a4 I, 4 / / DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS if1 \ \(;I" IS N IA ) ) \ \ Iitl 1s ti iiti iffi tN tIN ini Ill m il lif - C tlN il N~ adi fill OtiN ( )iii i~liitn' ifitall s tIN tii rc i " ('N I c it INc i and' lilt 1 N w 1111 Nt Illt tot to. Inii O( tiu flt)S~ I t'\fct iin (" Ni if i t IN it tillv joi ' lt Nii t i l l n iiation11 of t IhN t(f (ii'11 I(f la',itliii li ,itctnui ;i t sens of i~tlli it n.\i IN ,i it I t is tith~ tis nii (,\\ iiNiil i i t (ti n r til t * N I ,1 ,i i111 as l ii i h rIt l i ilit ast it i t i 1 ( 1(i IN ih t tlb m tri li ltni ti I It cii fn iii Io t t iiit ttit ('ill cr it il th i 'iisac o dk .Im m op rtr i li arcit it 'itittii I l ttailt t . iui\ t t( t ,kiii an M chi't (l 1ll 1t ii c ut i iii tt ii tlart'icrs it'l irfrll ro " h n itf a rS t~itN o tou Iu tls it u ri til l lii _ 'lit N a ras liioc r~r ciropt lit in it' iii lla b1) tiN pI 1 ii e it on iiofit lcltr rs i tlt'r i nd t ilit cl i c1tiltt each t i4 . ii dnc ~-ui d it c'ii 1 N iii itd I- li itit' Jo i the liiI ihtit t ,i t i f)tlitl ii N itt it tilt tir ti l tiI ci posiititIiNiti i t lconom t' i s dectlii ng il ii it ititt hiis INt fItI t tit e I I I 'NN N i ,11lt, in u tilt I t a ftl ' Nli)111 tN i N t l N itd tnto iii ' tui 1 iiII liili Ii 11111 itslo tiiI .1ii i'I k ti, iii Iin n I t'll i oi* N 11 ItIIi ii tN i tl II iii iiti ,iic in titifoi tlN i -i'. fii3st fiti g N It' tI itN f)i ;t lt abN-t Ii tl~'ii ititil fi'ft i 1 \anc iii ,It ;it t ibtti r iiN (ilt'aiii4N IN i11 tilt fiillt II ittii iNS t' it t' tilt i itit i ti'hu ts, iiittittl)nii~t Iit 'flli NI iii -c till itit lilt'ng dov ll ate 6tewdace I 11 II Ii I ),ii NG) 't( Ili NI ti Inca' iiti - i it the 11 1 1tit L oco 11i t 11 14);/ It i I t liii Icca til Xtiiri ~ IIt -Ii Iattle f ci" t , ,- to iii, it, pro ii)lc it tlah Ii Ii I i Il ~ ii ca tt In n ~til ti I I( f iftili ti N l~ft It ii liiiit t t il it lt ii I (, t o ItI it- ii~~~ ~~ iiiI iu' it i i i i . 1)o t I c\ill) (I it Cti i tit z; f',ii it INI S ti , it ,lu ii I'll I) ia cai u t lil 11 to tro , ttti )l c N t i 1,d I~l re e t tcil l sn ,tra Itth nt SPRIoNGed 1987 tr Vol 34,uts No1 1ca tN e ti I it he )tji c cII1 ttiit N li 1,111) )1it 1 1i Ilit iicf all If 1i~i ot \ l /i i tu titt/ i r t) Ntiii t iIr Ni lIt fI Sit NVI.Au',ti It') i I lt t .I. . ' I [ t ml tonilct 1.I X'ttou )iitIrtilt .1stn ttit .......... I tttitn Ed i t ial(;Ntit itti/i i mlit ('1 T.i it 1 ti/it i I ti lloi-ticN ti/i1/-c it tut F. K ilIf/' N .,i a t i 1111 tilt til itt it io (it d Fiit',i , lii .lIli I ,ithN l .11iii 1i SociItc Pit iil i li tt t i't I tt _,1 Nit i V Nic TH COVERs.s Ad ult ournig dove feeds yonS drn it.Asumme nestiNng. (See storyl. A ptae ~ u .Aw tn 13.),,r t.li rl I MOB GRAZING BOOSTS PASTURE BEEF YIELDS L.E[ THOMAS, R.A. DAWKINS, and D.R. [[DANE 11 11 1 1 1111 1 l l ) c a tt l Ir p as14 In -)0 1 st14axrI a d14 .5 it . '4fer 1 to 2' 12' 1)1412( 1f cattlN2'( ar I rotte among mIlls xas ttrI xx('1(' 1.6. 2( 2.iu and 2 5 wadcxn (121 I-11 1f 2at 2 than 1 2ot 5uu grazing bu (1)(thN (' arx lc.Patr pa tstu e atn doii Iit to112 an illth ight o.11 1 -5(li Iiin TheiI groiupi sat Itixx xlt('k11 to1' tne o th r14 .mtxaxitig lttxx pasur ar21.11 i as,(11l basdx 617 Ilor tutu xttt 12 'kii th than11( showex lttll1 xx .12'i c b1w e ('111 'I 11112'( - lhi 1(1121 ii 1( l 12' s r l oli cd'l ti rl .121( l. Ilix f'd Showexd'( littl' (iljtit1'(iic 'N(1pt a1 gr'iiii 1112'hb 1i .los 4o xxy 12 ''k ltti2' Ill ti .Ssc pxxcr acti' tkin oit.xil contin I I HJI Ui (;BIis. S)xii xi(ANi) SI(A 151, IB\1ii 0'. 1311 P1t(12 iro\ 17-1-1)wx TaIto Ii'sult, 6 stockiug rate and grain'g sx steui 0.S 1. I 6 2. 1.6 I 2.0 2.1 2.S Av\ (diI wi, Ii. 2.36 1.93 1 .51 1.39 1. 6S 1.27 1.3i 1.27 Totail liedfac ii . ....... 321) 100 426~ 478 166 1I10 51.5 fIT- (..iung (lox, u .... 1 70 1581 113 1:35 106 82 75 69 II, la i ediuim.x a's no :3 15 :30 :35 67 91 98 10-4 ho t ed/ste(i, Iii..... 233 9.59 1,6)35 2,162 1,175 I 8(1( 1,:583 I1671 ieh rviniiitrial bi'gaii Novemeril' 6, 1955,an en121iide'd Api 2 9, 19W6 teiiminated bu .nw itf es- Produ~ifl9 0 es Aate ma shfarmP ps may be option on lbm am P RhAW iNS . .. riveri shrim p . .. frcesh- watcer shritmp.. Whatever natnc is ttsed(, this lar ge freshwater crustacean has the po- tetntial for a potnd crop ini Alabama. Rc'searchm at thc' A labama Agricutlttural Experiment Stattotn shows antnual x ield of 500-1,000 Ib. pe'r acrce of pond1( is pos- sibile froim Nfacrobrachiumn rosenbcrgii, at species importedl from Asia. Freshwater shiritmpf have se'veral traits that make them dlesirab~le for potnd cul- ttrce. 1. 'fhey grow fast, frotm newly hatched young to a jumbo shtritmpl (15 per poutndl) in 4-5 ttotnths. 2. They' are hardy, withstanding hand- ling andl poor water quality resul ting from itetntsive mntagemtecnt. 3. They are re'lativ ely frcee tof (lisease problcems and can he easily reprodtucedl. 4. They can he grown in freshwater pond(s, whereas imarine shritmp req(uirce productiotn in miore expen stve coastal pondsl. Althoutgh the'se' shrittp are reared it) freshwater, thceir niewly hatched young (larvae) mutst bec growtn in brackish water with at salt content of' 12 to 15 parts per thouisatnd (seawater has ab~out 34 parts per thoumsand). After 3-4 weeks of (lcvel- opm'tt, tihe larvae me'tamorphoses toi a freshwater stage (postlarvae) atnd canl he transferred (directly tto freshwater p)ondcs for fitnal growoutt. Larval rearin~g is ear- ried ottt in hatcheries where wa1ter with the' desired salinity can be tmaintatned. H atchertes genc'rallv recirculate water throtgh a filter so the saltwater can he cleaned and reused. Culturing fr eshwater shrimp in tem- p~erate climnate's, such as ini Alahama, reqiires ia ne w se t of man agemnt con-t (ditiotns. Freshwater shiritlpl grow rela tively fast whetn water tempeI)(ratutres are in the range of 800 to 900 F. I owever, growth falls off sharply be'low 70'F,~ and b elow 60TF stress and tottality result. In Alalbama the growitng seasoni is frotit May to October. Attempts