnt.\ eeh -j SpriI1', 1992 N (II. 39, No. I \ II 1 11 r,1) 11I I i I II1h I IC 1b h AI h n~ 1111 IIil (II I I I -v11111' II I ii II I I I i)\\ii~~iI 1 11(41 II ni .'Ili il i I.I -I I -5 I R It I I S i I ii i 12\\l1 1" 1, I 11 1 I I I A. o ii l i lo II I lol &'. I Ii II \11 - S\1')1111' 1 I Ii~ u I -Il 'ili I' ith riaI(ll~iuuitt : I (mol C II I I i I ) .1( /~11 ' I' ii N I:I \tor ~ i I'~r l a l1n1/1 Ii i' S' .S /nliII k w( II"/i I1 iiio ii ' Ii lL IIV ii 1 IJI 101 Ll 0 i Iu u 1 L ii I '.1. ii .'1 1I I Ihru L' c1, l iiii.. i v uii 11III K L i ii I l i l I '.11111.. So ' .~c~ 11 11 i MlIi 11"' ' I .11 1 ,11 il lul L'I" 111(~ 1 w .1 ( Il Iy 111 Kh' 1 l l p~oi ill iI Ixu riii ( OrJc ( lr ANS\\FIRS: I ( 110 I.1.' (F ALSI:)._ ktE). 4 ( FA LSI I. ('I'k[ Il ), 0 ('I Kt l:l. 7 1I AI.sI:I. ti (FALSE). O ('I kt'I:.)_ A\1) 1(I (F \LSI::). J. C. BLISS SURVEY YIELDS INSIGHT INTO ALABAMA FOREST OWNERS' ATTITUDES PRIVATE individuals own most of Alabama's forestland, and hence greatly influence the economy and environmental quality of the State. In an Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station study, a detailed questionnaire was designed to determine forest owners' social and economic characteristics, past and planned forest management activities, and opinions about several currently "hot" is- sues in forestry. Interviews were completed with 731 for- est owners. They indicated that Alabama's non-industrial private forest owners are a diverse group of individuals not readily classified into neat categories. Still, some interesting patterns are discernible, see table. Most of the owners come from rural back- grounds. Approximately 40% are 65 years of age or older, while only about 2% are less than 35 years old. Since timber is often sold when land changes hands, the aging of Alabama's forest owners could mean an increase in land ownership changes in the future, and with it an increase in the amount of timber offered for sale. Alabama's forest owners of today are also more highly educated than those sur- veyed in the past. While fewer than 10% of the study respondents have not completed high school, 40% have completed at least 16 years of formal education, the equivalent of a college degree. This trend should bode well for the future care of Alabama's forests. Those surveyed own and use their forest- lands for a variety of benefits from nature appreciation to timber production. One- third of the respondents said that "keep- ing land in the family" was the pri- mary benefit they receive from owning forestland in Alabama. About 25% of the sample cited income from timber sales as the primary benefit of ownership, and an additional 14% said the primary benefit they receive is "beauty or land apprecia- tion." In addition to these primary ben- efits, the owners said that personal recre- ational opportunities, hunting opportuni- ties, and habitat for game and non-game wildlife were important benefits. A majority of respondents have ac- tively taken measures to utilize or in- crease the productivity of their forest- lands through preparing sites for forest regeneration, planting trees, conducting prescribed fires, and harvesting timber. This suggests that they find timber production activities compatible with the other benefits they derive from their land. Some of the most enlightening results concern forest owner attitudes toward current forestry issues. Of those re- sponding, 74% agreed with the state- ment "Producing timber is the most important objective of forest manage- ment." However, they hold somewhat diverse opinions as to what constitutes acceptable forest management. While 74% agreed that "Prescribed burning is an acceptable forest management prac- tice," 53% felt the same about clearcutting, while 48% of those ex- pressing an opinion felt using herbi- cides is acceptable. Regarding the economics