~,t 'f
FL 
IrE
OF A~iUULT~ir IEiii
A FINAL WORD WITH THE EDITOR MnY Wi: Sv-i- I:...
A II \ki i i \"iu~ ur t h 1:IC iiI A Sl liii I::I:S 111
: IN \ulihum A. iiliil\ lin i iliN SetiliC Al c\ C NCI oli
N~iilC Ii ic c I lilI yi Iih lop iinlhili N il i C i IllN ki t
I ,arl cn 111i ti l C ANul Lt li 1L th CilIlll rC xn r L hiN.iI ihliiAIA ll iili ii ii
woid I~iit di~o.i LthiI N aI ii'' iA IhC~ i ll~ d i;IIiiI iCNt Ih liC i I tiIiIiuN .1k
ia cti m 11 eC. I I CNNo ha ii Jut''. 1c1~ic f cl Mcl h
r- iintvi I l91 " nl. ;38. \1. 4
AI i r:. A . , l ur Iv ' ci1 II Silll i
\uhumiiliii..il
I tt\ I I I I I I1(I IIl ..._.. . . Ill' ii
IM I5 II 1 1 \1 __t \- '.t I)irr r
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I .1 F .s-l'AS i.l l [Ii lo
&I.. I Ii
RO)i L Ilt R: SI \ S_.... ... i Ii Fat I dii'
II RI A S .....<h~ I ... .. Sii l)c'1 11
Ed(itoial ( oniiii iil : I mic..Ih . I thuiill I).(.
II uuuu ' u I )" irt, 'f ~ ' Iii ill i
I/ ii c:1/h I , a /)i / 11 I /) I~, P i, I'>~ N Ii n
II ill li/b i "/i ~ ,i / 'I -,-1 i lr,I / l~nI i i
illi, S.1'. Sl. I iu. I )v '1 / ii I i ' 1 v" / t,,iu,,,
I'/, 'i " ' ' In,/li Il i Ib S, i.ii c:J
I.I)i Mk S \M I.. Mcillwil (1I lcldr na111C,
ok)cnl)1 indicalcCndln0nlcnl by IhC \I;Ih:ana
\ I le tlllm al I'Apcrinlc111 "11;111~11 01 Atlhufil
l nivCIIIvIfuII )IZIlldl)vCI IIIIIIL'I A11v uc
nl I)e,111'IdC I;IIC, ill C veC~( )1 I;IhCIcll ;IIIIntIIII
n rrCiII I I IC pun Icd dOC, 11u1 v ollI II II IC ICCi Il l l
nu ndaII II ) I xICll faIC. Such IIC i~iml)Iv I);II I
()Itllc' i"n( ititill\rliL alkm 11000,,;n\k)C\;Illl
ale valiglu, IM11C]i;ll'. AII, williral ,honld h0
tl'Cd al Ialc, BhIIvC IIt(IC I)cill ulcd by Ilic
InhCl. I111iIIm;IIiIn Cult;li11Cd 11CIL'lll 1, av;Ill
IhIC II, ;III IClo11, vv I I I I IIUI rC_;IId 101x1 C0 II1
,Cv ol11ali()11al
.I .. 1 ll c 1C StI Cn//v o h1 v
() l Cil lu lo \Ci (~~ Clil kiNu includi A
the i ll iiola di .\\ i tih\ h (icilyhiuaio1
ofI INNi G en i v i r iti h. Idtyi ... tii
t orss mSe C tor on pag %[5.) 1;,mdea
?IIIII K.L. BOWEN ANDT.P. MACK
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER AND AFLATOXINS
DOUBLE TROUBLE FOR PEANUT GROWERS
L I'SSi' r stalN~ lk ho c , andI A la-
linsi~C~ aina toi Ca ninC in
I'\l i ii~nln Stini ie ach~itI. In tests at the
W ii t'i iN Suhtl ioliI1 IliiC Na iN a till C
I elio inslhip hCINNo1 damag hllriCb IcsNCI
cornsI'Italki hocr Lii d 'N I isih IIN "iii lul
CiIlu lL t t iN ill itinpo uiNlil). (9 %
lint in te ligt sol I in Muhi Ii flts ar
ditilil c niin s Ni val iNLhtntcatc
I aiix ICLv 1)1 thiN se't tl1_ 111)11 IL~LMt hul
nleaiii of'i~ seed> lihit) l Iti in tl NdCCin_
I li also is I1CLtil Iin peauts tia c i i l-i
ac l a1\ I/il .l ii itlt.itt'iI
Laia Ci thi i~IC ins 11(111 L Onl tt panu root
can11 h ll ahi ieata~lb.w ptti Of pllI t s I nI i
IniliCn'Ni the dii (Iilii.intl pondn a Ics on
Itll hlIcas t c iiiiis i damag N to 'I pods lidiid
woeCLi Nni ti o ll t tu i lllt' ndi l anted iii til ith
piud tiail tikin li .c it I Insc lit'lk
I hiii I LI'ia l liltC iClitl C y ii i ll o\ lii
p\nit anditai'klicl haNkI Ilto liINo "Ciht
icnr cnti lll INrcr Nilii a crli dvlh mi
piIit Ill aps intav~ l I hN k iN t i n t'I heuN
ILA icc" siason iiihn. idcni iftlilNliucnil
t~_i tiNN .iU Ideterinicd IllsveIluNdcls Lul
lil liC.an pliiit Ike CNCl C lnt i NiNli
iht'iii i NNi ' C n I O pods~t lit ll i IC t iiivcd
pICnts. tiCl ii>Iiik ltiliioiiaiin il~t i'. dt
Vv~ V/ iiiulli iiCNt C ilii ih'L co iil c iltiN lit
hoc I N riilt)l :Id oi rll f pi d
Ni Ig . an pI sr c of I' i ih Ii
t~~ nLI.lCL
35' da , llcI I ' lin ' 1.7
INtmaii b l thIN IIlssro e il l l k oc hr
prisIn t Tii hi sl Ill ilio ipiit lilt'_ lt'ili-
vv ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~t tiatli Cv hii inetcdsv r li t' hIcc
Peanutsl luctc N it t I i)NNl ti N I~u iC
s'111 Oii I / .i I fied/
I I M 711
4'0 1 .4
Irir
114
Ill
opiliili ilfI t'il ll_ lot1
ainf tiatiilt' OIcNi il
I h ml i iti, iL .ul )o
l hi l~i Ilhlo
II I III Icd b III 11.11 ill J ] " Iw I 1111v I ilt e P "
A/a/w/11c/ l,;,riru/nnrnl kooperimc/l/ Slall( /r
J. A. PLUMB. D. J. EARLIX. M. T. GOLDSBY. AND W. A. ROGERS
LNTiRIC Si ( U
OF CATFIS
IMPORTAN-
PROBLEM 1-I
PRODUCERS
Eii (tIL l~iLLi i(1k0 ilL theiIll~
Nci uN infioL~~N, (liiNLINL aic li iii
\iIahll N" Li nlii Lihlili iiilulNli .~ c
ii'NlL ltaion iiiN li /LIc thuh lia ii ilLN.
