V 4 "-I 4, i .,MmU I" S lS. u i 1 i,1y / Il '- A t 3 1 A r. i 4",1} F ;i e4 Y t ' q /1 j~ 2a . w r'4 ?- I 1 t1 j x . r..!~~ ~ ~ ~ ,k b.. , , 'F4 . ;c !? - - rlt . y" 7~ 9:Al, - ~ 4 (4 ? x a.ka1 r. .AV a " r Dr. Lowell T. Frobish named AAES Director ii I i(tii l at t ct n h ni x ']-Sxti , i s ( thed d - Dxxlxctorl o titt e \itt i 3 xtdl t i ltxttii ti priwn S I Xncttli attt ilbrnl Si- Txx it w Dtxiircto i ngt atau l id x ag o(dlxcc i esac atd i a i i tintgind in UAotA ri cl ra xecrhSc c tah iti-si htis Xxetxattt Xhiiiia xt asig ctiatie snL'irri an hti a- xtat iii1 x ittt(M.S. intnima cec 96 n h ) Frish rxiict i a (( ll ait l sciietct DR. LOWELL T. FROBISH resxtarchiP prijtcts atnd sxwe x asili a fa- cilittor itt (el ti jit Ia n t t iu u iii i i ii)i theI tt ~t l linot 'xi ra ii 'I iion iotet int ilt tindiitiiiit- II t it tti tr t e til Iii iii 1 11)1Ixt tort it Xi~li~itti I t ii \ l i l it i il xii i WINTE 1086 ol 3)*e Na 43 tt kot t a t Iix 11 imcl iiil ini i tS de \Ii t in t l ittan lcli n and1Xxii thet i)x Iiu II.I Ix frH I itx Nrc ti I )i c( itt ... xAsistantt IOii i tot .... .... .... /i toi .. . xxAoiii att Iitii .. .. .. :A t O ci;i nii I(ilt oiali( uo iti jtttc: Io lxx T. Ft oalt it I l iti xtl It~f " / R.1-: K i titi. . o i i/ P I o iri xiii (tt litit (xiii(i/ lii : Itt I'ii t h t , AI - soiit I ItSo lil P xiittlin t Pit/ilo l x iii t/ \. tdtti/iitL oi )itcP-fso o : roi iti x X tt1111ii itna ant11 i 111 itttl i .S iiu c Iiii ii t xti lit n A - vON'ct THE CsOE. AU' Triuh-tal fescueI) make, s ooduse Po nitroe inr witer when Ketutfcyss 31 sistomt (see story on pag 41.i NCREASING EMPLOYMENT of farm wives in off-farm jobs reflects changing patterns of farm opera- tions. Back in 1960, only 19% of farm wives were employed off the farm. This grew to 40% by 1976. On a regional ba- sis, more farm women in the South held off-farm jobs than was true in other re- gions. Data on Alabama were not avail- able in the 1976 national summary, but results of a new Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station study indicate that large numbers of Alabama farm wives hold full-time or part-time jobs that make important contributions to the family's economic situation. The Alabama survey was part of a re- gional research project, "Effect of Farm Wife's Off-the-Farm Employment on Family Economic Status and Family Functioning." In February 1985, ques- tionnaires were mailed to both husband and wife in 1,000 randomly selected Ala- bama farm families. The questionnaires requested information about off-farm employment of husband and wife and time and task allocation of family mem- bers, as well as demographic informa- tion. Only 129 questionnaires were re- turned by female respondents, but these are considered representative of the sample. Of the 129 responding, 90% were older than 40, as indicated by the follow- ing: Age range 20-30 .......... 31-40 .......... 41-50 .......... 51-60 .......... 61-70 .......... 71-80 .......... 81 and older .... No response .... Percent 2 8 14 34 16 8 2 16 Data on marital status of the respon- dents show that 116 were married and 5 were widows. One had never married and seven did not indicate their marital status. Ninety percent of these women considered themselves farmers, and they described their farm jobs as follows: 24%, manager; 9%, tractor/machinery operator; 9%, day worker; 5%, bookkee- per/secretary; 5%, errand person; and 31%, homemaker. Forty-two percent of the sample (54 women) held jobs off the farm. Nearly three-fourths (69%) of these held full time jobs of 40 or more hours per week. Approximately half of those employed off the farm had worked at their off-the- farm job 50-52 weeks in the previous C.L. WARFIELD year; the other half had worked 20 or more weeks. Data on length of employment indi- cate the women in this sample did not begin working off the farm because of the current farm crisis. Only 5% had held an off-the-farm job 2 years or less, whereas 41% had held such jobs for 5-15 years, 26% for 15-25 years, and 17% for more than 25 years. Of the employed women in this sample, 24% held profes- sional jobs, 39% had clerical or office jobs, and 22% classified themselves as la- borers. One woman was self-employed. In response to a question about the most important reason they worked off the farm, three-fourths of the working women replied that it was to supplement the farm income, and 16% said they en- joyed working or were not satisfied with being at home. In comparison, 30% of those who were not working off the farm