"V
k V
*i
4-44~ 
r 
rrr anil 
raa
i rirPE
OF AGRICULTUI:AL IZEARCH
DIRECTORS COMMENTS
I IHIS ISSUE of Hii h/i;'hi 0/'\l ,;iit/oootl Rc-
ol CI. I hdx i the Uttiquc pleasuiie of hei I' iuoduced
uoni rrdel hip a, x cli a, \\ritin the scction n111th vtd~
Ieccd tot commitiit Itx tihe l-ictoi itt N 's LetS tci e
he' ii hx tellit'' \u on v ltiix kd I anm to hte heiectn h0( ltx
cemtei pi tudt I am to he a ilevx iieiihei of the OLtktdodiit'
research team] at Auhuiin Uiieixitx and the AAELS. I ii
resedichi pi oy'lam has achiex ed State. na~tional di. inter-
nautionattl ieeoiltioni lt-~ it, e\Odlncc in war piii alldd
tieittendOUi poitentidi e i'lt, ior furither enh~ancing~ our Ic-
seai cl and dcx elopirteit Ldpthiities in the 
war a head. RUSSELL B. MUNTIFERING
WC otten heuti the ynuextion. \' Wit ix the piroper hahioce
hetxxcell mnic adf applied ie~cedtelt Ti is (lilticult to aiitxxx ei Icatixe \\C die
of teit unahlC t 101 dit ii' i~h hctxx ceo themt on ait\ ittply ohjcctixc ha iti. in mx
O\xx H ieseaiet careei. I'mi eyditple. theie xxas rcdlix iHo xx.tao olkoxx inL cv. ept ont a
Suti iti\ ,Uhieiti xc ha~ix. wxhethet myi piogmii dlcainiii x60 ithIira''e di''e~tioit it
ruomiinant, itdedx oi ei to dx ane I uiiddimentai LiitCii xtaidiio'oi OI oiiiien irOhidi cit
/x ote >x tet (i.., haxuc 1. dfcCiop pr actical and ecoinomitical ted~ilt'pr ii otal> loti heel
cattle and ,peep (i e.. applied),. oii hoth. 'I he telm itt>hdxic dind dappliIed ate pci hap>
mOte appropriately oxecf to dlexi he dppioiehex to iratheri titdi objectix e of Ie~cetil.t
Rather thait dleaf xx ith the yitextiion ol pioL~tam cx elopintt ini toni ofi0 halatte
hetxx ceo ha ic and appliedl research. I helixc e xe ao itore ci eclixclx approach
texeatch prog'iant dceeopmeitt Iroitt the standpoint of >tate''x a, it eclite> tO the xolition
of piractical piohlems facin", people in the real xxoirId. Rexedich conitduicted hx an
lldix ideal ,etentixt xx ithiit ott div. ipline Oi hx a ,maldl grioup Of iCllit in cloxelx
relatedl dfixipline, remain, a corineirxtonte of, scieiitif ic advixattcimttt Hloxx cxri
prohlcm, i l 0doad adi ricoltoire r ttiitiidefa te (C.(-' wxater dfuality. - xlitdiithilitx
o1 the natur al I exonice haxe. etc.) 80(d icitiiie a more iitte''idi "teami oi >x xteltx
apfii lch.
Reeaicii progr'iant> in the futoic xxii iteedf to he item caititi iiteixLipliitdi and1(
iiiteliepdititeitdl in natuire, cxen to tite e\tett of iitxoix inc othe t 'ecmex atd/or inttito
tions. (loxCi cootlittoi xxiii he itecild wxith othtci State A" eniutni al Ex perimtet
Staitiomtx, F- SI) /ARS. ad~ othei Aiahat untixciitiCx to tacilitate note ef leetix e teamn
htiildin11 ad~ a d \ 1 xdtetl duplictiont of' rexeal.ici efor t,. ( 'OnxeentlN . the mdior
dltietioi to excal Lh piogam Liex elopttcit xxiii tot he one of hmiLenc aitong' 0o iintation>
Ot x di lfll> clement, coitpt ixin'' the tern (a, in haxic xci xn appliedI, hot xx hethet all the
Hilee >im f tiictional element, i tlex dot cietmtic (lixcipliitc>. othtci d eik ciittitoitioiit.
anid I \tenitOit Line tepicenitel tn the team and( properi\ I ocuixed on a "ix en pi ohlcm.
Rtmxell B..tiontifet to"
\xxociatc Directol
N\ inter 1990 V~ol. 37, No. 4
A (fiaitetl fx efort of iL>,iirlt puhlkilLd bx
the r\ Lthiutat ' th Igiutii l I \ILt timet
Statioit. Auhuoi it i' cli
D'I 11 St I I y1 ..... ... A oiul i cto r((
& Ldii~o
RMl RitBtIRSIIN ............ S u~iiuct J i
K \ 1f1ft S\tt II _.._1 ..... ; ~S I ILio
I I 'M SA W MI tRI( II: ......... /Ar xi i n '
I ;ditorial Coimmittee: tLoxxelf T. Iiohi~h:
(C/ild lb I /oIi ill: I \\ Rocle ~tel ((ii role
/Pi 0/i 1(0 il A")I dm l 'Il me1111/Ii 10 lilt: S.P.
I ((iiiiuli lsw it/i I rls~o oii i) / t /ii Ali maIl //lt
lc ii li of . ~ on n I ) S aLI m t/ tilly N.R/ I/ l llr
i f 'ittc li /l f iilitii u/ thu~ andi i/ N ix 1(1/(
'' lcY':I.D llLI Ic t/i Pr/I ~ n of( Bwif a tli1 1(11/
MAY> WE INTRODUCE
Dr.i lRLI>lII 13. Niomi11tite it'. xx0It0 phite~
the Alaihitma \''iAC i Unitl F periitteit Sta-
tions d xociaite lctoi Septeitthci I.
I90 He1 F-cLame to \nhti o ft oim N\Ilmta
State F i x r~itx. xxhet e he had ci x red is
\xxociI( taeDirectoi of that ,tatex "reo
tuial l-api intnt Station ,ioee I chn t
As a iiithei ot tite aftuitoixtltix Icaiti
that (fiiecl the N \l S reseailch prim'iaiili
Miltitii tint" xxilif he ic xpoltxihlc for Liex l-
opiti' and imopieentinii' a comtpi ecite x
rcxe axx dil Cx aititoit >x tcniii tot N i
loiitniedl project. He Iwxxill alxo taxe c itel
iexpuitxihiliticx ini thte aiea of cotrctt,~ di
grn t. imox inLt thte dlex eliiiteit of pio
the inili iatioli ofl teditt ot >cieniit, lot
N-ototiteiit' i> a ''iadtate OIth t iixti
>itx oft (alitimtia at Da) ii> 13.S IL ;0 nltl
NIS. 197) adi thte t iiixcit of \iioiil
(Ph.D I190). IHI xx a> on the ! ivtxc itx of
Ketuikx Antittal Scitene lDepaimttet
IL iiitx fi iii'' I 1)50-. xx Item he caitted a
itational aini intcinational leputation fi hi>
resedicit dLLIcipli~hmtttt it tite ar ca of
aimal nuttitoin. li i> haei x ed it ittilci Ott
Icadet >hip poxitiolt> int the ntationt x ieiii
of State Airicultul I >pcritteit Staitont.
I. N[
ON THE COVER. The southeastern blueberry
bee. Habropoda laboriosa, is the primary
pollinator of rabbiteye blueberries in Alabama,
according to research reported on page 4 of
this issue of Highlights.
F1)HOt~' S NOFF t nictioit of trad~e
itlimiL foL' iiot itt(IILalc L'ttclot >LiIILl hx ifie
\tix uCc of peiidci atc, it e\Le > oi fihefed
,iililx ini ie~e.IIL I t iL'd ~o t oil L i-~
lulL iL'iiiiitCttfliit ii lLc ft ate SUuIiiL i>
iipfx pailt i of tc L ILiii) iL iiixec I' Liaioit
iiL'C>>ii to ccL'x t if uer ii I m> tl1 if No
CfiemiL~ xltiiuld he UCd at alex .uhoxec fto s
teteuti ix Qa ila~hlL' to Al fIL'tiltl xx utfout
J. S. Richburg Ill, R. H. Walker, and D. R. Wyatt
NEW HERBICIDE AFFECTS
BAHIAGRASS CULTIVARS DIFFERENTLY
i\( I: G \SS IN Ciinutuil\ teed
B in the SOttheUatlii fior per 1n
cIt Ntnt 2 Nure. hay\ cetieiU purt~xIN
LIilt IUN. aiid a" a I xiotttll Crap
Ho\\ C w\\hen it hecoItteN e~tahli Ihed in
hbet It nti hit\ I eltI. bhhiat UNN iN a
pest thlat I edute icd n t)ulIit>. In
\lahatntat\' tLreutrt l LI\)Ci Ient Station
lest". a new\le hChiide. \IN I\ ha, pio II\de
exeellent cotol ghout -40) dUNs afUter ajppi-
N Uic leN UllL' hUhiiU ra> cuN tI\ Ut N.
AIll. \\hliclh \\U 'rantetl I edeICIN
It Ut Iot in thei Njprit' ofl 1990). iN Ieor
liii IttLILte~ mltrial peracre. In the testN. it
lioN letI exCellent Cotriiol ofhaLthIUIN.
[lut Lunconll d pIL)lat" ol 'what aptpeareto I
he bitide l eCiltiNal Ut N tCttCtl oN CiUll
teti C~iec"N.
Inl the I- pe intent Sttton test, INNo rt e
It.421 atid (;i~ it/.) oii AIIA wieie applied to
I-~r-~ \ od oft Art NlNit i'etitit. PiinsacolIU.
indl Titton 9 hhti aN cutltixas utNI ih
ltai comen d edlt Irates wer usedI~t to de-
tet nine the det!ee of toletantee. All teat-
ittetNi etereli ered inl N olnitteot a ii.
pet acee OtoX-77 nolniontic NuLt tnt
NUNincluded at 0. % h\ ( v ilume wiith aill
trtemitenN. \\ eathiet conldttitins tftt the 66
daUN" tilloitNlt ajpplicatiofns vNei hot adi
drt ih d. 41 in. ofi I UinitIl.
