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HIGHLIGHTS
of Agricultural Research
Vol. 33, No, 2
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
David H. Teem, Acting Director
Summer 1986
Auburn University
Auburn University, Alabama
,A iir j
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.
it
A WORD WITH THE EDITOR
])a ou si~ ,Iil' r als Itclg h XXXI XI XXIII 1111 tIiiil (Is of (IX iii(XXII 11t
IX 1('s iI)ii)t l il~ ft I 1 X (s \\1 ( ) ll IhII~c th -l lll lllsXX tlit. IifIiiX ill ii
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I 111111tie (i 111111 i lt of I h l m tii t ion ii lii Il lX t XtiI i 111IiIltr ' 11111 cIII(I il i
and lit i/I I an poss iil iX l ou11 d cop u]t into a4I~i na( l iiIXtl t ion tiat comS it
1
\lost I ~I-IAXli t s ll er XXIoIabi
tis I Iii n ti Rat114X i sI stiongtil XXIII i niXI11
Io icXI XXI ' Illlg" t ill 111 4i Xh( \lli I IiXI I
X IIIir nif n i mce homI111XI111I1.4 ~l tiii ravages I I
R.E. STEVENSON
It (ill I lop d ili ns of1 IX I if il
ca s IX fl tI ti ,11 .~t S . i ol lItIIw11 it t o lIX 11i slitlnce Xn Xu aio lil t fal 1111111ItI I
thei IIII 1 ra4 t i : IleiXX I XI ii 1111111 II X ii t ill S 2 ol tit( ll lr i t I I lii i n of1
Ic11mIII talt XX L )it n X14111 ilts4 llto v ,lii h IX 111(1fil i Xcinific l lotIX. l
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III it )111II aI lIi iI IX Io i I XliliiII tiso i i 
1
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1141c1 til t \\h ai isg oIwar1141IiX lt tii Xl 14i~ ilt ill , Iiilfdj fu I AI I (t ruIS
ture 11141 I ii~ IX ll i ll 11411 IlIt lt li the tubi that1 fiti r llh lilf l icul-
t1(ill if lii i st i its 141 i itii X11111 t ii a l lli tir \\ tilln al l at 111 111111 t it l ()X111 i
1)r. ~ 1 T)v~ S llI I XtXu li I -idt )I of lt
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1 
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1111 I. 111 
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atci an oIIrcIhsI'l )
SUMn 1986 Vol. 33 N\2
I11 Ii o 11t1 1a bee IX huo olli h II
)\ImIl .II Iiil XIo crtv hichi c/)iiiiti
I~ii N i I II INXXII iiili, : ou h r tits I /Iil
Idi-nltitjal (n opinm ittc I)X (halI IlI of I X-
XcX nti) )X X /cis . Illn u i f stis IX/lc IIX 1111 X
il,l Sii ioI/ii (.I. 11 Nn t I N Il Il/It I II iic
X'iii ltIi/ as i1411 natio1a lede i])frt X)i X-
IrX I II I i Xiii Ifi re ll rh i/i s XX 1/Il 11 has11 li
IiX li XI ill i/is r oX e 10 Xl 1,I X III( iliti JII)I s
in/I, i t (1111 cs III i t( IIXt-I h )ZiX l-II
lli/I XXIIIl ill \\ccdi~iI co lntro /l ts
\SIIX I c Inll o11 NI .I XXXII I i st hi i XXIII Iif XII
search/ is11 1)11111/ oi pag1 5 of t.X his su Il oN X
mit sl NicsisNmcoeo al fct foe~
Ill XXItiil Ili~l o rleti 111(1 (111111 d XI h\I
South1 and other I o s~ eru(hr t:n
S \ IN I .\D I) TL ( pI4'1oducea s arl'
culent 'oth ingo mthfods of [)t 01 li-
wth iiess thaw I tn. of leackfat antd adiequlate'
and( top) mart pot ite. Produtiton of Icancr.
1111' )1 fitula uid\\ta~Ils hol l s r sult t itn
but take' manyi 141111'atloll> to app) t't'ai)I al-
dir' cting m1 g flaxnne b'ili ltx x nnt't)1 axi of
14)11 ti-nfaprd cinadtwrs mcl
Recetlyti a group1~ of'foolo 4i'ailx actixI'
('ot ii If I, bea> r iitl1 gits> whith
(I'h )( It ruing arcas fatness,> is idtnti
fie. .5 es ft np un s )t 111I f i if ill) inptructur
itll' is a ition x bei'
1
it we ea andal'~ fli t ti s-ia
teI rre iilii li Pto 14> xx a t't'loni~ oxe ts Al f r e- il
tsetat aprojeca t 1141'tl con'I14ffilf23f i) a ti
t Itiniragen t im atcr ll in11 i' 11)1as in mus-a
tclei a > d rai ng at less1 fil pig11) s. hl
fed at n re an) 25eight51PP t II >1'tlimpil ( I ll xI
t-an atil i> th incresin > t ltf ls ftttt C ia-
melal diet. Ciagr'tralFp'lol wsade to th dit t
Repartitioning agent alters
carcass composition in pigs
dlilt. Ax'rag' daix 14a1i1s iif pig4x fed 1.ft
te t'i c gII')r1ater thlan thoiise ill pigs led I ft
fi~. w~ 1itih noi xxi thrwl lwyr lttxi 1>xithfil
peltfiit mc dutlI'lirinl1 till 7-(lax wxithdri)axwai
(lraxxa iixxa> till smll to1 pts> till statixtic'al
Av'ragel hiack-fat depth, liltil utib fat dilpth,
af im 'tatrl x le 1oi c11( ar111 x increasl itti
xx thl incre'in lex11 ls of Ii ti ill' compound.ltl~ F'll)
thridction>sel otlat increas I'll xiliix Ilin ill
('liltigI if aeigto> te hamfan loin x s afl~ix per
fton 1)1(imtertloil for tih' iast 7 days> of till te'sf
T.J. PRINCE and D.N. MARPLE
intake' axsx wli a> I I o'l l oIi f fill iiihii tiox if
lilt be ofil' day sli C imatcrl is xx itlil it from
th i t pro tlla 't l a htet 1111 will b'i impo Ixtanil
iif inlyx L ct ilt in ii carcass co pi> lt in.
F' i I>r ort II I I~ni ('1>1>11 x toi IN f't ilt i m )I x~yti _xx Colx~lix~lalno oll Pecs
Ax. dilx gaill Ii.
Ay. ct f edlil I itl
Feedt to) gain41 raio
Lea flit wf it I
Iet libi aKft, in.
ILc' Iilt of Cimatc')ol, f. 41. Ill.
ft 0.25 0.:5ff
.8:3 1.52 181I
ti. 4I 6.4 611 I
:3.5:3 4 :3.1 33
2.8- 2-5 2.4
ft. 13.2 42.16
Each mII rIprli ent sii'lix penslu of sx fIt 1)11 pen.
A lA BA~f'sI~S BROILER induistr, the
thiirtd largest in the nation, cuirrently
mlarkets abouit 10 million birdls er
wxeek. Dute to research-tdesvelopced technolog-
ital adsvancements these ird ts can n05w lbe
iiarketed in 47 dlas, cotmparedl ssith 70 tdays
:30 y ears ago. Burt as 111d probleins 
are solsved,
news ones occur, such as C'ryptospoiridium, 
a
little kiioswn par asite oif chickens wshich has
been tdttected iin increasiing inuimbers iin Ala-
haima in the past 5 years.
Most coiccidlians infect specific hosts, hot
C ryjpto sporidium i organlis ins art' iinusu al he-
causte thes inftect a ssitdc varity of hosts in-
cluding iiammals, biirts, reptiltes, and( fish.
Until recently, thte importance (if tcSptoispoir-
itdiosis (dlisease' catusetd by C ryptospoii f m
organism) in poitltry v5as v irtumally ignort't
ht'catuse it w as thoutght toi attack ly inon-
vital organs. Howsetr, in ce'rtain blirtds it has
lit'en foiiut
1 
to cas m'11 1ajoir prob
1
l'is 11byI in-
fecting the respiiratoiry tratt and it is nowi5 in-
clutded ini the irtspiratory disease colei(x, a
cllet'tion (if tdis'ase's thlat results in contlem-
natioin (if 25,000if Alahama hiroilers per ws('ek.
Arexvit'w oifAlabama poiultry cases submit-
te'd to t'e C. S. Robhtrts \'eteri1nars D~iagnos-
tit' Labioratory in Atiburii froni Octoher 1.
1982, uiitil Nove be tfl)' 30, 1984, reve(alttd
C'riyptosporidiumi infectetd hirtds on 19 farms
unidt'i coiitract toi5 si briler tcompanit's iii
Alahbiia. The actual pire'valeiict' oif crx fti-
sp~oridlioisis in Alabianma broilei's 
is uniknown,
butt iinfectt't pouiiltrx exists in bo1th noirthe'rin
and( slitthern pirltdtction areas.