to intenstif p~rodutction ini Attburn reseatrch idetntifiedi new prob-) letns. The getneral practice of increasitig stocking atnd feeding rates that works with other aqutatic antimals cannot he utsed( with prawns, since their growxth is dlensi ty dlependlent. L arge' males itn a p~oputlation inlhiblit the gtowthi of small tales when grown at dlensities ab~ove 15,0()0-20,000 per acre. In thle tropics, lar ge males are harvested p~eriodlical ly, allowing thme stmaller tmales to rsm growth. In a 4- to 5-tmonth growitng pe- rio d, this m atnagemenmt practice is to t p~ossilble. The resutlt, as i llutstratedl tin the table, is that as stocking detnsity is itt creased, average si/ce (decreases, 'eten when feeding and~ water quality are ad- equate. PRIODUCTI ION OFt FlitSiMA', PR IiAWVNS SWti I D .1)t F -ltN NIANAGtxtiN'I' Si I . T.: Stocktng size. Yield Off I Hars est and rate P'rawns Fishi weight Lb. L. Gramns 36,5(X)/acre ......... 950) 18 16(X)/acre ......... 6(X) 30) Prawn (nuiifrsedl jffvenil s) 14 (X)acre. ... I (XX) 41 PrIawn (postlarvae) 14,(Y)acre + fish 5(X) 8(1-2,(1X) 25-30) D.B. ROUSE lIn ain attempt to intcrease 1(e(1s anid average Site in) prawni 1pond(1, an inidoor nutrsery phmase is being triedl. IThe hatch- ery ph ase b egi ns in) M arch, f)1lhiowed Iby a 1- to 6-wxeek nurscrx' periodl in indioor taniks b efore water tetmperatiures reach adeqttate levcels otutdoor s. Using this svs- tem, a I-gratm juven'tile prass t can lbe s tocked inI a rearinig pon in ~iMlay rathetr thanm the 0.05 grain postlars al praw\Xn th~at is typically stockedl from the hatch- cry. By imsing warm water to produce ju- ven~ile pran~xts, a cr op can be' produced hy October. Antothier possiblhe imethod of' fresh- water shrimp prodhutction is to i nclidc them with fish itt pols cut1 ture. One rc- qu1i r(itiett for polveiutnire is that the com~poin('it spc'cies shouild inot impair growth) atnd surv ival uif the oither species throtught competi tiotn for fouod or space. Since prawns spend tmost of theiri time o~n the pond hottom, fish wxhich occuipy the tupper tegions of the pond~ are good polvcttltttrc candlidat(es. Variou s combhinatiotns of, Freshwxater prawn s and channel catfish, tilapia, atd chinese carp are heinig evxalutated inEx pecrimnttt Station ponds. Eatrly results in- dlicate that all three groui~ps iof fish have good( potential. 'There was in( redutction in) sotrvival or total yieldi of shrittp when cultutred with ally iine of the three fish. Shrimp produltctioin ave(raged .500) Ih. per acre with at) average si/e tif 20-30 grams (25 p~er ptotund) . F"ish p~roduction rt angedl from 800( to 2,000 Ih. per acre dl(pentdin~g ont the fish species itsedl. The highest shrimtp prtoduictioit oiccurredl itn coi-il natioins xvith chinese carps, 15%/ hetter than with other ftish oir itndler shimtp tnictltitre. 'Ihis r(esttlt indicates a pos- sile( syn(ergistic effect bectweenm the filter feed intg carp andl bottom dwelling shrittp. Re(suilts in a shrimp and fish Lpohyeul- turce stutdy indlic'ate that feeding is needecd only' for the fish. W~hen only the fish were fed, shrimp produtction was still 500 hb. per ace(. Early 'co~nomic analyses indlicate' that pro~fitability is marginal becautse the growing season is too) short. Other ex- perime'nts suiggest that product(tion can he increasced with (different cuiltutr(e tech- niques, which may evcentually lead to its economic feasibility in Alahama. Rouse is Assistant Professor of Fishertes and Al- lied Aquacuiltures. Alabauw Aguricultu ral Experi men t Station . V." I E F I ST h u ni case of L y it e Tdisease in Alabama was recentlx documented at the Alabama Ag- ricul tuoral Etxperimnlit Station. The caus- atix e agent of' the (disease is a spirochete wvhicli is transmitted to man lby the bite of infected ticks. A Lee County woman was p~ositively idlentified as having the disease after being bitten by ticks on a family camping trip to the Choccolocca W~ildlife Management Area in northeast- erni Alabama. H er teenage son was also bitten by\ ticks on tihe trtit bt did not contract the (disease. Lym dn (isease is a relatively new tick- borne disease first recognized in Con- necticunt in 1975. Since that time, the nurnlberof cases has risen dramratically in thme United States wxith tihe highest pinev- alence in the New E nglanrd and Mid- Atlantic states. In 1984. nearly 1,500 iu- man cases were reported in 20 states, in- eluding 40 cases in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas. lThe causative agent of Lyime dlisease is Borrulia hurgdo~rferi which infects smiall wXild rodents and wh ite-tailed (leer. Cer- tain ticks wich feed on these hosts pick up thme spirochete and then transmit it to humanis uponm attachment and subhse- quent feeding. About a week later, a characteristic skin lesion usunally begins to dcxvelop as an expanding circular rash with at relatively clear center. If treated early enough, the spirochete is effc tivclyX killed l)y lbroad-spectruim antibiot- ics such as tetracycline and penicillin. If not treated, however, the agent ty pically inv~ades the joints and spinal fluid, later cauising acute arthritis and var-ious innu- rologic and cardiac disorders. These medlical compllications may not develop for rmonths, or even one or more years, after the initial exposure to infected ticks. O)nly two ticks have been foumnd to be efficient vectors of' Lvnme disease in the United States: Ixode~s datini in the Eastern States, and I. pacificus in the Western States. Neither is known to oc- cur in Alabama and adljacent states. It is thus apparent that one or more other tick sp)ecies are responsible for natu ral trans- mission of the disease agent in the G;ulf Coast region. U.nforturnatel, the ticks in- volved in the Alabama case were dis- carded before any identification could be miade. To (determinie what species were pres- ent at the exposure site, a follow-up stir- LYME- DISEASE a new tick-related problem in Alabama G~.R. MULLEN, L.J. HRIBAR, and