SixtN-Nix dats Naliter trcatmcint. AIlI at
0t.4 ot/. Controlled 99"( ift PensacoIa Uaid
I ilon 9 hUhitlrrUNN. Thete wNi Un o "t''nl ii
til intre" in Cntrttol a tth 0.85t i/. As
tepor ted in the tahie. hoiie et Cl AIN- id-
cit ititi > ;! antl SY contlol ot Ni eCntine
haiihkt'IUN ith 0t.42 indl 0. o/'. pet atue.
respeiv NelIN. 66 daN Nafttet ttreat ment.
Lea Caopy heoLhi itt niinttetett
P~etnsacola. ITitton 9. anid At enitine hihia-
tNNinesed i thtreefld tftil the inittal
ttiurtICtst I eaf CanopI) li'tN ott all
trteet CLIlttI\ ar id ott ti tnteU~e after treat-
mntt waith either Irate ott Ally 4(1 dUN Nafter
trtmcttnt". Ica e Caenopyi hit taken 41)
aind 66 dtIN Nal tet ti eatittnt Nihtowed Niome
A 1 , Il (~i iii -ti i'1 N- It I (JIM
( H ti ix ilic.
T if ton 9
0 .0 .. . .. . ._ . .
0 .4 _ .. . _. . ._ .
\ r ,nt i n
OL.1(11 .......
114' ._ _ ... _ _
i .i .. ..... ....
11ilti. Iaa,, uu
I, DA F 0 I1 6 IN
dlead tiNssue Oin l'einsacla Uid ITiftin 9 tnt-
tIN iN. lIiiieiei a)puoiltclN 6)) tIN N
after trcaitmctnt. te'rotii toi id u ntitle hi-
h iNNas \N" UN ~ nc wtI~ t ith the II 4 ii,
rate. Ieitf cantopy lcie tsI tak~en 41) and 66
dai Nauiter treatmient wiith (005 o/,. NIioitiL
both dletd indl 'i eei tiNsute. aN reptitetd in
the tible.
leiiN ttalt intl Iu ittoi ) ttuit cn N tlto
ohta ied Li li 6 iieck, liter. Hoi iie\ er.
I ca
caiwp ii\ It
411 DA'I (x6 ItA't
In. //I.
eCntitte buihiat UNN tNorie toleratit of Allyi
ITliN reseNchI~ indiceateN the impotante of,
kniiino, wihich cult ii U ot hahia~ii 1NN ,
Mi itl' etl wiheti wttil(( All Reduced el lee
tiN eieNN ian he expectedl witth hi oiter leat
Cutlti a11 N u. N &e , UN\t''etine.
kix hi i ra til ix. N I.ii N\ xx i I'rli .-
Argentine bahiagrass (teft) has shorter, wider leaf blades than Pensacola
bahiagrass (right).
DA I dad1 aIHCI IICIhi Cidc II eI It II I CnI.
S1101 iC1 Whl1111 indiCalC dCalll PI flfLL~
11i\InrC u( dead Mill LICCH 111111C.
kc.n ih :dlrr IICI I'm(IC Ircalnicnl.
Alabama A-ric ultiu-al Lxpcl-imcnt .Stulic)n
J. H. Cane and J. A. Payne
NATIVE BEE POLLINATES 
RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
13111I I lIIt eheri , ha%~NC
heeoiie an im oirt ant Crlop
I hiro Lghout \ laliaia. ('wi-
nciet l pirodtinc li, I ~N iteiet in
I-Ntanlhia ('ouiiii in thle sIIuthi antd ('la
C OMlt nin the notrth-Centrdl pm t ol the Statc.
lUe~pite i o\N iii"
Ipoptilarit> . little NN dN
knov~nalottpoll natIon
N Il tiNl 11ui1 lh\ natl\ e
hcc, utl i eent Coop-
eratiNC eCCUC M ~a ei the
F peimnlnt Staion andl
Frit antl -Irc ie'Nut I al-
Single bumble- 
atnleri 
dhv
bees are efficient iao ltri ie ~N
pollinators of antd h iiel hCCN aie Cet
blueberries. 
teL~ii\e polllinatorsN 
ot
RdhhiieN e hiLuhie I' ~aemNut t teeCC
tiN el\ pollinitedl h heeN that x ihimc the
IoN erN to ieleae pollen. 13eeN hiN er tleii
fli"Iht mnuele, to piotlnee the \ihi ation.
N ie~tdiii an andihie. hi'h-pitehetl hn,,iing
Nountt FlowN ti Not othei Ii nit elilli. Nuch a,
peaelleN. aire I eatlilN liollilitdt bN honeN-
heeN and othei heeN tha~t do not hui// I lov-
ei ,. HoNNei r. pollen-heariing aiithei of
thle hlieheir INM ow~er. like tho~e of toill-
toce. are peenlia ly CoiNiut ted. PloIl i,
hieldi inteirial IN. antI ean onl exit N is pore,
at each anthiei", tip. Pollein jt., out v, heni
IoNNv~r erN div i himed. a, MN a hn// in'r hee.
Niot of the -16 ,peeieN ot, hceN tol Icleeet
at iahhiteN e Mow~e, tliwi in thi,~ ieC,iich
N ei e too unCnt iiion to lie ~i 'nl itant hluie
hei I pollinatoi, BeeC species that ie''nlai-
IN eolCtlultelirN polIle o NohK huiin''
the t lower, a, lhieNivhihe nectar. Notahie
e\eeption, aie carpeintei heeN antI IloiN-
hee,. (a-i)ptltt heeN inN aiaIhlN roh hitie
lieii neetarlh iN elcing a alilit ie (rh x
hole in the I lo' ti and aie ot no N al Lne 
I'oi
pollination. floite hee, pete~ to LIe tIieCC
hole, to aeeev' the hi hnehi N lCtlal eN.
I \ en at intaet Ni ''in llelieri t low~eiN.
,in'le tC loial N NuNt ot I oiteN C lenuiln
Fruits set/
100 flowers
100 
X
CulItiva r
Delite
Climax
Tif blue
Open IHabropoda Bumblebee Honeybee
visit
Single visit by freely foraging bee
Treatment
Bees
excluded
that es petd et Nheii all hCCN aie e t'I letl
tioim a hushl. a, illuitl'dh iNte ''iapli
Inii Ilual liniilleiee' Can lie eselleint
pollinator,, of wiNld ,Indt dth lici lltieli -
IleN. 1Iov\C i. hieeanc i aliiie e ihliei~r
leic hlooiii eairIN in the ,pr iii. 01n1N tIleeln,
NNucih haN e Niiiieiet ON tiart atti e Irolu-
lie, mre lot lieieiliial ). I" aeh lar''e liiiiille
itt tpleeil ieICieneitN a potential I itiiie
Colo~iny tu hundrtlel ol'iiiallei NN oi I~t . lint
onlyN latei ini the Nea~oil. Polliinitioii Cs-
ptiiiiieiti repoirtetd ini the grai ,li h ~oNN that
linnlileliee tlteiN, Caii tI IiCieiliI\ polli-
late i aihiteN e hI tihericie. H o ceN t. thleli
Npai NitN liit thiejir Commerltiial piollila-
tioin N aliie
Filie IIHIt NN thiit Itl.d ,ihIIIt, ailt ct-
Ilnhei ie ie~v~thelnatiN e NilttCN hIi l -
photo). I lieN lCemeitll siiall huiiillelie
Nwoiker, INNhichl are lit~eili latei in the
Naolt I u iee ICC 1 o1<1)10 toON ii 0 IC
diliei N IoleN. Femiales hui n,t I IoVN e
that theN\ \iNit. forinii' tdjilN f(on1 eCI IN
nuh ll i', tiIINtt Ill -I li N~r o(I inII c-
N Nit esie c'il iiicliitetd Ill thle g'rapih-
thiI Iiee haN Coni~nl\III lien aine leict
ipollato II if raliteN t lltieliet e.
Slit, f ie uoluha'ieu n hlnhei iN hee
NNa IN~ li ohiNN not ueeoeni/Ced aN a polli
Itti ttf Itielieii e. it, hio''N\ NNaN, lii
kilovn Rc I-eaedhellimlNc Ninltocuiettl
IhualeN t li'''' iii' Nuhtei iaiteal lNCt tunllIi
1- It. tleeli in NailtI NoiIN. ThiN hiee. like
mIing Nttlitdi N hieeN. lN lint oneC ''eilei atinn
ier C air. Adlt, eiiiei ''ecli i'' Iiltieli i
tloN ei in'' tinleaut arc aetiNC e wo *NeekN.
NialeN. NNhich laN e a pale Niot on thieir
deN. cCi c-e liint midt Neareh tir femaleN
at I IoNN ei .
INN i Neal N of NN eeklN CeintiseN in I ou
tdtifelnt laliitItN in (;eria antI Alahauta
NiIIN that Iemiale Noti tie Nie iilltelil N
hieeN Npeecial i/e on il d antI dtIcieci
lltielie I I oNN eiN oi thleir polleil aitt
icla id Ic'tI U il ike polNd lieeN auth hum-
llelie,. theN ale no11ti aN 1\ to otthei cOil
CuII entlN llo\Nerinu' pilanti thadt Compllete
\ ithl iltielieirieN forh po1linatorN. W\hen
llueliet I u' ie ueina~ aulahle. IloNv~eN eIC-t
halt Noutt~irNii liilu iN hce, tCal tulrn
toh xil< Catkuin, toi pollen antI to etllint.
tN~am~iine. adt i aelx lilull or heach Ir, flNN
fo N nhiiectar.
(~~~~~~ Iui SI)~rit N'ucxrl Si tii.i locl' I
1Iobooiamio Al,1riutcl L 
-pe /t-iitI t hutIiolt
Pollination frequency ot rabbiteye blueberries by bee species.