indicated they did not have time to work off the farm, 10% cited health reasons as preventing then from working off the farm, and another 10% indicated their spouses did not want them to work. Al- most one-fourth of those who were not working off the farm reported they were retired. How the wife's salary contributes to total family household income is indi- cated by data in the table. These data also indicate the wide range of salary earned. Of all the women in the study, 60% re- sponded they were dissatisfied with their farm incomes. Only 22% were sat- isfied or very satisfied with their farm in- comes. In contrast, half of the women said they were satisfied or very satisfied with their standard of living. Among the wives employed off the farm, 83% reported that their employ- ment increased the money available for family activities. Half of the employed farm wives also reported their off-the- farm employment decreased the time their family spent together, while 37% said their family time together was un- affected by their employment. The preliminary analysis of data from this study shows that Alabama farm wives working off the farm have been making an important contribution to the economic welfare of their families. If these women were representative of Ala- bama's farm wife population in early 1985, the need for the economic contri- bution of the farm wife is even more crit- ical today with the depressed farm econ- omy. Since unemployment levels in many of Alabama's rural counties are much higher than the national average, farm wives may be facing bleak opportunities for employment in the future. Warfield is Associate Professor of Consumer Af- fairs. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 111(4 1 \I Nf li8 prodtil't- N ii'\ itN\o A Tl ri umphI lxta'tll fes- tut.kx :31 riex iii (4t' maull i iiut ' it N ov i t h i s'ti( i eaht r c N i- cfitiit its( N f Itt tIlizc itrogi li duriNN - ri'tcrm nh .cnh n tiltkN 31 fiis agl firntlillii dttNtiiroliNiliiit'iit. o ll cc N d f t -xii stvt' tha S oigl t 'I tin tiLabor tr ca i.ll lot ilt. Ib pi r acrit fi t N tfor' tll it t ofc 2atue t'tiepliitembert Ni''an ad iioth' nta l 60 Ni. pc ititr i ai'b- X. r-.iIlll T ii u thcom u ktiit'N '31 hascdtl on retsi o . ffl 4 loii-eNm i tt %4~A AU TRIUMPH makes efficient use of nitrogen I.W. ODOM and 11Ff EDEI'45N T Ii i I I xi Ii I I' I i.ixi iw m ItN G. \ .SiI I l RI li w a(t: I I it Nilit ii ra i(- Sxx'l. Ni. eb 1 15 1 31 '~ lii h Estabishmet ar (90./at'e it'olual V 37 II 6'3 Sill I_ 2 I 27 3- 27 Til I 11311 27 6'3 01 -IS1 SW1 EsNtalishe' (20 lb .ac lttal NI 15 1. 15 1.150ll 1.6 27 36 ?7 I 011 1, IOl Estaiheid' ( 1,0 lb itc totlal N ,5 I 75 i 5511 2201 51xlf 13 51x 1ix ift ix xi _i460i.ux Bot vaiet dd.h.iit u ne nd m i ii N iil~ 'ust ai Iti l ai .1> N i ii w JO 111111 toi N wa sl t' ito lxrc ap-~ pii tions N ipfhmhlilnit NoN t'iii15 tillN i ixhr ar iliIx l. ittl''ii Nfttill I ii'istad v' itittil isheXl. iUT i ili mp hcN ousil i s t\ til ti adxtii dui d ii4NtuN~l tale N. ktab-it itiiertilpizttlN .pli til i i 4ii - at)f ti .two~ hNIi(Ows N~ rae (2 anx150 .'.xi acre' titalI, estab hc isixit pr ixall ducto heii'.t I Miii (. i \ I) Or i NAi((K)3 xi iNINi hmiiNiilm1 i 1 Iv. NI' (1 I Ni Ii i: (I ixxIi N , Si:AO s m' iN' t 0i i i (,I N Ta miii \ N I I(. N 'INl n [I'I i \n( ( rI i aclxxii Ib Sltnd vina 1.1 Iii Pct. I'cxl i2 } 35 13i 22.. o 2S 501 411 . . 53 2.) 11 :31 .. .03 23 .. .4S 3:3 ... . 603 .30 ... . 7.3 :311 Alabama .A-,ric"t(Itural 1"'XI) crintc)tt Station IALcney -pelvic fat removal OA if carcasses are electrically stimulated W.K JONES and E.C. GRIMES APROPOSED IIANGE in USDA meat slaiughter andt proc)(essing regu lati(n world 011( permiiit irenmoval of kidney, peilvic, and heart fat (KP11) fromt heef carcasses lbefore chilling. This woul O icminate KPI I fat content as a fac- tor in beef, y eld gradinig, and possihly proviXide ani efficienex adv antage in boxed beef mnerchandisiing by large packers. Convrsr;sml indep~endent packers, proces sors, aind renderers might con- sidler KP11 fat reinoval to he iniefficieint ftor the ir opetrations. Asitle fromi efficiency (01nsidleratins, a major concerni is howX reinoval of kidnev- pelv ic fat prior to chilling XXoildIt affect h ighi valoe, uiiprotected heef' tender- loins. Remnoval of' kidnleX-peiX ic fait prior to chillinig leaves tenderlouins exposed to mnyi detrimental factors (hiring chilling andt processinig. This oilers the potential for su rtace dlryi ng of' the teinderloinus, leading to a darkened appearance that