Cunrt'nt stutdit's at the Alabiama Agricul-
tuiral Ex'pern'it Station art' iinte'ntlt't toi
clarifys the roilt' of (rjptosporidioiii as a pri
imar tdist'ase agent in broiler chit'kens, anti to
tdeterminte the susceptilbility oif (ither axviain
aind maninalian species toi it. Rt'sults oif these
stutdies intdicate that sexvere anti somnetimes
fatal dist'ast' occulrs fiillossing inocu Ilation (if
crx ptospormtlial inft'ctisve stages inito the res-
4
qAian Cryp tosporidios 
is
In Emerging Poultry 
Disease?
B. L. BLAGBURN, D.S. LINDSAY 
F J. HOERR,
J.i. GIAMBRONE, and C.A. SUNDERMANN
piratoi s tract of 7-dlay-oild chicks. Infected
F 1rds are listless, hang their hellta (as shossni
in the photograph), andt exhihiit other clinical
signs stich as sincczing, lab~ore 
b'1lreathing,
iilnd reltictanice to move 1. Morlitalities are 1151-
Ill' less than 10%,/ but mnorhitits, losseredl
wecight gains, ant] iltcreasedi susce~ptibility 
to
other tdisteaste agents slhouiltd lie tcoisitdcretd.
I nocutlationii of Criyptosporidiumil at thriee
lcevels into thte respirator tract lot chiickcos
resiultetd in sigificantly loswer we ight gaiins
wseeks after inlictlatillil) as repoirtedt in the
table'. Althiough feet] to gain ratiois sse(re sig-
nificantly difh'ren t for only 1one1 
If the giroup,
losswied svaliues cx ident in the other groups
clomparedl to ctrolt Il birtds suggest that swhen
other stresses or tdisease agents are 
iincliited,
feed efficiencies coldlt decrease tol 5aluecs that
ar e signifitantly lowsei thlan noiiifectt't
biirdIs. A s noitetd ill th tale, co lorl scolres of
infected hiirts killedl 35 daxys after inoculation
wseie significantly lower in inifectedl 
chicks,
regardless of the tireatiieint lexvel.
Resullt s of t rans1miiis sion stuidlies uisinog the
thicken isoilate (if Cryiptosporidiioi indticate
that it is not transmlissibile toi ilaillialian
hoists Iundert 011sf conitions. Retsearcheris es-
taliishted rt'spiiratori inofections5 inI cliicken s
us in g the calf i sol ate (if C rjp 
tospoiidil II 0,
htt oly in at inoiriity of birtds aint at ex-
tircinch loss Itesels . Fiurthecr studlies art'
netdtl to clairifs simiiil arities allt] dIiffereiices
of the' calf antd chicken species. Pireliminary
inforinationi iugg('sts that ax ian Crypi~itospor-
idium is not transmissile to humans wsho are
likely to enountiiter the 01rgan ism d1ur(iiing pro0
duoction or prlocessing of infectetd birdsl.
O)ther sus5cepftibile axvian host spetcies iincluide
doucks and tourkeys. Rtespiriator 5 distase' in
tuirkcs s1 simiilar to that inidiuced in chickens,
indicating that thle organism may hre impor-
tant u nder cer tain coniditioins ini this host.
Blaghiin is Assistaint Pi otc ssoi of Aiiiiial Helth
IRese~li el Hoieir is ~Adjuinct Assistanit Pi otessori of
Pathlo and0511( Pao asitoloils LinidsaN is a Rlesearchi
Associaite of Aimial HIlthl Ra'searchi Giaibnhille
is Assicialte Pi oftssoi of Poiult rs Science, aod Sun-i
derinn i is Assi stint Priifessor of Zooilogs -Elto)
LiiL( is If R sliliiol ('mi ,lisPoiaosis ON
XX 111.111 GAi~s. Fill) COiN5 I HiONr AND
CAlitAss Q1 sLITS Fort:32 SAMPiLES
ill Biii li CICiKENA
Feed/ Roclhe
I liectioni leve W' it. gain' galin coloi
ratio score'
Noninfec ted .... 12.1 1.84 3.59
Low ...... 9.3 3.02 2.6(6
\'teium ..... 8.5 2.11 2:36
Hig1 ....... 9.5 2.41 2.69
'11 21 tais aflteri inllatioii.
'uudex of .shaik color at teruinuation of experi
menit iusing~ color tain tio measurlit shades1 lit 5ellow5
Seven-day old chicks show clinical signs of infection by avian Cryptosporidium 
parasite.
to\A a
~ss
I f
Hir
5,5' "~'
Ig k
.5'
Seed kti tciency in Southern Pine Nurseries
D.B. SOUTH and H.S. LARSEN
THE FOREST industry in the South
insvests m~illions of dollars each vear to
fimiprov e the genetic potential of lob-
loilsy pine seed. lHoweveCr, few organizations
hasve invsestedl additional m~oney in their nur-
series for conserv ing this valuiable seed.
Some use essentially the same equiipmient
and practices they use to grows seedlings from
inlexpenisis e, unimprov ed seed. These prac-
tices can often result in poor seed efficiency
which losxers the plotential econlomic gains
from the tree imnprov ement program. Re-
search by the Alabama Agricultural Experi-
ment Station has attempted to defiine the
iange of seed efficiencies' piresent at forest
nurseries.
In 1984, one pound of genetically improv ed
loblolly pine seed (from clone 8-74) xwas pur-
chased for $83.58. Theire ssere 1:3,137 seeds
per pound(, but 10% floated sshen soaked in
swater. Remosval of the eimipty seeds that
floited resuilted in 11,82:3 seeds wxith a ger-
iiinatio)n rate of 99%, foi a cost of 0. 70 per
pure lisve seed. These seeds were stratified
and sown at sev en forest nurser ies, twxo in
Alab~ama, txw( inl Florida, two( in Louisiana,
aind one iii \ississippi.
At each nurser, onle smlall p~lot wsx ecstab-
fished by precision sowsing 768 seeds b)y
hand. Six (If tile nursery plots xwere sowsn dm--
inig a 6-day period inl April, wh ile the sexventh
plolt xwas sown about a rmonth later. Plots xxere
mufllhed xxith pine bark after soswing. Normal
nursery practices wvere conducted during thle
growxing season anld all seedlinlgs from each
plot swere lifted betwveen December 26 and
29.
Seed efficiency (If the plots, see table, v ar-
ied from a highl of 92% to a lowx of 41%/. TIhe
'Seedl efficiecv is detined as the numbe~l)r nf
plantable seedlings in a nursery fbed a(t time of lilt-
ing exp
1
ressed as a percentage (If the nlumbler of xi-
alfe seeds sowxxn (Ine requ~irement ot 'a pl~antable
loblollyi or slash pine seedlin~g is that it has e a root-
collar diameter (Its in. or greater)
Alabama Agriculturad Experiment Station
lowx seed eflicienicy fromli nursecxv C xxas ic
lalte(] to thle late sowxxing date. For the remlainl
iog nlurseries (B F), seed efficiencyd rantgedl
fi omi 60%c tol 72cr. The avxerage seed cffi-
ciency for all sexe pI jlots xxas 66%tr. The plo(t
from nurserv A had losx morItlitv s w1xelf as at
loss pereniItage (If culli seecdlinlgs . TIhis plot
demonstrates that at seed efficicency of 901% or
greate'r is possilie. A few nursers mnagercs
havlse repor ted oplerat finalisll talilning thlis
lesvel of efficiecc xxithl celrtaili seel lots.
The present value(If al pound( (If gc'nticafx
imoprox Cd sed is based oIl tile xxorthl of till
cextra xxoold prodcucedc ait tile end( (If the rota-
tion, discounlte'd to the precse'nt Though $:300)
is the pre'sent x alue oflte'n mntioniecd for at
plouncd of sec'c fromi a roguied, first-gc'ncrationi
loblolly tinelt seed oIrchalrd, sonic compatnlic's
have t dete'rmlineld till prelsenlt valuei of sced
froml ce'rtalin clonles to lbe worthl ill c'xcc'ss (If
$1,01)0) al pounld. There'fore, thet presen( t va(fll'
o~f a sin1gle tialei seed1 from a roIgued' seel or-
chardl coldlc range fromi 
3
(' toI 10?. Whe 111 avi-
alllle seed has al present x aloe (If :3o echi poolr
sec'd c'fficiency call loxwer pres'Aent 5 ali(s byx as
muchd~l as $43 fori eachl 1,000 plantale sCed-
linig s produllcecl see tablfe . Thlelefocc, if 'a
nursery w xithl a treed efficiency of 411% pro-
duced 1:3 moill ion gelneticaflly imnproved seed-
lings (oit (If a toltal prodcuctioni oIf 26 illion, it
could amo~lunt toI aln annual loss ill tpresent
valoe oii o15er $500,00)0 at sear.