T. P. Mack and M. G. Miller
LONG-LASTING GRANULAR INSECTICIDE THE MOST
EFFECTIVE AGAINST LESSER CORNSTALK BORERS
Ill .\ K) O\l 
II'I 
f
Li rnlCN Iin c)litil
hmcl LI L( 1Ill pI~tlIN IIL'In
C eIIIL'N d llilI'' Inl L
aIov L(' 13 Ii) lnlL' I~cltl
meanI~ thl inNcc il CILIIaLIc ,
adl I.('13 LaIIIC IICanuIlte IlL
( \ \lSi IL' LIILh ind~icatC, 
n10nk Soil sat
ot tilL dlrct ICIII aI\ IIhIC Uin~C
Iliidc Coi)NN~lII\l INIt theL I'LL tu 00N (
Liontroil agaJinIt iIIlc'NtlioIN, ot LC(1. IC-
and \\a IoN LuIcNNL'lyl the li)IL'cNI lN~tiii'
iII"L ltICid I\ ailihic.
SIl'Cc lICC lL' rc n IIINCCIICILIL' toi pillect
LI1I\ lL'L'v ule on tihL cro.litt IIle' oii appica-
io oIN II Iilhl' maIial dIN iNtil .d Iti I
yull ritica I fhNC I rvvr toIiC kno L'hoIv i)\LI '3
Ion Iu\\hcIe in~t'ic IlIII'Cli tluul LI IL(3CN
''IIllll iina u tioL iiC'I. [H CLLIiou Ind~ L i-
mtiono till licI,iIl_ pIeC tio ,Ind IL' i CaNii
LILI ,Idition \ hlioaNIN LIL' Ll-
dILLI h\r toL o\ \I Stn null\ ofIC
xCIILI Iii u L MHL~CIladlI in-
,NcliciLc, 1''111N1 I,('13, t lL. cw
I \flCrIn IllClI w\CIC Loucl I or'iu 
I
tilled tendL IilueL' Iloull i cllL IonrII It
nple from which lesser cornstalk borers wer c
4on) \l. ,Iii eahI0'LL' 1Odilul I uIIL'ICN .ut
In IlticIL'''lIii L I ~ t IC II L'I l ..iL'AL I) l
Ihi s L m\ii iaI' lI o lii L ' a an II ()\IL oNi I
L'c LI N lc fo I~ 'dnl penuthIL NN mdN Lii cL L
wL'LrLCL apied N N 111111 L',mL plt I rNuIIlNa
L''. l\tlL I 'hlL' If hl lii))nc o L' achi LiIL~ ini
I ' Pi N~
I r'iL'
lic etc.
i/ c
I (
I. N' . Ni
SiH\ I\
t,
I,'v I'
L u, ih ) 4
' I iic 1 1 nrn iI
I ii 4
Ih
0i
I crii l i
A' f
90i N
ii
'7
z
NI
NI NI
N1) N
dctc) i he C rI l oi ~ l
\\ IC ii L of eac Iind 'ctililL'u
dc hi ld L' ond'ILi.Nl tio . ic LIlthei
I) i llce 11 Su"had henCCIIl e\\L'C
oilinCL the ield'II\. (L N\LI
ollected.w, I ma ll tva wule ilLLiCI Iil elC
plcdIbC i i IIIL'. ON,tiN N.up, that
Itllil ulI "\Il' ,1 ' I l toL a depth ofI
lecNedl IhCp iCILl 
'aI INno IIIen uil LIItCn
iiihe Illr th iIaI.CNld h
nu he ofl L'liiNLIL' Iii Nul i l ach IILup ILa.
compare \\ t i.l L'L IhIt Nd1 Na\ \i \ e to (
unrac~I . drelt
t 
''nLedN eIt'Iillllc~\\
Ivlac lulr Ias oi the NNvcl INa uIiN II
NCL IIIICNle Illl IC,.LLL
InIQN1 uit~lI i L'CIIofI 111~a,11 N iN CIIC
tatntIN Cha r(1dlu)) L Iun ,urv1 1-i LIN atI
d v aI e apliNcltion. Ol' INI hl. re
Nuc ~ riaa 9 k lc a pitin
5N NN
N" N')
l /uh111111 .l \ Li luhIul L1/)rir I/l l .S //i 'i
\lziik i A- s 1l11c PIkdc- )I ;ukl
\lillcr i, 1Z"'CIICh A", 'lAtc u( I.nlo -
K. S. Rao and D. A. Roland, Sr.
Too LITTLE PHOSPHORUS IN LAYING HEN DIETS
INCREASES RISK OF BONE AND KIDNEY PROBLEMS
P ROVIDING the correct amount
of phosphorus in laying hen di-
ets represents a serious prob-
lem for the poultry industry.
Phosphorus is a costly feed ingredient, so
using excess amounts is an unnecessary cost.
On the other hand, using too little phospho-
rus can increase the risk of bone and kidney
ments are related to bone and kidney condi-
tions. Urine and blood samples were collect-
ed from each feeding group at time of egg
laying and 7, 14, and 21 hours later. These
collections were made at 3 and 10 days after
feeding the experimental diets.
The analyses measured urine pH, urine
calcium, blood plasma inorganic phospho-
rus, and plasma ionic calcium. The
data, given in the table, show large
Producers are taking risks when feeding differences between the deficient
marginal levels of phosphorus.
disorders of hens. Such health problems can
result in much greater financial losses than
the cost of adding adequate dietary phospho-
rus to layer feed.
The biochemical reaction brought about
by a dietary deficiency of phosphorus was
identified in a recent Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station study. Reducing dietary
phosphorus to deficient levels caused the
hens' urine to contain 3 to 5 times the normal
concentration of calcium. This excess calci-
um in the urine in some situations may
cause severe kidney disorders. In addition,
increased excretion of calcium may deplete
the calcium reserves from bones, causing
weak bones. These conditions reduce egg
production and the productive lifetime of
hens, representing a sizable economic loss to
egg producers.
The effect of dietary phosphorus defi-
ciency was studied by comparing four di-
etary treatments fed to Hyline W36 hens.
The test diets were combinations of two
levels of calcium (4% and 6%)
1 
with two
levels of total phosphorus (0.3% and
0.6%)2. The four treatments were: (1)0.3%
phosphorus with4% calcium, (2) 0.3% phos-
phorus with 6% calcium, (3) 0.6% phos-
phorus with 4% calcium, and (4) 0.6%
phosphorus with 6% calcium.
Results were measured in terms of blood
and urine analyses, since these measure-
'Calcium-4% is adequate, 6% is excess.
2
Phosphorus-0.3% is inadequate, 0.6% is
adequate.
(0.3%) and adequ
phorus levels in th
ferences reflect the detrim
phosphorus-deficient
diets. Differences in
blood and urine analy-
ses resulting from
calcium dietary dif-
ferences are also ob-
vious in the data.
Feeding the low di-
etary level of phos-
phorus (0.3%) caused
two calcium-associ-
ated problems, re-
gardless of calcium
level fed: (1) calcium
content of the urine
ate (0.6%) phos-
e diet. These dif-
iental effects of the
was increased, and (2) urine was alkaline
throughout the cycle of ovulation through
lay. These two happenings may lead to
kidney damage since alkaline urine that
contains high amounts of calcium causes
the formation of solids that may block the
narrow tubules and ureters. This is the first
reported finding of high urinary Ca in laying
hens caused by low dietary phosphorus.
Extra calcium in the diet magnified the
detrimental effect of deficient dietary phos-
phorus, as shown by data in the table. Low
phosphorus with 4% calcium increased cal-
cium content of urine threefold, whereas the
same phosphorus level with 6% calcium
increased it fivefold. This was the result
with third-day urine samples. On the tenth
day, highest calcium concentrations in urine
were in hens consuming a diet with inade-
quate phosphorus (0.3%) and excess calci-
um (6%). These results suggest that hens
consuming a diet containing low phosphorus
and excess calcium would be under highest
risk to suffer from kidney disorders.
Deficient phosphorus in the diet resulted
in hens having lower concentrations of plas-
ma inorganic phosphorus than with hens fed
adequate phosphorus. This is believed to be
the primary cause in stimulating hens to
increase calcium excretion through the
urine. It is not known whether this excess
calcium comes from bone reserves directly
or from the digestive system. In either case
it is undesirable; if from feed it is uneconom-
ical because of the calcium requirement for
bone and egg shell formation, if from bone
reserves it is damaging to hens.
Several factors maybeinvolved inwhether
a feed formulation provides adequate phos-
phorus or is deficient. Among these are (1)
variation in feed consumption because of
environmental changes, (2) natural variation
in individual feed consumption, and (3)
variation in phosphorus bioavailability from
plant and animal sources. Based on the
results reported, however, producers are
taking risks when feeding marginal levels of
phosphorus.
Rao is Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and Roland
is Professor of Poultry Science.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS (P) AND CALCIUM (CA) LEVELS IN DIET ON URINARY CA,
PLASMA IONIC CA (CA++), AND INORGANIC P (PI) OF COMMERCIAL LAYERS
Content' (milligrams/deciliter), by
Measure dietary level of Ca and P
4% Ca& 
4% Ca& 6% 
Ca& 6% 
Ca&
0.6% P 0.3% P 0.6% P 0.3% P
3rd day sampling
Plasma Ca
++
...................... 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.6
Plasma Pi ............................ 4.8 3.3 4.7 2.4
Urinary Ca.......................... 48.7 140.2 64.9 214.4
10th day sampling
Plasma Ca 
+
........................ 5.8 6.4 6.4 6.5
Plasma Pi ............................ 6.7 4.1 7.1 3.8
Urinary Ca......................... 41.6 98.8 67.4 154.0
'Average of samples collected 0, 7, 14, and 21 hours after egg laying.
I
6
J. A. Plumb and Y. J. Brady
DISEASES OF CATFISH FOLLOW
SEASONAL TREND
NFECTIOUS diseases are among
the greatest deterrents to further
expansion and intensification of
Alabama's growing channel cat-
fish culture enterprise. Growth in total pro-
duction since 1970 has come from farmers
converting row crop and pasture lands to
ponds and from intensification of culture
systems. Higher stocking and feeding rates
from intensified production result in greater
production per acre, but also lead to conditions
conducive to increased incidence of infec-
tious diseases.
During 1983-89, the infectious disease inci-
dence of catfish in Alabama was studied in an
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
survey of the industry. Data were collected
from the Fish Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
atAuburn andfromtheFishFarming Center in
Greensboro. Catfishproduction data (pounds
of fish passing through processing plants)
were supplied by the Alabama Cooperative
Extension Service.