of timber growing, 51% felt that prices received by landowners for their timber provide a fair return on investment (20% dis- agreed). About 64% felt that inheritance taxes have a negative effect on forest management, and over 78% felt that a reduced tax rate for capital gains income is essential to encourage management. Given that 71% of survey respondents classified themselves as conservative on most issues, it is not surprising that 49% disagreed with the general statement "For- estry practices on private land should be regulated in order to protect the environ- ment." When asked to respond to a more specific statement, "Timber harvesting should be strictly controlled in wetlands," 58% agreed, and only 24% disagreed. While this result doesn't answer the question of who should do the controlling, it does indicate that forest owners recognize a need for protection of environmentally sensitive areas. This interpretation is strength- ened by the finding that 64% of the respon- dents agreed with the statement "Timber harvesting practices should be regulated where necessary to protect habitat for endangered species." While some might argue that survey responses report what people say - not what they do at least these results indicate that Alabama's private forest owners are concerned about protecting the environment. Bliss is Assistant Professor of Forestry. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 3 in~S.E. SLADDEN. D.I. BRANSBY. G.E. AIKEN.. AND P.A. ROSE Sl l il d I l a ' II "1n11l I I ~a L'or NINI imi II IL IIIIIIIL' I LII)lL IIL' LL I IhaiCo l d~ ea hlveIICIIIIlICAIC IN \ III ,e'o 111C IClU1 l heSuhN NthIN Sll IICCNa IlI, hC CCniIe Al '1CN0,l CI IliN III tilL IIINalIN I-lI'p' LNtLI WoodN L ,h uh ILIlan 111 IL'C Nha p111 n lal111 L' N I I \ I '111 LoL.(, ma11 II I l a ' in )IL i , ll I' I oll 1 (11 III111 N old NI o L Ii' L(IL!Nh lue l Nee and j ilL' l) are :IIL I l importan uxlIV1of 111M lot~ II ,o in h~l' Il. III Ixll Ni IIII ( I 111 Steer browsing Leucaena (at top of page), and (above) polo1 L ColpiI- mimosa plot regrowth 6 weeks after complete removal lII aIlIII Nh 1 of leaves. IC'ICNNI\ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ll NaIlNI11 'IIN ILI A ahInIun. ID.C.. on1 I l'IllI' N IIII lICI IdIIILII''l INN. NIIINN CNIahl 111d AN ,1 \Nr vC I , IN IiNhlIClI. loNN IlerClIolLCI ILIll 1 .dlImlI'' lIlCAI toI ILe lIllI lIC I iIcn'ILL'Il 11\Iin IIlLN'. I lL' NL'IIL~ear~ llt Iln 19891 11111111 a LI CoN 'II', oII the diLt it L all cL' o\IL Io II llilLl Il L\hI- mor C oIACld t11l1 I 111t.1 IlL' till III IkN. uI toIl uibbckL K. L\aI. It 11all lII\ CNI(IL K \N 2!)-h. lIIII Nh ill) It.C Ic~e l '', \ , n I I t.hc c I )IInt 'A n ,lIIIL C\I)CrinItlI.Il. I CA! IlatcI iii \\;IN hal- ofI I)o 1. P~lot, \\ CIC lAI\ CNICLI c\ cn (0 \\ cck,. \\ lcC .thec cL in n \\IC 11 1 lil IinCli \ iil Iicc n~l'CNIhIIIne~ eII-l0ti LII. IllIIIL hcIor ACIC in and11 no10 111NC. \e ii AL- lIIIILor LI)0lLIliun kt illC IL'NL' N\AN I 111liId N Il adion lul ~ N lnus hNLLINN IC aIinN LI tc I l N a ld INNLtL'l IILIlIIIlilN _' w Ik, in la IlLt' peII weNIC I 1111 1 ,1 p ''IINN NI AII 11111111 prti n lL ica o11IILL I 'e I vlI ITI.IdIN. \NcCiihIllt IlIC~ll i lIIIII [roi)1 'IC raon anIlLl CntnLI Nh 11 111Nh lC Iir A lL I' o2lfl IIIr NcCI Nlilt Ill" the Iulc LIIIILL IIIIN 11,1/,11 NIov~ I ha III'L ILlNL i I11111vn n INNl I\ ao l inII MIn 0Iu to IIIL IA l we 1k 1 were aoi e I"L o11 IL hill mill Agricul(in ul l-._tpc/-inIcIll Shlli()n ~M.R. BRADBARD. E.G. BROWN. AND R.J. BISCHOFF PATh SCHool -AGEF CHILDRFN nuCIIO IC II III chidren ~iI\\ Ill mI ake]II tlLIIIIIill e t of li Nh fa II~ i~lC itk IIlI .. hI IN hoNIlcLI 11(m hay ini). thi\ C lion ., II ojtII l X t co lIn I OII C Iu'lC~ IIIII. I IIC. lilIIc lidliI 11111) Ihur IdC theCCn- triIndI.it~dICX CIC e linacd CtiJCU h\ IIIC o\e lhie -quated \I IL11I1111,I I P I Il il(I tt n duill TClI~ Ii dli IlIIClateX b>inIto , \ Cdl inied LiihIIIiiICN (JIILNIINIIXIiLn X ili dllltiIn ICI)ICNCnlIi, wer dCNiu1lNC Id h! the . oa- Ni I LtlLIIIIIIIIJNArelua LorlIct sttio L andII chIil d I n iiir Lnrllei n one oI 11 liilI. Inlitil I itI inIICI d L iill OLIIIII ofal illilliX Il IIcnttIlCiN il . ()tl A-1> IX IIcd Lct\lC e an thre tits . 