is uniacceptabile to conisuimers. Other pos- sibI le probl lems5 are (1) a thaince foir sii-- face tontainiiatio uriu'n g hanidl in g of tenderloins, and (2) loss of' tenderness fr-om severie muuscle contraction caosed by lowX temperatures (called "cold-sho~rt- enilug" wXitlhout fat insulaton. Appl icat ion of' electrical enurrent to carcasses appears to p~reven(t deteriora- tioin that tould result froim kidiney-pelvit' fat remov al. This wXas learned in an Ala- lbaina Agricultural Ex\peri ment Station stuidy done to (1) dleterinie if kidiney- p~elvic fait remov al prior to chilling aftects c'olor, tauses decreased tenderness, or increases stirface microbial cointamina- tioin of beef tenderloiis, and (2) deter- mine howX electrical stimulation affects the psoas5 miajor (thie imajor imuscle of whoInlesale tenderloins) wXith fat removiXed prior to chilling or left intact. Carcasses wSere stripped of' kidney- p)elvit fait on alternating left antd right sides and chilled at 36-39 0 FE The fat w~as aseputically remov ed from intact sides, tenderloiiis we rc swXabbhed at twXo loca- tions (third and fifth lumhar v ertehrae), antI iiicrobial loath w\as dletermined by total plate count. A 12-iii. center sectioi oif the pusoas miajor muscle wXas sliced iiito 1-in. -thick steaks for testiiig.'jests in- eluded a v isual color ev altuation, HIuniter c'oloriiieter rating, sa'c'oiii(re (trans- verse muscle segmenit) lenigthi, cook loss. totighiness (In sti'oi shear force), percent inoisture, aind percent fait. Renmoval oif kidnex ipelX ic fait prior to chill in g inucreased hacter ia nmb ers oni thie surfaice of' exposed teiiderloiiis. This higher biacteirial couiit could havec rc- stilted f'roiiu addedtt expsuitre of' the lean siii'facc toi atiiosphleric' aiid eiiXiioii 1e(- tal c'ontamnination . W\holesale teiidei- loins fromt tcarcasses wsith kidiiex pcI"ic fat reimovetdt piori toi chilling and piro- ccessed after a 24-houri chill woul ( h1(11iave a hiigheir initial hacterial count than ten- de'loi ns fi'oin thos ith t the fait Ilcit in- tact durling chilling. LowX initial hacteirial ctiiints aie essen ' t ial on ri etailI cuits to as- sure goodit nrtscle color, actcptable shelf, life, and consumer ac'ceptahilit. Tender- Iloiiis f'ioim tlectictally stimuulated car- casses alsoi had lower bi acterial couinits than non-stimutlated tenderloinis. Steaks froni carcasses XXithi kidije- puelvit' fait intact receiXe be( ltter c'oloi scores thanu those froiim the carcasses wXith fait rc'iioX ed. F lcctritall stiniu- lated steaks also hiad hii ghei' lii iter co l- orinetric Xaluies foir both fait treatmewnts, as niotedi in the table. Ste'aks f'iom c'arc'asse's that had kidiuev- pelvit' fat remnov'd wereI( tiiiigli(r (had Comparisons of electrically stimulated (right photo) and non-electrically stimulated (left photo) tenderloins on chill day 1. In each photo, tenderloin on left had kidney-pelvic tat removed; one on right had tat intact. highier shitair value(s ) andt had shor'te'r sau- t'onc'rcs thaum steaks from c'ar'casses wXithi the tat iiitac't. Eldectrical stimiuilationi also r'esulted iii iigheu' shicar foirce' Xaltus for stc'aks, but thet tdifferc'cs we re tioo simall to be mut'auiuigfiul Thiiree major finudings tait f'ioinu the stliidy 1. Bacterial 'oiinits wereI( gireatti oni ted'ietrlini sliu t aceXXwith kidiiycx plit' tat ]-moiviXed prior' to chilling, hut these c'oiitauminiuationi pi'oblt'ms. Elctr'ical stimiu latioui also appe~arecd to slowX hgirowXth of bacteria. 2. Viusual anit c'olorimctrx dhata ini- tate that kidneiex )tXit' fat remiioX al re- sulIte't iii tdar'kentd l'ani co lor howeIverX 'Xti, this color change could be negated thrmouughi l'ctrically stimuiulatinug the beef, c'ar'c'ass purioir to fat meltitixal. '3. Reiiosal of' kidneieXlvXic fat re- stilted iii sh or'ter s aicoiiem'e s aind totlici'e meat (higher shear' valvie's). Llet'cal stimnulationi also r'eduiced ttleeness of, the' psoas majoir musc'le, but difl'trt'C'es weri t siiall antI wXoultd not be likelx to change the ovXetiall palatability of tilet iiost tender] miusclc' iin the beetf carcass. iisis Asitn rf'sradGi"si ir ?lcO icalh s iilae Bateilct ranssprsq m.. 'Saiic'oiiiie lenigth, nu . . .. . . . . Sheair forc' tendieriness, ratinig, kg ... 3.0 Its.1 110 3:343 :3.59 NXli-s'timuiilate'd F'at initacit Fat I ili~s i 11 1:3 5.58i 3.53 31.2 17.:3 101.2 .3.22 :3.62 .32.6 16.'s 10.01 3.44 :3.12 2..2 l6.1 8.8 :3.42 3.26 Rt1iiig scale:. 5 li bight c'liii iS 5 d; I = xti e ' da' r liik i ed. 