For inyl e st al ishe nur11 secries in tile
Southl the cost (If pcdccing improv 15ed seedl
can eas il account foir 30% to 50t% oIr more Co(f
thle toltal cost (If seecdling procIciction. There-
fore, reducing seed co~st b)5 inlcreasing seed
cfficiciicx call be aln effectisve xxas to lowser thie
cos~t of seedlinlg plrodiuctionl. The seed cos~t
pei thousand planitalie seedlintgs alt Nursery
xx was 22% tol .3% 
T
ess tihan fill nurseries l3
F. At 583.58 pei pound for seed, this mieans
a saxvings of $34,861) to 8103,740) for at illrsery
grossintg 26 mlilliont seecliigs. ft is apparent
that xxhen x ailial seed arec used, inmprov ing
nurs1 ery piractices to1 keep seed efficiency highl
South is Assistanlt Profelssori anld L arsen iIs Asso-
ciaite P'rofessorl ofi 1'oesti 5
SEiEDLii FIIENIIMMns SxisiI PUo IS 51SL\Es Ni BSi(IlS IN 1984
Pure 1liv'
Norsery Dalt' 
s(1'd
SO155n .Sosx 1
Sq ft.
Totil
denisity/
sq. It.
No.
29.2
27.9
27.9
24.9
23.6
21.8
17.6
seedlinigs/
Sq. ft.
Nou.
21.7
211)
201.6
19.0)
18.2
12.6
C'ol Total Seed
pe(r'elnt molurtalits efficien~cs
Loss ill
afut'r
voIlumliO
1 1)0)0
seedliings
8 2.61
11.67
13.48
14.12
18.39
21).00t
4:3.17
Seed co st/
1,001)
seedl
1
inigs
$ 7.60
9.71
10.05
10.25
11.11
11.59
16.68
AssumlOin~g iI pi (stclt vau 1111 I 3Q per puire lixve seed.
'Assuing il cost of 0.
7
o' peir puIc luve seed.
t
HOUSING PRACTICES
IN ALABAMA'S RURAL COMMUNITIES
J.O. BEAMISH and M. ALLEN
M ANY COMMUNITIES in Ala-
bama offer a variety of programs,
policies, and community practices
to better meet the housing needs of their cit-
izens. However, it is often assumed that small
rural communities do not have these pro-
grams, thus their citizens face a variety of
housing problems. To determine the validity
of this perception, a survey was conducted in
54 non-metropolitan communities in the
State to determine the availability of various
housing programs.
Areas studied
All incorporated areas of 2,500 to 10,000
population in non-Metropolitan Statistical
Area (non-MSA) counties were included in
the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion study. Incorporated county seats with
populations ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 were
also included if they were in non-MSA coun-
ties that did not have a town with a popula-
tion of 2,500 to 10,000.
County supervisors for the Alabama Co-
operative Extension Service, Farmers Home
Administration (FmHA) supervisors, re-
gional planners, local lenders and realtors,
and town mayors or managers in each com-
munity were contacted via a mail question-
naire. Respondents were asked if: (1) alter-
native financing practices, (2) housing
programs, (3) local regulations, and (4) alter-
native housing types were available or pres-
ent in their community. Extension and
FmHA personnel had the highest response
rate at 94%, followed by planners, lenders,
and mayors at 70%, and realtors at 56%. All
communities were represented with re-
sponses from at least two respondent types
and 61% had responses from five or more re-
spondents.
Results were analyzed and a scoring sys-
tem developed with a top score of 341. Total
scores for the communities ranged from 7.2 to
20.1. Of the communities sampled, 11% had
scores above 18.1 and 9% had scores below
12.1, table 1.
Highest and lowest scores
Communities with such alternative hous-
ing types as active and passive solar housing,
earth sheltered housing, manufactured hous-
ing, apartments, townhouses, and mobile
home subdivisions scored highest. Typically
these communities also had housing for the
elderly, housing assistance programs, energy
efficiency incentives, community develop-
ment block grant programs, and public utili-
ties. Low scoring communities were notably
lacking in housing alternatives, local regula-
'A score of 34 would be achieved if all respon-
dent types in a community reported that all prac-
tices and programs asked about on the survey ex-
isted in the community.
tions, and a variety of financial programs,
such as state or local bond money, builder-
assisted loans, self help housing, and alter-
native mortgage plans.
Location and population did not seem to af-
fect the scores of communities with the high-
est and lowest scores. Communities in both
categories were located in various parts of
Alabama. Although the communities with
larger populations tended to have higher
scores on the index, several of the highest
scores came from communities with popula-
tions of 2,000 to 3,500; however, low scores
also came from this population level.
Alternatives in financing
and ownership
Most communities had a variety of housing
programs, but few alternative financing prac-
tices and alternative forms of ownership.
They often had some local regulations, such
as building codes and zoning ordinances, but
few had codes or regulations that permitted
non-traditional or non-standard spacing of
housing. The number of reported housing al-
ternatives varied considerably and ranged
from 1.3 to 7.2 out of 11. Apartments or other
multi-unit complexes and manufactured
housing were the most frequently reported
alternatives.
Extension and FmHA personnel had con-
sistently similar ratings on all sections, table
2. Their ratings were also higher than the re-
sponses of the other respondents. Lenders
and realtors had fairly high and consistent
ratings, though lenders reported fewer fi-
nancing alternatives. Mayors also reported
fewer financing and housing alternatives than
did other respondents. Regional planners re-
ported the lowest number of financing alter-
natives and the fewest local regulations.
Further study will be undertaken by Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station re-
searchers to closely examine factors and con-
ditions present in communities offering a
variety of housing practices that encourage
affordable housing. More information about
economic perceptions and attitudes about
housing is needed to better understand the
variations in the housing practices of rural
communities in Alabama.
Beamish is Assistant Professor and Allen is a
Graduate Research Assistant in Home Economics
Research.
TABLE 1. PERCENT OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN
ALABAMA BY NUMBER OF AVAILABLE
HOUSING PRACTICES
Number of available Percent of communities
housing practices (N = 54)
Less than 12.0 ....... 5
12.1-14.0 .......... 22
14.1-16.0 .......... 39
16.1-18.0 .......... 19
More than 18.1 ...... 11
TABLE 2. MEAN SCORES OF NUMBER OF AVAILABLE HOUSING PRACTICES BY RESPONDENT TYPE,
SECTION, AND TOTAL SCORES
Respondent 
Finance Housing 
Local Housing 
Total
practices programs regulations alternatives score
type (N=8) (N=7) (N=8) (N=11) (N=34)
Extension .................... 2.7 5.5 4.4 4.0 16.6
FmHA ....................... 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.0 15.7
Realtors ...................... 2.6 4.6 3.9 3.8 14.9
M ayors ....................... 2.1 4.8 4.4 3.2 14.5
Lenders ...................... 2.2 4.6 3.7 3.7 14.2
Planners ...................... 2.0 4.8 3.3 4.0 14.1
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
VIFIN IN m
D I \ \ U) I 113 ('ilitil i.-ilot pe-
((lilct[ ,c-Ss (i hu hie lilt ilisi'r
il'oo i it t I iicer iliiti ai 'ir i ti ll i p tn ial
iii its ii ks: I kit kit aniu cii linis it iiti~jii
iio at cii t i i i li tit 1i tapi t() i ltti ti Is in
"Il A ti I iii th is I 1111( Itl S~rutil ISllt i 'iiar
old s iI I i I I (i il Ililt ii.c I(Sti. l nI\ It I
se so i t It il u tiii Fr i iii ti tin hi. ittilts
tiill ll2-c~ tit ) . t 11 4 11lt S a n i/I \ltluri'
Itt s tinlt i tt 21 itii i icat tht k1 till t S
ulatitil ,i tittul i
5
itura pituite lan 511 W Ilt ill
\iI t stI-h~ i' d roi ot'i iii cm caii'it' l hr i
St ' Iti I I. i uddcd ani t t (i %itut h ill Ill'r
I t i i ts it l t i s1izi1 ct i ne sti ii ( .)111 i t(
the (.iI till l ( iat t iii 14 t ll it Itt r liiily i
Optimizing production
of container-grown pecans
G.J. KF\[R andC.. S (G1
and1( rooit iii .\ StI e ihts. and
1 
liii br ()I mai i n
Si/ 5 1141 s i ii it'l i t i tc i ill iii 'siiiicd
Sctis an li in i 1as' iii tiii lli lt_ (iilitill[ mtil -
adi rotitt (Il StI t 41 i it . 'htisi ii' tilts 1141 ii
Stith pi t15lolt itiilititis and( ill p it A c\-IIS 1
still d t i st I i S it hill tthll nut.
liioo) t io t t lit i till Ion-ptliti i tciii' 111
teita Stli esit d iiit it .111(1 Ittiil t t tslS
tine sitt th il
1
si ulli and f( iI c tit oui1t, dr1 (,l-
oing't's St ll ii i t tinl tbesii liii~u li ill i tl
cod. hth he tap roi t 14'1 it s prIJ3n li t Sas-
iiic it ofl~ it ii si''iI it. huhr Isill ,r
Siitt I .1 ( iIi( 1 I iIII m) t t t ii s l'1511
Coitill iii ti I I sill S I i pIiai cant Ii 111
S inc cai I i 'I N ill t is lii\t d I m i S lNt
ize t iii liid I idica Si a I Ii NI 'i -on -
t2n(r a t I N 5, i \ i na ,15 Ni. llu e
\u iin i iit 
I i/ui~
((iuItlilt .