Iii ,Il . I I kkr, I n( L i~'ilLlh l I i~liLN rate,
\Iiil uiu ludIL in Loihi~l /II ii 1111.h
NiLI II I ILL( i i/i ciii 'i L 1k ilL IlL
NI)IiLNiaii SIIhiLi.,a h aacei 9 0
i i i L INL h_ h I/ I I i~ili Int l \h iiii
L i/ili o L achuN lii IlLr Nkiii I liL II Ii
oeu
1 
iii ri ilL L1iNl NIL1 I 1Ik L I l \ii hn
lilli r iiiiii ruur iarihi ci~ in IL i IIii I i I
Lii I il/Il arill ikLik. aI thN iiiN hr L~i
50',i~ . k;Iil i ililik ill~lin.itiii not
huclll lkli S( U ILLI i. iii u I
L: kOt"" _ _ _ _ __ate
Disease-free channel catfish (bottom) is compared to fish with Edwardsiella
ictaluri infection. The fop fish has small depigmented areas in the skin and the
middle fish has hemorrhaging of the skin.
ilotIk IIIII hulk ll ii~~iL II ii~ I ii oL-
Illil l u 'IK I A CII ilLLiii h L ioni \01ilL in-i
S(:~c tihe lk iail hIiN r i I ( i t IlL
nIN ;Il li li I Ih~ILii 11i:11 I :SLIlL ii' i N
NI oLoli I\aiLNr(LIlh\ M iicii iliP clii'
I o\ ~ r thL I~e l~ LIN1 111 " I 1111
a oi ac IN \l111 111 pil L Iha a Il N h i'h~
hi 'k i Irl ae. II'/ 1/ 1 (11 a chIIkiiililk I[ toI
iiiiLIN r L\l iIe L IIlLil\ .11 NLikn Lo i Ic LN fi ll
(lulL' iiai\ hrrni LIL'LiIliLLI ilIIoLL dcl mid
rLi eIi Ii e [ -i t I I I,/ iin I Ii IL tI II I ii
N,iiL' . , I i , Iu N k i rilLI~ii. IIC, I . ti~li-
iI l i i I nto /l /_ i iiri mci LI iii 1i Iphc-
iI li i' I I itIi1iL aII I I v ilI/l in ilL II iii
tik 111 111 1 I iL Li I'I i i N I CI l i
LiIdiL II , iii liL ii l' ti I Iiihi ii i -ul
' iI Ill Ii c iiiii (il. niauN IL I o ii
I/lIL cL Ilic (,Ii li Ih (i til li n il Iii -~
nLkiLipr( CNLIiL lLN iii kke hii / 1)111/l IL
ilLIllILcteiltlan iliin oiiLhlliiiLa iiii iiih
k/ll) y ii Ilkk I Nh I ii n ofi Iiii ~ ThN I ( ik il
i ,1i L l r m iN iil il ilie L IN.ra c I tL
IlII)Iul//II(1/ l/~l ,riul I It/ Il lttr inli .S/If/iIli
T.E. NUPP ANDN.R. Hf
INLSI ZOXLS 00O
SQOUIRREl 
-- T- I TI'
IN MIXEUD
PINE-HARDWOOD
FORESTS
(II ('iI II llOI1IC IUa lICIC lan III YIC
Nm Imil lJ. ( I 11110 I C II IlY ' prYII IId.nI1-
Ill)NY Il inLI Il olYmI v ICY' ,1 11011101 thiatN~
"1)11 an m lanmal IIIl CIfl iIN mu tc i n l\NYUIICIN
vimlNJi mI. \IIIn xl iilm~m. 1k
1 
11CC I)CY IC
\ClI. N ci fhiCu~ Icc IICI\ prIC, l'tII INlC-
\\ hic 111a 11 IIl(IYIN ilAN d I c thI 1urliYin
Trc LIL III 11 rc 'impr n Il nc ~ l in IIYIii
&v 011) olv flcti, Y il Igcu~ll iO- YIYI
Wi c nmlioIl il 11 Iii vl. ii ,Ltt pr~mL\Y inlm
bilIIY andI NujL al jld .;OIIIII01,YIiN
W ILI, JI~YNI'.c t11M hL' idellipc i cl hlm0d
lI liIIUN hIoim ,IlNmt ''ill I\CmI a1 in u ficllY
num hcIN 01im lmnIN I iIII C iLmI Nm. InNh~
ImII IO Iicim m. Y'Y' the \IactIllI Vi I h ulc
(1 IInmir lm~ p~plllml'5 111 in IeC e11-a1.'N pl il'
Iur1 FJCUNIImt IN StatlcNi aCd 111 (;tUd> aimnd
I iI Dl Y'dt It thcIIIYlc I1111 \cm tl c ofl' 1(
\NOl~I IIC1101 I d \ LI ICN klIC e Clitlilth
Alimi ttl of 10 ~l how"ccl NIIiII, erecdin
OLLER lk'Ni Ille were Nm.inickedI NYINOlIIm ll \ vI-
dmicc 0i IY
1  
ld 'II~m' mi NfjLuiIr I lLittLIN.
mit, wiCNI Fi\CNd wN ih Iladio NIICILCitr a4nd~
mYctc 1C iN vIYmm.cckI'.