Approximately 700 catfish disease cases
were detectcted in Alabama in 1983, but by 1989
these numbers had risen to 1,393 cases. As
illustrated by figure 1, this upward trend in
disease incidence occurred concurrently with
the expansion of the aquacultural industry. The
disease cases included those caused by vi-
ruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, along
with numerous non-infectious problems.
Although the number of catfish disease
cases nearly doubled during the 7-year survey
period, production of catfish in Alabama
nearly tripled. This relationship is demonstrat-
ed by the ratio of pounds of fish produced per
disease case in 1983 when it was 24,096 lb. per
diagnosed disease incident to 1989 when the
production was 32,304 lb. per case. (The ratio
of disease cases was 4.15 per 100,000 lb.
of fish in 1983, but only 3.10 cases per
100,000 lb. in 1989.)
As reported in the table, bacterial diseases
were the most important group of pathogens
throughout the study, but parasitic problems
were only slightly less except in 1988 and
1989. Routine and non-infectious problems
contributed over 40% of the cases early in the
study, but only 20% in 1988 and 1989. These
findings, along with disease incidence reduc-
tion data, indicate fish farmers improved their
ability to prevent water quality deterioration
and other environmental problems that pro-
mote disease development during the survey
years.
Infectious diseases of catfish in Alabama
are seasonal and generally begin to increase in
April when water temperatures begin to warm,
figure 2. This time of year coincides with
spawning season when there is an abun-
dance of young, highly disease-susceptible
fish. In addition, spawning activities incite
some infectious diseases and fish that have
been kept through a winter have lower natural
resistance.
The incidence of disease reached a peak in
June when over 20% of the annual cases oc-
curred. As water temperatures reached a
maximum in July and August, the higher
Disease Production,
cases, no. million lb.
1,400 U No. cases
0Q Catfish prod.
1,200 4
1,000 - 3
800 -2
600 I I I I 1
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
Year
FIG. 1. Number of diseased catfish and cat-
fish production in Alabama, 1982-90.
Pct. of cases
20 :
OI-1i iI I I I I I1
J F MAM J J AS ON D
Month
FIG. 2. Monthly occurrence of catfish disease
cases in Alabama.
temperature had a beneficial effect on the
catfish and a detrimental effect on many fish
pathogens. As water temperatures decreased
in September and October, the disease inci-
dence increased before declining to its
lowest level of the year in winter.
During the 7-year survey, it was learned
that enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by
Edwardsiella ictaluri) was the most frequent
and serious disease. This is a seasonal disease
that occurs when water temperatures are
from 72 to 82?F; therefore, it contributed
substantially to the two disease incidence
peaks during May and June and September
and October, figure 2.
These results showing the seasonal occur-
rence of infectious disease of cultured catfish
offer fish farmers opportunities to minimize
the impact of these diseases through careful
management and properly timed disease pre-
vention practices.
Plumb is Professor and Brady is Assistant Profes-
sor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
DISEASE TRENDS IN THE CATFISH INDUSTRY FROM 1983 THROUGH 1989
Incidence, by year
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
Routine and non-infectious
diseases ........................................ 44 43 38 34 31 20 20
Infectious diseases
Bacterial ...................... .............. 30 33 30 38 40 54 50
Parasitic ......................... ............... 24 23 31 27 28 25 28
Virus ....................... ............. 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
Total number of cases.
.
...................... 703 739 968 992 1,171 1,309 1,393
1
Each case represents the examination of one or more fish from a single pond on a given day.
10
7
C. C. Mitchell and G. L. Mullins
SULFUR FERTILIZATION NEEDED BY WHEAT ON
COASTAL PLAIN SOILS
S del iL leneieN in heawt ''Il\ n oan
l< (n Oahl)N 2lti ,'I ili, 'in ll(\til Ir 1laii
\\ inter limited root ''lol\ h into S ri kh .uh-
S (let IL I~nli in \hleait .it ii litrle Oii NCa.
Si liiiC. 1111k. dl liCtIil~i itO IL liCIil die liot
'.peeitre(l hN the \uhir n L ni\ er '.tN Soil TCI-l
in. I ihoiitol . N3 the (tile S~ Jlet renrie' Lire
ob'~i Ned in the h eld, 'LroNverll' hati Cii eilieid
,ypic I lieljr ''iNel ' nilCoII N I).lIKt
,OIIrILC'. ratC',. dl tittle Ofi .ipplritioni lot
viner Suiii heal INN ii lltl li ,o3CNili. t I \Iier
iltt sio at ~iM o\ loio'.'.e~ SIib.~ont liiir
FIl CCe ,Ourile, of S N\ere C\ ,il~tet~l
I .\Aiiiumri ,rlifte L-l' (Si Iat rate, 11)
'.LIiprl O. III. 3h1 adi 4) Il. S per aere.
I lerctcerlil S ai' do-\. eCtarhle poN\(dei
()1S) .ippileLl .it 2t Il. S pet ac~re.
\''rreiultriral ''\ p'.un (i 10'r S) .1 t Il S
per C.i
NN ei ea.pplired Ltt
plll lt" ll'
I eel e. ''I MIN tit
'.ie4 i(IS4) .
at1 planitin mii' 
Wheat stand s.
hll a t (,54r.
I eeke'' ''IoNN0 tl l 4. tire r ~ICC1ii1CHiir i
tulle f0r no11 imal N tllpdle.rCiI'. I, NN htein the
plant i,. tlulls tlleied hiut ii't IelOre ripid
NNa a' .k'o applied l it IC ee 'ioN tli '.tai'' S
(is')i. .i ''eiirirlntelN helIOre '[ leal,
eriiei''Ce .,I lie npo Iof thre ( SS applria
tion NJ, to CN Itue tire et let 01 a1 lite.
C.ul1 'tiN C S .LIpliIIatilli. SrippIleertaiI Ni'.
totrl Oft_ ~iIll.u pc Icr ;IIi pLirillill' ir thre till
anrd (( ll. N pL'l aeie al (54-l
(IIlIN elI NN Iret NN. IIltLLId ini I9S i MNi d
McL\,air 10 I /)ca l lie aN, lInitL' ini 19'7 lLl
IV" Pi) nt 1
1
1u li, Ni' NNt1liCdi. toul oriiitr
N' lanl S LuullenUitrtil' ini NN hulc' 14111, Soiil
'..ilple'. N eie tak'enitoi I S ini. and1 te'.ted liii
C\lr autahlC ,tiIIl ire S uItter the ,.L'ehndL NCeu
otfr tie Ct.
) ic einCIratein lrepiline io S tertili/a-
Relative grain yield, pct.
105-
100-NS
Planting
95
GS4
90 Z
GS8
85 
E
Split
80
75-- _ __
No S Am. sulfate Elem. S Gypsum
Sources and times of sulfur application to wheat at Brewton.
'lin LXCII itaCil
Irutin. lie
lui''hL''t Nild LII' 'O
bri. pL'r acrL') NNCle
ton in &19)) I Ihe
iLiti \ L l N IL Ci
tINL tNN 3 peal
,Ili iiill it -I
5i4. i"'Ln o in h
Ih Ire h.111 HeIL
lows the effects of sulfur deficiency.
Ldtlion, ItOriLu~o IN eraie N leIIN OrrlN ',rlihtIN
le'.~ than the '.iilite xirreeC at1 GS f. ThIe
.piCiL~tilr ut S it ( .s4 i'. Loii'.'tert \\ith thle
thur lini v hreut it (ini 'iinI \kuhiiii1ai
\A (IeLI\ ini .ppI\ iii' S inl yedl. NNhein S
l~fellerelele IIUN OCCeii llL ie'.tlt ill ''nit.
icdilt N eld and priotit lir'.'. HolN e\ cr. ,l
(iS' aipplicaionur LiuiIILI a,1IN,' a11 S-(leti-
eei C rip. :\' e\peeted. (u Ieduied NrI~ld
potentiail lire tol S Ldeli eee Culd tilt he
\llltiuLli NuIldIL' iliiLt .11 S 4 prO-
ulfiL'L iit, lIipilic ''in jellit i IlL' utt ill
ihintt 4(1 Il. S pei .i~re Nuere ireedled to
p hIdleL' thre ',aiiie iCeIIi~~ L hcu lL Itc i0l thre
ia'.t Ill.S pcrieie i'..([till liteouc '.iIL'N heln
tipIINrl''n NN lit it I'eeke', ''IoiN Ii '.tai'e 4
Lilt Ielp IN ld~ SdL~l rielLN oilniliLNd 'ir'till
Pl iniI'. hate, a, hn-h , 4(1 Ih. S per IacIL
mati he' Irede~ it S I, aippiredI ir plit appical
tion. Idleitrertl S ColdL he .ipplieLI al planit-
ait ( iS4 lIn tlreCe eperiierri'. Nul te tCOei(Iii
nt he I~eLI toi predlct S iritiaior e'ponrL
liiNillN k.( uii'tai P
1
1.ur ,ul'. hutt NN hiile plaiit
'.uinple'. NNCI er eri' l n i idlii Nii S LCeli
\ 'rnnlluu auriI Soil.
1~///r0/r1r . C l r (1iI / li1n L lriun U! SurOuu
g k,
f
tM"" s - J. R. Weeks J. C. French. and 
A. K. Hagan
VIRUS VECTORING THRIPS COMMON IN
ALABAMA PEANUT FIELDS
\irl> i>\ IwiC~fl CLI in ;AlLahanrd. it
ral,'IL toi lilii> CirL' i nL~lil t L'\go in tile
sllid-90" I an~ll>dL noslli recLcnt in (ICIII 'I.
t Ii ill I i\ if' andIC kl\ ii In f\ Cih S\\
ill peadliut,.I1d\C Ciilliiliii uri\ ILt in pilaL-
nutI ,amlli taikcn in \Lthanll..inc NIlL ' t>
>dliiC CLII thlp Ii IXLC I. th Ci Lill~lulltl\
thiL II XI I no t k ituivt i Ii [ct \ Cliii> i
IS~i\\ \
Shinc' lilUaccul adi \\C>ICI i Iii\\ cI thi[I
II\ C h)CCII tilL lItuit ;tdIII nt.Il ,hiiC, C tlLund
>i'niil icdat ,plCead of I S\\ \. i iii\C\ci. C-
\LCck, ,IIIt'I peanutLI Lml~ LCe andL decline
>IldlpI dftl b~ \\LCck,. IL~iIC '. il1,d i nt
S I~u n Iiw " ,'I I' 1,: A[ ]; \
n41
U1)11ri,/
P', r.