'a CIciX I'L IILXX 14)d~tId I 'i to cnrlli I icIitI I c i Iul aILut th lIIntcL lc ,le I loinl IIC 11111 II 111)11 1111> I 111111oi11lii It.',iht llll ~ ull-ll im~il'IILiXLldI~d.luI'le~cii(ipI1XN or d;1 t c\ C ~lJic1I c (t I lC ). LIIILIL cl IlI i nt iil I IlilCAl. KiIC LIrillt> itcIC X\i NCero Xlin oL I> LN LIX e til INL l Itt llIIctlll oIlaI -L Nul rn t l i I tCII du li L c cntcC . \r dli ,CC ItC- (ll Ic~llII I tic ~ICI nn~uo hI h\(1 IL\ iLNILI hILIIII 1h ctc ,111,1 Iudlli IdI LIINLIXlitl IrotnL IricnlldLIIII, int ,oIrIrI LI iittun IICIX mlloe IlikcIIC ito Cln ith I Ilit\Xi LI. INN r~ei e a Ill ti t ipILtn t~I lia- itot Illk 111111 aNl an :111 tt la~o IILIII 1111>cult NluIl t N :I\lIII\l I> L tluNN MtllIhNill d>oa tI o IIlpINLN (hilliln liv(L~KI1 C\t6 I; Ial> ILncr Co 111CIlicitIC olII Ill .child>n LIIL'h rnoc IlLi LIINIII ILIL ill 1111cl to1 ldI ll ~ IccniLI dc hI LIi IIII lc-IIL ILLI, LIIcdII, hcllh ad LacIIIINd Lital\lI IL llr,~r oII L rcdcooerol MSelecting quality day care centers is important for all children. Uc/HI /l1 ' uIt Il/Il /.- X)Chh/ilit Staion~i/ ARENTS OF J.E. BROWN, R.T. GUDAUSKAS, R.P. YATES, B.C. EARLY, AND W.T. HOGUE MOSAIC diseases caused by vi- ruses, which often are transmitted by aphids, can be devastating to yields of yellow summer squash in Alabama, particularly late in the growing season. Recent Alabama Agricultural Ex- periment Station research indicates reflec- tive mulches can aid in the control of mosaic diseases by discouraging aphid infestations, subsequently increas- ing squash yields. Mc An Experiment Station study focusing on the use of various re- flective mulches in the production M of summer squash was conducted on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil Black. (pH 6. 2) at the E.V. Smith Re- Yellow search Center, Shorter. Treatments Bare sc were: (1) black plastic mulch, (2) Alumir yellow painted plastic mulch, (3) Bare s white plastic mulch, (4) aluminum painted plastic mulch, (5) bare soil ' B as a control, and (6) bare soil with plant ki Diazinon? insecticide. TABLE SOn July 25, black plastic mulch (1.5 mil thick and 6 ft. wide) was applied to rows 20 ft. long, spaced Mul, 5 ft. apart. Methyl bromide was treatm injected beneath the black plastic mulch at the same time the mulch Alumin was applied in a one-step opera- White. tion. Aluminum and yellow col- Yellow ored paints were applied to some Bare so treatments using all purpose paints (Diazi diluted (2:1) with a mineral spirit Bare so paint thinner. Black plastic mulch was laid on all bare soil plots with a plastic layer applicator to permit adequate fumiga- tion, then removed for bare soil treatments. On August 3, Dixie hybrid yellow crook- neck summer squash was direct seeded through 18-in. interval punched holes in rows of the different plastic mulch treat- ments. The Diazinon insecticide treatment was applied to the plants every 7 days from the time seedlings appeared above ground to the end of the harvest period. A 4.5 x 10.5-in. yellow pan partially filled with a 1:1 mixture of anti-freeze and water was placed in each treatment plot to serve as an aphid trap. Beginning on August 24, aphids were collected four times during the BLE 1. EFFECT OF REFLECTIVE MULCH TREATMENTS ON )SAIC DISEASE INDEX OF YELLOW CROOKNECK SUMMER SQUASH FOLIAGE ulch tment .................. Dil .............. um ........... )il ion) ........... Date of rating' Oct. 10 Oct. 18 1.37 .79 .57 1.37 .03 1.42 2.43 2.04 2.19 2.28 .40 Oct. 24 Nov. 1 2.60 1.94 2.49 2.66 .74 3.23 2.43 2.76 3.08 1.41 2.36 2.52 2.78 ased on a rating of 0 = no disease symptom, 5 = 100% of illed. 