A\ YlotI of 200Y inmit 11 IiNt hl\Y'Nc
a, CIL III d .O~ _i I\'1 I Illi Cpl Nm lil
i in areaN . IY11111d Illtn I l Nm llitl
hoea, Ir pIl~oor' Ira I uIIIIYY l N taitI t
m)Y Yh 11 'LI (INyuirI lY Ill uro [11 n1 II ' 1Nm ii
in ll)\ tdim lIliNY Nm.w IIIIIILI l inll are
10ulpe YIY' IY I(NYll Y'.W (ho ) .'I II I I
. ,.~S \ Nu~io cl oIIhI IlcNl Iinl 
Y IcY kN I
Il'1 111 N .a l YIIY Of I~pll t~ I 1 CjI Il IC-
11a1dm haYlt rha111' Iin11 lil la iN ,m
llcluilhd 0 Icrul NiYn h11 areaI SNith
hy'IY' It d I~ v II i lY'oul tm n. SN III -l
mu I I l d ell n Il . ii IINII lI tIndlelY
LIYIo elN o rr in r Il tiL N.Ilii 
rmI alll. 1)111
Graylurrj squirrelII shle use, bysesn roaado
Education ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ta Centernr Anaui.Pht:Ceknga C IYIJl c l ho c clmllNIII.Ic
Y'IIIIIC. liml NNIIIIclm 
aNIlfI ltN li\ '. lk\ N Il ll ' IllY IlImI NI I l' IN Ill)
1
1 
l c I YIN N C Y 1) 11 l Y L N 
' I Il N m Y CI nc t 
hilm L" ,II~ ml I ldr l Ii lN C ' LI 
iY tht l I Cr j
NILmi IlYIY:I~I 111 mlll l lmilL~l~mllN Il YI YmI h Ilmu N cm~ ltiNIlLI I~ tI cInYIII IYIN
l lIillil NNymIlIIY YI IN I{ I YY li/'I I\ liY hidt 
110 mILC,. Y Idim-i 1ac Ilk I um i rlm'm'
i mlm YII'~m~ Im_ t Ill 7? 
11 Imf Ilm 'lNYI1 
l 
"l'm 
YNII l'IIllm 11
Y'i~l.ILY~'mIIl NII~I~mI ~~)l \I~'ml l~lY' 'm' IN IlrIL' IllIcrl~Ii' , holl m)
1
pc Ju 11
llI~mIm~mmlI IcIN NNYIL IIY' ~ll~l(I ll~lI ii mYN 1lmN N. illllI\Y m l :llY' llu trmlmmI theYIN
\ I I N I II ~Iu l)IC n C~ t lI w IC tiIla ICl l-
j11 Ni lfli J I h ol, loutvad, al areI 1
I Ic o I lilY \\ ' 'i i I h 
1  
lllI Q1I I
I' dc' II I ~ k p ru v ,1 1d \ ivll
\I /b(iu cw i: 1 ru t!u I~ r \/)i I 11(1 S/U/oll
R.T. L V" ._ >' . 'II NGHE LI
ARE FISH FARMERS 
FEEDING To
MUCH PROTEIN 
TO CATFISH?
T 1 I IFAR'i protIein Ic(ircltcnt
iiiiiincl catlishi iaN hccii reporiIted
OC ItillFrom to 44' dc[IclL
Ill oI ish sii., diet yu
1
-16 Ind~
taiii lCCI iIIIINwaII SILILIIC> 
hI the \Ia-
(AALS) in the I97L) Shwc NONCL ' to hel[
ilJtinluilt. id this IN the protinl LoniCintra-
tion1 IreiCnCth\ usedt ini Cil~HhcihiL I 
CCLIk.
I-oN L'N C. Lclaii''C il II) cCLil'', rtesC Sin1ce 
that
In Ithe CalI \AAi S NIics Icc liii)' 
raC>
wN IC reicted toCL II vo(idl Nat> AICqlit\ pioh-
IcimS. whereasi lilLaN 'S ti>Ii tarnI tid tol
Id fishi all IlCe\ w>ill Cat. R11C1ii StuiesC
inicl.ate that ciatlish Ic l i thc\ N> ill 
Cat liii>
ICLILII ICS prCtNN I~i than t(iIhiNc cLI 
a Ic-
SNI Ltcd diet.
[Ceding~ pr actiLcN. I>o poniiid IcC~lini' C\(ei-
HIlInt wN> CI LuilIIL cd al \Iihurin lIl 
>hich
Nea Cii and N Car- citl ish inl Callthn pbonl
wc> CI d CLI ImuhIh AN ItiC> wold 
Cat lot the
Cnirei a'oiii ii' Caxmn ii lh hill> LIICtaI
pro1m i oncentr atlions.
that we> h i''i 'tlL(l 1not incrL s ICN IN iitai
IIotcIiH iIIcrCaNel aIho\ ->41/, ThiCicloiC. 
a
NSihNL(IiCli C\)Cim nt COIS > > LIiidL 
id N>ill
comlparC three piotcml IL\INs (?[I'G1(
iiid )8, 1 underi ulimIIited (satiatc) >CI NuN
Iiiiiitcd (rc>1triLccd I ccli~g o lIiIIIIII. 
-I'li
protinI~ concentrtionii o t Ice' ICLI 
\ I in-
CICJNCLI [b> NuhIti~tiHL' a t'i\CL 
raio ofI So}-
Ilcij licah -IISII i> tcial Ix 1 * l ot rnIII. 
InH
cI''> LIIclLCiiin of the CI fc dN 01)1 Ho 
cL-
Iatc2d. hut CS cntial aminoi acid>s iln all diICt"
Ini tice>( tNIN. I ish N> r1 CI fromI> i Ii) li)-
toI CL A llcliaIlcN Siiial ao ck n
lcil\ oIC >NOl a>s I I.pc acr n caCI bi
pondC DCih n thN t~lC >NaN iCkin1' d
th 
IilplI~iLur' 
ilm 
iN 
I 
I'IIiLItCIC 
I 
l
\CI-CL led Las '~i 
Nuc II iliV Ail Lh oi 
- _h
iii12 chiCI dN> 101-c tih ''iii2 ri IC
mntlaICl pIod tihe wi~CaNC en iii t
iii IraLICU 'I I~ ii,~i' iii-i Ih. p r cI pelil
tislhil i i t h iL rc ill IcL' L l 1tlpil IiL~
tCLii. I'CL 70 L of iihe I5-la ciiil pIc'i-iNI
Nha therI ILL! ai Ii "W1 liiili 
lit illec of~ ii _
I ~iCg Cat in~i IoiiL~l diiia pro Ilil l
Ioil the il*0init ScCLI .I C Lii t
IcDishacId NatIcS"bn > liio CC.
ici i in' tit rd 12dn
ICS thn Si tion Ii. LICiAc laf
CrISii i n tIfl A I io le \ I g Iiu
I> nolt l ar. It cld h he fie LtoCI
teiln LIci'a~latihlil) ini hilld \\al
AN ulictii \ pIlliil ilcicJNCL. I [I
rat iol of 111 n Iti t Io th l iLIc in Na-
tiate-fed ponld" ieCCin in'
to c.hannel catIish.
cnLcN amIIog pI'CiC\ 11)1> c\(C lim1lit" \\
the ICeihg' ratL'\\aSiiilllCietrited in Soic
than in ohei . I Ii\ al>)o presCnt tihL LHC"-
lull). il ii ht ofI molih IllI IcCLdiii' praiL
I I I
I)ira Ni~~~ 
~ ii IIiciid i
IL ' 
i Ic Cai
?II
ras'a
65 S
6.(>5 I ' I
tiLC" ShulLd theC Iihiltiii iintcnt ofllishNi
CCLI>hIC CIUCCL I ClhIN 32' ('' Itis dLlhll
t1hat ComiliiCiial Iai ilCIN lciwalN (CCLI to
SatialioIn. IIthCN Ldil. it N>io Ild heC tIimeCoLnl
II l heILL IIIIL'IC '' CNIN12tr hat IS ofii~ teCOINa
NIIII ll . WithC i pet LmL' il lctiILIN -
Iimitcd lecdill,
..........................
lriclcd tccdill,
..........................