'I, lightness: 1ou = f ae 01 hlack; a = clor ::30 'x eiielh bi 'lt red, 0 15 =light eilliiX (1 =~ grd Alabama Agricuilturcal E xperuient Station Eri c L( I Iiu)Ni -Pa. u: F19 Retui- Isi 3 h\ X u I lk cn ii SII .\l uNt ()n \IilittuIs "I'AINih li ',l N) (10,1 UPii ITW IFS oil i'll I I NihIIUiN Quick Test for Biochemical Charadters Speeds Development of Insect Resistant Tomatoes I cer bu 141.SIei\ Ia IU\ \I01 Il INoce111111 sin i t I I~III t sti n pro-tti its IN l c aNIN i t t I N )ill) ni NI gt i ul j tnil IIItI. pcIN cn Sttin IN INI1 I INN t ti ('11 proclst 1-( d It trapi and rI 4111( e 111 i 1,11 mlt IN hol ipo1 III (- II I)i ohiIi ca LII IIN ut I NILIr 1111114 1 hti respo11 Ini 111 INt I~ise tI I iIIN(N\ sll NN Ltd onItlN NIIN th iIto shI iL NI I I i l ir I. Iih n es te is I iII A thI n toi I.I IIlh I.iu ill \ II s IlN I il lr Nti 1 NNI shII NIoI ill. 1)1ur IN 111 N ii lit is lt (III(,! e 1111 iet~c c I III ta n i ill It s pi II FIG. 1. Trichrome A trom cultivated tomato species (top) and tri- chrome 6 from wild to- mato (bottom). 1)111( 1111k INc tomat Il I p111cNiIN NI ilablc ill i nth e ii d II', I I li i spII N c I. l I I -i IN lci IN 111 tI , i ll III N lc t INN I I I Ii Ill idI t I I itNl lI I r ss ti I lItI tit plant. NI\lolt cii lLINi)ININ I ill INN hiaicNIusclpN tIII. to ra1 an i il t pi ts aI IN blo thatIININ 1111 NN Iowi to III IIIIII LI I pill IN i 111I inN l vil spec t i o11 I mt oes 111 I ll I t Iu I I e- IIp II ;ttiL t cap ill i I ga 1 c r t ogll l h(1 to l f lIlt tll III TNt \ sicNI l 11 , t ii' c Ie i it l II. i I II tit lit c ,Il u t 1 () N II\ lii 1 t it I N Nt iu t o ill, I N I t tt NN co le li I 111( I 111)1 Itni )t li INal tI 11,1 lii it LI IN ~iLI I INNs tiLI i o r III till I, N t)l 11111t St It io11 sl d I tIN oI datI I ll maII I oNne t ti tNl IstII IILN1c11 iIst aild11 II wi 1 IN toImai toes It\ Il I c' i d Il t i-I Iid Th111 N Al I step I iIi Ill us thlil t lilc I 11(n1 IItII ilt lIaNgetat ojin~l n h e tIll iN l I lhyI lt 1111 s trNc n 1(1 I al i -IIIN thoic r lo\ l~hci lll n n Iwita c ofI ttI the rt s I tanI t )i l II t N ct i - FIG. 2. Chemical profile of the non-resistant tomato (top) is obviously different from pro- file of the wild tomato that has resistance (bottom). A Min. \tubamau k_-1 irnltur(1ll,_rt)rri)urnt 5(utinn t., MORE THAN A FOURTH of all U.S. households were the vic- tim of some sort of crime in 1984. This was about 22.8 million house- holds. That's the bad news. The "good" news is that the number of victimized households was down for the second con- secutive year from the high in 1982. This decrease amounted to almost 2 million fewer victimized households. Not all households are equally subject to victimization. National figures reveal that households with high incomes ($25,000 or more), those in central cities of metropolitan areas, and those of blacks are most vulnerable to crime. Household larceny, the theft of house- hold property without forceful entry, struck 8.5% of U. S. households in 1984; burglary, the breaking into a building with the intent to steal property, struck another 5.5%. How well protected are homes in Ala- bama? Not too well, according to infor- mation supplied by 1, 600 households in a 1985 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station survey. The survey provided in- formation on the types of security de- vices households have available to pro- tect the home from theft and the extent to which households use different pre- vention behaviors or practices. Results are reported according to rural, urban, or metropolitan counties and by location of residence within these counties. Many rural Alabama households can be characterized as "waiting to be vic- timized." As shown by data in the table, households located in predominantly ru- ral counties are less likely to be pro- tected by security devices than in coun- ties containing large cities. Lighting for night-time protection, such as automatic timers and outside spot or flood lights, are not as common for rural homes. This is compensated in some cases by having outside area lights on separate poles. Area lights are used by more than 40% of rural households, except in metropolitan counties where only 30% use them. Home security devices, such as dead- bolt locks and security chains on house doors, are installed much less often by rural residents. Little difference was found among rural, urban, and metro households for having window latches and locks and peephole doors. Burglar alarm systems are relatively expensive devices for protecting the