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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
XXI Itii t i lx ii t i uisrtx ti i to iii'ii iii ti lix ulitliis ii ii iiiLtii
\1ixi ( iiiit tid tiee ,ind on that i i mpct tonii' thHx ~ t i h p~n (pr
XXepilio on1 i th parxx tii ol ii iii stilti' Lt iaio a l d h tmanann h
striith ill 1~ici(~'ad pirtutivituli ofAiia grilEr A.hrUCHANa-
iiicut'ii ii iiii tc tis noit~ix III iirnI thi it ii ii lii ill
1 
itti i iit ii pii ty
xtulii th i liuii g Xii tnd f11 iii l iiiiixt h do.I i ltilars. Tis apii iiii li tii ap
p liciatiii fi r xx iiiilxii ii i tiiitr hi lx it icuiiiiax t,11 at i o l c cl cail 'tiit
olii staike ti i ili ii'i it increasinglityii diffc l to obta 9t iin th fund iecsa t o Stit -
X i nti st ix o i ini 'iii lirio of-'e rh a u g std znlfl\I l
'luiii it ituipli es t n d uii piptoirllit prstonn i ii . I in i iict iiim ceihxli and
\ til x iiii litll l IIea c id ,ias ar noit i n g oi 1, x' t
1 
;" i Xii (1 .ii -Iii
ix1tuill tiX citc lixon cc1~co
xtci ofi till res ii ~iit oi illustra.1 x t i s po1 ,1i 1 tii i i L iii i ~l i i
usualk ii fewi iiti t 25 x 14 oti iiii arix pro- i ii ii g i ti iiix iii
"44 ate 
dotzodaee
date sci n tn.A ti I iii ii si pi Ii 1)1
Patterson lliii to I .u u i 1957 atll sli -
iltate i i s(r \ Il i
c lisiiiielint ix sll ri h i n
1)1 ~ ~ ~ h il
1
iif tXiiS ines ii th e Naii ti oni.i 'i
SUMMER 1985
H 1 . iii Xi \XiiN
Xliii Xiii Itixi ii ....
Bi vIi XXt v~ iliiu .1 .
VOL. 32., NO. 2
. . ..lvi tiii
XAxss iitan ) Oivctin
.. 1,/itiii
Edhitoilk (1)uIIIittee: (x i(i NX
(.? o usI Proi~i\ fu'sxor iif A-1i iiu/lurl
FX Xid ccii t I I t xii tt I iii'xxii u Pr/!iiiii
Ilgl i'iiui.i J ix i 0 vwi/i XX Aso )iiuX .Xxxuuiiii
ofi Pu n xxiii nc ii/ X 'i ii iiiii ii il uu/ 'Asoi-
OlNl THElucs COVER .lvs, m Simmetal
Herfordnto cosweetalead heiisavier,~ see
story page 6.
\ quarterh report of' research published by
Oil, :Alabama .Agricultural h..cpcrin]cnt Sta-
tion, :Aub]n-n Ulikersity.
11IX lhI 
i l 1131 
1 IIO 
i s 1 it 
conI i-
Ii n u i Ite lXd t 11wt (1 l t I ia n frulit
it e ti lt 1I ieco- b i t I th incu
Illt 11 lit' it)XX til i XIti l ( Isit'IItX sIIII I
v 11 t the riittti itt 1)1. trit h cel s kil l~ 11111
till r~ IX u Itsrs u~ ~l aen ,
1111 hct i 1 til t H( \X vch lit! S1141 inc ib i
,14i 11 a IiIIX 11111 ii XX i l li t ;tlpjI 11 X
liUlt it Il Itt lit Ie abtltot XXa 1 11 taiii 11i i i
1111 11 t t 11 11 a, ss c1 tsila c rtn
toN f ~ i',s t \ilt fi l l11 it XX iti I iitt'tt'ti i -
XX itt i n rae ,IAt ittsmh'riL
Ia i , it'll iti u li I4i1its. ilt'li 11ttI
XXI'lC ti s, lii i c itli Ia i n X)) atii X II
(XI:M 'il
t
t i't XAr iuti tl iN XX t i it tiut
(\lub d uii h 111,,tn it s ti/n tto il ,/iru~l taf t ii
Trickle Irrigation of Peaches
Speeds Growth of Young Trees and
Boosts Yields of Dearing Age Trees
J.W. KNOWLES and W.A. D)O/IER, JR., Horictulture Research
J.A. PITTS and K.C. SHORT Chilton Area Horticulture Suhstation
'liii1 I.'tilt (i:iXIvi Nil Xliii X, I \,li s o \tlusiii XXII Nit1 til li I1uitv I Xlii
t~1 n11 i Ili X \\ \11v I orXi
\ Itc lilt,
13.11 11 .3 3.