..........................
IJUh(Utur ; I,,ricuffiural L:1 1c rintc?n Sj(uiOjl
J.L. ADRIAN AND M.D. CANNON
NONAGRICULTURAL FACTORS AFFECT VALUE OF
LAND IN RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
URBANIZATION is an important
factor affecting the use and value
of agricultural land in the rural-
urban fringe areas of larger south-
ern cities. However, the extent of such im-
pacts is less clear for smaller cities and
metropolitan areas. To better understand
this development process, the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station analyzed
the transitional agricultural land market in
the periphery of the relatively small (pop-
ulation of about 55,000) but growing met-
ropolitan area encompassing Dothan in
southeast Alabama.
Data for the analysis were derived from
a randomized sample of qualified land
transfers between 1970 and 1990 involving
agricultural land within 15 miles of the
center of Dothan. The area encompassed
parts of Dale, Geneva, Henry, and Houston
counties.
Buyers indicated that half of the agri-
culturally oriented properties transferred
in Dothan's fringe between 1970 and 1990
were purchased for nonagricultural uses.
However, 15% of the surveyed agricultural
tracts (9% of the acreage) within 15 miles
of the city were converted to residential/
commercial/industrial uses during 1970-
1990. Two-thirds of these parcels were
converted to nonagricultural uses after
1983. Within 8 miles of central Dothan,
conversions to nonagricultural uses were
more pronounced, accounting for about a
fourth each of transferred tracts and acreage.
When evaluating potential impacts of
development and loss of agricultural land
in urbanizing areas, both the quantity and
quality of agricultural land involved must
be considered. An analysis of soil survey
reports for the Dothan area indicates much
of the land already under cultivation is
high quality agricultural land. In Dothan's
fringe area, 48% of the land transferred to
nonagricultural uses was 
used for row crop
production and 70% of the land within 8
miles of Dothan had been used for row
crops. Since row crop land is typically of
higher quality than land allocated to other
uses, this information suggests that high
quality agricultural land in the Dothan area
may be lost from agricultural production.
Distance to Dothan, distance to a U.S.
highway, and size of the tract were found to
vary inversely with bare land value in
Dothan's periphery. Decreases in value be-
came less pronounced as distance to
Dothan's center and tract size increased.
Presence of paved road frontage on a tract,
use of a real estate agency to handle the
transaction, and the proportion of a tract
allocated to row crop or pasture uses were
positively related to
value.
A 10% increase in
distance of a land
tract from Dothan re-
sulted in a 6.9% de-
cline in value, while a similar increase in the
distance to a U.S. highway resulted in a 1%
decline. For example, a typical tract north-
west of Dothan with paved road frontage
and an urban influence would be valued at
$2,152 per acre if located 3 miles from
Dothan and $950 per acre if located 10
miles away. Similarly, the same example
tract located 1/4 mile from a U.S. highway
would have an estimated value of $1,099
per acre; if 4 miles from a U.S. highway, its
value would be $856 per acre.
Value per acre declined 1.7% for each
10% increase in size of the tract. Estimates
indicate that the example tract would have a
bare land value of $1,321 per acre if 10
acres in size and $799 per acre if it in-
volved 210 acres. Thus, incremental in-
creases in size of tract resulted in a decreas-
ing level of decline in value, with little
reduction noted beyond 100 acres.
Proportion of a tract in row crop or
pasture uses, representative measures for
income-generating capacity, positively in-
fluenced value. A 10% increase in the pro-
portion of a tract allocated to row crops
resulted in a 4.9% increase in value, while a
similar increase in the proportion of a tract
allocated to pasture resulted in a 2.4% up-
ward adjustment. Thus, value was about
twice as responsive to row crop acreage on a
tract as to pasture acreage.
Bare land value in the fringe of Dothan
increased 2% per year over the 1970-90
period, or approximately 50% overall. Ad-
justments in value were more pronounced
in recent years.
The periphery of Dothan has experienced
differing patterns of growth. Urban expan-
sion to the north and west has been strong,
while urban expansion to the southeast has
been limited. Tracts located to the northwest
of the central city had values almost 50%
higher than for similar tracts in the south-
eastern quadrant. Values per acre were
similar for tracts located in northwest,
northeast, and southwest quadrants, other
factors held constant.
Tracts with paved road frontage had val-
ues 35% higher than for similar tracts
lacking such access. Also, transactions in-
volving a real estate agency had values
that were 28% higher than those handled
without such facilitation.
In summary, Dothan's fringe remains
intensely agriculturally oriented, but there
are clearly accentuated nonagricultural
pressures in the market, especially within 8
miles and to the west of the central city.
Indications are that such pressures in-
creased in the latter half of the 1980's and
that agricultural land values are sensitive to
stimuli for the nonagricultural sector. Bar-
ring unforeseen instability in the local
economy, increased urban pressures on
Dothan's fringe land market can be ex-
pected in the 1990's.
Adrian is Professor and Cannon is former
Graduate Research Assistant of Agricultural
Economics and Rural Sociology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
K. H. YOO AND E. W. ROCHESTER
RAINFALL AND IRRIGAION WATER
N AL ABAMA.
and Suimier CI-
Comes~ troim sl
stormS that p~rod
the soil is capable d
much ot this wxater is
also can be a Source o
of streanlx. SimilIarly
especialt> eneri -s
5)ystems, 01 ten Cause'
hi"~ application rates.
riciiltiiral Experiiment
catex a Cui t ural pract
illagc. could be iised
this x aluable i ainitlt.
Reseixoir tillalye
SionS in the Soil xurfat
mict otherwisec be I
duirini7 high intensity
Water retained in the
opportuity to) in) iltrat
10er plant uise.