S>1
>11
711
5'>
I,
14
t,
7I
II
Ill
in\ilil iic cinC c
I C~t> \\ CIC oL ILLICI-
CIdl ItIIh \\ iI Ci d>> SLI[-
dl till CL 'Il> \ Cl iIc>
I \ C >.IilpiC, \\ C ClakCii
Iirilt CaIC1liplon d ll Ii\ C
I i;'i L'I t llinaL i vvlCLI
1111111 terinaIIl,' liir
luion aCLd Ih iii Il'Lilt
fl dedC >Lv I C". I LIL
L I l l I 'l l ' pI d u l h C-I~ t
il' ,dLI[tCl.
Il>cCL Id LC I cdl-
\\ clt C iliI arI hin )5
I KY .
?
-'V
-" "'i
FIG. 1. Thrips in the adult stage.
Thrips, no.
40
35
30
25
20
Headland, Ala.
10or'
May 13
LI Ii W ILdL\ l in-ll ll A
vxI) liar pra\ tc n~trol I''t111
lhL' h lnt~ trcILL' i
Ill iCLiin CL' i>c onl Ct
'1I
ill"Co I cLL'i ii L'oiIILuL' tilt
lalu1n1
June 3 July 1
Sample date
July 28
FIG. 2. Seasonal abundance ot thrips on peanuts.
Ii
I t>
1
[IL' FIG. 3. Typical peanut foliage damage caused by
thrips.
,uil il
SIutIuttt.t grit lI l /a pchitnl III 'ulIiin
A. K. Hagan, J. W. Olive, and W. J. Foster
NEW FUNGICIDES CONTROL
LEAF SPOT ON PHOTINIA
NTOMOSPORIUM leaf spot
is a common and often de-
structive disease of red tip
photinia in Alabama. Erratic con-
trol of the disease on nursery stock treated
with registered fungicides has increased
concern among nurserymen. In Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station tests,
Nova?, a nonregistered sterol-biosynthesis
inhibiting fungicide, provided slightly
better leaf spot control on photinia than the
registered fungicides.
Daconil? is the most commonly used
fungicide for Entomosporium leaf spot
control on photinia, and on other species,
such as India hawthorne, loquat, and flow-
ering pears, which also are damaged by this
disease. Triforine? and Zyban? are also
registered for use. Daconil and Triforine
were compared to the sterol-biosynthesis
inhibiting fungicides Nova, Lynx?, and
Spotless? for control of Entomosporium
leafspot and detrimental effects on plant
growth.
Healthy red tip photinia liners were
potted in a pine bark medium amended
with 6 lb. of limestone, 2 lb. of gypsum,
1.5 lb. of Micromax, and 12 lb. of 17-7-12
Osmocote per cubic yard. Plants were
watered daily with overhead impact sprin-
klers and Entomosporium leaf spot was
introduced into blocks of test plants.
Disease incidence was measured on a
visual rating scale of 1-12, in which 1= 0%
and 12= 100% of leaves infected. Growth
index was calculated by the formula height
+ width 1 + width 2 + 3. Disease ratings
and plant dimensions were taken both years
approximately 2 weeks after the final fun-
gicide application.
In 1988, three rates of Spotless 25W,
Lynx 1.2E, and Nova 40W and a single rate
of Daconil 2787 4.17F and Triforine 1.6E,
applied at 2-week intervals from April 7
through August 28, were evaluated. All
fungicides reduced leaf spot incidence
compared with the nonsprayed control
plants; however, there were significant dif-
ferences in disease control among the fun-
gicide treatments, table 1.
Overall, Nova gave the best protection
from Entomosporium leaf spot and proved
equally effective in reducing disease at
three different application rates. In addi-
tion, no effects on plant growth were seen
with any application rate of Nova. Levels
of disease control with all rates of Nova
were superior to those given by Daconil
and Triforine.
Although Spotless reduced the inci-
dence of Entomosporium leaf spot, plant
growth was greatly reduced at all rates of
this fungicide. Triforine and all rates of
Lynx were less effective in controlling leaf
spot than Nova and Daconil. Surprisingly,
Daconil-sprayed plants were about 20%
smallerthan unsprayed control plants. Lynx
and Triforine had no adverse effects on
plant growth.
In 1989, three rates of Nova applied at
1-, 2-, and 4-week intervals, along with
weekly applications of Daconil and Trifo-
rine from May 9 to July 28, were evaluated
for control of Entomosporium leaf spot.
All rates of Nova applied at 1- and 2-
week intervals effectively protected pho-
tinia from infection by the leaf spot fungus,
table 2. Leaf spotting increased sharply as
the interval between applications was in-
creased from 2 to 4 weeks. Weekly appli-
cations of all rates of Nova gave disease
control similar to that provided by Daco-
nil, and only the highest rate (10 oz. per
100 gal. of water) applied weekly reduced
growth. Triforine failed to control this
disease.
Nova, across a range of application
rates, gave clearly superior protection
against Entomosporium leaf spot than the
other sterol-biosynthesis inhibiting fungi-
cides tested. The other fungicides tested
did not reduce disease as effectively as
Nova or Daconil, or they greatly reduced
plant growth. Leaf spot control with Nova
was equal to slightly better than with
Daconil at identical spray intervals and
TABLE 1. EFFECTS OF SEVERAL NEW FUNGICIDES ON
ENTOMOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT AND ON GROWTH OF
PHOTINIA, 1988
Fungicide and Disease Growth
rate/100 gal. incidence' index
2
Spotless 25W
3
0.25 lb........................
0.5 lb .........................
1.0 lb .........................
Lynx 1.2E
0.2 fl. oz ....................
0.4 fl. oz ....................
0.8 fl. oz ....................
Nova 40W
3
2.5 oz................
5.0oz .........................
10.0 oz .......................
Daconil 2787 4.17F
2.0 pt .....................
Triforine 1.6E
12.0 fl. oz .................
Nonsprayed control .........
4.5
3.4
2.8
5.1
4.5
6.0
1.9
2.1
2.0
3.6
6.5 58.5
8.5 58.5
'Disease incidence was measured on a scale of
1-12 (1=0% and 12=100% of the leaves diseased).
2
Growth index = height + width 1 + width 2-+-3.
3
Penetrator 3 adjuvant was added to all
Spotless and Nova tank-mixes at a rate of 0.5%
(v/v).
TABLE 2. EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE AND SPRAY
INTERVAL OF NOVA FUNGICIDE ON ENTOMOSPORIUM
LEAF SPOT AND GROWTH OF PHOTINIA, 1989
Fungicide and Disease Growth
rate/100 gal. incidence
1  
index
2
Nova 40W, 2.5 oz.
3
Sprayed weekly ............... 1.0 56.4
Sprayed every 2 weeks ..... 1.8 59.3
Sprayed every 4 weeks ..... 5.3 60.4
Nova 40W, 5.0 oz.
3
Sprayed weekly ................ 1.0 49.6
Sprayed every 2 weeks ..... 1.0 50.7
Sprayed every 4 weeks ..... 3.0 60.4
Nova 40W, 10.0 oz.
Sprayed weekly ................ 1.0 40.1
Sprayed every 2 weeks ..... 1.0 62.4
Sprayed every 4 weeks ..... 4.1 54.9
Daconil 2787 4.17F, 2.0 pt.
Sprayed weekly ................ 1.3 57.8
Triforine 1.6E, 12 fl. oz.
Sprayed weekly ............... 4.1 57.0
Nonsprayed control ............... 7.1 58.8
'Disease incidence was measured on a scale of
1-12 (1=0% and 12= 100% of leaves diseased).
2
Growth index = height + width 1 + width 2 _ 3.
3
Penetrator 3 adjuvant was added to all
Spotless and Nova tank-mixes at a rate of 0.5%
(v/v).
was superior to control with Triforine.
However, plant growth was slightly re-
duced by weekly applications of some rates
of Nova.
Hagan is Associate Professor of Plant Pathology;
Olive is Superintendent and Foster is former Superin-
tendent of the Ornamental Horticulture Substation.
28.2
24.6
20.8
61.5
53.8
56.1
68.6
62.3
56.1
49.1
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station10
R. H. Walker, D. R. Wyatt, and J. S. Richburg Ill
HOELON
? 
EFFECTIVELY CONTROLS ANNUAL
RYEGRASS IN WHEAT
ANNUAL RYEGRASS
is a widespread weed 
that Pry
is detrimental to wheat
production in Alabama. In
fact, just 40 annual ryegrass plants
per square yard reduce yields 19-
26%. Therefore, control ofthis weed
pest in wheat is justified.
Use of Hoelon? (diclofop) 
to Ta
control annual ryegrass has given
promising results in tests during the
past 2 years at the Alabama Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station. Two
rates and four application timings
were evaluated at the Prattville Ex- M
periment Field, Prattville, and Plant
Breeding Unit, Tallassee, in 1988-
89 and at the Black Belt Substation,
Marion Junction, in 1989-90. Rates
of Hoelon applied (noted in the ta-
ble) were:
* 0.5 and 1.0 lb. active ingredient (a.i.)
per acre surface applied preemergence
(PRE) immediately after planting.
* 0.5 and 1.0 lb. a.i. postemergence
(POT) at either the 2-leaf, 4-leaf, or 8-
leaf ryegrass stage.
* A nontreated control and a hand-weed-
ed control were used for comparison.
Wheat seed were planted at the rate of 70
lb. per acre in 7-in. rows and
annual ryegrass seed 
(20 lb. RYEC
per acre) were planted to pro-
vide weed populations. Plant-
ing dates and dates 
of herbicide 
Hoelor
and ap
application are listed in the box tir
below for each location:
Details on weed control, 
Preemerg
wheat yield, and test weight of 0.5' lb ....
wheat are recorded 
in the table. 
1.0 lb .....