13. It. 1It
13.s 5 t : I -4
Al l "1I ilt a
(Ii Iiii I l t I( I t ttI' i I Stith s lcad
Ill I't Ft.
IT .11 1 . 1i I 1
l16.5 1:1. 12 It
17.5 13. 19.3
T ilm's n l l .1 I Tl
sltc j I titi ani'X it'lls I iS tri t iz hat i its
Itroui14it abottrt bIXII irrit ion. \i t ill an II 1141
ilct s ofX' i 2511ii.jpll tre an 11I25 tIi e II' ti
lclt' tilt ill iltr as It f i 1 1 iri,,itI \\11 XX s I66l
fitcilnt I lifill thu1111it latX XX1 11111 theil i
XXis ill its, na S1111XX Ii Siiit t -ti I iiXsiiiiX
IXe peiod tiit n141 tis141 tilt tilt tilt_ I tIX
mtill I d tit tI it iNs XX i tti i itat XXniX it I
Ir it ti! e it 2 c l fn r a \ 'tt (,
11. tcd 1 it it ti 1111 I"\ tul t iati tille liX XX ittie
clf(i 5 X it1 i titd ll1i1I edlrn lilt 11111IitSI .1
tilt s I t ii I IjI iif X itt e it t s ' I "It )liltl
nutrientlilt Ifii''iii it't'i l\rr, n rl ln]" ((it
tiese liXtXXitli tlt( igh 114 iitt 111411 raitt' Itt!
l1itroc I cc 1i141l suffi X 'l'Xiitit IXr1 I'lat till
From11 thlsI I'l Idtat it appj'ail thiit I
filthii \iiid 1 2tit! (IXc ti'ittt ti l I111 14tu l
chl dsr it X ii, 2 II I ilitmnt it ha (I ill itiiiX
tilt i l froit't XXi 11 it tit't li , utu t 'ttit i i
tills it i'(i ittititd 'iittill14 tI.~itXX
11v111 2. 1111 (1 (0t lu( It tI 1 itX( tIIt\s Xy i
ittiiI ul -tiii I v. 9s
Iriut XI iii lalt
\\a(. al' I'3\ Ni IN N 3\" N XXr114
I ate I ite t( . A .Iit('
0 .. ... . .. It
A 1....1' . I(
Alabama Farmers in Precarious 
Financial Position
W.E. HARDY, J.S. SMITH, and L.R. COX, Agricultural 
Economics and Rural Sociology Research
T IlI IN N ('l IlA( T R )iO of tiic
ts Iti iuit ot uctrilict (Illut e oioti o
i i ssueti'it~l tniltohn .na ftxx o t hif c nat-t
\tuc tilr ttittperio ofI thtcse slalattal sooo-
io f hiladt fyath too xi muicth t d bx to
inngIn t arit bt it i . o flg ti fcoosthat
tial) plactli t an( filarmers inij iti rcaiou foi-
nciatlii poit io aftitix \ttl fI5
of fat tulti I (fat t ersttttti4 iii tx rc' of rc- t
reptti n 'i i tirx icti toxtermie th inn iailr
conitio o'f Ailabamait xxifia rs Ai toitil tfi 1900
flciox aixx ho a s'to t to t strxlifi d tx ple~t
of(l , il [I!fi iili ill'ucr re reeni t lli xpii oflait' VI I-
tnt t erprtis s i t he Sii tit( 5:3 622 eistion-
ret11 iihed fiier andxi thos ntot reportig g'x
$9 977 atid sa67 at6 It cxp el'lt 3 years we)prlie
I'fc tlxx i l t iit I t y itt' 25 I'1i' 8:39l r isp ne.'iti
rii ((xli Oii St i xl 3 ii\Ii Plx( U:I Cii i) IIo X(;Imii liiir ,(
'ilit i ( io Alit -XI 198-4
SI:L11(1 I] itit w
fandtltaittn ail ....
Black lihi 241 . . . . .
(tilt ~ s (I .........
Stil(' (251) . . . . . . .
salx 19s- 
1op 11
exxpetie
Dol.
52,8532
27 31 1
33.2.39)
7.3,f12
1.3,622
V' 55i9
57.'(
41.3271
47,01f7
'hita assexts as ani ix ii gt fill ali
dts xamtuitiiidt to 52tff,-186. Al
Pji'tIlliiit Ic I' adf ft'e ioxxix
$i57,511 Sthf itxfolitili firoii thii(
lx ct 1init 5.35,153.
till pressuret andi rexiultiait xtrtxxs is
a it im' x xlucll ni'cesxIsarti tox ity
thlt 'I'ii(' 28.5/( Statte averiage' is xig
cr a lit' xcrxc .Sx xtst i X'rit ifil o
Daofoiok. 13x xtaindardsti for ithiti in
tiht 28.5( ratiii ix nit tioi high, hblt
aile in tilt 197f x. iedmtliiont Ari
hadil the x~ys di bt to as2e rati
Iol.