C.S. MURPHREE Vex of ticks was conducted in that innnirediate area. This was dlone in coop- erati on xxith pers)onril from the Scho ol of Public I Icalth at thre Unixversity of Ala- barma at Biirminghain (ULAB) arid the C hoccolocca W\i 1(11ife Mianagerment Arcea. Ticks xwerie collected ini June 1986 using flannel dIrag cloths to sample areas along caimpinig trails and an associatedl recireation a 1 ar'ea in xwIhich the falu uI had camrped. Th'le sanmplinig method entailed polling a large piece of light-colored flan- nel along the ground and oXver v egeta- tion . Ticks, mistaking the dlisttirb~ance and moving flibric for a potential arnimral host, readlily grasp and cling to the flari rnel cloth. Live ticks collected in this way were removed with forceps andl trans- ferred to smi all hlding corntai ners for subiseuernt idlentific'ation arid exanmina- tion for spirom chetal inrrfectionuis. A total of' 148 specimens of txxo tick species, including both nymiphs arnd adutlts, was thus obtained at the Choc- cohlocca site. Thie rmajority (88%) were the lone star tick (A ?0hlion 10 ancricanm). The rermarin- der were the Anmerican (log tick (Dermoacentor 0 riali- uis). None of these stpecimnis was f'ounod to be inifec'ted( with the I yxme disease agent lbased on dIissections and a fluorescent antibody test specific for this tick-borne piarasite. Although no evidence is yet available to incriminate either of the above ticks as vectors of Lvme disease in Alabama, 13. burgdorferi has b~eern recovered from field- collected specimenrs of both the lone star tick and the American (log tick in other states. Perhaps of greater irnpjortance, however, is the black- legged tick (I rodes .(0pub ris), the roost cornmton tick infesting xwhite-tailed (leer 1. dammini (top), the most common vector of Lyme disease in the Eastern United States, is similar to black-legged ticks which are com- monly found on white-tailed deer in the Southeast. Circular skin lesions (bottom) are distinct early symptoms of Lyme disease. in Alabarma. Thris species is closely re- lated to L. danifnini. Like I. danimnini, thre larvae and nxymnphs of this tick par- asitize srmall marmrals, wxhereas the adlmts are found pimarily on wild (leer. In laboratory tests at UAB, black-legged ticks collected in Alabama wxere r ecently shown to be capable of b~eiing infected by the Lynrie (disease agent aind transmitting it to harmsters. Field work will continue dluriiig the corning year in an effort to (determirre the species of ticks serv ing as natural vectors of Lx me (disease in Alabaima. This will include the collection and examinatioii of ticks from areas of suspc'cted Lxm rid(is- ease eases and from deer harv ested in thre State. Ini the rmeantiime, it is irrpor- tarit that phyxsicianis and the pu~lic be awxare of this p)artic'ular tick-borne dlis- ease so that arix sunspected cases are p~romptly reported and appropriate treatment measures can ibd taken. Mulit )Xis iat Srfc. O an tIribo)and Albamana Agricultural Etxperimewnt S tationl Al Dahannas 9 . 6 DYEoughER lia DaA jon LastW E?ffEcts J.H. YEAGER LAST YEAR'S drought was longlasting and in some respects the most devastating of any in the past 25 years. It occurred at a time when many farmers already faced financial problems and uncertainties. As a result, the economic consequences may be more long lasting than from previous droughts. On many farms, major adjust- ments will have to be made to overcome effects of the 1986 drought. moisture for satisfactory germination of seeds. However, in 1986 all 10 locations reported rainfall deficits in April, gen- erally in the range of 4 to 5 in. Some rain- fall was received in May, but generally it was inadequate to meet crop needs. This meant poor stands and replanting in some cases. During the growing season (June, July, and August) below normal rainfall con- tinued. It was not until November that TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE IN ACTUAL AND NORMAL RAINFALL, TEN ALABAMA LOCATIONS, 1985 AND 1986 BY MONTHS Rainfall in relation to average Mon Auburn lle Brewton Camden Cross- Fair- Head- Marion Thorsb Win- Mina rvitle hope land Junction T field In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. 1985 total. .. -11.1 -6.0 0.2 -13.6 7.8 9.0 - 3.6 -14.1 - 8.3 - 4.5 1986 Jan .........- 2.9 -4.2 3.9 - 2.3 - 3.5 - .8 - 1.0 - 3.5 - 3.6 -4.9 Feb........ - .7 -1.0 -1.5 - .1 - 2.2 -. 1 - .4 - 1.4 - 2.9 - 1.8 Mar. ........ .8 -3.8 1.3 - 1.8 -4.7 -2.6 - 1.6 - 4.7 - 5.2 - 1.5 Apr ........ - 4.7 -4.1 -4.6 - 4.3 - 4.4 -1.6 - 4.2 - 5.2 - 5.8 - 4.9 May ....... - 3.2 .2 - .9 2.6 .2 . .4 .4 1. 1.6 1.6 4.2 June....... - .2 2.6 -1.6 - 2.4 - 1.5 - .4 - 1.9 - 3.4 - 2.5 - .5 July........ -1.7 -. 8 2.3 - .9 -1.3 -3.5 -11.2 .4 -1.4 -1.9 Aug........ - .3 2.8 -1.9 - .1 2.3 -1.0 .1 - .5 - .1 .8 Sept....... .. .4 1.0 -1.9 - 1.2 - 3.0 -4.1 - 2.1 1.6 - 1.8 - 1.7 Oct........ 3.3 1.2 1.1 - .8 2.8 2.8 .5 .8 .8 1.6 Nov........ 9.1 5.7 5.4 7.7 2.7 2.3 .0 9.4 10.6 2.1 Dec.........- 2.9 -. 6 -1.9 - 2.1 - 2.6 -. 5 - .4 - 1.7 - 2.0 - 1.5 Total....... - 3.0 -1.0 - .3 - 5.7 -15.2 -9.1 -11.0 - 6.6 -12.3 -10.0 Most farm crops require substantial quantities of water continuously during the growing season for normal growth and development. This did not happen in 1986, as shown by data from 10 Alabama locations given in table 1. Alabama be- gan the year with rather serious deficits in rainfall at 5 of the 10 locations. Largest deficit was 14.1 in. at Marion Junction, while Fairhope began with 9.0 in. above normal. Normal Alabama rainfall for January through March is 4.5 to 6.0 in. per month. This rainfall did not occur in 1986. The January deficit ranged from 0.8 in. at Fairhope to 4.9 in. at Winfield; only Brewton showed an amount that ex- ceeded normal. Deficits in rainfall con- tinued at most locations during February and March. April rainfall is critical because of the planting season and the necessity of all 10 locations reported any substantial rainfall amounts. This was too late to im- prove crops, and in some cases inter- fered with harvesting and caused further losses. TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF ACREAGE HARVESTED AND YIELD OF MAJOR FIELD CROPS IN ALABAMA, 1981, 1981-85 AVERAGE, AND 1986 Comparison among years Crop 1981 1981-85 1986 average Cotton Acres harvested.. 