10 I-\ 5S
3 lIi' V
(lilt It
It.
it S
iii
21
tu iit
i 1.
Its) S
Ill I
Pruned (left) versus unpruned
pecan seedlings.
K("rA(-l i1 Assistuit Pto)I( xn- of I lot t is i i It lit r;it id
(:nl)l) is limner Sulrcriutrn(lrnt of the Oni;uncntal
Ilot ticlilt ill r S]l1)stttiuii.
Alabama 1.1'xpc0Incnt Station
'1 si , 1. Hi SI SPi)I Conr \9ihlL 1( Hi B(AnSiEbn AND NEON Sn lOL-I\IHi(IIn(. F NclI WL', 1984
Treatmecnt D)isease 'scx ciity'
Funngicidec Rate MaX 29 J inc 21 August 9
6(1 15-1297 4E . . . . . . . . . .. 1.4 iil oz. 1.1 1.4 2.1
HO 15-1297 4E .... . . . .. ... 2.7 Fl.0o. 1.1 1.1 1.4
Hubigamn 12.5E ... . . . . . .. . 6.81 fl o. 2.1 2.0 3.1
D~acnil 2787 4.17F . ........ 2 pt. 1.6 1.1 1.3
Tifin inc EC 18.2E . . . . . . . .. 0.75 pt. 1.6 1.1 1.3
XE' 779 2.5W ....... ..... 1.8 oz. 2.3 235 3.4
XE 779 25W ............ .3.2 oz. 2.3 2.6 3.1
XE 77925WV............ 6.4oz 2.1 2.0 2.9
XE 779 25W ... . . .. . . ... 12. oz. 2.1 1.6 2.3
1R- 3866 2E ... . . . . . . ... 0. . oz. 1.6 1.1 2.4
10I1 :3866 2E . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0f. 117. 1.3 1.0 1.9
Hit :386(6 2E . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.011. o)7. 1.5 1.0 1.3
Hlatinig scalc 1 [1no diseasc, 5 = sever leaf drop.
1 XiL F 2. EFFEC I Iof SPRAs INTF-l m. X ON Hi X( ki I (ON 11(1)1 1985
Trea~tmencIt Diisease seX erity
New fungicides
for blackspot
control in roses
A. HAGAN, C.H. GILLIAM,
and D.C. FARE
B CKSP0'1 is a coimiioini disFease (If
roses in) Alabama landscapes, but it
canii It' co'ntrolledl wXithl se'ason-lonig
pe'rior to1 labelced funigiideFs. OneF (If themi, tri-
fo~rine, is al (aFIX mairke'tedl underI' thet trade.
naiiies Fungie os DF\I i(5'1sF'asF' Control? and
T1riforine' EC'". Research at till Alabamna Ag-
ricultural Ex.p'rimii'nt Station showXXs that se'X
Fial e'xpeFrimeFntal sterioil iibiIitin~g fungicides
also cointrl ios bit'lackspIot Tests XXr licFoil
duic'ted to compiilare. ffliccy (If rl'giste'redF ina-
te'rials, Dacolnil 2787" and Tiriforine EC, XXill)
non -label'd steriol inhibitig fiiingicides.
Queen Elizabhl' graindifilora roIse bushes
weFrF' planted iin August 1983 in a 4:1 miixtuirF'
(If sanldy loam soil andI peFat imolss. Eachl bulsh
Xwas fFertilized F've'ry 2-:3 imonithls wXith 8 oz. (If
8-8-8 fe'rtilizcr and regularly prunedI. Water
Xwa~s app
1
lie'd as nce'ssari wXith ovXecrhe'aFd
spriinkle'rs. Blac'kspot sF'veFrity wXas de~ter-
iniedF using a 1-~5 scale wXithl 1 -ino dise'asF'
tol 5 S-' severe lcaf drocpi.
In 1984, Tr iforinF' EC 18.2E, Daconiil 2787
4.17F, luhigan? 12.5SE, Maag HO0 15-1297
4E, Orthlo XE77WR, 25W, anic 1 :38660 2E
wXeFrFe e'Xaluatc'c for blackspot tonitrl. Each
1 iigicidl1
6(o1.5-1297. l 11. . . . . . .
Ho 1.5-1297 4E .... . . . .
Ho 15-1297 4E .. . . . . .
HO 15-1297 41' . . .. . .
Da~coil '2787 4.17 ... ..
iaoil 2787 -. 17F ....
Tlrifoirine EC- 18.2E .....
Triforine EC 18.2E .....
HiH :3866 
4(0W... 
. . .. .
.
HH :3866 40WX........
HH :3866 
40\ . .
.. . .. 
.
11H :3866 40WN . . . .. . .
Unsp~raye contro .......
Ratc/1001 
SprayI
gal. wXatcr 
iitciral,
weectks
2.711. oz 1
1.4 1. oz 2
2.7 f. oz'.2
2.0 pt. 1
2.0 pt.
0. 7.5 pt. I
0.75 pt. 2
2.5oz.1
.0 oz.
2.5 oz 2
5.0oz. 2
fungicidc wvas appl ied weeckly from Marl~och 22
to Auigust 17 to cighit ros (1 hullshes. Of thecse
mi ater'iials, D)aconil 2787 and Triforine EC aire
cuirrently labeled fot u se (Iii roses.
soiloIng diseasecon'iitroil. Littli. eXvidence of
b~lackspot wXas foiiund oni leaveFs 1 of roses
spraye w'1 iith ei ther funigicidec from MIav
throungh August, tal l 1.
\iaag RO- 15-1297 aiid RH113866 main-
tained t1e be1st dijsease control 1)1 thc expcri-
mencital sterol il inibiit ing fun igicides. AllI rates
of' b)o1 ti fungicidecs c'(litrolled as Xwell as Da-
coiiil or Tr'iforine in jiiine. A b~reakdown 0 (i cis-
('.st' conitroil XXithi thell' ower r ates oil \aag 140
15-1297 and 111:-3866 XXas iioted( thirouigh the
summerll'. By late SAugust, theFse. tre'atmen'its ino
high ratF's oII \aag H15I- 1297 and li :3866
'on~l~tiued to control b~lac.kspot thriough Au-
gust.
Ilobigan andl~ XE 779 reducedF'( laFckspot
Fdamiage' beloXw le('l FIX til uF'lnspraye Fro 01s.
Neithie.r fongicide. c.onitroilledl lacFksIot as XwFll
as DaFcoil or TriIiforine.
In 1985, b~lackspot coiitrol 1)y 1R11-3866
25WX, RO 15-1297 4E, Daconil 2787 4.1F,
and Tirifiine E(' 18.2E XXas eXvalua~tedc at 1-
and~ 2-weec(k spral ,iXntF'rvals. All fuiigicide
tliiough Octobei 11, fIol oig theC proce'Furesc'
alrel.ady outlined'(. Disease seXveritys X s-.
Aug. 3(1 Sept. 27 Oct. 25
sessed' uising theF saiie rating scalF' as5 the prec
In late' August, wXcFkly applications of Da-
c'oinil, TiforiinF' and thc high irate' of '1111 :3866
and 1R0 15-1297 XXere thc mlost e'ff'ctiveF
tireatmet'ts, tab~l' 2. Later iin theF fall, disea1sF'
sF'Serity oni all trF'atmeFnts inFcrFeased. How-'
F'Xe, dise'ase' iratiiigs of all funigicideFs rF'-
imiaine'd blownx thos' of the' unspraye'd iroses.
Wee'Fkly aLpplic'atiiois of Tiinejll Daconfil,
aind thec high ratF' oIf RII 13866 and RO 1'S-1297
prov idedI the be'st b~lacksp)ot control. 1isease
contio w1XXith thlIowX ratFe of 1R11 3866 and 110
1,5-1297 app
1
liedI wX'cekly wXas not acceptaleF.
As the' spray intF'rval lengthenF'd froii 1 to
2 weel.ks, blackspot sevecrity incrFeasF'd. D)F'
spite' hiighier dliseasF' iratings, D)aeoniil adiF theF
high rate' oI 1111 :3866 priove ef'IFlcive~lXI agaiinst
blackspot waheni apptlied( at 2-XXe'Fk intc'rvaIs.