The reservoirs wxet
showxn in the photo.
High compauction1
xx tlht t ccor .t...t .
LI wComiipactionl
Wdxithtott teservoirth...
An .1avrage oi 1.97 in
ai nfall diiri n1 Spin(I wxater over 3-ft. irowxs.
ipping Seasons otten 
For the test at the 
t
tort, high inten sity E.V. Smith Research
uLce more. xxater thani Center, Shorter, 12 ;
tF absoi bingl. ThbuS. Plots xx re est tblishtcl
lost to iuof iii wt xhich on a Batssfield sandx
rnon-point pollution toaml Soil wxith a0? 
-,
sprinkler irrigation, slope in the direction ~ 
.
ax'int, loxw pressuire ot the cuiltix ation.
Sriincf lossxes idue to Lictiht rows or McNai r
Recent Alabama Ag 22(0 c otton ii -xerie
Station research indi- planted at 30- in. A 4 -
ice, called reserxvoiii Spatcinits alone the
to Saxve a poitioin of slope in eachI plot.
Each plot xxas
creates Small I iepre- eqiippei wxith runoff
Cc tio holid xxater that measurinig and col-
Ost S sufac runtf eclig 
dvice. A 
Water-holding re
rnllall or iririgcation.- LEZPA ( Loxx E-niergy
reservoirs his more Precision Appl itation ) irig Oationi sy stem -
tinto thle soil pirofil I wh i clh al loxx w xater to be applied at irates
hictier than soil inifiltiation rates. xwax
re miaide wxith the tool used to irri gate the plots. Plots also
xx ichl consisted of, xwere treated xxithi twxo lexvels 
of comipac-
tioti xxithi a doule xx lhcie
tt ii-Srie I Soui Rt oit. oi cinipactor attattied to a "'Wide
i5\t t I it 1 05 I Framte Tiactixe Vehiitle.'
lI1It Rjnol t St1th) ed itttiu R Un I IT S am lle s ro m t he
tos /~ plots xwere col lectedt frorn 
eacht
in soil 
Q''e cotllection 
tank liollowxinc, each
la. hl. LI' in ioatioii exetit and 
anats ied
lot Sediment coiicentr atioi.
67 0. 1 .6 
I lCie xxeie lOUt tieatiients: 
(1
Ilu-i' Conipactio cwxxthout i exer
1.90 .07 3' xxithi ieseixvoir 
tittage. (3) loxx
vas appled tiiimpattioii xxithout ieCSei xOii
tillage: and (4) lowxcomilpact ion
iiiOLcdii paddles Oii a freel) tiiriiig xxheel
that xwas pulled behiiid a subsoiler shiaiik.
Diirinig Operationi. the forwxant putl I ci the
shank forex the paddles iiitc) the soil. The
rcxi t i rg cdoxxiixxai c pi cx [tic and Itie Ifor-
xxai d moxeentt tuns the paddles in the Soil.
caiisiii thieii to continuouslx dig irexerx cirs
that aie Spaced about 27 in.- apart and It) in.
deep. Each reServoir hoidis up to 3 gal. of
xxater. xxhichi is equivxaleiit to 0.5-(175 ini. of
wxith reserxvoir t illace.
The reserxoirs, xxhlichi xxct- about It) ini.
deep atid 16-I18 ini. iii dianietei at the Soil
Surl ace, xx cie x isuallx obsei x cc to iltet-
mine chances iii size and Shape. The
x cliiiie Of the reseirxoirs w xas maitily ie
duiced diirinc iiienuse Spi(I rainlall. Silt-
iiiO of the reserxvotirs by the eroideid sotil
Irti the edges cit the ireserxvoirs anid Coni
sioliidationi xxeie the mnajor cauixeS ct the
servoirs were made with this Dammer Diker.
coluiiie recduct ion. No addiltional changes
ini Si/e or Shape xxeie cbseirxecd thrughioiit
the Sunimet.
Four 2-in. applicatiois cf irrication xxa-
let xxere tested late ini the ciowxiiic Seasoni to)
charateizie the Cllett oh, resrcixri tilla-C
aid cS xil ccniipact icion n i(nIII and xecdl men
losses. As nctecd by data in thle table. thle
aimt)uint 1)f Storecd moistuiiie in thte So i I xas
oreater Ifrot the loxw cotmpaction plots
thiani troni the high Comipaction coues. xxithi
oi xxithoiit ireserirxci tillace. I-in the hiich
t-oiipattiioi lexvel. rI-1ol I11 losx xxas lowxer
ft om the loits xxith recervoir tillace tliatt
xxithiout it. The sedimtent toss 1-iomi the hioh
tCotipaction tireatmients xxas xigifIicantly
liicet thiaii that of the loxx coiipactioni
tireatmetit.
Fxven thoucai irri cation tests ini this Stud)
xxecie taken cliirini a the maturiie paci i id oCt-
toii. the LEPA imethocd lessened the protet-
ticit of thet ro ici~ aiopx a-aiul curusioni bx
ap~plyiiic xxatei 12 in. abox e the Soil Sur-
face. Ox erall rexiu tS cit the Stud) Shioxecd
a poiteiitial tor iixinc reserxvcir tullac ini
Al abamiia to c cc ie iirIh at inci Iaiic secli-
mniit Iroim hteax xriaiiilall oi irii iatioii.
Yoot atnd Rotchestei ate Assotciaie Prttessori sot
A lcihcium A urhiiultitici I'X riei~feIt .Stdation
_ 
6
C.K. HYDE
rnlBv SnTRIPED BASS YVROi
I III BR lIlI S I RIP[ ha~ Ii,
t'
1
I'L Ciliiiat \ cc c ta shwin t hN Nithtt li -i
[ttidl Nti [ICL hliNN. a Li (IN hicmNCt celC Ni~ti pci
llNNi~~ ili Nth 0111C LiUNN. iN wel C Nl itCL lfii
LILCNNIfu iiid naCtUiIiiiW I tl IILI lU itin I hiN
lilt ilC ilurtiLC mMi1titil aii Nii m ,hi~ i IL
haii CN ti ollN Lf ii L i th ttaniiCa t i it-
'iion iii iic dcliniI i ld HiockNL culh
noi Li 1Crtiit tititil Naiicommirii itt tilL l
L Thet U hi ,ticid (Hit iii itiou l to~
to dilter i e i ii ll ia ii\ 0 h \
hiuiit NIa~ i fur C I LutlIiLtCa ua uir itnLltl~ iii
ulhNi t a th cLIciCci Val iiekiiii uitti\ IIC hii
LittiLliL mL, ii itt t r N (Ii 10CN. ttC i lC c lii
LIid iti ii tiN of C~ a( a cdh cliti -Iti llN ctI
hili th N prod ciCtilL Ind nt tti g INN fooditli
ii UN oti IateitN 40,(10)1) itm Ii l I. -1.