372,000 302,000 313,000 Yield/acre, lb..... 545 645 506 Corn Acres harvested... 530,000 417,000 270,000 Acres harvested ... 2,020,000 1,584,000 630,000 Yield/acre, bu ... 23 23 23 Peanuts Acres harvested ... 222,000 200,000 219,000 Yield/acre, lb..... 2,715 2,820 2,260 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station All 10 locations ended 1986 with a rainfall deficit for the year. For 6 of the 10 locations, the deficit was greater than at the beginning of the year. Alabama rainfall in 1986 was inade- quate for almost all crops. Losses re- sulted from poor stands, replanting costs, lowered yields, abandonment in some cases, and reduced quality for some crops. This reduced production and lowered farm income are being ad- versely felt by many agribusinesses and other firms. The Alabama acreage harvested has trended downward since 1981, resulting in reduced total production of major crops. The decline has been substantial for soybeans, table 2. Not all of the de- cline in crop acreage can be attributed to drought, of course, but much of the low- ered production in 1986 was a direct re- sult of the drought. Cotton and peanuts showed a slight increase in acreage har- vested in 1986 compared to the 5-year average, but total production was low be- cause of drought-reduced yields. The 1986 peanut yield of 2,260 lb. per acre was only 80% of the 5-year average, and quality was also reduced. Corn yield was reported at 57 bu. per acre for 1986, 7 bu. below the 5-year normal. Cotton averaged 506 lb. of lint per acre, only 78% of the 5-year normal yield, and drought damaged quality. Hay produc- tion in the State was reduced substan- tially. Weed problems in most crops in 1986 were more serious than usual because of inadequate moisture to activate herbi- cides used. In some cases, additional costs were incurred in weed control. Short-term consequences of the 1986 drought are clear. Farmers who were al- ready in serious financial difficulties may be unable to continue farming, and oth- ers will begin the 1987 crop year in a much riskier situation. The same can be said of agribusinesses that depend on business from farmers to survive. The long-term implications are harder to see, but they may be even more seri- ous to agriculture in general. Much de- pends on the kind of cropping seasons that 1987 and following years bring, as well as impact of farm legislation and general economic conditions. Another bad year (or more) could deal a crippling blow to Alabama agriculture. Yeager is Professor and Head of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology 6 SOYBEAN ACREAGE increased in the United States by 65% from 1971 to 1983, with much of this ex- pansion in the Southeast. This shift in acreage from traditional Midwestern lo- cales has been accompanied by overall increases in the cost of soybean produc- tion, in part due to more severe pest problems in the Southeast. To worsen matters, average per acre yields in the Southeast have decreased steadily dur- ing the past decade. This has further reduced profit margins and pushed soy- bean production to the brink of eco- nomic unfeasibility. Many states have aided soybean farm- ers by implementing integrated pest management (IPM) systems that maxi- mize control efforts and minimize costs. In the spring of 1985, a 3-year effort was begun at the Alabama Agricultural Ex- periment Station to develop an IPM sys- tem for Alabama soybeans. This system draws from data bases accumulated over years of research by scientists at Auburn. It utilizes soybean plant growth data; population data on the major insect, nematode, and plant disease pests found in each soybean growing region of the State; real-time and 30-year average weather data; crop loss (due to pest dam- age) data; and pesticide efficacy data. All of this information has been integrated into a single computer model, illustrated by flow chart, which is contained on a single floppy disk. Once the model is perfected, disk cop- ies will be available to any grower, con- sultant, or extension person and can be used on IBM compatible personal com- puters. The model predicts potential yield and crop value based on the culti- var selected, location, and planting date. As the season progresses, crop yields are affected by interactions with pests and weather phenomena, which vary among locales. The impact by pests is managed or manipulated by selected control tac- tics (i.e., pesticide applications, crop ro- tation, etc.), and the costs of those man- agement practices are compared to the predicted increased value of the crop. The model can troubleshoot each spe- cific pest management decision prior to its use. For instance, a grower facing a problem with defoliation by a soybean looper infestation can input the cultivar planted, planting date, location (county), general crop condition, current market value of his soybeans, and the average number of looper larvae per foot of row. Microcomputer-based model improves soybean pest management D.A. HERBERT, P.A. BACKMAN, T.P. MACK, R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA, and M. SCHWARTZ This input will prompt the display of an insecticide list from which he can choose. Any choice will begin a model simulation that predicts the potential yield loss due to the damage level pre- dicted for soybean looper. Predicted damage is reduced based on the efficacy of the particular pesticide the grower has chosen. Material and application costs are then weighed against the potential amount of yield maintained (protected) and its market value. The net gain or loss achieved by any decision is displayed so that the model user can determine