Postemer
In general, good weed con- 0.5 lb., 2-
trol (up to 98%) resulted from 1.0 lb., 2-
Hoelon applications 
at two of 0.5 
lb., 4-
1.0 lb., 4-
the three locations, with the fol- 0.5 lb., 8-
lowing exceptions: 1.0 lb., 8-
1. At Prattville, 
the 0.5-lb. 
Hand wee
rate POT at the 4-leaf stage and
1
Rate
the 0.5and 1.0-lb. rates POT at
attville
Planting dates-9/22/88 and 10/22/89
PRE app.-9/23/88 and 10/22/89
POT app.-10/13, 10/26, and 11/11/89
12/4/89 and 1/3 and 2/6/90
llassee
Planting dates-10/28/88 and 10/25/89
PRE app.-11/1/88 and 10/25/89
POT app.-11/22 and 12/8/88 and 1/12/89
11/24/89 and 1/22 and 2/26/90
arion Junction
Planting date-10/30/89
PRE app.-10/30/89
POT app.-12/5/89 and 2/28 and 3/13/90
the 8-leaf stage gave only intermediate (80-
85%) control.
2. At Tallassee, the 0.5-lb. rate POT to
the 8-leaf stage gave an average of 76%
control.
3. At Marion Junction, control was only
63% from the 0.5-lb. rate and 75% from the
1.0-lb. rate applied POT at the 8-leaf
ryegrass stage.
Yields at Prattville and Tallassee were
generally higher from postemergence
applications than from preemergence treat-
ments. At Marion Junction, yields were
lower from the 1.0-lb. rate applied at the 4-
leaf stage and from both rates at the 8-leaf
stage. Variations at all locations are obvious
in the table data.
Test weight for wheat showed little effect
from annual ryegrass or the herbicide treat-
ment. Hoelon-treated wheat at Prattville
averaged 56-57 lb. per bushel, which was
about the same as for nontreated or hand-
weeded plots. Test weights, like yields, were
lower at Tallassee, a reflection of delayed
harvests caused by excessive rain in 1988-
89. Test weights at Marion Junction were
similar to those at Tallassee.
Results reported indicate that best control
of annual ryegrass in wheat appeared to
result from postemergence applications of
Hoelon at 0.5 lb. a.i. per acre applied to 2-
or 4-leaf ryegrass. Equal control at the 8-
leaf stage required the 1-lb. a.i. per acre rate.
The 1.0-lb. rate applied preemergence may
haveadvantages foruse in the BlackBelt area
because of difficulties with postemergence
applications on sticky clay soils of the area.
Walker is Professor and Wyatt and Richburg are
Graduate Research Assistants of Agronomy and Soils.
GRASS CONTROL, WHEAT YIELD, AND TEST WEIGHT As AFFECTED BY HOELON USE, THREE LOCATIONS, 1988-90
rate/acre
plication
ming
Prattville, 2-year av.
Control
at
harvest
Pct.
gence (PRE)
.................................. 93
.................................. 98
gence (POT)
leaf .......................... 93
leaf ......................... 98
leaf ......................... 85
leaf ......................... 98
leaf ......................... 80
leaf ......................... 82
ded ......................... 90
0d .............................. 0
Yield/
acre
Bu.
Test
weight/
bu.
Lb.
58 57
61 56
66
63
70
65
69
68
68
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
57
56
Tallassee, 2-year av.
Control
at
harvest
Pct.
Yield/
acre
Bu.
Test
weight/
bu.
Lb.
Marion Junction, 2-year av.
Control
at
harvest
Pct.
Yield/
acre
Bu.
Test
weight/
bu.
Lb.
92 55 50 86 48 46
96 54 50 95 51 50
97
98
86
97
76
91
83
0
62
59
50
54
53
50
58
47
50
50
53
51
50
51
50
49
93
93
83
88
63
75
93
0
52
52
52
38
47
46
49
38
51
49
50
44
49
51
48
42
of 0.5 lb. active ingredient per acre = 1.33 pt. Hoelon 3EC
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
11
M. C. Craig-Schmidt, T. A. Powe, J. A. Johnson. and H. C. Chaung
FISH OIL IN INFANT DIETS MAY BENEFIT LUNG
DEVELOPMENT
(Ilitift utIN LIoCd theit iiiI untN N\itli
eloll INv eri 11to keetiheii hcalh.
I3ui thadt p aCt b.C \\ Cii the \\ MN ot
rea cr fin i n uit iftllilhilc,. \l)\ theie iN,
oi l intt lIol itlta fo ai dii I ICI enA kind ot
hcalth henetit.
Fish oilN conlitaini omitid ' attN aridIN.
Midt ,mallI amtthunts Ilf ilie~e ariiC Cnet ini
hrca~t miilk. I hu'. nutr itiist, hanx pro-t
Ire~cd that IA Nhluic ot' Ihe fAttN Licid, hCi
addedt to infanilt formla.l~ 'I hCNC 1.m~tI)ouittL
arc heliex ed to pA lt CnNe~etiaI roile in the
LICNClhtlhil' CN e~i'ht ofl intfint,. hut the
renlt iitCt iN in thiitlctin'' the hcailith
UmittC'L tIM aciN ini ihI oil hayi c the
piotenttial to ,ci Nea, theldpeutie a''eit it
coithaitiit'' I epiiatol\ N LiNiNCa ini the ncvc-
horin. In Litit ad~ othet I C~pit athoi cli-
CAur . e\CCNi \C aimhunt, 01 C.himpihoiun
anc A_ ini the
he heott oiit to
thei frt tt Si-
hon n hieN AN A
itoidel tfor Ihtu
milnt Statijoin ha,
i~h ol t ni the Newborn pigs were used as the modet for studying the effects of fish
oil on infants.
01L I I. 111 I
iliioiiiho\aniiie \ Lid otthei eieoiaNiioid it
the it'' Ness horin lN 5eie etuoeit AN the
csthimittothl ainimaol heCitoe theii phc ,ih
1
-
hiC' i, NiilarIi to thtiit h um ItiO infint , ii ini
iiiint nrrpe~l i.
1 t s lsc e al ptiiho
Percent
150
135 Corn 
oil
120 114 Coconut oil
100 100
90 
! Fish oil
60
39
30
7
0L
TXB2 6-KETO-PGF1a
Effects of dietary fish ott, coconut oil, and
infants were compared in the Auburn study.
CalledI eieiiaNiilt aii ephiodutced~ bN the
Iliit"N ()ie it thee. itiliithoLiie A-
eiuNeN, ild~inL 15it fi the Lii in i tthe
itH', N.u tttiN aukin2 hi eathinitthmire dillf
etilt. tII liitt''Li3 ltht acidI I o\h idedt in the
Liet Coiuldt Icc prteetduintion lit thi hth-
(tir CC o I ac iitAof i i
totii tineir,) 55 eie AN
Ni'iocd at I diN hit
scto one of Ituie
miiilk-hIONcL LIictaiN
so li itt Co i oil.i
tai.n Ii utof oL-~
"( AN CorI il i I to pro- i
tiAt fattN AL it,.
corn oit on lungs of ehuuNi Iheciuse its
Coniteint of lutuoteuL
acidt the dicuu N Ihieui N oh it iel N ih.
iN Niimilii to tha~t of, t i~tl oilt
3 F~orml Ciiinig 18 OfiL xt'd aNLI i i
tf u'seh oil eoitt tanl to(i ai Nor toil.
ss i eCiittiierhlt l fcitLIda', ieiuiiiteiAiin,
to pi oduiee eiCOhis iitit. t \s eieotNlnoiclN.
ihi oiiihozine \, and lithsitcetlit. wNei e
nmeauiredt in the iiatkeii efoirmi Ithioiuic\-
line 13, aind~ 0-keto-prio~tu'Iandtit 1.( ie
I r leets o1 tecin'' tiNh oil wseie ex laiti
eti hN Ciipajinii lit''eie anoitt phrd~ut iont ini
the tishtilu tieaitiiteit \00that ini aimitl,
tecl tNjititli LI ohiitiil-comiitit dtietN. L N
it A \ Ate otf 100))l heeot itoil diei ioup.
priduetioni oft the i\\ oi eihc iouniLIN 55 ;tN onl\
30)1, lnl 7'. ecpeetis etN . w5hen fitsh ol
\\ aN, fed. W\ith C.1khnuit ouil ini the diet.
prooductioni oft the ims ieeiiu~NdtictN 1 3I
hunl 1 1-I.4. a, itiuUrtihie in tthe g'apth.
R'e~ultN hit tttlN rieaehiit e~ta.hli~heI thit
hut'I eiehiaNhiitt pirhduetihin Cani the mitiu -
tilate~ th\ tthe etiue oit dietzou N faut. Fo .ui n
intalt Nut teiH it ro tieitt irliathuiN LIiNCaNc.
he heutet rleA tierAiNe thu hii l\aiie hiroi
ducioiih N uippieN~eL. ThIe duiietilui ot
\\ hethetI t'i~t l Nuithlhletahtio is IIheutet
Cial io tthe IoN ei ll heit toli the itft .i
Itoss N ei. haN it Net pecin hiiNS eiret
r1--1)1'Ii.-~c~cPoc~no urto
lIlcnciiuuu ,1i /l turil I X/)oimtt .Slaiouu
D. R. Brown, D. J. Eakes, and B. K. Behe
MOISTURE STRESS EFFECTIVE 
FOR HEIGHT CONTROL
OF VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS
I II N CiONSt NIL Rs Iop for
W cetahie ii an~platt. the\
teind to pietet >ttallet . mtore
comitpact planit,. ITo aehice
tii ideal phtti ,11e. pi od11eel- 01' \ e'etahle
hi tit iciilattti . lDanuinttzide B-Nine )
\\ a> a c~itommo eltoie until recent lapel
cliaite, pioltibited it, n~e lot- \ e'etabl
ed 'o'aei heloices hti irtt\ iii t ulatioi
arid iteiea~ed tite teed lorltei nati e> that
Se> eta riiepoirt, h1a> e Prpi tte the u~e
01 ttttttIttieC ,tte> a, alt alterltlati\ to
tmottit ofl moitiie a> ailible to the plant>
u i~ov h i, ,>tnnted but Plant > tual yiutl-
it> i> not imvpatired. Since little inf ormnation
eottipattitl tht, optiotntothte applicatioin ofl
,to ib-ie'ulaitv xLibtatt.e, v a>
aailall. ait Alabtitta \''itetl-
v a, eortducted to comitpare lii-
toteUtie~ to B- Nitte a, a imeait, ot
heohi contlt oil t\ o > e'eiable
tiait~plait>inl I oeoittttoitl> used
eommitieal media.