Recsults of these te'sts shoX that theF avail-
aleF funIgiF'ideFs, Daconil and Tirif'orine', coni-
tilol blac'kspot on rose's as effe'ctivel aI s inF'w
catjins of 'Trifolrinec andl Dacolnil resulte'd in
tihllh'st disF'asF' control. Res'aircI indlicatc's if'
hoincoSnl'rs imust spr ay at 2-wee'Fk intF'irXals,
D~aconiil offe'rs thce bF'st prot'ctioni against
rolse blackspot.
Hlagani is E~xtcn sion Plant Pathl1(gist, Gilliamr is
Assistani t Profecssor aild Faic is Resea~rFch AssoFiate'
of H oritcultuirc.
Alabama Agriculturcal Experiment S tationil
T 1IHMl L BLAST PEELING is a pa-
tenitedi process dev elopedl in the I lor
ticnIlto ic Food)( Science Laboiratory at
th 1e A lab amia A gricuilturiial Experiment Sta-
tionr. It could,1 by reducing peeling losses and
prosvidinig a produict better suited for furithe
pirocessing opeirations such as canniing or
fr eezinig, piroXvide the conlsumer m~ore food
froiii crop~s.
The thermald Ilast process rapidly and effi-
ciently removses outer cos erings and othei
indiblie p~ortions fr fii d prodiucts b)\ Iheat-
ing on ly tile i nedible ou1 ter por tioln of the food
at such a r apid rate that the heat (does not
penletr ate to uindeir lig edible tissues. DIiur
iing this heating pr1ocess the 1fo(1 is contained
ini a closed, piressuirizedl vessel andi subjected
to infra-redi heat from the vessel wxall aind con-
duictivce heat from the superheated steam
pressuiriing imediuim. This intense, rapid
heat tireatmeint pairtialls dries and iincreases
the plasticity of the peel tissues, thus facili-
tatin g their remov al. In the process, a film inof
heated mioistlire immnetiattis subtending the
peel is heated to a temperatuire in excess of
the bloilinig point of1 water at at mospheiric
piressiire and1 peels are remov ed by iinstanly
opeing the v essel followsing this blrief heat
tre(atmen it. The iresuiilt is an explo sion~ th at
blows the product from the v essel and siiniii-
tai el b l )asts the coverTing from tihe foodl by
the x iolent expansion (If the highls energized
moistiiie immediatels beneath the coxvering.
The plasticized peelinig offers resistance to
ru ptuire whimcii allow s steaimI to spread Lat-
eralls and pre ssiii to build beneath the peel-
ing, thus failtating coiiilcite separation
froiin the edible prioducit.
The themalo blast process has sexveral op-
erationl adsvaiitages ov5ei caiistic and1( conivei-
tionlal high p~ressuire steam peeling sy stems
now used iin the food1 industir\. Caustic ciem-
ical s suchd as Isye are uisedi to peel some 111(1(
crops, but suhl pecling requtiires priolonged
exposu re to hot cau stic solOutionls an d usual ly
reslilts in a softenedl product with relativecly
lamrge losses of edible tissue. Processing wXaste
streams wh iichl require suibsequient cleantip
ari al tiso geineiratedl in coniveintiolla peeling
sy steims.
With conivenitionad high pressure steam
peeiig, pressre and( time co~ntroll the p~eei-
inlg. Pressures up tol 3001lb. per sq. i.(p)si.
are ofiten ir(quliredl to ireduce prolcessiing
times tol anl accepltale level miIakinig it diffi-
(01lt to piro ce ss dlic ate ori fiagile foods.i
1L15s I-ROM Pi :IK N(, SHEL) 'iiiI 1 Oil IIwxIIs
Pct. lost fro 11111 product1111(
Apple
Kiwi
Peachl
Plum
\langl
Swelet
1-'
2-2
2',
Eggpl
( new
Pic
Pumlp
Oniioni
ShrIll
C atfisl
Chbest
blast
2
(pitted) .. . 4
..i..l..... .3
iii 13
o11................
o ........ 4
in1. . . . . 93
1112 1 4n . .. .
t . . . . . . 5
3
aga . . .. 2
ant. . . . . 2
libel1 .. . . . 3
kin .... .... 11
5
p'....... 42
n its ... .. 21
N I
N I'
NP
NIP
NIP
25
21
1s
17
22
25
(5
17
NI'
N P
NIP
N P
NP
'Not1 priS a ti peel i/ the abo15 SlImlithod.n i
iilCa~ nig et hugfern ie rdspeldt
a oss lir el.hs hni grades1smallr fills in i
IL icluis thtie inible core whic 111t i ~ s ireg
treatimen ts a111( thiir (ffleets are corl3led iii
a manner that prioduclles tin preise results
soulght 1)5yi idelldelth Iscont rlllin g s teaimi
ing iiial prolcessingf times. Temper atures
as high as 1,t000'F iiay lhe uised while liiilitiilg
pri ssures( tol btweenli 30 aind 100 p. s. i.fo
p)rocessiing times (If 4 to 2t0 seconid~s. Thlese
lower pressures (5iepirescint a conid~eraile
cicilt peelillg (If the imolst delicate andi iragile
food~s.
fihe theirilal blast priocless 11a5 beenl provenci
elffectiv e ill peeliilg ouf fruit andI vegetablle
cios cor1 ( iing ofi peppers, shinii g lot legumeil
seedl pods, silluckinug and s ilkinig Ill corni skii-
ning oi oioniis, shlliiig oif iiit cro~ps, skinlning
d I led and~ swinue tonigues, seal in g an d skin-
nling (if fish, anid tile ir(ImoIal oIf shells fr om
shdllfisfh. Ill ciintirast,(II ciitiolla peel inig
p~roce(sses arc geinirailly Iiitedl in applicaltionl
to par ticiilar ty pes (If floodts.
The1 tale lists i lews Ill tile food1 cropls wh i ci
base been sucessflly peel ori shlled uis-
in g thei theimalblaiiast pr oce ss iii Alabama Ag-
ricuiltuiral Expeimenit Station ireseairch.
Losses fromii tihe thieriial blast pirocess arc
conitrast(ed w~ithi tihe peliing loss iromn e n-ti
tionial Is_ e andt satuoiratedi steam peein g pill
cesses. H igi peeled syields base beein
achiiev ed for most 1f111( piroduicts, and 1((itirely
11(55 1)rlcessedl produIlcts, suchl as ce d,~i~
5w11ich iwerie inot prevs ilyi piract ical tol peel.
[ni thei case (If p iiento andi 1ell peppemrs, the
inii(Ilc core is also lowns frei e (If, the edile
pod( dulirinlg the thermal b last treatilci t. Un-
diersizedl swxeet po~tatoles, now1 left iii tile field,
illas be peeledI etlicici tly amnd ultilizedl as can-i
ing stock. The colior and texture oif ilolst
tol produilce fpeeled by (I cilvetiol m i eains.