2. EFFECT OF REFLECTIVE MULCHES ON THE PRODUCTION OF SUMMER YELLOW CROOKNECK SQUASH ch Total Marketable nent yield/acre Ton um ........ 11.1 ............... 11.3 ............ 10.0 7.9 il non) ...... 6.9 il .......... 5.7 Pct. 57 42 42 26 Nonmarketable Mosaic Cull Pct. 39 57 57 72 Pct. 4 1 1 2 32 68 0.4 40 59 1 study period. Plots were harvested a total of nine times beginning October 10. Plants from the different treatments were rated for mosaic symptoms, and viruses associated with the disease were identified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of foliage and fruit. Based on ELISA results, zucchini yellow mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses were the predominant viruses infecting the squash. Effects of the viruses on the plants were most severe during the latter part of the growing season. Aluminum painted mulch was the most effective treatment in delaying development of mosaic diseases in the crop, table 1. White and yellow plastic produced similar effects and were the next most effective in delaying the diseases. Black plastic, loose soil, and bare soil plus insecticide were the least effective. Aluminum painted mulch was most ef- fective in reducing incidence of mosaic diseases during the first 3 weeks of harvest. As the plants' foliage covered the mulch, light reflectance into the plant canopy was reduced, and presumably this allowed aphid populations to increase as the growing season progressed. Aluminum white and yellow plastic treatments produced the highest squash yields as compared to other treatments. Bare soil produced the lowest yields, table 2. Results of this study showed that alumi- num plastic mulch reduced the incidence of aphids and thereby delayed development of mosaic diseases for approximately 3 weeks, thus extending the harvest period for marketable squash. Total yields were higher and fewer squash fruits with mosaic symptoms were harvested from aluminum plastic mulch than from black plastic, bare soil:insecticide, and bare soil treatments. Alumium plastic mulch clearly has the po- tential to be an effective cultural practice in Alabama. Brown is Associate Professor of Horticulture; Gudauskas is Professor of Plant Pathology; Yates is Research Assistant; and Early is Labo- ratory Technician VI of Horticulture; Hogue is Superintendent of the Horticulture Unit, E.V. Smith Research Center. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station J.H. EDWARDS. E.C. BURT. R.L. RAPER. AND D.T. HILL RECYCLING PAPER AND POULTRY BYPRODUCTS IN AGRICULTURE II ;Inl 111 11, I t I l II IC i n, I1 II \ t~tW \n th ILNLILI IJ lk'N . hlill Jil) LL 1 'Ilhodllil IlLi IIIII (II IIHILIILI tha 1 .7 mi llo ton oIfl ill cra I i I II INLI Ca1 Kh t i t N aIIll ll d I l)Cl\ I h , L\\;N 1III I Iicl Can have ho , v I; l t u o h lullea \IIrhri1o IMull 'IoIl i Il i Il III ('Ilt Sur I.c fl:1U11 1141 : l 11111111 II1111:( I I1 (] I'ulII'' lie rtncll icl I ;I - I cti iii I I O , I1 tol A Ih i t I~ c~ l .I tal u il I IhII. 'I \ ,u l III - lIU r1 ll r lillt1 LIC NhII il II I\ I I inl IIL Il-)I- .\ 4" l-I n. II'NNIIIL .I 1 dv hI l ilt 1111 u lull 1 LI IL' p t Ill I'' IL li I i I ''N Nl doi Cd lo liliC I~ ln e l n ) )I- I ll fvo- II l lc al II\ Nf oili AL 11111 Irunl t IIlL It 4 in.N Irl 4,,I i. IL II. n 1 d with L N LIIIl nd h- IwiL 1)IInt [iLIIL II i l uA NNIltl ICi IIoitllIIu t r l v v u l NI 5 :II:1 ~ u 1 oA II liihI l I CI M I Cd a l ' INoo tIenl Null . I' 4 ,t i n. III I OIlL 1 I t.11IdI I ll nI I lunI Il ILL I rI 'HlL milL'4 C-l II)Ll ' I rolcl I iu(r). I n hC wLI LI 'r ( I 0.1 thc in th ce te 01 [1112ii I~lt NIhit I > IN NrI ovlc 4 IttC IInt Blur II \L IC I nlIN , 1d Ilit:II~ n lAuC ~ ll III I Ink)IL i heII C ~~ Ant CI ~vou I of nl ci l 1111 N " IL nlc oII NI I -- II Il L I N Ni 1I1cnch. LI tIl. L' ~l I e Il L ( he IIIJk' I v ield) I II~a nN L ' L.I' U: CII icl tIL o LIIal Nal nI l NNN IIIL'IC I I I)II r int 'tI & ilill IlittN (>Ili : N L L'111 vv IL' CI' LILILII atcd tui I. II II LlN hoN INi.u u~ IIII1 (Above) Digging trench in center ot research plots. (Below) Mixing and backfilling mixture of paper. litter, and soil (50:40:10) into trench. I IA uIlL I I I Ied lL 1 2 Il ]1.