home and only 6% of the households surveyed were equipped with such a device. J.E. DUNKELBERGER, C.R. GRAHAM and J.O. BEAMISH A variety of crime prevention prac- tices is recommended for protection of home and property, but Alabama house- holds do not use these practices regu- larly. Marking or engraving valuable household items with an identification number is strongly encouraged. National statistics indicate about 25% of Ameri- can households use this practice. In Ala- bama, only 7% of survey households marked their more valuable property. Another obvious protection method is to lock doors and windows. Rural fami- lies are much less likely to regularly lock their doors either at day or night and whether at home or away than are people living in towns and cities. Also, rural residents are less likely to leave lights on when away from home, to use automatic timers for lights and radio, to arrange for mail and newspapers to be stopped or picked up when away, and to have some- one care for their yard when away for an extended time. Only metro residents are less likely than rural residents to follow this latter practice and this difference may be due to apartment living. Rural residents are also less likely to notify other persons when away from home for several days. The same is true of notifying the police. One reason rural households do not in- stall protection devices and use victimi- zation prevention practices is that tradi- tionally fewer crimes occur in rural areas. A second reason is that rural households have less fear of being vic- timized. Only about 20% of residents living in rural counties noted serious concern. The percentage is 25% for rural residents of counties containing large ur- ban areas and 34% for those in metro- politan counties. At the same time, rural residents were more likely to believe that crime was on the increase in their com- munity compared to either urban or metropolitan residents. Dunkelberger is Professor and Graham is a Graduate Research Assistant of Agricultural Eco nomics and Rural Sociology and Beamish is Assis- tant Professor of Consumer Affairs. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station ;y; IN PAST YEA\RS, thereittlulciloi1 reports of nit ing in cattle fedi free-c] forage contaiinig high (11 2 (000 pp.mi.) lexcls ofniitra: last year Alabaima (attlemiii first time nitrate-relatcel a ini foragc seve re enough reins ed to cat forage crci inormtallx highly pialatalble greeni forage vxas almo0(st tot by hungry cattle, wxhilex TwxitiN 1. 'rli :.s xl , 101, xlis 19'86 1\ pe N 111911' NO -N .. Noimf l N ... ..N Nostl II1 rmu1 Normf l N ... ..N N III rae~ 6 1 2 6 Ulxicniii Isiui I I Nil i N iti lize \V'11111 lea .. . . . . '3,689 Secondlli /, oiii e .....i 9,762 Thlird %i' oi stem . .... 11,17:3 ValueIs are I'mlians oII 4 I (lica tiol K.S. RYMAL, C.E. EVANS and B.3 tKLIt FIN flaxve bein grasses, andI cxe bi riish in fiece r oxs trate poison- xwere conlsumed. hoicc hay or Last x ear in mianx areas of Alahaima, isial lx oxver plantings of summter forage wx rc fo)1 te. I Ioxwexver, loxwed lby the worst dlrouiglit of tihe ceo Ssawx for the t iir. In sonic coii ntics, seed rcciv ed Imormalt ties enoutgh milstu re to geri nate, Ibut the that cattle plants made little groxxtfi for an exteindedi Ips that are peiod 1becauise of' fack oi xwater. Such Lush dlark condtitions as foxx soil moisture'(, high ally rejectedi temiperature. lowx humiditx, andt sloxx w eds, xxild groxwth fax or the acciiiulation of ni- trates in sonic foirage croups, especial ly when thex haxve bseei fluax if ritifized. r Si lixnl H Results of forage saiiiples seiit to thle Aubhurnl Unixversity Soil Testiiig I adora- Nitiate tor'x forn iitra~te initirogein analxysis are oiiu'itiatiois gixven in table 1. About 5 4 %/ of' the sor- ghuiii-sudan or iiillet saimples had po- 404 to 10,868 tent ial lx tox ic lexvel s of niit rate in itogeni 464 to 1,27-4 xxith xvalues ranging up to 10,000t),.p.i) 293 In Lec Coioh, (cat tlc tuirned inito at 192 to 1,346 drought stressed field of pcarlil Ilet xw rc ob serxved to iced oiilx oni simaIlI por- tions of the field xwhIich,. judging bx the :3013 to 917 li gh ter gireen colo1r, had rece ixed little or 'igh and bc no fcrtiIizcr 1becaus5( of uneve dt' 'i(istibul-i tioin. Replicated samples froint hothi por- tion s of the field rexvealedl there we rc ______________ high level's oIf nitrates iin the dfairk girecu p~laints (fcirtilized wxithi (60 Ib. N per acre) 111l: S IN and iioirmial lexels in the light gireeni Ol plants, table 2. The antalxyses also ini-~ scitedl that most oif the nitrate xxas acii- munlatedl in the stein of' thle pcari lmiiilet, d' l ufriic i hi gh est conmceintrations5 in the fpoi- tioins of the stein nearest the ground. It h ji. ill. 398 was apparent that the cattle xw re not 391 feedlin g oin the fiorage that 'olntinied thei 51high levels of nitratecs. Iloxxexver, iiitrate 57itself' is inot inormall u in pal atabl e to cattle sitce cowsss haxe b' eeni ob~serxved eating t 60-80-80 nitirate' ftrtilizer spilled iii pastuires. 