45, 1t68
1 1.3:35
21.237
67, 166
9,7)
11i (I142
51. 1)
If_ ) f
31) 161
s8 
t
iit tl ch1111 ite it tit
Ayx total Ax x ilst
1)ol.
58, 6 30
14,120
53,0 (47
23 1
26,667
.51.38-1
621602
II11.57 ;
74,246
Doil.
210,8Sf2
25.5901
1 8(1 95))
501, 8.37
157,500(
2109 1:33
231,0:35
5'35,15:3
260 4%
I)lt to
asxi t
rait io
Pci I
24. 3
19.61
29.3
42.1
16.9
26.(1
27.1
26.9
28 .5
1,2d6. thitiontil rteil t'statc. 'iit' ittixi rx tiliti
gaini, thit dt'bt tit asseit ratio, 33 .5% tiomiparedu xx iti
lilt' oas finan liicia lix xxas 1r11 ths hol il l -c. uii ii
ilix. 'fhicxtc xxii t' 1951 grossx xls-'x 873,3S8
I iti ftiiii to 8.3ff 1.57' 198 1 casii oper'a tiiig e'fxpnsx
tiw' tdt'lt $6ff,90f 7 ti S2.5, 169 titlti deibt -ilt)6,389 ti
)oriltiii ii of S17 7ii2: andt x slilt iof asxxts 'x347,373 toi
t'xixtingt 82015,7.58.
liutfit' fa lipnes xer xxxasklxt' ed'tt to 'itdiat iiiiiig
all
1
, twiire xx,lloi'xiitit'tad i their xit x' oitutil
iiiFed Ati iltotal o f23ucii inditett' he 264de
it fIic~ duig ithi. ne.xfl5itaisctAftotil xx ax gix til
'ilii' ro gi for ilteaxini xix intrtitt
4114 41~ ~.
~1
2,
"~
:369J
176
:3ff
741
19)2
2 St
.316)
2:31
:316t
Virginia Buttonweed:
lbrfweed on the Increase
RAY DICKENS and D.L. TUJRNER, Agronomy and Soils Resarchf
Seed of Virginia buttonweed. Flowers of Virginia buttonweed.
ti "v ma buttonweed seed-
l ing.
Mature Virginia buttonweed plant.
T I 111 ni lalgrs in Alabiamia andt tin
Soilthtast alrc fatciug ali l nrasing
threat 111111 Virginl i i bt toIIXXcd it1
'peliX niatiX ( tol thit a ta but liot it ) pollctt
ittil aboulit 10t Xcr ad :go. Since that toneu"
fint tullfs sucih as lawns Isod0 fielts, and golf
Virgilla b1u) ttI in X t is an erI-ct or spretadl
lng perllnlial weed~ withi fIVeshX roots, at wood)
I ruXX aInd( tIsualX hadil s1 tts. Liarix planit
tloer adl bo li t atnists recorded its appearVd
Itc lthtrloiughoti a reat fronll Ncxt Jei sex to
I ii andi ai txiii (IXallto \isol i kansas,
and( tastern Texas. Unitil recent Xedls it 01c
malrshcs, adl pond1( bianks. Ill tihe past dec-
ade, tull malnagers h lave observed d ( ramatic
1110(1 aXIXc in ths X(loca~tios tllc reasons
IXr lO t sudI praX altiloilgil thl0is1 wledX lrt
lot known. I
A stil(I Xyas inititld( iln 198:3 fbX tiltAla-
Xtstigatt tihe iloigX iif irgillia bulttonweedt
Seedis of V irginlia buittontleedt wXIIe collectedi
in tlit fall of 198.3 aliitg xt i ilntIXiidl plats
frt thrfllou~ghouit tile State. Th11 pilnts wXII
Vilrginia buttonwlee~d seeds germinilated
weI ll ill It-diattiX after- h arvest,11 indiati ng 111
doiiane fator ( crnllllat 1111 Increased i th
Itlerceditg tctlptlattlrt op tii 8.5 to 95' I No
Xermiation o lfttl til ied alt 0'F o below Mos~ftt.