whether his pest management choice would be a valuable one. The model can be used prior to the season to aid in cultivar selection and during the season as pest problems de- velop and crop conditions change. To date, the model includes pest/crop dam- age scenarios for soybean looper, corn earworm, green cloverworm, velvetbean caterpillar, bean leaf beetle, green stink bug, stem anthracnose, brown spot, frogeye, cyst nematode, and root-knot nematodes. Experiments are underway to gain the necessary information to in- clude three cornered alfalfa hopper, lesser cornstalk borer, and stem canker in the model. During 1986, 17 field experiments were established in six of the major soy- bean growing regions of Alabama to test the validity of the IPM model. Each ex- periment was designed to compare re- sults (net profit) of pest management de- cisions made by the model to results of 'local practice' deci- sions (i.e., those typical of grow- ers in the area of each test field). Pest management decisions be- gan with the preseason selection of cultivars based on their degree of nematode susceptibility and the level of nematode infestation in each test field. Decisions con- cerning plant disease epidemics and insect infestations were made as they developed through- out the season. Model and local practice decisions were com- pared on 20 fungicide, 13 nema- ticide, and 4 insecticide applica- tions during the season. Net . profit (yield value-cost) was calculated for each specific pest management pro- gram. The model decision was cost favorable 61% of the time on fungicides, 61% on ne- maticides, and 76% on insecticides. Damage by nematodes was most consis- tently managed by model selected culti- vars vs. recommendations that relied on protective nematicide treatments. Yields were increased with almost every rec- ommended fungicide application. How- ever, due to low 1986 crop prices, yield increases did not always offset control costs. Although several insect infesta- tions occurred, no insecticide treat- ments were recommended by the model. In most cases that decision was correct since pest populations did not reach eco- nomic injury levels. The 1986 season was abnormally dry throughout most of Alabama, and re- search plots as well as grower fields suf- fered. Overall, however, the model proved to be a profitable aid in the pest management process. Several improve- ments were suggested by the 1986 data and will be incorporated and tested in the coming growing season. Herbert is a Post Doctoral Fellow of Plant Pa- thology, Backman is Professor of Plant Pathology, Mack is Associate Professor of Entomology, Rodri- guez-Kabana is Professor of Plant Pathology, and Schwartz is a Research Assistant of Plant Pathol- ogy. Flow chart of soybean pest management model. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Tomato Spotted Wilt Found in Alabama Peanut Fields A.K. HAGAN, J.R. WEEKS, R.T. GUDAUSKAS, and W.S. GAZAWAY A VIRUS DISEASE of peanuts, to- mnatoi spottedc wilt, was found in Alabama in 1986 for the first time. T1his potentially serious dlisease has been priescent in Texas peanuts since 1971, bcmt did not b~ecome a seriotus problem there until 1985. Typical symptoms oif tomato spotted wsilt were found on p~eanutts ini Henry County in June 1986. The virus that causes the disease (to)Imato spotted wilt v irus) was ide'ntifiecd, confirming the presence oif the disease. Bx midc- summer, symiptoms we're seen in almost all peanut fie'lds across the Wir'grass and also iin peanut samples from Butler, Elmnore, and Marion counties. Since the distribution and pre'valence of' the dlisease in Alabama's peanut crop were unknown, an Alahamia Agricuiltural Expe'riment Station survey was cotn- dlucted to prosvide this information. Fields were selected at random iln the nine major peanut p)rodutcing counties and the survey was done during August :31-September 23, 1986. Plants in four to six fields per county we're exam ined for sxipftois that Ring spotting and mottling of individual pea- nut leaflets are typical of tomato spotted wilt. I i/f 'I, ranlged from ring spotting and muottlinig of' individual leaflets (shown iln photo) to se- veestumnting of lijbs 0or whotle plants. In each ficeld, symlptonmatic plants wxere counted in fixve randonlx selected areas consisting oif 100 ft. of' adjacent ro~ws for at total o~f 1, 000 roiw-ft. per field. Stand density was approximated by co~unt ig the number o~f plants in I ross-ft. in each area. Symitptoms oif tomiatoi spoittedl xwilt xwere 5('('n in motst fields x isited( in ex erx major table. About 80'% of su~rvey fields ini Bar- 10)11- and (Coxvington C ounities had sx ip- tous, wh ile all fields chlecso'd in Bullock, (Coffee'. Cirenshaw, IDale, Genex a. lefiil , and Pike c.ounitit's (lid. lDisease prevalence within fields acroiss the ine-counts area was lo~w. IHighest single field incidence (3.1% o~f plants) andl average acroiss all fields (approximately Ilk) occurred in Covinmg- toni County. Average for the o~ther coun-I tices ranged f'rom 0.1% infection in H enrx Cotumnty' to 0.74% in Dale Count. Symptoms wcere usually seen in pea- nut plants that had mnot been under nmois- tiule stress drlinig M~ay andr June. Fields under irrigation had the highest nmbel~)(r o~fdliseased plants, as well as more severe symmptomns, such as stunting, seed coat mottling, and reduced pod set. In fields wxith the highest disease incidence, in- fectedl plants o~ften occurred in 'hot spotts" that extended 5 ft. or farthier downvi a row. Such sp)ots prcobaly developed as thrips ny mphls carrying the virus imovecd from diseased to adjacent h~ealthy plants. As some apparently virus-infected p~lanits reached m atu rity, a rapid decl inie 1 plan~t vigor xwas se en. '[his xwas char- acterized by at general yellowing or c'hlo- rosis of foliage, collapse otf limbs, ainc finally plant dleath, particularly in fielcds xx ith the highest lev el of tomato spo~ttedl xx ilt. Faint ring spotting or imottlinig was sometimes noteon )1 leaves 1)1 iafidl\ de- c'liiing peanut plants. Similar sy mptoms called 'sudden dleath syndlrome" hasve aso 1been see n on Floru nmci' p~eantilts in OCCURiiENCE LF OMATOiiI( SPOTIl VI) NV I IN PLANt IS ALABAMAA 1986 B~arbouri............56 0-1.25 0.47 Biillock .. . . . 