NNiCrtii-ii NNr ,tucke ino Iv ponditi L t
iitti it\r C L eNt i t IN ILN titLLL I it~ litiN it
th ie tineN LNI. (I I N L i C NIiitl 101thL
wiii) hnN IN 'iicht toi atiitL litiL, atliLh
I itLci ilL Ie N iutmI Itttt ttL( ludl L pltto-
l)Li tl i T l u l r Irdtu N titi liL InelaiL d
alitlld i hm c ic a, i/Il ili /t d I/i/ liI I ton
It tCt Im NC Ci CliC ll 'trr ,ciNt ilid
~I 2))) ,a it llio wLtC i ttt' aidi o t mit liii
jtha.iCth Il Ni \\rr leC C cI datC ~ il\ ii t ti-
ltiiin f ont~ m trou Ice cCtiniIW 4t,iC liiudet
Ili an I O' L fii t .iLc LmI atHI , CdiuiilIi
il]m gul mppiicc 50t i1i peCr CImii' ri ii c rIitdiCy
I heIC,1ttt c ii~uly t Ice )aiot r titt ul 10~ii
ipt\iltatc1. I o i t he ir lii \ ciCi iLl
daility~ in L pri l, d aiCn I tst an 'I I i.. tcd
I \\ttilt h\thtC \nd ot SCll NthcL(it t )t
trac \ Criki'lt i~Itciht CNN.,
IttIILLNii iront tN hc 199 itt unl\\Ct ti a C~i
\iiIC.\ March 191 it \\Cihi \\inc, and~ti
,t hatCI Il~ *t lit h\\C l,,, Ci ii than 1 kt>\cr
lutol ltil\ NI tun toli C t he l ond A Lt L i -
an) undc lb. li lc, IC a ICC h n
ti lLrl thxie toitt bond l tt ti tilL itt
(IN I\ mriti C tttlNiNt Li~ent lt ' Ithet
iit h C r it nN ttt t lI\ dclilcifl to Ithei
prrii, LLcilili, iLINr UNNthill INer II. ilb
h L iiiN l tn lt c e it I iilLi p itlut t hi H
witih ,L i i:\ g Lih \iL a I it Lipil- itt
ttitii N., Ih CtttCNNC \r icke upi thi tllN
carierN tI th I-to 11,1 \Ll I It''L iil \c\\i
Ci r N NlC tCits . Li P icl i c ciNc fo'i h \ tCii ,i
til? pt 11.hr lctt[c
t
lluhcuMcr A,,ri( v/turul Lt/)c rinic II/ Sh/Iict7]
D.I BRANSBY ANDW.B. WEBSTER
AUT-TRIUMPH AMONG THE BEST FUNGUS-FREE
FESCUES UNDER G RAZING
Cll, 'Illy N // 'i/ i n hc-/l
tvvic ck Ih p. P cnc oinn
M0 in (uc pi iiitm-ii
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toN. aim li pcdi aorid
On Iav~ialic a ia li
I i \1111 *Nake m i d 
i -
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o111 liii i111~1iii i i \ i\ N
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iii li , hci a toi N ~ vll i ii IN II i IiCc
\pin Ind w1i itihu~I\ aliiciia Iuuim nC fluIli1.
iuuii a iI~i rmCdu~uI 101 [ lLLI y i cl i i\t Niy . -fIN
iLL li/Ni. at ifli e N aiai\\ iiLi c i\ diid'i.
1:i CN inI IuIt\Staio. NiI c.IiiciI ihi ci iiuliN
duml cm l\ ii d IIc i\\ intLo\I h Iti i
Ic .ilct iN cNN iiicuiii Ciii n ii e luu iii ic
I v i Ili u i i i I
ii i I is S i r
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n., 11
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Ii iiii- I rin.l rii irl. iii Kl'tiiIl\\ -I I
hi',her Ihan hi 1 Iwc orI nucv
It nLi,-ieCN iiiiiiii I oi i ~iN \\iiL lilL IC
,oiii I iINI! I I .I '.ii~c an ia c\r acii .
I irLL ii C (iiNI Cii I Cwii iui \ i dcI atuuui
hhiL iiii u ,tc ii. iile aiii v nI ii tI tah.ii. I cil
I lid di r ~ iCdul cdil uii \ 'd aiICl
,((110i .1 I)c LI111C IvvIiie lM
AI/io u I",/u//l ii! I \/i I/ Ill S1,11/i0h1
u
1 r'
L. I. CHIBA
PUSHING PIGS DURING GROWING PHASE MAY
REDUCE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION
WHEN YOUNG pigs grow slow,
it is readily apparent to produc-
ers. As a result, there has been a
strong emphasis on keeping
young pigs growing at a rapid rate during
starter and grower periods. Research on
this topic has demonstrated conclusively
that young pigs respond to diets high in
amino acids or protein.
Unfortunately, little attention has been
given to whether feeding for faster growth
at young ages promotes overall productiv-
ity and efficiency from farrowing to finish-
ing. In fact, reports of compensatory gain
made by older pigs following restricted
feeding at young ages suggests just the op-
posite. Feeding high levels of costly pro-
tein or amino acids for rapid growth of
young pigs could very well result in higher
feed costs and poorer growth efficiency
over the full production cycle.
A recent study at the Alabama Agricul-
tural Experiment Station sheds some light
on the issue. The study used 24 gilts and 24
castrated males weighing 40 lb. each. Their
performance was compared on grower di-
ets containing 0.62% and 1.12% lysine,
which is the first-limiting (or most impor-
tant) amino acid in a typical swine diet
[National Research Council (NRC) rec-
ommends 0.75% lysine].
When pigs reached about 110 lb. weight,
half were slaughtered for evaluation of car-
cass traits. The others that had been fed each
of the grower diets were assigned to diets
containing either 0.62% or 0.90% lysine
and grown to 220 lb. finished weight. The
amino acid balance was maintained by
using a fixed proportion of comrn and soybean
meal. Pigs were housed and fed individual-
ly and allowed free access to feed and water.
All pigs were slaughtered at 220 lb. to as-
sess carcass traits and to estimate lean gain.