'Iests wer cr'toidutiedc~ inl the Alabiama Agricutlt ural Expermnmt Station to de- terineil if' other' cemicals had aecimmim- lated along wxith the initrate's, ma~kmig the for'age unipalatale to the cowxs. Ana~lxysis of, extracts of, the ile(t Itaxvcs rex ealedf the pireseince of at stronigly bitt(ei subIi stance in the high nitrate leatves'. Chem- icalf ainalx s(' using two 0 (fihreiit reagciit sy ste'is inic~iati'd that there wxas an al- kaloid in the mtillet leaxves iii gireatter atiiitlts iii the high initr'at(e leaxes. Manyx al kalid are 1 5 ti among the mo st 1bi tte'i com-ii poiuds knoxwni to nan, leading i'(seairch- t'rs to heliex c it mimax haxve beemi the suil- stanc't in the tdrouh gstrie s sedt i flet leaxves that made thieii unpalatable to Whl rains finiallx caine to Lee Conmty and the ilflet i'esiiiiid i'afpid gi'oxxth, it xxais ('lt and haledl. The iiitrato' to he nornial at 872 p. p. til. Whtl c'attlc refuse tt graze' oil siiiil- in('r forage plants af'ter a tdry seatsoii bsothi acc'u mulatecd toxic lex els (If initr'ates anid at bmitter' sublistance plax he fiiiiitiiig their' feeding. Rejection oii the forage inicai(~tes that xxhlfe-planmt sampf('s shldtit lie ana- lyzied for niii ttes. Afteri a period ofin c're'asedf groxxth,. the atddedt dIry iiatte'r iiayx tdiliite the totatl nitrate 'oniceiitrationi SO that the ciop can fit uitilize't for flax. filfowxing itrat' itro geni an alxsis'. It flis that contains toxic lexvels (If' nitratt' wxill atlso lbe uiipaltlfe( to cattle its xwais thle gre'e'i forage. VaIbaoi AXgrculunral Ex'perimient S5tationi ;t i" , I., /5 x Above 1,500 p.p.ill, is consider lo\c 1.500 is considered normal. -77I "w ANA I \I t N, I.K. \\ LLio, andl ..1. BA ( KNI\\ IIF, 11 L LS S I'H cor in stalk b~o r r.('13 is a key ptest of peanults .. I.groX i oin sanitl soils in thlit Soutlh'aste'riin iiit('t Statcs, wXitlh dam-i aging popuilatIins ottmini duri~ lingi hot tdamaginig lesser coirnstalk borer popuila- ltin I as I.5t devX lope 1 d. Lcse ct5t ollnstalk 1oe pO(FfopuIlatOins wer art' icu itlalyi ugh stiltilig ini ltavy yXieltd losst's in! F'loriitr petant ildts ini Alabama. It is ess5('ntial that lt'sser cornstalk borer damage to ltaf, flowetr, p)et, podh, andlt seed protduie tioii be1 yuiaititittl so that growetrs kiuovs vv heni this inisect is cauingii . econoic daioagt', bult unhtil reeitX this had niot To) (flaiifX LCB:1 daniagt. a 2 - tar grt'enhloulse stitI was coiiduiited at the tioin. I'lortiioor petanuit plIants pottedt in D~othiain saii(IX loal il 1X elI) infested( wsitli fie dtenis itit's of ltesser tornstalk b~ortr larvaat. Bachi plant hadl friii 0 to 8 LaXrvae f('t'ting oin it for afpjioxiniatt'ly ineiioith. FIXe dijffert'nt plant ages were stdiet 1 to scct if peanut planits Xwtre ilitre sulseeptillt to ltesser eoiristalk brerr Lteeding at. (U just priior to flovvcr- ing, (2 flowserinig, (3) early pegging, t1 caip pod ftill. or (5) late pf)till. I lie tirv wetighit of' pt'ainut roots tde- tireast't byX an aiX tragte of ?c for tach larXva fettling throughout its Ln'X al lifec on the planit. This tffeet did iiot change Xwithi plant agte. A i etuietion iin a petanult plants rotot sX stem dtereases its ab~ility to tob- tain nuiti ents fr om the soil antI Xwith- standit t'iro in iuetal strt'sses. 'Ihlis is tiitical bteciuise tdamiagiiig p~opulat~ins of LCB oftt'n dctltX t duf)tiriiig a tdiought. Wh len this happfeins, Xwater stuss froiii bithi lesst'r corostalk borter damageO~r and the dlroughit coiilt gre(atIX irttuct peainit lIn the saint stutlX the fc~tat seetd dlry weight decreasttd IIX imor than one- thiirdl for tachi LC (:1iarX a eoiipjletiiig tdc' vetlopiiieut oin the planit .lThis Xwas t it teiin foi plaints infe'stetd XXiti Itcsscr toiii stalk boretrs prior toi flowestring, XX liti no sst'l Xwete pretsenit. this Xwas pro ahX at rtesuilt of the retduition in sizt' of the p~lats root 5X stemn. Baisedt oin thet ites!ults of these stitl it's it apptears that in ordetr for lt'sst'i