It' edis gmted rlaidly (atbuti das, it ii-i
deI ti ium tmeau(1 condth ilXX(t Xitier fThcic
Neut idtVirginia buX~tiXttonwge nli~t es
tcapett noinallliX rgnc hltlIrblg iit lt
1
t
dliii (Iar d) liayit lilnt
1 
ii euncttill gelr
illilatilil af. 111 t herbtade Xha ie XdXiad.
tIts rapidlXtl1 germnto would atlo ait eth iif
cuipy a dlillit oisietti th tur anaed btIy
fdlathlioti coliX seas1 weds or olth Nigiliabitt
t tiou daksr ( al )dtentltin lih~t andlli
dark.e XXAllrnatingir the wiXtfrtateti ligh
ruination XXu itit appteatiX tha therseeds htae
thetability ltt Ill~rg efrom XiableV Xehs gor
so itl,lit~l dinit I etiti e fltadtgt ii most
no(itle her 111i aii traile)t has gie XcIomt-t
plete contolt of this t spliestrtsaet
Alabamna zk~-iultnr E(1 xperimnent Station
Simmental-Hereford Cows Show Better
Productivity than Angus-Hereford Cows
T.B. PATTERSON and S.P SCHMIDT, Animal and Dairy Sciences Research
L.A. SMITH, H.W. GRIMES, and J.L. HOLLIMAN, Black Belt Substation
S IMMENTAL-HEREFORD (SH)
cows, with excellent management and
nutrition, outperformed Angus-Here-
ford (AH) cows in a previous study at the
Black Belt Substation. A 2-year continuation
of this study, in which Charolais (C) and
Polled Hereford (PH) bulls were bred to
these same cows, substantiates the results of
the previous study. Calves out of SH cows
were heavier at birth and at weaning, were
taller at the hips, and had a higher stocker
grade than calves out of AH cows. Since
there was no reduction in percent calf crop in
the SH cows, the extra weaning weight re-
sulted in a substantial increase in pounds of
calf weaned per cow exposed when compared
to the AH cows.
High-quality grade Hereford cows were
artificially inseminated (AI) with semen from
selected Angus and Simmental bulls. Univer-
TABLE 1. REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF
CHAROLAIS, ANGUS, HEREFORD, AND
SIMMENTAL CLASS BREEDS
Comparison Cows Born dead weaning
calving or died eaning
Pct. Pct. Pct.
By breed of sire
Charolais (143)1... 95.9 3.6 92.5
Polled Hereford
(143)............ 98.6 4.3 94.4
By breed of dam
Angus x Hereford
(138) ........... .97.9 5.2 92.9
Simmental x
Hereford (148) ... 96.6 2.8 93.9
By age of dam
3-yr.-olds (17) ... 100.0 5.9 94.1
4-yr.-olds (85) ... 96.5 3.7 92.4
5-yr.-olds (126) .. 98.4 5.6 92.9
6-yr.-olds (58) ... 94.8 0 94.8
Total or average
(286) ........... .97.2 4.0 93.3
'Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of
cows exposed to bulls.
sity-bred, performance-tested Angus were
used as clean up bulls following AI. All of the
better heifers over a 2-year period were in-
cluded in this study. A third set of heifers was
produced in a similar manner at the Black
Belt Substation. Since the matings were ran-
dom, differences in characteristics contrib-
uted by the grade Hereford cows to these AH
and SH crossbred females were minimized.
All heifers that weighed 65% of their ex-
pected mature weight by the time they were
15 months old were bred to calve as 2-year-
olds. This accounted for 87% of the total
number of heifers. The remaining smaller
heifers were bred to calve first as 3-year-olds.
In the second phase, excellent perfor-
mance-tested C and PH bulls were placed
with the cow herd the first week in February
for a 90-day, natural service breeding season.
Data were collected for 2 years and included
calves out of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old cows.
The cow herd grazed dallisgrass-tall fes-
cue-white clover pastures March 1-Novem-
ber 15. When pasture was inadequate during
the winter, johnsongrass hay and a corn-cot-
tonseed meal supplement were fed to meet
National Research Council requirements.
Salt was offered free choice. During the win-
ter, whole shelled corn was provided as a
creep feed for the calves, but was discontin-
ued as spring pasture became available.
All calves were weighed, measured at the
hip, and assigned stocker grades at weaning.
Cows weaning calves were also weighed and
measured at the hip. In the following results,
only differences that are statistically signifi-
cant are discussed.
Neither the breed of sire, breed of dam,
nor age of dam caused any differences in per-
cent cows that calved, percent calves that
were born dead or later died, or in percent
cows that weaned a calf, table 1. The 93.3%
overall calf crop weaned indicates the poten-
TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE OF CALVES FROM BIRTH TO WEANING BY BREED OF SIRE AND DAM
Comparison No. of 
Birth 250-day adj. Calf weaned/ 
Hip height Stocker grade
calves weight weaning wt. cow exposed at weaning at weaning'
No.