Data on performance of pigs from
40 to 110 lb. shows that those fed the high-
lysine diet gained 18% faster and were
23% more efficient than those fed the low-
lysine diet. Time to reach 110-lb. size was
6.5 days less for the high-lysine group.
It is important to note that pigs fed the
low-lysine diet gained faster than normal
for pigs of that age. But even better per-
formance resulted when a diet higher in
lysine was fed. Thus, pigs with genetic
ability to grow fast can express their ability
when the opportunity is presented.
There was a turnaround, however, dur-
ing the finishing phase (110-220 lb.). Pigs
that had been fed the low-lysine diet tended
to "catch up" with those that had been on the
high-lysine diet. This is known as "compen-
satory gain." As shown by data in the table,
there was no overall performance differ-
ence between the low- and high-lysine diets
fed during the growing phase. These grower
diets had no lasting effect on overall feed
intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, or car-
cass characteristics.
The results indicate that the advantages
obtained during the grower phase by feeding
a diet high in lysine were lost during the
finishing phase. In addition, the finishing
pigs seemed to respond to a lysine level that
is much higher than the NRC recommenda-
tion (0.60%). Pigs fed the high-lysine diet
during the finishing phase gained about 7%
faster and were 8% more efficient than
those on the low-lysine diet.
The current demand for low-fat meats
was considered in relation to the test diets.
Not only is low-fat meat desired by con-
sumers, but fattiness enters into the eco-
nomics of production. Body fat is not only
costly to produce, but also costly to elimi-
nate in processing to produce low-fat prod-
ucts. Therefore, it would be desirable to pro-
duce animals with reduced fat in carcasses.
The estimated rate and efficiency of
lean gain were similar among the pigs
fed a low-lysine diet during the grower
phase and those fed a high-lysine diet in the
grower phase and then switched to a low-
lysine diet for finishing. In contrast, pigs
fed the high-lysine diets during both grow-
ing and finishing phases gained more lean
(9%) and were more efficient (11%). For
optimum leanness, therefore, it might be
advantageous to feed high-lysine diets dur-
ing both growing and finishing if the cost
of protein supplements and sales price of
lean hogs were favorable.
Based on the results reported, the "all-
out" effort to gain peak performance of
grower phase pigs may not be warranted
in terms of overall productivity or effi-
ciency. Pigs can be fed low levels of
amino acids (20% below NRC recommen-
dations) during the grower phase without
adversely affecting overall performance.
Chiba is Assistant Professor of Animal and
Dairy Sciences.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
EFFECT OF DIETARY LYSINE LEVELS ON THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF PIGS FROM 40 TO 220 LB.'
0.62% grower diet 1.12% grower diet
Measure 0.62% 0.90% 0.62% 0.90%
finisher 
finisher 
finisher 
finisher
diet diet diet diet
Feed intake, lb./day ................. 6.23 (4.82)2 6.24 6.23 (4.64)2 6.11
Weight gain, lb./day ................ 1.90 (1.68) 2.03 1.94 (1.98) 2.07
Lb. gain/lb. of feed .................. 0.306 (0.350) 0.326 0.310 (0.431) 0.339
Backfat (10th. rib), in ............. 0.93 0.97 0.94 0.80
Loin muscle area, sq. in........... 5.25 5.27 5.48 5.79
Lean gain, lb./day .................... 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.82
Lean gain to DE intake, lb./Mcal 0.076 0.076 0.077 0.085
'Lysine concentration of the diets expressed in terms of digestible energy (DE) were 1.77, 2.56,
and 3.20 grams/Meal for 0.62, 0.90, and 1.12%, respectively; constant proportions among amino
acids were maintained in all diets.
2
Values in parentheses are gain data during growth from 40 to 110 lb.
11
G.R. MULLEN AND L.J. HRIBAR
i1'.A~ I A1(ALY~i~, ~JbiLi{'~vLV tiN 
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Common grackle with Ixodes brunneus ticks.
ii i1( At H- vv Ild hliILN r AiL'tIcn
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J. D. NORTON G. E. BOYHAN. B. R. ABRAHAMS. J. S BANNON. J. A PITTS. M. H. HOLLINGSWORTH. AND J. T. EASON
IN LV~t UISLASL-ALSIS IAN I VV AI Li(
1
ILLONS~
PRODUCED IN AAES RESEARCH
ik \ Vfl'y \t I:\1' \\ ,~ Li dinR io \ ;
,iii \ \al- E lcimi Stio'lyy
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/ ~4
Left: AU-Sweet Scarlet. Right: AU-Golden Producer.
r I (. Nuil' 1:I I im I R1,1 I la A v I 'Niul
Similar ]null, \Vrrr l-Cpoltcd
Irons Ihr Soulhrrn ('(10llcmtlyC
\Valcrnlclon Vallct\ I rla1,
ronducled acro~ the South.
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lion: I nun i, Sulcri111endl11t of the
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E. P. BENSON AND A. G. APPEL
COCKROACH CONTROL DIFFICULT 
EVEN
WITH NEWEST SPRAYS
ALABAMA PEST control opera-
tors rate German cockroaches as
the most troublesome pests for
which they treat. Homeowners
would probably agree. These persistent
pests infest food, cabinets, and appliances.
Not only are cockroaches a nuisance, they
also may spread diseases and cause
allergies.
Many people prefer to employ profes-
sional pest control operators to control Ger-
man cockroaches. Because of their training,
licensed operators can use certain restricted
pesticide formulations that are not available
to the public. Thus, they have more control
weapons at their disposal.
Pest control operators have traditionally
used emulsifiable concentrate formulations
of insecticides. These formulations mix
well and do not leave a noticeable residue,
but they do have shortcomings. They can
be absorbed by unpainted wood and other
surfaces, thereby removing the insecticide
from the surface where it could be contacted
by cockroaches. To overcome this problem,
insecticide manufacturers have developed
wettable powders and, more recently,
microencapsulated formulations. These
formulations remain in place on surfaces so
they can be contacted by cockroaches.
Three of these newer products-one wet-
table powder and two microencapsulated
products-were evaluated in a recent Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station
study to determine their effectiveness. The
insecticides tested' were Demon? wettable
powder applied at 0.2% concentration,
Diacap? microencapsulate applied at 1.2%
concentration, and Empire? microencap-
sulate applied at 0.5% concentration.
Initially, over 200 prospective apartments
were inspected for severity of cockroach
infestation. The 36 with the greatest infesta-
tion were chosen for the test.