(I1 I~L 11. ( 1th lint I I 1oot, I \h Il ~ llc aI NNh''11 i~'II11 Ih l IliL')): in. 4i l III I iU' . IIItlL' Il/Lrt IIIIIIILI II I tul e111 IL hI.n el , I NII1 'lI te ttl ll III l ILLIN of I \in IiIIiL'il ,. LIIIIl,' )IN~11111 1011 inL 111l IlLt'NI IIdolI II- I)l InIIN L'INN LLI colL' lII dI L(lh Ilki l o 0LL II1 ()1'iIL lL IUILLIa to1 (lIlil N LIII IIIL' I l un LI I h INL Itll I I IIIIlL of IN ot I n thILIIl L ILL' c I v 111N I (Il ( 111 o1 IlL' II Ill I IlL Ic o cL v IIItlL ~ L Ih 11111 hu1ll' d1111 il hIL \\IIII Il l ' l 111111 1111 n 11,ucd ol 111n. l L ~v I'lri' and 'rill I i r adtI hll/IlI LI Ill' a lx,ilv C1C.C to v~ d IlnvI'-i )I/1111II Il 'it u Illn t1/ [ N/lrimc l/II ul/l ~M.A. REIBER AND D.E. CONNER IekII I C ILI ',e, )Lll (.I 1 ) ii I lki CU I~ N c h o )lit, in t IiLI ft Ikl SIag, I\Nhdorlnlf pofil . ad LLL ll _I iaN l u lL~t ofte nI'dLI ,an ulloi, itu, cidCr i,~t it need II IA Cnio dt ii / ILL lil A L It~dCH0\ J1h1 Laboratory culture of Salmonella enteritidis. le1c w ith I.O )U cll of fie K ppi opt ialL Ill> I .5'i c//c L/ ti~Jliw-rh llr h IN \ n ,Ml aid 4.ii IN tih ocNI~' homiIN .S i lc Iim ini- Jhllc ,_e hen\ RlLLoh'd .11 thei IL) L i \CNul laQCItN/ o~C LIihdH IC11on n, LII 11\\A , ( Il t -l I fv ie Icdd ilic kin\\ ina lk\iiii 1 V.rr lien pk iod.\j~ Iinll rN \ i the .mI "/I/('/\ 11i 11 -CIIIQL ICJ~\iL J(I hn p\ idI1rl Inl 011I i ldI i 1 ii IIO. of(ULI IhcLe vItlN a~~n I)U L ell ,a lUlll IiL IovcLvIr. aIl 14 hIv)IiuII N I nt~I c)l 2'- INIILtkl. 1. IeldCi ) n) dCItcmponentu IIIi jv ~ I INdc eithl h l I hII~n IC\ ,trin 1 /Ith(IInoI . I ,,,I irII//It II/ l:_1/1(,rim('nl .S/(rti(nI L.J. KUTZ AND J.B. CRAVEN ROBOTIC TRANSPLANTING OF BEDDING PLANTS IMiIM NclnIIIN 1118> Ihep nuLI N bittt inUhNilt i"c JNuiI LIIcJ il Stion Neil arih to die I ill \ Nthei (ho -ie\cn- ,kc iIt Ik ofUIi t JIIIllUICn Ite lin it lIrlo pI lug k J IM, t iiiiIlli. lthLLiii"OW 111 tc r iCIIII\d toIN CIILli\t C.~ r Il nd tilli \NdC Nlies Nitl UILIN 11181tittelta chno fICIile LUlutilC It ill ll iItl ic lt, IlCoIIIii thl MhI (1 1C. Iht 7~N)It ichlL"cn 0C~iIl et N6 ld" il. N Apil. 'II hi tk ICLIIIILN aU NIII I~hot filce olNi 7-i > 11( \u''n I~ 1990) Illccii)iliuiol aNd lpploi- laLhilf thuriii lic LaiN1)t I, 4' \CekN ii filec i j h i tl pb u t i i o d . 1 ' dT h l r C iL i c '' u t a , w L i (li i hlili NN 0i N ci d Dt g n Ii her re-diN ii ici. ci 0 In ic''iyiN lN ittle ''diliN Il l lCC li~ rtiOf ,Ih ilc NdNi. Nycic oh ci lcd it thl ,INNlockili' iatc (2.0 ,Ne, I c acre)iI . I he' AI)( N aN I._' II. adl tll)'di pei aic IN iN71 IhL. \A dcci cnN, in AD(]) andi pei aicic \I'N,ibociNcli at Ntillkiii'' ratc of .4rciN pci acil' adl 'diln NI cic Ncc c ly dcli cd~cd dt a Nullkin, i ate ifl 4.2 Nhtei N pci dai c. I oi nc (ILKilN dlcilli~dd \\ iii tiic in tuol I Pn ( \ il c a ici d c o l t ci hc h l iu - if'm m, r. d i nd c n lull,:. n d i c~ ih l In addiit'on I o the ci.uciCr pio rhci,- i iniud 1991 4 lcci N1 pic ci d anlil'd/o 11icl pciiuni ii,1r cpciuubc anulle Nliiiii Iiihi ili alu I.tit iidiilcd the Nil ski n NI a ls iiin 1990 (3.5 , Net Ne cr ) i~oruSuuknu i\ nNi l 'i,, 1991 I \uutuuuanimaii, I)ttcd N S~ riliihl I hhii(\ Ni,ii Ner,, i,I c \'underIuu lC('\I ,mi. .5 Suuuul lh,.' rCu utIu (,uu 'l lt/~u~iriiu/tun , k l/h'IimcU/1 SmI0iIll ~W.L. KINGERY. C.W. WOOD, AND D.P. DELANEY ' ,-1 ~ ~ I, AI i\\LA i, tenon' the nulioll , top poullrv producin u and the I II LI I-v i, ICt lv con CrnUated III the Sand \1ountain area nl the State. A1orcthan 40" ofthc Slatc," hroilcr production 1, in 1111, relatwclv ,mall Lc() "raphic le'-'ion, anti rccenl :Alahallm -A - rirullural F\pcrinlcnt Slalion rcemch idcnlilicd un)c potential prohlenu vvlilt ,oil contamination from dkpoal of ncarly Ihr ' million Ion, ~(hroilcr Iiltcr annually n fhc are;I. Ihi, tiller tvpicallr i, tlipoctl Of in lar c amount, on relatkclv ,mall area, oI Iccuc pallne,. hiv ironnlcnlal dlm..IclcriIic, of Ihr IcLion include a mild climate. Ili,-,Ii an- nu;ilrainfallanduuuly tc turrdoilthat;ur ,donn, and ,imll(m 1o hcdrock. I hce con- dition, prollwle hiolo -,ical hrcakd(mii and rclracol nuuientandolherclcmcnt, Irons kind-;Ipplicd lillcr. Mlich ran he leached through Ihr ,oil tO 11roundvvatrr or Iratl,- porlcd in runoff vvafcrto lakcandtrram,. Auhurn rruarrhrn in\cti, ated current env ironnlenfallv relalcd co11(1111on, rcL111- lronl lone-krill land applicalion of hroilcr litter in the major hroilCrproducimL rounlic, Blount. (lI11111n. Dcknlh. and \larhalli in file Sand Mountain region. In CA'll of the k)(11 countic,, three pair, of Iitiered and nonlitterrd paiure, on nlatch- ,oil 1v pe, were ,amplcd. l()r a total of 12 ,ite, in the rr(ion. Soil core,, faked dovv n to hrdrock. were collected how each pattue. The core, were ,ceiioned to ul ive ,ample, in I?-in. depth increments dovv n to hedrock. Sample, were Ihcn analy icd for niu;uc, ( \O -A I. phophoru, (I'). pota~ium (K ). magiicium 1 MLl_ cA- cium i(;II, nt;ulc;ulru (\ln). copper (('IU. and line (/m. I .andovv nrn in the ,tu(Iv weer xIrv Cvrd to dclCIIIIHIc lillcr applicalion practice,. I'll- Icrcd palurc, had rrcrivcd ;uuwal applica- lion, for 15 to ?h vcar,. .Application rate, ranLcd Irom 2.5 to IO Ion, per acre 1101,11MIk applied in Carly ,prime. Ihre practice, are ronidrrcd rrprrentalive of 100 ~ ii ild lii lit cli n No Soil~ ~ ~~~~a coeaeetaenoN't "l ti.l bedrock. (l oittirel ra l.IILtN . but1 at lIti Null t hii Nt)-N ill 110i itt i I ltl l ap litat i . I , l IN il,.t lnt t\i Ned ck. Il.o lil t a dept II S I ll.TN'he l ll'i NO 3 -N ippmi concentration, ill httrr compared to nu lit- to'r at O and -h in.. rrpcclIv clv. The K. A1L and ('a conccnlr;uion, Ihal vvCrr nlrauncd under Illlere(I pature, ,nr nwrc Ihan ad- eyualc Io meet crop irtluncn)cnt,. (opprr Icvcl, undct Idler paLnrr, L'- I\ ev idcncc of ,oil nccunI[IkInon to a dcplh of I '-in. /n anti \1n were not noliccahlv hiLllel in liftcroil,. I hcc findicaic that loner term land application of hroilcr litter al dipoal ratcntav herrratin-1 apolential lorharntful env ironnlrntal curet, in the smid \loun lain rrFion. Ilovvcvrr. c\pericncc with land-cipplied hroilcr lificr, at r;UC, prc- ,crihcd for Irrlility pro ratn,, ,ltovv, That proherl;ind applicalion of Ire, the hCl option 101 poLlllll vvale Illalla elllClll. Proper dipoal of lalLC amount, of poulu\ \\alc, i, c~Cnli;il to the \ i[Alt\ of \I;Ihanri , poullrv indulrv. IZcccnik inilialcd rerarch with pointy vv:r tc, i, dei nrd to prov ide propcrdipoal'Luide- linc,. I or file prcCllt. producer, are en- roura rd to uc ;n:Iilahlc uidclinr, front aid' a cncic, and Ihr u(pcratic I.v- Irnion Scr\ ire. Kin rrv i. a ( r;ulual_" IZrcirCh \~ii;ulf and \\ood i. A~1,1;1111 I wic-or OI \ runonty ;uul 1)Cl;utcV i, I'.VCIIioll hruour(v ( nCrAa lion P (PPM) K (ppm) 0 20 40 0 100 200 0 50 100 150 00 00 t-0 0 CO 0 _0 0 0 0 0 Litter 0 No litter CO C CD Soil concentrations (ppm) of NO -N, P, and K with depth from litter and no-litter fescue pastures in the Sand Mountain region. 