2  
Lb. Lb. Lb. In.
By breed of sire
Charolais ........... 132 81 647 599 45.3 14.7
Polled Hereford .... 135 82 642 606 44.3 14.4
By breed of dam
Angus x Hereford ... 128 80 625 581 44.2 14.3
Simmental x
Hereford .......... 139 83 664 623 45.5 14.7
Total or average ....... .267 81 645 603 44.8 14.5
113 = Choice, 14 = high Choice.
2
Calves that were weaned.
tial for Alabama herds, if well managed and
provided with proper nutrition.
There were no differences in birth weight
or weaning weight due to breed of sire, table
2. However, C-sired calves were taller at the
hip and had higher stocker grades than PH-
sired calves. SH cows produced calves that
were approximately 3 lb. heavier at birth, 38
lb. heavier at weaning, 1 in. taller at the hip,
and had higher stocker grades than calves
produced from AH cows.
The breed of calf contributed no differ-
ences in performance that could not be ex-
plained by differences in breed of sire or
breed of dam. It was expected that the three-
breed cross calves by C bulls would have bet-
ter performance than the backcross calves by
PH bulls since heterosis is only half as much
in the latter group. This did not occur.
There is no advantage to larger size in the
brood cow unless accompanied by increased
productivity. It is generally accepted that for
each 200-lb. increase in mature cow weight
at least 50 extra lb. of calf are needed at
weaning to offset the additional maintenance
requirements for the larger cow. SH cows
were 72 lb. heavier and 3 in. taller than the
AH cows. However, since the SH cows
weaned 42 lb. more calf per cow exposed
than the AH cow, table 2, this extra calf
weight is more than enough to offset the extra
cow weight. Further, these cows have
reached their mature size in both weight and
hip height and therefore the weight differ-
ence between these cow breeds will not
change, table 3.
It is of interest to note the added advantage
of extra height in calves out of the SH cows.
Based on heritability of 0.6 for hip height,
one would expect calves out of the taller SH
cows to be approximately 0.9 in. taller than
calves out of AH cows. The actual difference
was 1.3 in., which is equivalent to over one-
half of a frame score. A difference of 2 in. in
height equals one frame score.
TABLE 3. WEIGHT AND HEIGHT OF COWS
WEANING CALVES
Cow Cow
weight height
Comparison at at
weaning weaning
Lb. In.
By breed of cow
Angus x Hereford (128)
1  
1,096 48.0
Simmental x Hereford
(138)................. 
1,168 51.1
By age of cow
3-yr.-olds (16) ......... . 1,107 49.5
4-yr.-olds (79) ......... . 1,115 49.8
5-yr.-olds (117) ........ . 1,149 49.6
6-yr.-olds (54) ......... . 1,158 49.3
'Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of
cows weaning a calf.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
6
OYBEAN root nodule bacteria (Rhizo-
biumjaponicum) provide about 70% of
the nitrogen required by this high pro-
tein crop. If not already present in soil, they
must be applied when the crop is planted.
The rhizobia multiply in the soil around soy-
bean roots and still further in the root nod-
ules that form after they enter the roots. The
ability of R. japonicum to live outside the
root, or as soil inhabitants after the crop is re-
moved, affects the need for inoculation when
soybeans are planted again in a crop rotation.
Recent research by the Alabama Agricul-
tural Experiment Station at Auburn has pro-
vided insight into the soil population of R.
japonicum as it changes with season of the
year, crop rotation, and soil fertility condi-
tions. The Cullars Rotation experiment which
began in 1911 at Auburn, Alabama, was se-
lected for sampling because soybeans were
included in the 3-year rotation in 1962, fertil-
izer and lime treatments ranged from ade-
quate to very deficient, and the long term of
the experiment suggested equilibrium of R.
japonicum with soil and crop conditions. The
rotation consisted of cotton in the first year
with fall-planted vetch and crimson clover
turned ahead of corn in the second year. Rye
was seeded in the fall after corn and har-
vested for grain the following spring ahead of
soybeans in the third year. Sufficient plots
were included so that all crops were repre-
sented each year.
Fertility treatments included (1) lime and
NPK fertilizer for maximum yield, (2) same
as (1) but no P, (3) same as (1) but no K, and
(4) same as (1) but no lime. Nitrogen was ap-
plied as ammonium nitrate to provide 80, 60,
and 60 lb. of N per acre to cotton, corn, and
rye, respectively. Phosphorus (P) and potas-
sium (K) were applied at 90 and 224 lb. per
acre, respectively, per 3-year rotation. Half
was broadcast after corn before rye, and half
after soybeans before cotton. Lime was ap-
plied to maintain pH at 6.0 to 6.4.