5.5 .07- .71 .35 C'offe . ... .. 5/5 09-1.00 .5-4 ('o ington .. . 4/.5 0-:3. 11 .98 Crenshaw . .... /1 .21-1.28 .56 Dai . .. .. .. 6/6 .12-17.3 .71 Genea .. .... 5/5 .08- .72 .25 Ile x c . . . .. 77 .14- .18 .10 H~ous'ton .. ... .5/6 0- .47 .15 Pike . . . . . .5/5 .15- .48 .27 Total or averiagee ..... 5/5 0-:3.11 439 'No. fields show iung xx nitomls/total fieldls sor- N \ ed.(' -All fields surii ix ( Texas. Whether the tomato sp)otted wilt virus or1 anolther patho~gen is r'esponIsible for .sudden death sy ndromie" is not knowvn. Fewv infected plants were fouind in dry- land peanuts tidler sever'e drouight stress much1(1 of, the s iin ner. Chloro tic rings or moittlinig on a single leaflet or leaf were often the only symptoms seen;i sexvere stunting was rarely recordled. Infected p~lants were usually isolated and xx idely scattered 1 across a field. Sonie fields ap- pearedl to be completely fire of' the dis- ease. Five thrips species are the only known i vectors of tomato spotted wilt v irus. Western flower thrips is considered the most efficient vector, though the com- mon tob~acco) thrips will also transmit the v irus. In the twvo fields sampLled,. only the to- bacco thrips was collected. It is also the most common thrips species found on pealnits in the Southeast. Since initial virus infction p~rob~aly occurred in Jumne and July, another species such as the western flower thrips may also have b~een present. Results of the Auburn survey show that tomato spotted wilt wxas widely dlis- tribuited on Alabama's 1986 peanut cr01). IHowve r, percentage of' infected plants was low in all hut a few scattered fields. Importance of this disease to Alabamna peanut producers could dlramatically in- crease if' the v iruis becomes established in the area's numerous weeds and the thrips v ectors are plentiful in the spring. H agaii is Extension PlIant Pathologist, WXeeks is Exten Isioii Entomol1o gist, ( daskas is Professoi of' Plan t P'atiolog, adl ( azavax is x '\ten'sion Plant Pathli st. Alabaina Agricultural Experiment Station OILSED RAPE has been grown for centuries in Europe and Asia. Now there is interest in growing this crop in the United States_ especially for doubille-eropping with soy- b~eans in the South. Opportunities for this use are obvious in results of Ala- bamia Agricultural Experiment Station re search, lbut on ix if' su italble winter hardv v arieties lbecomie av ailab~le andl nmarkets are developed. Modern rape v arietie s are of' twxo types: edible oil andl industrial oil. The edible oil is a (direct competitor with soy- bean oil and other v egetab~le oils used in foods. Oil from industrial rapeseed is used to manufacture plastics and is lendledl with mineral oils to produe sp~ecial lubricants. The United States is an importer of industrial oilseedl rape. The Experiment Station tests evalu- ated rape as a s ubstitute for wheat fmr doub~le-cropping with soNybeans, and as ai single crop. Rape can often be harvested in late May in Alabama, wxhich should al- lowx tiinely planting of soy beans. Tests condueted at the E. V Smith Research Center, Shorter, and Plant IBreediiie Unit, Tallasssee, included variety trials, fertility trials, and (late of planting com- parisons. Y\ields from single-crop production at 'Ifallassee ranged from zero for some va- rieties to 2,.500 lb. for the top y ieldler, table 1. This compares with y ields of about 1,100 l1b. per acre reportedl in (Can- adla and 1,800-3,1001lb. in Europe. Yields were lowver when rapeseed was dhoublle-cropped Nwith soNybeans, tab~le 2. Although y ields some years compared fa- voraly with those reported from Canr ada, winiter kill was a problem in about half the years at Shorter. This resulted when hard freezes followed long warm periods. The Nvarieties of rape in the test wvere not as wxinter hardv as wheat. Nitrogen requi reiments for rapeseed production are high. Results from the E. V Smith Research Center tests sug- gest that rape following soyhbeans needs5 at least 5011). per acre of N in the fall, fol- lowe~d by at least 901lb. in the spring. As noted in the graph, spring-applied N wvill not substitute fir fall-applied N. Late planting, lack of nitrogen, graz- ing, or any other factor that delay s tall growth wxill redumce rapeseed y ield. F1all planting is a problem wvhen double-crop- ping with soy bean. Ev en if a short- season soy bean v ariety is used, lack of soil moisture usually delay s planting Response of oiliseed rape to fall and spring N applications is illustrated in the graph. TABFLL I. YrITT O)F SELECTED~l Oi III)E HAPE NAsIETIES, SINCLi-C'TOi'rD I) I o T BREEDIING, UNIT, NI il 1981-82 Variets Iliiikilis.......... Primour ............ WWNX84..... Gorzaniski..... S\((31 . . . . . . Sjil............ Je) Net.. . .. . Nord (I........... Dwxarf Essex ... Brinik............. lBaJpoIa........... WWXX696.......... 'A V928.......... 'ANX692.......... Nlimx............ WWXX889........... Nora .............. NNesliell.. . . . . (Gullixver........... WAilli ............. Chlrista.......... Tilde .. . .. .. . L iu c .. ... ... .. NN'csrecla . . . . A- igti d . .. .. . Yield/ar Lb. 2,500 2,:3001 2,:3001 2200 2,100) 2,100( 2,1111 2,(000( 2,0001( 1,9(00 1,9001 1,8(00 1,300 1,200 1,2(0( 1,21( 1, (000 1, (000 900( 8001 800) 8001( 600( (1 11 M~ay 26 Mao 26 NMas 26 M~ay 26 Max 26 Mlay 18 Mlax 26 NMao 26 Max 18 M~ax 26 Max 26 Junif7 Mlay 18 Tunel M~ax 18 Maoi 18 N ax 18 M~av 18 NMar 18 Maoi 18 M~ax 18 MN~a 18 T iiir 2. Yi II) (TI B.AITuE AiINT) SOT BEA NS l~hi TLF (uiOI'riu I) im: N. Sslnii RHi;Aa 0(TO ( IT iI; Sc axon Fall 1979-fall 198(0 Fall 1980-ftall 1981 Fail 1981-f all 1982 Fall 1982-fall 1983 Fall1 19834 ll 1984 Fall 1984- RapcXseed Smx lberm yieIld/acre yield/acreC LI. 1,20(1 wXinte killed I., 600( 1,.5001 2,1100 1.81)1 1,100 rape until late October or early Novem- her. Such late planting may reduce stand surv ival. In summarizing this research, it cani be stated that large scale production of rape seedl in Alabama awvai ts twoT ad- N ances: 1. lDevelopment of wxinter hardy vari- eties that produce high qfuality ((1. 