Smlithi is Associate PrtIlossori ainid I laiis Pro-
115sso1 ri1tus, ofI I lorti(liltull I
Durward Smith (left) and Hubert Harris load thermal blast peeler (left), produce explosion (ce-
D.A. SMITH and H. HARRIS
1
Crop rotations and Pix" make
N management difficult
itiii li it liIi' co i ttin Ii itt t iiuiln 1, o\t n
titt tt I l ,iiit anI i fictu ltit _ I ii ti i)t'
ii p ci (iii ii - Ai it ca i ti ti ll i l)ire t( iti tit i n
itliit tl u tills lin ii to i tton h i 'u iii i ic-i
cwt mak in,t(t 11 d I', i , itoll n1trohl iiclt.ic
itI Ii holtI t. Itt lit tI l i IIiit\ituitit dcclcil
il tllke lI t~it (fiin y p-il l i t i (h ti prt o-ittti
dc ti y ,oi u ilsx l i n 1' itl vyii iit a iii ti t it
Nol ioijc ititn( h uc11iti crt iii lilt iiiit titt '(iiii
uuuI liit, ii't i',m i ofk' ii ar ofi f''ici N e e l
Research at Brewton
and Prattville
t iia I '\pi i t iiit Statiti ii, wc \i.1 1 Ii t II Ii\-
\,i iiti i t crop ii ', i it ti t Ii itt ta It IIt II t l'ii it iit
it 1 ( i ( a 
1 1 1 ' , 
l d a l 
O I i t t I(t 
) 
I : I I 
l i i ic u t t t 
i I t i i i 
I i 2I 
i iit i iI I (i1
,i t i ii Itt III t II ,ilt t e i',N i itt',1 iii i ,u' i i l(,
Iiii i lu (Iii 'ul i i tt' liit ii ii it ( I I I Ii it 1 ( oi ti
aIIt ' )li Ii I n it it a tu . it ii it ii lici It I cI I I Ii iti
'~ii', \ it Pi\ itc
1
, a i ed s it ti it ii it Ip) ca-ii i ~
.'ti iitt'I li i l) .1 i t It t 1)ttn id p t i ItI I 
N1, ti( i it( tI f * ti liiti it l i' i co tl II (i li to t
Ii tll( f lit (-, ii v i c itt'', t tt on. ii ll' it I('
iiiit i ll i i tIt t.1l Ii'i',i and iiil Fi t n o
dept ndt o ti l t ii it' ty ic agreir it I yiitt
iiios of the I 1)11 I\lid I'ixu-c toni Ptitii itei
Iinterttio , I' l fii H of ti iii I'i oi v itld iii li
nt i i' t Pr tt III I iii ii i ic' ,i it c a~ ( i:i '(
Results
'Iii ll(ci t\lll ofi ithei iiitihlr i a ciiiti u ppoii t tie-i
'iittiiii in ' I ittit ilk i hti'i i t cr IS not' li t it i
ittoi ,tt r( it 'i~ii t)I',\"'I\ a e fIItI
m, ( i i I l i iii i t t -iii, t)i i , \ ',ti vIii , i
itr noit Ii Ii c ii I I I tii r ,i itu in i till
(il til ii, ii iiIIliin i tic 'iiit i) ic ~ icc liOi,
talc ca(1 o k, lii ii t o off 1u t it tii iti i 'trin t l i
c i i t ,l ii iii a, iot te Vili ,m it l in lciirl
potei til need lot itvll, ' c c t t i it\i tioii ita d
ciih U et,
ci It (:(r il c\ I ' i n, v, \ r it i t U 1 \ i ii N
N 11uiit v i{v1, It't\
ccl i icci 'I I'II 'i- uio1(1,
It
1 
to'cc
h it',iiiu
Sc\ it ;ill,
IH33 1 tll
S(ut itcitlip n I11 rule ii \ t,11 t it
Ii( itt'' 1ti tio
a t600t
2 St3t
2 I
2,(ti0t)
1i)tt
I2:i)0
0W
:,) to
ti t:3t
(,:)0t
1I tt
),00tt
i -it ttt
I t1t0
.filtt
L Ttitt
1'.20t
')51tt
1 -lti
.3S 
1
0f
32 11(
I 'iSti
3i )50
) icl(I, II)I A rat-, arc uy-raLl-d )ycr f'iv rill-, and yi-1(1, fur 1'iv ,trt" Iv-taged ov(IIII \ rut(,.
/a/willa A_-rirlcltrcrnl 1'.1.1 wrimc lit Station
MUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN in
the media about the rising inci-
dence of crime in the United
States. Alabama,too, has experienced in-
creasing levels of criminal activity, although
at a lower rate than that of most other states.
By the mid-1980's crime rates had leveled off
nationwide, but the amount of crime today is
still alarmingly high and of widespread con-
cern.
A statewide crime and victimization sur-
vey was conducted in winter 1984-85 by the
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station.
Among the responding households were 174
farm households from across the State. This
sample of farms included 44 (25%) full-time
and 130 part-time operations. The majority of
these full-time farms (77%) were large, con-
sisting of 250 acres or more, while 93% of the
part-time farms were smaller than 100 acres.
Victimization of these farm households was
examined in terms of property theft, bur-
glary, and vandalism on the farm or home
place. Other crimes involving the theft of mo-
tor vehicles and self-propelled farm machin-
ery or thefts occurring off the farm are not
considered. Only one farmer reported the
theft of a tractor in 1984.
Property theft
Theft of property kept around the home in-
cludes such things as farm tools, machinery,
livestock, crops, and personal items. Within
the 12 months prior to the survey, 20% of the
farmers indicated they had experienced such
a property theft. In 63% of these property
thefts, the loss was estimated at less than
$100. In the previous 5 years, 30% indicated
property loss of $100 or more. The incidents
of property thefts over this longer period are
probably under-reported because of the $100
minimum value placed on the property sto-
len. Taken together, however, 40% of these
farmers reported at least one incident of
PERCENTAGE OF 174 SURVEYED FARMS
EXPERIENCING VANDALISM 1979-84
BY SELECTED FARM ENTERPRISES
Reporting farm
Farm vandalism
enterprise Past Previous
12 months 5 years
1
Pct. Pct.
Livestock ......... 68.4 46.4
Grain ........... .. 36.8 21.4
Poultry .......... .. 14.3 3.6
Vegetables ........ 12.5 17.9
Fruits ............. 11.1 7.1
Dairy ............. 5.3 10.7
Cotton ........... 5.3 7.1
'Incidents of vandalism during the previous 5
years were limited to those occurrences with losses
valued at $100 or more. No value restriction was
months. The two percentages are not directly com-
parable.
Farm theft and vandalism
in Alabama exar
J.E. DUNKELBERGER and D.M. FIQB 
,
property loss in the past 6 years, and about
half of these had been victimized more than
one time.
Part-time farmers reported more property
theft than did full-time farmers. Also, farms
located near large population centers were
most likely to have experienced property
theft. Only one-third of the full-time farmers
located in nonmetro counties reported prop-
erty loss during the past 6 years, compared to
40% of part-time farmers in the same coun-
ties. On the other hand, all farms located in
metro counties were operated by part-time
farmers and 55% of these experienced some
form of property theft.
Burglary
Burglary is a special type of property
crime involving the breaking into and entry of
the house. Only 7% of these farm households
had experienced a forced entry within the
past 12 months. Most of these burglaries oc-
curred during the daytime. The value of
property stolen was $1,000 or more in one-
fourth of these crimes. For the previous 5
years, the proportion of burglarized farm
homes was 15%, with 29% of these reporting
more than one forced entry.
Vandalism
Vandalism of private property is not in-
cluded in government crime statistics, but is
something that many Alabama farmers expe-
rience and represents a problem about which
little factual information is available. Results
of this survey indicated that 11% of the farm-
ers reporting had been victims of vandals at
least one time during the previous 12 months.
When property losses due to vandalism are
limited to those amounting to $100 or more,
17% of these farmers had experienced such a
A', i, t .,, : . ' rot , ":
loss during the previous 5 years. Farmers lo-
cated in metropolitan areas were most likely
to be victimized, with 23% reporting such
occurrences during the past 12 months.
Farm property losses resulting from van-
dalism in the past 12 months were estimated
to be less than $300 in half of the cases, while
21% of the losses amounted to $1,000 or more.
The time of occurrence was almost equally
divided between daytime (42%) and night-
time (47%), with the remainder unknown.
Half of the property vandalized was located
outside the house contrasted to vandalization
of either the house or its contents. In only
three instances was the vandalized property
covered by insurance. Virtually all victims
(84%) had reported the vandalism to the po-
lice.
That farms involved with certain types of
enterprises or combinations of enterprises are
more vulnerable to acts of vandalism than are
others is illustrated by data in the table. Dur-
ing the previous 12 months, 68% of farmers
with livestock enterprises reported incidents
of vandalism. Farms with grain enterprises
also ranked high (37%), followed by those
with poultry, grain, vegetable, timber, and
fruit enterprises. This relationship between
farm enterprises and associated acts of van-
dalism shows a somewhat different pattern of
enterprise vulnerability when a 5-year period
is considered and the minimum loss is re-
stricted to $100 or more. Farms with livestock
and timber are most vulnerable to larger
value losses from vandalism. Both livestock
and timber enterprises require less intensive
management and are most compatible with
part-time farming, important factors in their
greater vulnerability to vandalism.