Beginning in January 1980, and at monthly
intervals over 2 years, soil samples were col-
lected from the plow layer of each plot for de-
termination of R. japonicum numbers. Soil
was serially diluted and applied to surface-
sterile soybean seed in growth pouches.
When the plants were 3 weeks old their roots
were examined for nodulation. From the fre-
quency of nodulation and the dilution factor,
the most probable number of bacteria was
calculated. Plotting these numbers of R. ja-
ponicum on the time scale of the crop rotation
shows their relationship to season and crop-
ping, see graph. Note the scale for bacteria
numbers is compressed to accommodate the
wide range of population.
Maximum numbers of R. japonicum oc-
curred during the winter after the soybean
crop, with a million or more rhizobia per
gram of soil in the plow layer. This high pop-
ulation reflects the recent host crop and the
decomposition of root nodules and release of
bacteria into the soil. However, rapid die-off
of rhizobia accompanied soil preparation for
cotton and cultivation of this crop. Under cot-
ton, minimum numbers were reached in Oc-
tober, after which some increase occurred
into fall and winter.
It was speculated that vetch and crimson
clover, being legumes, would stimulate R. ja-
ponicum numbers to increase, but this did
not occur. Plots without winter legumes
showed the same increase of R. japonicum in
the fall as did those with winter legumes. R.
japonicumn does not nodulate vetch or clover;
these legumes have specific rhizobia. In the
second year under corn, another cycle of
summer decline and increase into the fall was
noted. When soybeans were planted in the
third year the number of R. japonicum in-
creased rapidly, approaching the initial high
level.
Effect of season
and cropping on
numbers of soy-
bean root nodule
bacteria for two
soil pH levels.
Rhizobium jc
no. per gra
10,000,000 -
1,000,000
100,000
o0,000
1,000
1001
Long-term deficiencies of P, K, and lime
markedly reduced yields of all crops, see ta-
ble. These soil conditions also affected the
survival of R. japonicum. In phosphorus (P)
deficient soil, survival of R. japonicum was
only 40% of that in P-sufficient soil, while in
potassium (K) deficient soil survival was only
16% of that in K-sufficient soil. Lime defi-
ciency, or soil pH 4.6, was the most severe
stress on R. japonicum survival. In this
strongly acid soil the R. japonicum popula-
tion approached extinction within a few
months after the soybean crop, see graph.
Fewer than 100 rhizobia per gram of soil per-
sisted in this acid soil until soybeans were re-
planted, compared to 10,000 or more per
gram of soil in the limed and fertilized con-
trol. The soil fertility conditions that favor
high crop yields also favor survival of soybean
rhizobia.
Jan. I July I Jan. I July I Jan. I July I Jan. I
CROP YIELDS AND R. JAPONICUM SURVIVAL IN P-DEFICIENT, K-DEFICIENT, AND STRONGLY ACID SOIL,
RELATIVE TO ADEQUATELY LIMED AND FERTILIZED SOIL
Crop yields relative to control, pct. R
Treatment Winter 
japoncum
Cotton legu mes 
Corn Rye 
Soybeans survival, 
pct.
LNPK .................. 100 100 100 100 100 100
LNK .................... 63 15 30 21 30 40
LNP ................... 24 42 43 53 45 16
NPK ................... 40 25 34 64 17 1
'LNPK is adequate lime, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
WHAT HAPPENS TO
SOYBEAN ROOT NODULE
BACTERIA AFTER THE CROP
IS HARVESTED?
A.E. HILTBOLD, Agronomy and Soils Research
oponicum population,
Im of soil
LNPK
...... .LN 
K
---- LNP
-- " NPK
Soil pH 6.0/
\ /
"\ Soil pH 4.6 /
Soybean Vetch,
residues Cotton clover 
Corn Rye Soybens
I I I I I
,,
7
New Granular Herbicides
Provide Weed Control in
Container-Grown Ornamentals
C.H. GILLIAM, Horticulture Research, G.S. COBB, Ornamental
Horticulture Substation, D.C. FARE, Horticulture Research
P 1O D UI t C E R' V S O 1' c o nlti i ri g r o w i ox x r-
nrocntal oi1n ther Sul thas u01uxalc
controlii. is~ hierbicidec hasi gcnlulyi pro-
x idedl gioiii weedi conltroli iioxxcxe is wxxithi
ltax dcx elop frill wI xecds thalt escapeconrol.l i
Priostradtie spurge is' one weed xxn'ot conii
nlee iiasi be'iicome liit majr esx
(;I: " adi 011 I gavx~clleint conltrol of'
spurge12, as welli ax othiei xxeedx (both(1 g isscx
herbI icides (Goai"i anid Siiiflai") an wils in-il
trodulicedl by Sillrra (ICiimical Co)., xxith oniiy
limiited tixtinlg ill tihe Soulthe~axternl Uited
Thei tx Rouliit firllaiitioiis xxiii evautdiit'
for us xxIll)it four woii ornamenii I)Stas Chii ist-11
xxitli tlie fttlloiixng pell cubic xadi 12 Iib. Os
Mlixy and agajin iul :31x.