torn- stalk biorer iiiaiagt'iit'it to lb' siietssful. conutrol tactics muust be imploe befl orf iiiuiiI largt' sizt't larX va' ait' lotiid iin a field. Iisecticitdes appl it't aftt'r pt'g pod. andl rtott tcroXn datmiage has be(t'i torinstalk b~ot'r larXval fptofulattiii, but Above left: Characteristic silken tube pro- duced by a lesser cornstalk borer larva on the stem of this peanut. Above: Older pods dam- aged by lesser cornstalk borer. citits aptplietd Xd it mitst liiat'a arct smiall to) tuettn -siz't'd XXil reduce~ the litrsad pouilititi o t fn i pXrt'int teconoicuii losses. souit u I'ittnicoth uot'u itft'l g'aiuul.ir in- scetie's, sinite lt'sst'r cr'tn stalk borers it' gtlailk criawl onu thet sotil siirfaet'. l ac i s :Also iatr I' ic s~ of I II 11111111.11 Left: A peanut stem damaged by lesser cornstalk borer. Right. A peanut plant severely damaged by lesser cornstalk borer feeding. Note the large number of feeding sites. dE' x f II .0;*-w4. ornstak forer *amage .fiuts INACTIVATED OIL-EMULSION VACCINE EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY OF BROILER BREEDER MALES J.S. CRUZ-COY and G.R. McDANIEL INACTIVATED oil-emulsion vac- cines provide an immune response for several months and are com- monly used for the prevention of bacte- rial and viral diseases in commercial flocks of layers and breeders. In breeder flocks, these vaccines applied to females may protect baby chicks from early ex- posures to infectious agents by supplying maternal antibodies through the yolk to their unhatched progeny. The mineral oil protects against the breakdown of these bacterial and viral antigens in young chicks. The oil slowly releases antigens from the vaccine which remain at the site of inoculation for some period. This slow release of antigen pro- vides continual stimulation of the im- mune system over an extended time pe- riod, creating a lasting immunity. On the other hand, inactivated oil- emulsion vaccines have been incrimi- nated in producing undesirable local and systemic lesions, such as granulomas and abscesses at the site of inoculation. In several species including birds, granu- lomatous lesions have formed in lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and kidneys. In rats, these lesions caused autoimmune disor- ders in articular and periarticular tis- sues. In order to determine if the recent crease in the use of inactivated oil-em sion vaccines in poultry breeders co be associated with a reduction in th reproductive performance, research in the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station examined the effect of a commercial, bivalent, inactivated virus, oil-emul- sion vaccine on the repro- ductive capability of broiler breeder males. Seventy-two broiler breeder males were placed in individual cages and males assigned to three dif- ferent treatments of 24 birds each. Group 1 was given a cc mercially available, bivalent, inactiva virus, oil-emulsion vaccine against NE castle disease and infectious bursal c ease (NDV-IBDV); group 2 received oil-emulsion without viral antigens (C and group 3 was maintained as uni: culated controls. The commercial v cine and the oil-emulsion without al gens were injected at the dorsum of neck. The experiment was conducted for weeks (24th to 50th week of age of THE EFFECT OF THE BIVALENT, INACTIVATED VIRUS, OIL-EMULSION VACCINE (NDV-IBDV) AND THE OIL-ADJUVANT WITHOUT ANTIGEN (OA) ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY OF BROILER BREEDER MALES DURING Two AGE PERIODS Reproductive capability of males at different ages Group 24-39 weeks of age 42-50 weeks of age SC' SV TC MP BW SC SV TC MP BW Bil./ml ml Bil./ml Pct. kg Bil./ml ml ml Pct. kg NDV-IBDV " OA B..... 3.8 0.6 2.4 81.9 4.4 4.1 0.6 2.5 88.0 4.8 OA..............4.9 .6 2.4 93.8 4.5 4.8 .6 2.8 96.5 5.0 controulated.........4.3 .6 2.5 92.7 4.4 4.5 .5 2.3 91.3 4.8 control ....... . 1SC = sperm cell concentration; SV = semen volume per ejaculate; TC = total sperm cells per eja- culate; MP = percentage of males in semen production; and BW= body weight. 