Dunkelberger is Professor and Fiore is Graduate
Research Assistant of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
11
INSECTS THAT CAN'T SMELL
DON'T MATE
R.S. BERGER and D.A. RIDER
E N1'()\iLO(.IS'lS iiax e long retog-
unizut tilt alimlits of ilnsuct', to list'e
suls i tvx of facti IiXSt sll X x s tt' tto
rtstaic tin i till Alabamai~ Agi culitillal E~xper-
illmeniit S tatjin is st'tkjing X waI So tloc 1tio jam
this stilsorl s Ssttlm to tlislropt thit it'ri)ultii
tiyc cycl t f (i' eritttain t'coiioniiiia daiiagjiig
inst'tt petsts.
i3x aiibsorin g spt'cial cihi'ellicals knioxw I as
tix phrmoe ilo stttSti it air i ito tei attn-
e1',linet'ts XXaIn ti'i stus Ill teitoil teti'
ofrcer were t'' 1111th istial~g il l ttth orl'to idtilt
wxax to ulsu thit six J)10'1 wn lint combtiation~jl
wxji t oter tchemOicails to jamll Irepro1ci tjeI sig-
lis of tijs frequent'lt petst ofi xvigetahit' tr'ops
lRest'ar'ts'i rSJ s t trjiti to iloc the ltb~lilits
tha cittnlitalin tch(1aatei stics of 1)0th thu toxic
part till hrt' illsecticitlts anidt the specific
poirtioin of tilt st'x plhe'oione. Tile ra(tiolet
wXas that tht'st' coimpoundlts wXou1(lit be1 arlit
1
to tlit saiii situ ill tlhe 1nerXt ct'll5 xxliui tilt
ph'iroone ileciuleit is reuogized biytII th I in-
sett Ih littoxic taiil, would tlii jam~oi the im-
tih' lnucesalr 11 iin-atloli to the bini oliif the
insuct. Althoogh the toxic piniilel of echl of
the tlii diflki tit ins'euticide w~as tx phl retl
inoint xxas t'flt'tt ixt
A secYod gou ofi) i compouiinlidis was topited
fio cihemlilicals knloxxn to ottiir in ctai ni
plaiits thiat haieix ee l uisted as spicus aiit ill
folk outlit ie. IT'st' ar t' hot' xxe iou t~uSeu
('nilti oin
SI
0(1
Male cabbage looper scanning the air with its antennae.
caiist' a ntuiiiing in tht' moulith, anlt haxvu
aint illoncthitjs. Titst' t'omplountdts, hinoxxn as
isoliltvts ijdt's xx'ru madeti to imitatt' the
thuy xxere also( jneft'ive t.
A tird group 11 of t'mound~lits, kiioxn as11
thjolinjiihtoirs, spt'cifically N-bhiitx iiatj
1
-
jtduex whjtih cheiiijcaixl~l is to ceirtain sul-
st'arichs byithet's had siloxx I thait tilt ahjijitx of
to rt'actt xwjthl silphurl. N-iait'sillailiiue wa s
tlispers't ats a vapqor il muchti tiit samelt xwafi
sc"x p)ht'romonets ailt tistrjlbutt't ill the fil
prVidllnlg tlamtictlt initili reults.
pAniosciilsopt) wafs siet't mon 1 itors
treted XXn('Vt' . Tlypiit't aIllytt whe anlrt'na ofi
mle~ll cabag tll' persli (if e sti'1imulated1'
Fill'sc
1
op 'se, Itsh l tlt'triit' ifat s~hwgt'
whe patint VS e motni))g'itoredt' ltin a Xho ('t'l
Aftt expostuie tos tf t'il'ihiisjtji t tapor
Fntltit' castIseh'ctt'ti twlertVe expse to
jeftiat lllt' ill let'itl Tpni t e ansji~ten-
fil a itV' it xwiiiit tsujl Nomlla out 8i0i % (J
oflelt s willgl ire l t'st thesorcdwe
Bi gu insct'i atennaeV impare Ri is abillit'iy ito
locte an tita'it wit aig sitlepartnr.lSilX
Alatma Agicultureofcmal E ferim ent tto
ltx an in 
x c o f i tt 
ri xt e 
spdI 
\x I\AI. 
I ua ttah 
I I I
iia t' t l ito sp r fiittb'tx.c~ci
and1) t't'tljng i Alabmaixt ial xt 'C Sotiti'
toiiliCt tetit thrd txl suffi itgiIM-oi
\(litl Io~ titiii elii' atc ahtleiido~ of
lict it antio i 19 iixisike to morexi ffiie. t
ii leix n t'ii cit ciixtt'la nd to iitiall e ilit this
l ite m n flitx~tt liliiiiiiix ilack ii ofo t ro ntii
produce it'taix'ii mlo o floa aes cl eitipeinit
wic retain clos d andixei xix itt hite landtit
ri res. inetct li isx i ttioie fort' pliatct ion.ee
ht ilileet'x('d floerse ltixs andrpd alkl tx
Ninte iaii ci Io) Lltx ' inctd t es tha u-5
ltt t a pliad stg~. If tin ins (et bin poil -
ltato5% chsllgu if ler fitox ither ii \la
li a pi lats, theiita rs lii ati i ale pIiltiathone
of beiicd vigor axisl canled l idrtaait.iii
p13i'tx in sxii itandixx foiag itoduct1a.ion
tatd s3dlinp iilimgiixt hmdnaimi
95i thoI da Sepillntmber makeiii tiel fits
ofe e caed i f' itilac intefttt fo a licpetit
duin g ltixxc mnts. 'lInittgh i' e Ar itagt
scrxxc aiiittcetit'x tieiti of 1(es, ild-i
ingvi ' 'l 1t hoes, hot e bi~el i s,( Itc'xj-clter 
xx uc'i
1u~lees ixpnne axes aniakalibets
ixx tat hverx xit he iiiixdtor itihaini p5cI
iliiixp liid t' z a poll i al genti Ix iin 50criiatls
xthiin 75%eei Alo th e iiiil octcit inta Axxat
bitamid sothe poitttia ftor atinral olintion
xiBeas umnmk t c'r xflxiwiis fore 2:0. ]xxt'a
untilx xxt0 p. xlix taing anos ai at iirou:3
uitit-dx dc' r iixg c'ilinsa etlm warmI (ii 2 xto
ii I tc'im ecliin la iseciidmt tplic ata
xx(Ii iiitiif et ar~m'i (is iihan 11m ml i llixliiter)
intl poillenitii (3 xr530 ex aiiias) pci Clerit
xomo' exxxicit goexod littio lpedezae xxtiet
griiuiulbetsi liiimi tie]]utx xminler i-
nators for Acricaulturalh pemntation
fri
Fig. 1 (above) Chasmogamous floral type of
lespedeza, which requires insect visitation
for pollination.
Fig. 2 Silhouettes of bees that commonly visit
lespedeza flowers: (top left) Megachile, (top
right) Apis, (bottom left) Dialictus, and (bot-
tom right) Bombus.
xiiiix ('amrptt' and leaf-cultttr beCcs pmritem
toi inest ini hllowx twxigx oif xsimat, hla'kitiix
imultId e clit ixr. Mosit ot Owscxi scrtic'i x ixitoti
hiaxt' xi sei al gi'nitratiions ptt x tat anid Iced t
alttiriatixe tflora l irCsxourices' Iitfiire (tlx \liimi
xxiltfllixxrx and ctiltix atetI tloxetx aitc tixti
MIanag'memnt ptrospec'ts fin- xoici bete xpt-
titx that polliate xtictea aml- t' ipetitl. Bi'
xideth (1 Ioiixc ri'C ilattd spteiCx iif' biith
alkali and htleafCutttr etex arc' iictlx n
ag9 tI iii (lie Nest hot- alfalfit xstd prouin.
Sxxtat liCeCs xxill itatitialhx iiist ini clax bainkx
mxs alonig xtit'ammx. Sicit xpjit s iCx xll txeii
next ini grtemihousixs in lairgi bucetx tilledI
xxwih Ieax x xoil. Speeific estintig ri ttc -t
miitx xx will neeto bei tic' tiiidC liii iiiii
mtgi'imt'it oft btex liii xeritcta seedliiig prodtuc-
ini increincx g xstdlhiiig t'xtal liiiit'iit oif loix
tunitin xticcta xaiettiCs, obsixtrationis lix Aii
btesx tain lit iihanceCd lix I t Iaxl mujaCic ttt
tillixx areix or hetdgtiioxx xo liiltet nati't pol-
Iii xiiiiitt' tin spr~xjming andi unuuiiiit'i
enicioraginig xtanidsl ofut xiiiat' t'ldclt'i'it ix nut
andlii Ci (3 uiii xlin usiagl ofi ii inIsetiidsi
tinmg ftliJlx St'pt'iilu' loiiii ji finli
xciciea.
Ial Xi Askt Prfo anduui~ SIIe isttiatuHe-
BFIEiS \ISI I IN( LSI'lDllZl
In (lt'c''asiiig oridter (if aliltuatie
(:3) \Itgachl nlt'iit'icua, peuilanlix
t' iii'iiii 1)1-(,x is, I iitiii t, ii-
scoco'illis, I itjuiiti ix lbiiiill' iei'x
(5)i XlCop mrieitCii an 'xatn
,Liii apee leex
Public Concerned Over Plight
of Alabama Farmers
J.J. MOLNAR and L. EDDY
TO DETERMINE public attitudes to-
ward the current rural crisis that
threatens the livelihood of many farm
operators, responses of the 293 Alabamians
who participated in a larger national survey
were examined at the Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station. The public response
contained elements of both sympathy for farm
difficulties and concern about government
spending and the treatment of agriculture
relative to other industries.
The table shows patterns of response to se-
lected items in the study. Over 79% of the re-
spondents felt that the family farm is an im-
portant part of our national heritage and
should be preserved (Item 2). Only 26% re-
sponded that efficiency in food production
was more important than the preservation of
the family farm (Item 7). About 55% believed
that farms should be treated like other busi-
nesses by the government (Item 3), and 43%
thought farmers should operate within free
markets, without government support (Item
5).