On )i lix ii, ian cquai iixtiic iof ginixcgrixx
hitd cragrs was)lt xx w un ix iiiiform~xlix ile tihc
daiacad bii oxwood R .Fighlt xxi'ks xaftir ieach
iheirbicide ipplictatiiii (Jilx ii ma Septeimbhc
2-1), pts xwere xwccded anid protriate xfiirgc
xieed xxiii sown.' Tis i t ing xxax cihosen tio
test xpiiigc contr oi duriiig thec latter thiid oif
thei. 10-1i2 xxeeksx of iconto no1 lhrmal eid xpjctedI
Extceiient conlt ril io Ibotih giiitxgraxx adii
crabgrass xxax inoted Jiiune 5 aond Jiilx 6(6) daxs
oificoiitroi) xxith all lid bicidesx in tiic text.
IThere wax iii daimagc to the wxood lorlialil-
'ixxo xx i'kx aftcr xpuirige xeed xx rc 
xhox 1,
cciiceit coiitroi of prostraite xpurge, tahble 1.
if proixtriate spiurge, but1 iRons ta di i1111 id
bicttei thldi 1)cx inol. (it Jiul :31, aii exixting
xxe cct exidlinigx xxr cr mi'iivxcd prior to rc-
treatmendt so thei Septiembieir 24I data re flect
xtpuIrgc ciontl S xx cckx after th con het l r-I c
I icidc applicationl. At thiis tintc aii tircat-
iii'nts pr ixidd exceiillet xpiil gc ciiitriii,
wep~t for Dcxinl whi x iuch xxax nii better
thiii the' xxeill chieck tirea.tmenitx.
1Rh.'oxx lg of tih' xpurge' xccd S xxee'kx afte'r
thii secondii i heri cie appli catiiin i(Septeimiibetr
2.5) rcxiilted in rcxsultx similiar tii thosex occiur'
in g aftertheii fiirxt hericidec application. He-.
tirll owii temiiperiaturis on itictobcu I reced
xt i'tiig iiiiiiilli' b ut similar trenidx ini coni
trol xxere niotcii Roti lotut (.L, and 01 I-iI
prx itiid xipei'oiir spurge gcoi'tntrii, i txh1
pooire'r Irexiiits from RoI~nsixtar, 1) iri I l, aiid
theC xx ci'xih'c.k.
Init sexicon sftu l d, iRtout and Ilount I I ap-
plicd at 1001 lb. of Iprodulct pei' acre xxr concml
pad w xithi thrcc othici iabi'ied grauilar
hicides: Riixonsxtar 2( (200)1ih. pirodiict per
aclrc), Scottx 01111 3(; (1i001ii)) aid 1)cxri-
I erbiicidi' xxix appliiei to coiner-ii'ugrox',
deinia, Moti rx Redi nianinaii Traiiit ioii
i,,iicandiii Punk Ladx l'dphiiiicpix 111 Jiii 3
of i911txigr~ass, larg gcrabigras, smll-I low-,
iie CII 11(1 inlgglrx, cofiei sennand. s1( ickle-
po wt xax sown i I xx eek ifte ch c hc IIbicidec
applittin. A ig eater numbe oi c Axf see were
sown Iin Septeimbei thani ini Julx TFhe numberl~
of, wei'is pCI pot wa ,s deiterinedil~ .34 weei'ks
after herb Iiicidei appl)
1
icatio a111nd( phx t )t( iX citx
was~i eva .luatdt(( iioithlx through O ctober.
No pilixti to\ Icit\ wxas observe on anl s0d pe-
cics regarles ofIc ,) heicill.ide. Weed cont rol
dlata taken'I Juix 2:3 showedi that bo1th Rou nit -
s a iil to)1 ontr tand 01-1 and o 1)'clx 1101
better ctan x D ril table 2.1) Following1.ht
setcontd hei1tIci aplitionxj~t~ and witi
Boutx CL, and1011-1poie etrbod
le i weelcotroxlu tiiin Rontar Iori Dc A.doll
Cprss i Iontll wit 1111ellrinoCl was poor C buitri
Rostar an oxi xfther mter oidals1) poided golod 0
tc1t-11 proideltlrd ero ontr of prostraticie
txtd tlweeks Iar eiide aplict iCn In oii
subsequntx Iltl , these threli ricd
I xcl lll rovidOL superir broleaf \ ed N
control. Althtou lit oeofte lntsece
Spurge/poit
Jiii :31 Set. 24
Iloiit 3G1 , 200 .