2. Establishment (of markets to handle the rape p~rodulcedI. Prodmuetion without prior marketing cointracts al most guar- antees failure since there are no alterna- tiv e uses lon the crop. Odoml is Associate Professor, Pedelrsen is A sXss tall) Plo'i or ThuS( lrlow I i ssoiciatc Proesor andXO 11( NIitchll TX Assistanut ProfessoT o(1 AgronomIIl anld soils. Alabamat Agricultural Experiment Station JAV. uuursl, J.I. IPLDLN5LN, D.L. I HUIxi ii it Staio t ixxax initiated to ie- 1 iitdite tih' SI11S iin specific p~athotgein tlgx for fiiitiiti i t'xtaiti oil itx contr ol. Vi u ctimtbuinhiuationsi of, 1131) anti 113 x i iixt' andt dixtast' iogaismxsi xxtre nlxtt toi itrilroduc SI IS in tiii lab. Sixtx iii'- atixtparatxiisiltio fit Groups xii 3 tirhctxt rttuei a x irtlctit fititi 113 xiruix ixtolati' at IS tiaxs xN vxt andt iiosxt trop Al) t 21 daxs xof agt' giuupx 1 aiid I rt'tt' ix altli nostxt tihop anti trachilt'i insxtil latuion. ibroth eniturt conitaiinug S5. Jocoulix b the saimet i uti'. ( rtttpx :3 antd 6 rt'tt'ix t't t'\jptrieninig tilt SIIS 'Rvlxo xxe'ks afteu t'tt'i ig thet batt'iia, all birdix xxt'i bltti killtt- xxtii.it'h tii brae xx tightd- and iit'tiedi't .t Burate xx rt tak'n foti sxxtritx (Ix iijhiit tll nlectosis). Stiruii 11BI) xiusx Kf tilt iridx gixtin xarieit" x irusxs sce tabhit. Oii girhupx I andt 2 birdsi that rit'e dtt I11 I ius at tiax I tdtxtlopetdt a fection xxicit, xxhien fiillowxtet ik ani 113 xiiriis fiteId isolatte anti ibatetiua, iestitt ini SIS, see figiiu I. Thte mlx 11B1) x iiius linetiix causxxtd ttroh ofux thti xxtiaoft raiot and sextri ticroscoix'ipic leitoins), tillup' ditcr ast'd tiltc iii 1111lnt repos txtlxto II I )atai front tlht Auburn xtiii shodtx thlt tit\tiilit'ilt of. SI I S. )iilx grioups I andi 2that irectixed 1IB1) v irux later tdx el- 1t1t't SI IS aiter riexriatorx x iral anti bac- shwing xthite prdion o SI IS ustior -l aint sevnx tit lax ie ritdicted hx iiiti ax- agains to131) usn cm intion otf,' iie anti killed acciine x irusxts to pir(v\t lBinfcintnpoci '-li ttu llc B l'a.L t . litod .it xi heads ~ \ .0 IBt) \N IlIX\ I ... . .. . . 5/ I 1.tt : t3.5 4 .. . . . . . . ti/It :3.56 .5 5) .. . . .. . . 1110I 3.9 .5 6) 4 :3S 1 6 21 IS dtais. Facial swelling typical of young broilers with swollen-head syndrome. Isciur;scr; or 5\%01,1 N III;\n5. BIT', \1, I.rtilil\S, kND SI;t(otocti BI; I I' Is iti SPF 13tcoit.t;li \Ic:ui microscopic bnrsal Icsion, Alabama A--rirullurll/ i" pci-iltucltt Siutiun NEW LINES OF SERICEA LOW IN TANNIN J.A. MOSJIDIS, E.D. DONNELLY, and C.S. HOVELAND ERALA SERICEA has been a pop- ular summer grazing legume for cattle in Alabama and the South- east since its release in 1962. However, it is high in tannin, which reduces palata- bility, digestibility, and crude protein. In 1980, a low tannin sericea named AU Lo- tan was released at Auburn, but it yields only about 70 percent of Serala. Current research is underway at the Alabama Ag- ricultural Experiment Station to develop a better low tannin variety, one with yield potential nearer Serala. The best lines of low tannin sericeas were tested for yield and compared to Serala at three locations in Alabama over the past 3 years. Serala outyielded the other low tannin varieties in every indi- vidual cut and in total forage yield, table 1. Serala produced more forage than the low tannin sericeas after the plants came back from the dormant stage and after each cut. AU Lotan, the only low tannin sericea commercially available to grow- ers, ranked fifth in the first and second cutting and fourth in the third one. Line 73-162-19, an unreleased low tannin ser- icea, had the second highest yield in the first cutting and ranked third after the next two cuttings. The total forage yield of 73-162-19 was about 80% of Serala, compared to 70% for AU Lotan. AU Lotan ranked higher in yield tests at Auburn than at the other two test sites, which averaged only about 65% of Serala. This indicates that AU Lotan can perform better in some environments than others, while line 73-162-19 seems to have a more stable yield. In a test car- ried out at three locations in Georgia during 1983, line 73-162-19 yielded 79% and AU Lotan 67% relative to Serala, comparable to relative yields recorded in the Alabama tests. Dry matter digestibility, measured by the in vitro method, was 28% higher in line 73-162-19 than in Serala. AU Lotan produced forage which was 22% more digestible than Serala. The tests indicate line 73-162-19 has a yield about 10% higher than AU Lotan, and its forage is 6% more digestible. Line 73-162-19 is more tolerant to Rhi- zoctonia than most sericeas low in tan- nins. In some environments of southern Alabama, where humidity is particularly high, the plants may be attacked by this fungal disease late in summer. However, the plants will usually recover and be healthy the following season. When the morphology of 73-162-19 and AU Lotan was compared to Serala in two environments, the three genotypes were found to have the same stem di- ameter. Genotype 73-162-19 tends to have longer stems, and each stem is heavier than Serala and AU Lotan. Serala ranked higher in weight of leaves per stem, leafiness (proportion of the total stem weight made up of leaves), and weight of leaves per stem length than either AU Lotan or 73-162-19. Stem weight per stem length was almost the same in the three genotypes. Thus, the genotypes low in tannins have their total yield made up of a slightly higher pro- portion of stems, table 2. It is likely that line 73-162-19 will be released as a new low tannin cultivar of sericea because of its higher digestibility and total forage yield than AU Lotan. Also, it produces about the same diges- tible dry matter per acre as Serala. Mosjidis is Assistant Professor and Donnelly is Professor Emeritus of Agronomy and Soils and Hoveland is Professor of Agronomy, University of Georgia. TABLE 1. MEAN FORAGE YIELD/ACRE OF EACH CUTTING AND TOTAL FORAGE YIELD OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA LINES GROWN IN SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTS Entry Yield of cutting Average total yield Entry 1 2 3 at three locations' Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Serala ................ 