1/i/(ulll .I ,' 1IfIll u(1/I/(l pcil/Uill %Iucutii 1 770 D.W. REEVES, H.A. TORBERT, H.H. ROGERS, AND S.A. PRIOR TRAFFIC AND TILLAGE: MANAGING SOIL COMPACTION FOR CORN E QUIPMENT traffic after intensive tillage severely compacts soil, but corn plants have the ability to compensate for reduced rooting in compacted soil zones, according to findings in a cooperative project by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS). This ongoing study, which is being conducted at the E.V. Smith Research Center, Shorter, was initiated in 1988 on a Norfolk loamy sand with a well developed hardpan 6 to 10 in. below the surface. A winter cover crop of Cahaba White vetch was planted in the fall of 1987 and 1988. The cover crop was killed with Gramoxone? 4 to 7 days prior to planting DeKalb 689 corn in 30 in. rows each spring. All possible combinations of three fac- tors were included in the study. The three factors were: Deep Tillage: (1) no subsoiling, (2) annual in-row subsoiling, or (3) complete disruption of the hardpan, subsoiling on 10-in. centers, Surface Tillage: (1) incorporating the cover crop residue by disking and field cultivating, or (2) leaving the cover crop residue in place on the soil surface, n Equipment Traffic: (1) normal traffic with the use of 4-row equipment, or (2) no traffic using a wide-frame research vehicle. Cone resistance, bars 0 5 10 15 20 25 .0 -2 ?15 - 20- o No traffic x no sur * No traffic x surfac 25 - *Traffic x no surfac 2Traffic x surface tii In 1989, soil moisture was monitored from tasseling until black layer in three positions; in the row, and in the middles on either side of the row. In plots that received traffic, with the four-row pattern, every other row middle would have been compacted by tractor tires. Soil water was high- est in the traffic or tire middles, especially with surface tillage, table 1. This shows that soil compaction in the wheel tracks, especially TABLE 1. VOLUMETRIC SOIL WATER CONTENT IN 0-8 IN. DEPTH AS INFLUENCED BY TRAFFIC, TILLAGE, AND Row PosITIoN Tire middle Traffic No-tire middle Surface No-surface Surface No-surface tillage tillage tillage tillage Pct. No-traffic ............ 10.95 Traffic ............... 15.01 following surface till- age, reduced root growth and subsequent soil water extraction. Without traffic, surface tillage increased soil water extraction, resulting in lower soil water contents, however, there were no dif- ferences due to row middle position since in these plots neither middle was compacted by equipment tires. In trafficked plots, soil water content was much less in the no-tire middles than the tire middles, indicating greater root growth and water extraction in the no-tire middles of these plots. Soil strength measurements with a pen- etrometer show that traffic after surface till- age severely recompacts the soil, see fig- ure. In contrast, the increased bearing capacity of no-till (no I0 surface tillage) resulted in reduc- tions in traffic-induced compac- tion of up to one half that found following disking and field culti- vation. rface tillage :e tillage e tillage Ilage Soil strength as affected by traffic and tillage within a wheeled or tire middle. Although penetrometer and soil water data confirm the detrimental effect of traffic after intensive tillage, there were no yield differences as a result of traffic. This, along with water use patterns, table 1, indicates that corn compensated for reduced rooting in wheeled or tire middles by increased rooting in nonwheeled or no-tire middles. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11.98 11.01 11.55 13.97 10.23 12.48 In both the drought year of 1988 and the abundant rainfall year of 1989, surface till- age interacted with deep tillage to affect grain yields, table 2. In the drought year of 1988, with both complete disruption and in-row subsoiling, yields were greatest when vetch residue was not incorporated by surface tillage. Without deep tillage, however, surface tillage increased yields. With favorable rainfall in 1989, there was no benefit from leaving residues on the surface, as in 1988. However, yields again increased with the intensity of deep tillage while surface