I tilni11 itPhu'> of 13g' Boi to-
til~an id (alifliritia \\onderch pe
c weire ti attplattd itto eel I
pack, (48 eel> Pet tra> ) otn Ma>
15~. 1 990( . Cell pack, cotai ned
either I atald #3. a pctpttte batrk
eotttllet eal tttedta n1i, or Pro-ii
NIi\ B\. a peat:pcrilite eomtnie-
eial tttt\ P~latt "C- eiePiodueed itt
a pttl\ eth>n letie reettlou~e
etynipped ith a tIan aid 
padl utol- The
It ettilieti ineluded 1rnoit1iie >11 e>>,.
tvo tate, of B- Nine. antd a eontiol. Mo>,
tuttte ple> ait> ere alto et to > i~ihl\
It het eeit it patittit> vv hile thte tettaini
itt', ti eaileit> i eeet ed irr tatioti to mtain-
taini a ttttttt m1edial >tiiIaee. B-Nie
tteatttt ete applied unttil t titll ( ot
dip) at late, ot 2.500( and 5.000t palt 
h> ei
miion (ppIl~ twth P~ letn plait> weire at 
the_'
4f ii neleatlta'e. If he 2.500 pp.m.1 B-Nine
treaiitetnt a> applied aaiit w eek, altel
the f iat applicationit All tieatttti eie
initiated oni Mia> 22, 19(0. Ott Jutte 15*.
199011 plant hetItt and ittet iode intiibei
Mlttii t e>>es r edu..ed Plant hen lit liii
tutiiiitoe> ettitipatet to the other heiel eon-
tr ol tricatmcttnt> . Motii e-> I e>>d 0titta-
tte> 'itt>> i i the I alard mediumt tad a 1I
reduitont it ten lit .uiiipaied to ite 
t O
applicationi of B3-Nine tiealiteitt oti ?.5it
N~pi\1. bot ttoniue>ite> wtt13 Itt a ilteo
alitit I5, whten Compar et tt 5,01) 1).11 1 
1.
B- Nine all cotriol plat,. Notie tl ite
truleti al lertte the ttittiet ofl nide>
Produced peC plalit. ('ttllueitln, plai1t>
tN pe. t\\ o application, of1 2.500 f
t 
lit. B-
Nine piOditeed the ,hltitiet platt NIit-
tule-,tie>>cd plaint, VA-ete't and 15'- tallet
ini the VFalarc anid Prot -Mix ,oil nltivc>. Ic-
>flC)tt\ el\ comitpar ed to the 2.0p.P vi) ii
13-Ninc plant,. 1, o ith toittatoc,. the itti-
bet of nodc, Pci plant \\ a>, similar aitoite,
trcatmit, thai r educed plant hItet
nittcne i i, a \ tahle aliernati\ e to ite
u~e ot B3-Nine for lii-ht contiol it \ e-,eia-
hie ti attpktt Hovx e\ eitite elleti \ ete>
01l itoi~tui e ti e> i, dpeitdeitt nipoit the
tmedia aitd ,Peck ue>ied. It atppeai, that
itttti~tutere w>\ill lia\e t s'eater Iteillt-
erLttirl, etitetti> nt\i in ittedia that hi' e
pooti w\ater-Itoldi11L capaeit\. (oidei-
attoit oli tite xN i Ititi'' pi oe> of eac h plat
>Peeie> aitd the w~atei lholdiigt capacit\ otf
the Ll-o\\ th iiediuin i> e>>etial lot >tt-
effect of moisture stress compared to other types 
of growth regulation on vegetable plants.
in treatmiet> that r educed plait Iteilt tad te>>l 
i ceo thi~teeliiiue \llu\> iii'plait>
a Inl lei tattop>. to 
he~loivie too wilted to teh> diate Couldl
Nolliit uie> ~reduced lit'lit ol pep- te~ilt ili 
,C>IrC tea lo hi> iiPlait death.
per Plait, Fiv 1t1i in the al aid ittedin b>
I (t% . 11(t had little effeet oil plant> ,to> ii itt 
B I1 \ tnmt.I
the lrO-I N lttdtttt. Re''atdle>> o1 ittedia 
Qnll tlih c ,it I ii t'10t>..n1 ot 10LuC
1!(1/)( 1/11( 1 Ar-ir111nu"nl E.X/wl-i/11c'/ 11 Slcuion
D. I. Bransby and W. A. Griffey
CREEP FEEDING PROFITABLE ON INFECTED FESCUE
RI NSf IA S tri )liiiLiiucleliN, Cv
irepicci oi iiirnh\ lot hc
pill itibic. iicpei'iiil, o ,LiNchl
Iad~l ii i i cr p iit. ia~i llC NpecicN. hi cci
of tattic. andi tiimi ot \ cai. Ho>\ iir. a
SiM1,iitu di\ wiidiictciilhr pi ii tlci C oiti
cicip Iccdii'' \ aN pi 01itaihic on ihlccli
I C1CIIC
ilihh paItii c o ~ntaining cic ii liii ii
(IL1 fO>tiel rdL li iniiC Ni 01 _ck a~C,
cucht NiliiiiO' i(iicN lIC in thU asu.
iici ll i froi ci'dO to hi\ Nt the til cf thc
Il u'iiiin iachi ilhhlti'ii e infeNtidcwith
Iien it ~ p, Ii IIw iiC ,i I I) I I
iicni \\<t a> aci ii\ iiiatu IlIcic
(licl, aiid tIlCicii \avC \n'nNiol
Api ii Lil I ~i'ninL in \ii'Li~t cash iiscai.
Ci>rv a 3Ct(Iiiii nilthiN pciio(] I hc "i a/lll
peiodl \\ aN Ol I\ Ci aic. 1 14 da\, N ()ic
pai~tuic of ech NtiiikiiiL iratc Nerri a, tt J
conitirol in Muiich anliml werci aiIO\\i'i ac-
(CNN toi id/ii", oniii. In a NCC~nd iiil tic 01t
cai h t0cinii I at. cai>e wN \ i allimtcd
aiiCNN~ to NbcI1I coirn in a iccp I CcdCI
iltitioLiut the ! azin peiod. No addi-
tioiial piotcin \\:a pio> ii. andi a iccoid
paI~~Lii c wh iii] contineiidi a i Cl ICC(ici.
RCNuL I ari )C p ,cciiid inl the t,11ic( h
hcni'i Frntio ciccp icciIL iln IiN,() lau ill
1 99)(. -\>ci aciiii ini \lG Iolcal> cN
dccica~cd NJiLhiki \\ ih iiicica~cd Nlockii-'
iriIe' but thiN ic~piiii vv\\aN Nuih i iii'
Niiidhiic~piic ilic c\ticliicl\ hiuh Nioi kini
Thic~e hi''i toi kin'' iateN w\Cie iiidei po)Ni-
1112ii a ih\ > A iM HIi' I~li Ci to aiiiiiiiiii ini Iall
iiiic. Ni ckiii' rateiif I .O1 1o I . co\ -cal l
ii v i Iv1) iI A1 \ v) ( I (i \[ PI \t i w
1i211i
Icc(i
it ti.
kc llI by 11 .( m - 1 pl u IC
1I 4') i k, 1.4ii
Gai peN ace ii
1 I1il0 ', I
Nillikii' duNr I uN ilicicncc ill lnot
iliii'i Huth a, iNNitkiilt ratc inciciNcil
Iniuakc of ccp Iccd i> ciia~cd 4.50 11). pei
hicad pciar i ai> l Io iii 1)I chan'c iiiuch
ariil))i' Niockiil'' IratiN \tii. iil~C iesult,
arc Nuiii 11 bi riathcc ~ it iuhit he c\pCuCtd
,pNI~ui to cicep icciiiu ihtai al tihc Im\\
iicaiiicihiN. Atth il ii\cNI Niockiii' i atc.
ciccp IcciHL' icriiitcii in a -I-U'; iiiiica~c ini
p'iil pci acic. >>Iiilc at thic iiict Ntockiii'
lic till id> aiihIiiC 3\I 4' . aN N1ioh) in i
the tiblic sitiikil'' raic uN)) i iiiecwd
IalIrii' pCcI. r'N iilpmitioii. \i lov Nioik-
hc in he' I3 dNN iiiH i' peio. th
O0 -I h.-p~ day ad>v anta''c iniA \I i ii
\ dci h\ ciccp Icc(Iiii' iciiilci in a 71 l1b
iii caC in cainii \>ciilht I 'cici Icedi
iiiii~ciiOn dato \\, SO bib. ciin pci adi-
tioiial pouiiid Al ''ii Cr c iii INaiiuid at
Sti) pci toin I S .24 pci bulii i. Kh iO~i pei
adiiiiioinai poiiini o1 'dii honhi Cuccp LCcii
iii' \> ouiii hC' 34C. Liii ibciiioi'c. it \\>aC~id
calvec aic \ luriici at 5 I pci pound. ciccp
Ici'iinL'' ini IhuN cypciu t iiicii>Oiiii iia>c
incica~cii iCI icllil to liini. Caii1ii. aiui
Iiiio hK 540.80pci bcaii it ciccp ccii
ilIi' iiad hcciu Nfaiti ici cilici, lic hncii u
iiii10ii ila\ C hrci C\ c i 'catci. Basiedi il
illii ii'Niiii. CCOhituiiiii iproNclN lt"
cirilp ICC(iii' oin iiiCtcri Ic~cuic paiN
liii (' loiN alii cti\ c
') liranhv i, 1'1"lr,>nl ill \_1,111,1111v :111,1 ""Ilk :
Ill Gri llr i, Supirinlrnclrni O( Ihr l'ph r (l :nla
1'1,1111 Suhl:uilln.