3,043 3,275 2,804 8,731 100 73-162-19............. 2,430 2,750 2,172 7,049 81 AU Lotan.............. 2,056 2,492 2,047 6,319 72 'The locations were Brewton, Auburn, and Winfield. The plants were harvested in 1983, 1984, and 1985. TABLE 2. MEANS OF SEVERAL VEGETATIVE TRAITS OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA LINES' Stem Stem Stem Leaf Stem wt./ Leaves wt./ Entry diameter length wt. wt. Leafiness stem length stem length In. In. Oz. Oz. Pct. Oz.Iin. Oz.Iin. Serala.......... .0.05 16.0 7.0 11.8 62.2 0.44 0.73 73-162-19....... .05 16.2 7.2 11.3 61.1 .44 .70 AU Lotan ...... .05 15.8 6.8 11.1 61.9 .43 .71 'The measurements are expressed on a single stem basis, with the exception of stem and leaf weight which are on a 1,000 stem basis. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 15 '5 ND 534-4 russet Irish potatoes. D. SMITH, J.L. [URNER, [.L. CARDEN, and R.McDANIEL A LONG TI NIE need of' Alabama potato growers is a russet ty pe irish potato which producees profitable yields and has go~od haking quiality Rlecent testing at the Alabama Agrieultural Experiment Station has idlentified some new varieties that may fi11 this need. To he marketed as baking potatoes, irish potatoes shotuld b~e uniform in size andi shape, high in solids with a diry, mealy texture, and have unif'ormly white flesh. The flavor of' pota- to~es, like most other foods, is usually (lescriptive only in sub- jective ternis as a result of taste panel or flavor tests. A desir- ab~le lpotato would generally be somiewhat b~land of' flavor, low in redueing sugars, and free of the mtisty and somewhat sotir off- flavors sometimes found in irish potatoes. The potatoes fo~r baking tests were supp) 1 lied from the 1986 p)otato variety trial at the Gtulf' Coast Substation in Fairhope, table 1. A dlescriptiton ofgrowi ngceonditions, marketable yieldis, total solids at harv est, andl tubler tvpe' is given in tab~le 1. Laboratory baking and qtuality tests were coniducted at Au- butrn. The potatoes were b~aked at :325?F in an oven designed for rapidl and uniform baking. The baked tublers were allowed to cool to 100?F before testing by a trained, five-member sen- sory panel. Panelists rated the potatoes for flavor, texture, andi flesh color using a 10-point, imultiple-ranking scoring sys- tenm, table 2. Incluidedl in the test for eomnparison pulrposes were Red La Soda (the dominant variety grown in Alabama) and Idaho-grown Burbank ruissets from two souires. The to 1 ) yielding varieties, NI) 651-9, lied La Soda, andI NI) 860-2, were rated ALABAMA ACRICULTURA only fair in baking quality by the sensory STATION, AUBURN UNIVE evaluation panelists, table 2. Each of the AUBURN UNIVERSITY AL varieties rec'eived relatively low flav or seores for non-characteristic baked flat Lowell T7 Frobish, Director vors, which the panelists dlescrib~ed as PUBLICATION-Highlights mtusty and slightly sour. Texttures wer(e Agricultural Research 3/87 cdescrib~ed as watery and gummy. Penalty for private use, $3C Krantz and Ni) 534-4 were interme- diate yielders and were judged to be good in flavor andI texture. Krantz re- ceivedi only a fair eolor seore because of its yellowv flesh. Norgoldl andI Centennial also had good baking quality but dlid not yield as well as other varieties in the test. Proc'essing andI taste tests indlieate several varieties o~f russet p~otatoes, in- cliding NI) .534-4, Krantz, Norgold, andI TABLE 1. I'uiA xiu A TmAiiII1IL, FxlRIiiiul SI'IIIN( 1986' Mjarketable yield/acre Standalrdl it auiet> Sire Si,'e Tot halves' type A2 B yie1ld Cwit. ('ut Cct. Pct. Ni) 651-9' ... 231 11 242 95 Rlounid-white Bed La Soda. 214 5 219 95 Round-red NI) 8602 .. 161 13 174 94 Round-xxhite Kranitz......... 162 4 166 88 Round-wh ite NI) 5:34-4 ... 149 9 158 96 Rus'set-long Norkinig . ... 143 6 149 93 Rusxset-long Norgold . . 137 13 149 9.5 Russet-oxval long (Centeniiial ... 103 10 11:3 91 Russ'et-rounid flat Planted 1 ci ii arx 20 and hiarxvestedl June 10. 111 growinjg daysx. Soil test: P' 44 (NI) K 16(0 (M )pH 5.7 -Sz potatoes xxith 1 7/8 in. dliameter and~ larger, Size B =potatoes wxithi 1 to 1 7/8 in. diamieter. 'All sar ictics hei tilized wsitlh 1,600)1lb. per acre 1t0-10-10 fertiier at p~lant- ing xvithli nor fb ile'ints, no s idedress. 'l'xio 2. Qi i ts OF IRISH POTAxTOES FR~OM 1986 VAsiis TmlAL, Sensoryi' ev aluation' vaie ts Total Yb (iipit ~~iii~ Faxor 'et coelor qualitx Ni) 651- .. . . . Reil La Soda... NI) 860-2 ......... Noi kin. .. . . . ii~g l . . .. .. .. C i tennia i. .. . . 21.06 19.58 21.48 20.21 21.96i 22..54 24.22 21.27 2 4.93 'Siinxoi x isaliation xwax bx a panel ol' rained ijudges uiinig a muiiltiple- ranikiiig tist x ih a It)l i ale'x whiii scre x o f' i 9 oi 101 wouild iniciate' an ii iiix iall gooid pirodict, 7 or 8 a g~ood pirodict, 5 or 6 a Ianr p oiduict, and be- Iovc 5 ani iuiacecptale prioduiit. Centennial, have baking quialities comiparatble to Burlbank russets andi cani be grown in Alabama. Field tests, however, indlicate these varieties will not yield as xxell as Red L a Soda. AL EXPERIMENT ERSITY ABAMA 36849 of 11 M BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID USDA PERMIT No. G269 Siiithi ix Assiiiiate' Priifisxor and Tiiie misl Research Assiiciate of' H~oriciulture i and C'ardiin ix Siipci ii teiidl'i t and Mcl aie il Associate Si pci - teiideit of the Gulf Conast Sublstation.i Hatch Act Centennial 1887-1987