Apartments were assigned to treatments
so that each treatment group had similar
' Demon is cypermethrin, Diacap is diazinon,
and Empire 20 is chlorpyrifos.
numbers of cockroaches at the beginning of
the study. Evaluations were conducted be-
fore treatment and at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks
after treatment. For each evaluation period,
which lasted 1 week, apartments were
trapped using 10 sticky traps (Mr. Sticky?)
per apartment. Six traps were placed in
cabinets around the sink, two in the pantry,
and one each by the stove and refrigerator.
The highest labeled spray concentration
was used for each product. The insecticides
were mixed according to label direction,
and about 1 qt. of the finished material
was applied in the kitchen of the test
apartments. Treatments were made with a 1-
gal. compressed air sprayer pressurized to
approximately 30 p.s.i. Kitchen cabinets
were emptied and sprayed, as were areas
around the stove, refrigerator, and other
appliances. Where appropriate, crack and
crevice treatments were made. Otherwise,
insecticides were applied using a fan spray
nozzle.
After treatment, the total number of
cockroaches trapped per treatment in each
apartment was recorded, and the percent
change from pretreatment was calculated.
Overall, these treatments provided less
than 60% control. This level of control is
considered marginal, especially since
untreated apartments had a reduction in
German cockroaches of 27% after 4 weeks
and 26% after 8 weeks. However, these
reductions may have been influenced by the
fact that this study was done in the fall.
Even though German cockroaches are in-
door pests, fall and winter decreases in their
populations have been documented in other
studies.
Comparing the products, Diacap and
Demon provided the best control. After 1
and 4 weeks post-treatment, Diacap pro-
vided 45% and 60% control, respectively,
compared with 26% and 58% for Demon
for the same time periods. After 2 and 8
weeks, control by Demon was 56% and
65%, respectively, compared with 54% and
56% for Diacap.
Cockroach numbers were greater in the
Empire 20-treated apartments. Cockroach
numbers increased 13% after 1 week, but
declined to their lowest point of 35% after 4
weeks.
Based on the results reported, Demon
and Diacap performed similarly and were
better than Empire for controlling cock-
roaches. Still, overall control success was
marginal. In apartments where German
cockroaches are a serious problem, it ap-
pears that more than just insecticide sprays,
no matter what the formulation, are
needed to effectively reduce cockroach
numbers.
Benson is Assistant Professor and Appel is
Associate Professor of Entomology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
EFFICACY OF PROFESSIONAL-USE INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF GERMAN
COCKROACHES IN APARTMENTS
Reduction of cockroaches/
Treatment' Cockroaches/apartment apartment, average at
pretreat, average
1 week 2 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks
No. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
Control ........................... 344 3 19 27 26
Demon (0.2%) ................ 510 26 56 58 
65
Diacap (1.2%) ................. 520 45 54 60 56
Empire 20 (0.5%) ............ 514 +132 25 35 25
'Eight to 11 apartments in each treatment. Demon is a wettable powder, the others are
microencapsulated products.
2
Plus sign indicates an increase in cockroach numbers.
No.1
3_41-s
PMM.
14
G. J. TRAXLER AND J. J. MOLNAR
AGRICULTURE SECTOR RESILIENT DURING 1980's
LABAMA'S agricultural sector
showed major changes during
the 1980's. There were important
adjustments in the aggregate
levels of debt, assets, and owner's equity
and a shift in the mix of farm enterprises.
The result is optimism for the 1990's, ac-
cording to an Alabama Agricultural Experi-
ment Station study using data from USDA
Economic Research Service and Alabama
Agricultural Statistics Service.
The sector carried a heavy debt burden at
the beginning of the decade. The ratio of
debt to farm equity swelled to an unprec-
edented 28% in 1983, before falling to a
level more in line with historical levels. This
compares to levels of 25% and 21% nation-
ally for the same years. Although the value
of farm assets in Alabama tumbled by 40%
between 1980 and 1989, agriculture was
able to cope by reducing debt at an even
faster rate. The worst of the financial adjust-
ment process now appears to be over since
the real value of assets has remained un-
changed since 1987.
Financial restructuring of the sector
lifted the rate of return to equity from 4-5%
to a healthier 8%. The fact that net farm
income improved after the debt reduction
suggests that much of the borrowed capital
was not being productively employed in the
earlier period.
Off-farm income plays an important role
in Alabama, accounting for approximately
two-thirds of total income for farm house-
holds. This continues to provide a stable
source of liquidity. Relatively stable farm
prices also helped the sector during the
1980's.
In addition to the dramatic shedding of
debt, Alabama's farm sector also evolved a
different mix of enterprises by the end of
the eighties. Three major changes in the
composition of Alabama's farm output are
obvious in the graph. Poultry and nursery
crop production had large increases, but
soybeans became a relatively minor crop.
Cotton production is currently on the in-
crease, but it was maintained at a fairly
constant share of total farm production.
The same is true for peanuts and livestock.
Animal enterprises (including cattle, dairy,
hogs, poultry, and catfish) have increased
in importance relative to crops, moving
from 60% of total receipts in 1977 to 71% in
1989. Farm forest products accounted for
a nearly constant 4% of gross receipts.
The rise of nursery and sod products has,
in many ways, been as remarkable as the
more widely recognized growth in poultry.
The value of ornamental crops has been
greater than the value of cotton production
in Alabama in every year since 1986. In
1989, the value of ornamental crops ex-
ceeded the value of the peanut crop, making
ornamentals the most important nonan-
imal commodity category in the State.
Among noncrop enterprises, wildlife
brought in a small amount of additional
income to Alabama farms.
Catfish marketings have grown rapidly,
but have yet to exceed 1% of Alabama's
total gross receipts. The importance of gov-
ernment payments has increased from 1%
to 4% of gross receipts during the 1980's;
nevertheless, government programs are
still less important in Alabama than in
many other farm states.
Finally, the long-term trend towards
fewer, but larger, farms and the decline in
total farm acreage continued during the
1980's. The number of farms fell by 20%
between 1979 and 1989, but this is less than
the 31% decline during the 1970's. Total
farmland dropped 17% in the 1970's and
15% in the 1980's. Average farm size was
176 acres in 1969, 212 acres in 1979, and
226 acres in 1989.
The improving economic viability of
Alabama agriculture is good news, but real
interest rates and uncertain markets remain
challenges for the future.
Traxler is Assistant Professor and Molnar is
Alumni Professor of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment 
Station
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
,=ar - u .. 'nIalS and turf
Changes in share of farm receipts by six major farm commodities, 1977-1990.
15
J. M. HATKIN. J.J. GIAMBRONE. AND B.L. BLAGBURN
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