10 males), and blood samples were taken from all the birds at 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, and 27 weeks after vaccination to mea- sure antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal dis- ease (IBD). Semen samples were col- lected from all males weekly for the first 16 weeks and biweekly thereafter to eval- uate the concentration of sperm cells, se- men volume per ejaculate, total sperm cells per ejaculation, and percentage of males producing semen. Body weight was recorded every month. The males that received the inacti- vated oil-emulsion vaccine (group 1) had the highest level of immunity against ND and IBD during the trial. Results showed longer lasting antibody response The vaccine provides immunity without compromising reproductive capability. of these birds to the vaccination than in the other two groups, confirming the ef- ficacy of the vaccine. No differences occurred among the groups in sperm cell concentration, se- men volume per ejaculate, total sperm cells per ejaculation, percentage of males producing semen, or body weight during the 27-week trial. Results did not show any detrimental effect in the reproduc- tive parameters of the broiler breeders by the inactivated, bivalent, oil-emul- sion vaccine, or the oil emulsion without the antigen, see table. The implications of these results are of particular importance to the poultry in- dustry, because of the use of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines for preventing diseases in layers, breeders, and their progeny. On the basis of this trial, the commercial vaccine used did not com- promise the reproductive capability of the breeder males. However, further re- search of this nature is needed with other commercial vaccines that contain multivalent antigens including those of bacterial origin. Cruz-Coy is a graduate student and McDaniel is Professor of Poultry Science. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station D. A. STIiNGFELLOW alndl M.S. THOMSON 1.II 'l F ) N I ll ll n ti iil'il ('lixI- trlilmclit is, At (cast as 1)1(1 as till idia oI tansi~in nbro Front dlonol'xlxVi(r por)1ted( inl shie 1111 goal 1 tsx inl 19:3'1 adIl in ii Itlti'l '\l' itd p 1 igs ill til1. Dri ng th 1970iixsi lit hil 111 ItiniC th bo in I I il ri t(,i d to' ('ufil a xtii enti\I tlhaI lt x ('I'llr (ivl'xiilltc'it and1( illitabillilxt and1 flit til stlili iii tili cf'~tiCt oll I ilili ill c"-(' tiloli .lenixlii on lix ('lttlii xli. Suh xxxs xou 1 b111 1) osslN~ill ill lito (ill till itx an-11 inia bluilt tilcx alsxi reducIl the' numitbl r xtnat2,l imp il'litca lxx I liii tifns. I l nitii li currn it ill xi xxiirc lin thI tio isit thell l'111)1 i t p atii . ituclt coll t e undersitofi taii g i11f,1 tiie causes x oxfi The11il it e t if .1x thil Aubfi n 1 sarc ttoil 1111 tmorlell .1 l lil'xcl moi 1 tr ill iti oxs n11 lilt lii ls IiIll itrfi . 1411w t i h r 1,11 cix N been11 abx to 'xl tv illde11 t 111 cu 1e( tonitionx iiilin Iiil Iii ill' .1 tcl ixt It ( lil t it.1111 xii ill t I' l tc i ilx tl uit xfi' reinedi llt1112 shoux xl i1) eom tiai cos'tclil~t lix. cln Embryo 9 days after fertilization (top left), after 2 days in vitro (bottom left), after 3 days in vitro (top right), and 7 days in vitro (bot- tom right). ll(tt)(I II I (Ito -ricullurat Esin'rinucnt Station t ' L a' I Mechanical properties of soul pine not damaged by CCA treat. (.G OSTMEYER aind K IAT'ING SOl"I'III,;IiV PILAF Iuolhcr vvitli chroloatcd copper wwllate (CCA ) prescrv atk es of- ICI" a sip-find or greater increase in pcr- forinance life. untreated Inmber in V\ alcr or .;round contact lasts Ies.s tlhau 5 cans. \\ltilc CCA-trcatc(I Inmbcr call be espcc"tcd to last 30 Icars . In C C A treat m en t, the presclwatIy'c solution of chromium, copper. and ar- senic is forced into the lumber usinrr presstn-c. upon ch the chromium. copper- aI I (1 arsenic chcnlicaII\ bond \%itI I or Ilcc"omc "fixcd"" in the wood, mAimg it hio cni11111 11 p 1 (ill I)11111111111 till loadl a ci Both appearance and performance varied among treatments of southern pine lumber. l'\ ~ ~ nton n It diod lit~t I\'t'n it t'( \ )1 lr i x ai on xxI'l itx i li i t4 il' an l t ll I Illc tit 1 IIh te rn I liti l'\t'itill ti l ti as 1 xxtti xit i iti ill'Ill II 1)1)1 2 22:2 i \ of I ttlil ti rt ing s1o1uti on.Li It lt\It a2 ttil irctt t aci o Ill'u ig i Ilal pr 2rte a111 CCtl' ttit th 1 fitittit't I tti oxt ixotlt- als I ~ luc I T .12 ilhnlli usi inIlt t'it't'i ix soo ttr pxitit cs. TSI) frc (CA,1)1 ; AI alt 1 1111111 I il i ligi n Ill'si "~ n cn "toh l I it 1111' n icat (ctl strength.~ 'ill ' iillll II l' i hu c ill till II' 11111 i 11111 wu toI I I li1 - I' ni~c 1111 aI Graduat 1111wc :Assistan and III11 y ihL LO\1"\ Nt I SI D:I tak, it, 11)0 nt e Ill diIt rn r 0111 (' 4ro )IIli thIousadl ttub('rs inl At sasonl. sIX I, and~ onli tHAI ginlli lffccltIX I in cides5 ale Xailabl(' that aIdl'(fIat('i control X IIkoXX inits'( 41 wXithiout causI'ingi illjIll to ornIamen~tal spec(ies. Cons15- (Ochl\ \\-'b 1), III'rl