On the issue of government benefits, over
49% felt that large farms are presently re-
ceiving too many government benefits (Item
4), but item 6 shows that only 27% believed
that farmers in general get too much money
from government programs. Only 24% felt
that farmers get more than their fair share of
government benefits (Item 8).
About 70% believed that most farmers are
in financial trouble, yet only 23% thought
that farmers complain too much about their
problems. Only 5% agreed that most farmers
are wealthy, again reflecting the perception
that many American farmers are experiencing
financial difficulties. Recent estimates indi-
cate that about 25 to 30% of Alabama farmers
are in financial difficulty.
The results show that the family farm
maintains its special place within American
society. Feelings are mixed regarding govern-
ment support and involvement in agriculture,
although most felt that the farmer is not ex-
ploiting governmental assistance. The farm fi-
nancial crisis is acknowledged as a problem.
Because most farmers are not believed to be
wealthy, it is easy to understand the percep-
tion that most agricultural producers are ex-
periencing difficulty. The public seems to
recognize the importance of family farming,
the financial problems of agriculture, and the
need for a continuing role for government in
agricultural production.
Molnar is Associate Professor and Eddy is a for-
mer Graduate Student in Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station14
lihi tn un ittil slai t eriti inteadtt itt
lit 
fnish 
it on itv lto mait 
iii 
troitsti tate
tt st at lte A\ iii' s Subs iiiitationt iii I ltttiiattt
SYSTEM I
Itt s stttt 1j 25 I iig ftrttttsize betfi colxxx
and thii r cat e grazit xxhitasi1/ tattIli ti
1  
tutu-
tl.ssithe rue n h ieae v
tx ait toit xxiii t1 t1 I f lisvt! I ii II ttlhtn
tfatiti'x o i xS xtttm If cae dingiti tihex xttinici
monithitis wlix titprot'tintxititit 1.0 I xxr ia
tfxh iltc score graigti titi I pettillt
ttime IIs lui ifi ii t aciev tutu dexirij ixt
tltxxtx xxiteina gt lx ti5f IS ititi I cttlet av-
hut]c fitit2 it) tutaru to lx3i9 xx1)ti fo ilt s
Thix xiri iiulit init rt i 111it liige prxt ice l'itc
firt vealix tvith SO. Six ttx y~ xxtemlt . Tis it-
sulxft i fit e rit n of car as itituc ofi t ii iti i i
ttiI iiiiithanI 520 each liti itt itd 1ca1cas tlaiti
I lI.i (,tIttxtIn )l)xtixt[i
S stcI a
SYSTEM 11
Ini xx xtitm IL i5cs grxaziied paxturtx sit-
liiittttixt g a d xxe ixa ix aiaIt] It lloiix ngt
an x tit calvix were aloix t fttttgrz i it i
2r25 fitil titt xx xthe IItxtx \pri.nlt
xxtigi cute Itix i place xx xtthe ix i !liot) and
itd 2.3 tirnxbxstdi iei t t i(ilS iiiliii tr Cakeli s
thickeso 0x xt iii
XXaui lt
X',~ XXI
\1) X S Xgb tc
liBlit\\i
M(; XtM;
\\ St, 13SSt
Lb Lb. /
151-53. 22) 659~ 2. 55), 1 297 
1.95 2 I
11)52-S3. . . .. . . . . 3 1S 31 S t. 552 1.25(i 
2.201 2. 1(3
Xxrtgr. .. . . . . .. 3S ti:t9 . 55-1 1.192 
2.0Its 2 11
lt)51 -3. . .. . . . . 23S 6i2t 4 t 2.113 1,316 1.45 
1.7 1
19s52-5 . .. . . .. . . 2.11 6015 2.1 -'1 t.322 
l149 169
Ax ,t~ .. .. . .. .. . 211 61i5 2.25 It) I , 3
t
) 1. 47 1,72
AI)( = vene dak ginli - bith Axit x x I tii, xS1l X xiaicr
xitc t n
Sx stemn I
19-1152.
19.3-i 5)
A-Xx ti
Suxstein 11
0.57 11.7 S(lT
it 1:3. I55
xii 11.1 751
Ih I -52 . . . . . . .. 5.5 2. 4 -15 1 -1 793
1952-s3 .. t I.. . . .. . 0 2. T .52 it. 1 5ill
Axitrti c ... .. ... 7.9 I
t
)1 It1. 502
5utiidard 6, Iitill G t ii i itit 5.
SI 1105 S 1t
.99) 7 19
I W) 79,5
,i
H:3
S619)
I1I
(i1),
7 "loxx
X/uliuan Agi 1(11/f Il h Ixe init St ufion
Beef Cattle Production
Systems Evaluated
E.E. THOMAS, DL. HUJFFMAN, R. RU SSELL, and J.G. STARLING
13acflal 
I{I{ A 
Carcass 
Price
w t. I1).
r,
I 
r-
". 'A
17
M
ii of statt' flr fII 
iihng. 
Ill r'celnt 
X Is,X grailn
uset as cattlI' iced, has llt'rt'seti ill AIlbama.
Rese'Xarchl bX tilt Alabamall Agricltur~tal Ex-
1)11rimn S1)1)tation ill ldterine w t ic pro-I'l
tein lS tI)1l(' t'llts resullt ill optinnon 111u0tiliza-
io ofX t' i a~'tll Xterna('tiv Xg'ri'ntl ource. lll
indullstrX, hasI great poitenltial as a protitn
sou~rce f(or ruminants aniIXdl i avai dlal in l large
quan
1
Otitit's at lowX cost.
Lowe CoasllItal Plain SillIXtaltionI ill CamII 
den,
ill steer fattenling tdilts ill Xwhich theit' l
grain Xas soXXrghtum. ilhrte replictesl' oif sic
steetrs teach weX f'It c h d111 ijet till lath of '3
Xyears. So~rghum~l silage' Xwithl a prottinl contett'
o~f 2.
4 2
7c (.32% (lry- ma~tter basis) Xas f etd iln
conljuio w iXXthl a ciontct'ntraltt' ml ilt' so
sulltant ra.tionsl we re simlilarl. Tilt concent'Itrate'
i in\ clide 111(11. rs'IX groun I sort 51gum 
grain,
plroteinl Xiourcte. The aIX radgt dilX inltakt's of
so~rghum~l Xilalge and tilt colncentte (II'Ilix art'
shown5 I ill theit'able)1. When11ti the l c ttnctnt'atte
polrtion XXasl combllinedt XXith the silage, tilt rt-
malldtI 12%/ tIrud111 proltt'in 111 a dry basIiX andi
abou~tt 75% dige'stible' Irl Xmlattter.
Ttest steetrs had avetrage' initil wX'ights (If
Iiiil I till'uv edt' uXX 1)u11( indi(ato1 (llta
tol reach tis end-poj~in~t wasX 124 (daX s.
ionsI (2.37 Xs. 2.:35 ii) \D). Feetd tol gain
(iot tonlleedt ill I, cot tollst'ed local ad
All carc1 se t' sv Xcrc deirabI~Ilet XX itii alI aX r-
age' 911.11 gradeil of ii)XX Chiloice ad a1 X itti
iedt 1111 sX li gil i(X 7 to 7S'7 anid tiflci (ll' ill
gin cld no be IX1i 11xpat iie on til e basit s of11X
hjrloIN' XNI) P1 ( I ly sNI : I 1)- LiIMlI ll i I II l 1 \ S I I )l 3-I Wl AXXI l crLI 
19'-S 1
SoriIghumll Sorghiumi Soi ghiln 
Sollgiluml
Xlilag' s ilge silag9
I tI'Iea
Initial w eight, Ih . ...... . 675 678 674 635
ilial weight, lb . . . . . . . .. 969 928 965 1(10)0
(Cain. lb . . . . . .. . . . .. 294 250) 291 325
1 a .. .. . . . . . . . 12-1 124 124 12-1
', eage dailx gain, 1l b...... 2 .37 2.02 2 .35 2.62
I)lllX silage, lb . . . . . . . . . 25.5 13.6 28.1 263.6
D aitx loncetralIte, I l....... 17.6 20).5 16.9 
1-1.5
I)ix matter per lb. gain, 11) .... 9.9 12.0 10.0 
9.))
D igestibility ofdi iiiX fltti'i pclt. 763 74 76 7
Cail u I' 11ij tIlX 'ru . ... . 12.2 11.9 11 1 1-
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849
David H. Teem, Acting Director
PUBLICATION-Highlights of
Agricultural Research 6186
Penalty for private use, $300
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
USDA
PERMIT No. G269
11M
about 675 Ib. and final weights averaged
slightly less than 1,000 Ib. Cattle s rre fed
until aprobe indicated 0. .1 in. ofbac"kfat. This
"9" / 1
API,"