I htb(Imu :I",') -I( ulnn'11/ L:v/)c rim('II/ SlUIIOII
C. Oberholster. D.I. Bransby, and W.H. Gregory
ADVANTAGES OF GROWTYH PROMOTANTS CAN BE
SHORT-LIVED IN STOCKERS
GROH P~ROMOTANTS 
ate
in onut~nuSCin the beet in-
dLi Ii N andi haN e iicl~n1
"taN L di'' llyiN lA G ''altc i ftd
loiN. Hoccr c an \eiam etiII ral
I xpei intent Station Stuidy at the E.V. Smith
Re"eaich ( enter. Shoirter. indicated that
Iii. ad\ anta?'C of't v th NN pi utints can bc
"pornt-liv~ed ini Ntocker"
I le Cxpciniental Nile NNaN located on a
lolici aicl\ to poorl\ di ained I ood piain oi
the I Alapoa Ri\ et. .Sixteen tieldN \x hicb
aN eia'ed ala ml 2 acr es Wcerc pt epaicc edor
Needin''in tall of 1987 and 1988. Mli\cd
pasturic ci Boncl i ye. laithall tyr''aNN.s
aiid McNair 100) \\heat \\c ,cieclcdd at
r ate" ci 45, . and 45 lb-. pcr acre. irc~pc-
ti\CI\. All pa~ilieN" \Cc tcrtiliicd \\ ith
100i lb. niti ccii( N )pci adc at )lailtinL' ini
the tall and 50 lb. N pci acrc in Match.
lPhosphiorliN and potassium wN cie applied
ini the tall accondin''to Noil tc'4 ieotciiiei-
dation".
lxpei mental animl Wcc e \n''n and
\n''nN, X Hercloid Steeir". lcii n'' w\intei
tite"e aimialN N crc fed ha\ aind a Lr'i ii
rate. Aft iciii'lit ''ilin' ini tall and \\intei
w\ith SNihpluN aimial" the eyperiitceit "tart-
ed \k, hten pa~tnie 1''1-0N\ ith in Spin ii''\\a S l-10
in. tall. Ieh av cia'c vCi''ht oi N"eir" NwaN
6417 lb. \\ heit 'i/in'' Ntai td. Pa~tlieNce
9a,'d fori 9)( and 76 daN N ini 1985 and
1 959. respcciyNcIN. and animal" N Wcrc
\\Ci''led~ apprimlatcl\ Cy ci 301 daN N.
I icattentN in the NtudN inclutded animalN
vi~th cr i thouit at Staildaid eai implant (36
milli 'a ailiN t /ci aiil 'H oN\th frtoinwtaii
at the Ntart of ''ia/in'', and Ntockcid at fouii
leN cIN. 1.2. 3. and 3.7 Nteei Npetact e. StecirN
W\circ not riimplanied dliiin' the stuid.
A ctll(ilN held N ic\\ iN, that 'H ii% th
pi ilinltanN arc likely to be morce ctleetiN e
vv hen alnimakN ar e we ll led than w~hen nnti-
Ciit" ai c limited. ANoceiated i mpl ications
lit 'giazin'' Coinditions are that the inet-ca"e
ill Calii c ati"Ci b> iy ac t ''rov th prcin-
,ireater at IW N"lock-
ing' rateN" than at
hi''h Nlckiit' rates.
[IlINeycr. in thiN
StiidlN thcic e NaN ino
eN idence 
1
'iNh at
tirend ini Cither N eai
ADG)( data pi esnet-
eil in the table are an
as ei aLe I. acrNN all
Ntoctk iii' irateN.
3(ki\a period,. '/cr-
anol prvi dci a
0 .49- and 0 .45-1h.
incircase ini ADG in
198)5 and 1 989 re-
The use of growth promotants resulted in only limited benefits for
stocker cattle.
Npeetis el N. O n ak ei i'ce thiN I epi eCeitted a
I m' increase in ''1aiii I lossescir for the
Wshole 'ian'peioil there svs noi clear
diifierence in ADGC beissen aiimlN that
\\Cr eim planitedl \ ili "/'d aitl andi aimtalN
Wshich sseie lnot imiplanteid. 'I'N i meaNs that
than conitrol aimalN in the lattet part of the
fheic Iia be\ e cial ear~Nlou - the
Nhort-ils rc ep)Ins to/cauol ini thiN NtndNy
lii t. therc i>, Nsome e\ thence lillil otherc
ie"Ccl that iitillaitiii' ilor a "CNetii or
thurdtimeiiotleilnot a~ci ettis eaNthelii Nt
implant. I'herclocc ii the cxpi mental
I 'iI llo I %" Ie \\ i I II' \ ,
NiG hi, Sc;in ''II Il''~
I rcai~tcni
1988
1989
NO /rio ..
I'anl ....
2sa a.
I iri Ni N\ c Ip'I. i
;U &1v \ cI Io NI
iinuailN useid iii thiN Nitiii tail beCit pit's-
Il\ implanicil. thiN ii'it h\ ec limiteid
thec ci tect i\~C" ofN c the expcrimncntal im-
p~laiit". Ho\\ceN ci. nI pii es chi edoiu \\ ec
a\ ailable ifr thiese aimials betau"NC theN
ss cie phi chaseil fro slt ale \ ai u.
SCiOIIil. ie~nltN illim ICteit NtlidieN Nt''-
''e~t that ieiiiplantaioni ailer 6(1 das N iii
Nteadl oi the i90(ilN petiod i cconiinenilei at
the tiniie the Studyiils c onidcted)II i eceN"
Nai N tol iiaiii/e fcctiyNceieN of /et aicl.
I inaliN. the iclati~elN hi'gh dailN ''_iinN oh-
Nei s c ini the ir t 30) daN pcioild (colipai eil
tol the sshole perid) imip that comipei~a-
ltil N'' 1155 th anl/oi iiIlet eneeN in 'Lit till
iiiay hasc hcben ins diNcii ini treatmient il-
IC c ci e
lRc'aileNN ofi the reason fcr the"e ie-
Ntilt", ti Ntu(ii NlicIVveil atclii~Nt patterin
in ii' tss 0 Neparate 'iazin''1 NcasNcti tisine-
iliicient aimaii~lN ini each N e. IThiN ini-
i~h 0cIiCN that tltcri1,I a IItCil for inirther i1Ccaicl
I Nil Ion the CcilciseIieNN ol 'i Iiktl pi cltctaiitN
3.I I 'IM uIiicr ''riin'' c dition"i aiii the ei lctiN e
1411 ~ c" oleN rcIieiiiplaitationi aiter 61) daN N
Ilrc ('itc
Alahama I1(;r-icII11If r-al H slaliolI
G.J. Keever. C. F. Deneke. and C. L. Browne
ALICE DU PONT MANDEVILLA RESPONDS
TO GROWTH REGULATOR
ui ,Cl \ m\ n I NIv it. n1,i~ Itiii hUNti
uiii N tc N f iic aI n tN im t N tc Cr.Li
\hC cnut Itla~ iiily i, aII iN tiIu%iNii
# rI blN. aN Nccnl
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\\ hih iiicltidCN
=f, I N, i ncN ailL
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PnhitiiiN I, it.Il
Alice du Pont 
mandevilla. 
heiplnaCnd
t\\Me rO~d. \ItIO LI iii r~IC it L
NN i, iiitittitLdLI ini ihc C.Xii I 90 ,,ItN it haN
Lit.iU IitinL iI~aiii ti l iiiiu PO u tICliLtu IOuh
ini iciipeiate rio~in, oi thc t isitced StaLN.
, iiiiiiiiui ni Nuci of ttN ~ lan t PiN cICon -t
itii ne to itCi miauukiet d~lciiildN (inuliiihhCu N
,uC pimarilyuu ihtci C~tcdi ini inlaiiiihlc
tCiciiCN iiiuiIhl~Nl. OPC I it C inLc ' llilNt.
iiNciuvr tiI~Iuhtl\ Cotiiid wNith C\LCNN
tiuihi iili i ildn i cva ti ut C ~UOuutI li ul h
vifLiit ittuim N tihe lnN N r tc ii ittnN i t, u
Il vCrih c atihiilct wo l he~ ci i luiCtN advn-t
Height, in.
100
80F
in 1981~ ). rootcuitL iiO Alice
taineri Of it iiiciidc( 7 pine hiirk:I
nd liidiuiii. PlilnNLt, Li~r Pruned~i
iiplie ic nd wel rei I CI iii icd NN cck-
I(1 () IcritIivci. cat
wNhicihiiit e lltv ci diiimicic iiid diN
I ov C wer ci cici iiiicc
icijidcd~ iloNN il C\Lei~i~irl\ Iti ai Ic
N\ ccNN. afti MN iichi Planti hc, ii ionC
Ical Cupiiii. LiholiN LI lttN i im. and~ icdil
hlooiii NivC.
IitilL tiif ()ii i iii0ii. rti '_i i~pNN Su
\\CI-C ;iPilicdi Th liti n N appii l iiicaition
treatedcvi ifh I
1 
(i)iiiiii or 15~ i p ~l Cn Itoi rii
inomllN Ini tihL NctttiiL Lylc t iiiii
p.p.iii . iciiimiin \\CI-C iCcCi iN iincN
wNhcun )luit, i thin a i citUicni (ratei
,niilLL I noma it rn~ iiiii NNii iili i.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849-5403
Lowe/I T. Frobish, Director
POSTMASTER-Address Correction Requested
60
20
*-0
02.5 p.pm.
- 7.5 ppm.
4<10.0 p.p.m.
-3-12.5 p.p.m.
4~ -15.0 pp..
-+-17.5 p.pm.
-A20.0 ppm.
-x-- Control
V0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time, weeks
ght of Alice du Pont in response to multiple appli-
ions of Sumagic.
r.lu Cotro ofi ctii\rnd ci CillliuNzion W~liitih iNo
icI tiiitf . lL tiNd 5 . .l i e ci N ii i ct ccii
IiihiN Clonttiiliutt. Ite licun iii ciicui l iit.ii l-
iiiN 0 tiiht aipiihcccionc l ItCIdc 'iI, iO i ttll
hihil IliLicN lli. i l u p C ii.iil l ih i n itti ii
re it n in th N A" th Ciii Cnro N Of
NON-PROFIT ORG.
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
PERMIT No. 9
ABRALA.