tillage increased yields when no deep tillage was performed. Results suggest that the conservation tillage practice of in-row subsoiling with- out incorporating residues is an appropri- ate practice for sustaining crop yields on Coastal Plain soils, especially if traffic pat- terns can be maintained so that at least one row middle adjacent to each row receives no traffic during the growing season. Reeves is Research Agronomist,USDA-Ag- ricultural Research Service (ARS) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory (NSDL), and Adjunct Pro- fessor, Torbert is Soil Scientist, USDA-ARS- NSDL, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Rogers is Plant Physiologist, USDA-ARS-NSDL, and Adjunct Professor, and Prior is Research Associ- ate, USDA-ARS-NSDL, Department of Agronomy and Soils. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station TABLE 2. INFLUENCE OF DEEP AND SURFACE TILLAGE ON CORN GRAIN YIELD Surface tillage, 1988, Surface tillage, 1989, Deep tillage bu./acre bu./acre Yes No Yes No No subsoiling ................. 23 18 103 75 Annual subsoiling............ 44 50 113 110 Complete disruption ........ 56 61 124 118 P -~ I I 14 M.G. PATTERSON. D.P. MOORE. B.E. NORRIS. AND W.B. WEBSTER EVALUATING NARROW Row COTTON IN ALABAMA II \ IlI II. 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Ii) aid fliliicu Ii l i hr iiil.: 1\ , a newx hcrici (Ic. ix heiiv', Iiid forxli Pe~co hahiiis Control i I \pcira incil.xxd f il ivvCic b\ _ lic hla the~ia poenia ~LI Ito f pc it in thei ',il lonea tc lnit\ plcc ti 1111 . l xc.Ici x ,iiIicc tllv S~c Nlctionc. Bel Mcc in I (i Blck xxcic Siiiuh cttill Maio Jnc-i tict xa Ic ll. )ia i cxlecd wineli iabtnuia xca fo ax couild he) lul(i irt \\r1C~e iinci iii ic xc cx iu ixcdM dii ii 9,(d 9tat 1 91~i~ a) proal lic xx ca lion xcii'J~. A Miahmximn Iixci. died ai xxc x.42,Iand (li.ii> il li' of io iiI pel acre) n.4 a icind i iic 0- , pccit ici Th Cyi-i LI Uli t, c~lc LxLcndutd apptL? inim iniicil Ix .m ploxx txc. 1)icx-ai1i1x x it priclid i th t alc Ca ?-v car My raelontia>.v at )A itn 0aC xtcicx lix ci 'ccdcd duliii ii I 9tiO 9) and 1 99)-91 atc \liiiaC wer Iuid- nuiial I v Cuiaxx,, ricso clr C. idi xx tiuic I xCi. 1)auicx io apiatio~un xxcicM \Ivx Junic_ filk , anid \nu'.1. )CCdittii staiid Liount,' ,i1l(1 x icildx xxr ni o it ,iLxCi xcix afteld Lx thec cvpci iiniiai x aiialex. xx iii the eceptin il a Ltlx lxx u(l ticind hor xxhitc cloix cixCii xxi ith 11hii"Iici \txv iate applid ini .Iuitx The cvtci mciii aui \arion Junictuiuoi xx i CiruncCld hoth x caix. Nut bhe 19'9)) Cx- pc umnu xx ax ,iAmlldonc iduic toIoo xlaiidt La,ixc(t h\x (ix xxathici. I~alcx oii appuliicatuioi xxere Ail i.x M Juuc Liii Jlix. SCC(Iin.' xaiiu n oiiil i hxxtcclotix c xxCi ci rdcedico xxhien AII xx i' ati(i t nc hain \ax . Iti1cuc xx a'. a doilx iixx aiid iiciid foi tuxi'i xi le' Ltlxvci x ict(t xxiili the P) a xxi v1 I u Ia -ax c _' _,~ hInlci Atlk rat ap~ied~c( ini Jutx. Aninuat ix lax' anii~ eCLI cluxc xxC ci LiIa C ctcet Nv dlatc it applicatiiin iii \tv iratc. \I1x ix uC(uxlcicet lt usxc oni hcriiiii(L prxx i I, (o Coiiunrl of' Punc. laI htiii iiix. I'at, uiid in ticxc '.Iniiicx iwuC. [-cxx Ilimblcli.\ .xx d ci imeiu hiuc xlc hex cx ciiacill these iiaui te \tIN dl oz. proui(IL tpc ac a'. latc ax )Litx I . and1( iii 1 cnxcuilixc xcal. Ki}utuuu i, I i~ut uuc lRc ,iirt \ i i,aii auuu \itt l'c i, Plt' oui A,_, \om anduuu Sout iu Mal ii ol u uiu Iii LI tln Iv09 x uclii Annia it~ w~ xxii xi,]l R~cd \ Xhi c 1,b 1,b_ Ii I, Ib / bI II'l b "101 -'iii ',I 1 x1 il o,-,' 934 xtic al 0,42 i pr u i/cr =0.11 uilul P ci acrie~ e 0_X5 o/ luluci/alre=0.03 Ib acii\ /aciL ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849-5403 Lowelt T. Frobish. Director POSTMASTER-Address Correction Requested NON-PROFIT ORG. P OSTAG E & FE ES PAID PERMIT NO. 9 AUBURN, ALA. Holl" Minu_ ' rar:n