Rout 
II .(. 
211)
I i' 1111 3G, 2))))..
Wcelx chick ...
Oct. 8
10.2
.1
2(
.4
.8
5.8
9.7
11.4
On Jul i: 30 exisxt ing spu Irge seedilligs we 'e re-
'I'lx~ ti~r 2.0 l iiicr f h rm-otx.:Giv
HFf1 uhiIIrS ON GiRxSS xcii Bkloxmi: WEED\ ll
PP11xIONS IN (i1NlIr~IdN (lGoxx
08iNNAM I:N 1ALS'
Weeds/lxpot
HerCitcie, I1). Jii I2 3 Otobe1r 8
prod
t
/acrei B1)13oad- 
Broad-
Griss lea 
Grassx ea
No. No. No. No.
Hout 3G,100........0 0.7 1.7 1.8
Hout CI.- 100 .t . .1 .8 .5 2.4
Ilonixi 2G; 200 ... 0 10 3.8 4.2
(II- II .3G, 1(W . .. .2 1.0 5.9 2.2
ID'rlinoi 5GC 10t).) :3t 2.t0 54.1 5.2
Untreated li teck ... 14.13 2.6 79.8 4.2
T'rtmenilts xappiIlid Jule :3 ad~ Septembe11r 5,
1984; weed'i seeid sown 1 wee~k late.
loamaia zg~riculltural E'xperiment Station
I \()IN ('OIN I 
\IN IlION ofA r ((lilt i ' I ti' \'X Xi's it seriousx
Statcs in 1973, 1977 and 1980) IlI 1981) tallolt
it cadllt( ('(olottic losses of oX er $1001 lohllioll
to t'ommliaitil lix Istock anid ginl productrs.
Aflattoxiti inl (corn can .ilso btt iihaa(loll t
humtan lift' Ilis' wa d tli l ticallx cX il(l d
lIn the dl(athi of 106 personsx of ox ci 40)) A
fited ini onet (lonunlt itit ill Idi in 11).1_1
bre ad.
In tepidemtic iars corn1 Is cotamtdiniated inl
thelie'ldk Ittfori harvesCt bx lixasion o thelb
silks andl( dIexCIoping kernls li theC flngusX.
lIscts alsoI caimi funlgusX spores inito theC cars
appears to IC assoctiated' xxwith high tCillJct I
ytfldt i itd hclor(' Xtoirage xxill beC tyuickkx
iox aded htx Aspe;)llnx flti lix and( other1
fttigi, resuXltingi. in high lCXClX ttfa~flattoxit I on-
tainaittionl ini a ft' (laXs. Ltxl oI tf 20)0 parll
(pcrXI btiion l~ihltlt~ox i B , ill .111(1 1)111a
ibutillii c tttlticdngtrilsx (IXc "of u t'tolcra13ncc
lo 400 p p~ Itl CIi rn.(t' 1 flov, tctorxtdtt
stipment andlusefin \anaogiilal fcpt'i
Man \Chem il s and ncttOh It o Kaccr fien
fIItesed f inat Itiontt~fc t of aflatoxi ints
ofda flatoxi-otai n ))) )l.ated product t ad 6-
goodi~~l XXescu x ltis c il111 flaam Ag icutal Exatch
caet 1111atdin retseatrih.f ig itt ra
Eioxperoiet we.5e0 ciuce todetermine
coartiiiall haorn trcfuitioncit angrafi
dlirinu x .ll(iixax od itliptic (6 llclitil
and ll stcdkc feedrs.cldxxil ~id l~
t aptti t-coan i Ifgt I a ctr o tf Iftge 2198)
crtp ud in Itd ctet wasi detrtidil to hXXaXe
fiurtld i icd tamIt uha n itiat cd pf200-0 fpc pab.
in lhtoxi it, 220 t~ b iftaIoxinhag and 60tcd o 1
p1~. c ,li xcighcf aitd. tttix auoutoni
(1 2hoNds l Xer aluaed, oie o pci matl l-b4axc
arthce smiall-ratch treatmentot grain
trcX xing r iao w~as ine wxv thc lsic ita6 hatch
Detoxification
of
Aflatoxin-
Contaminated
Corn Makes
Grain Safe
for Feeding
U.L. DIENER and N.D. DAVIS, Botany, Plant Pathology, and Microbiology
Research, D.A. DANILSON, Animal and Dairy Sciences Research
tretatmenit iregittt iretduced the hlighl tx tI tf
iflattoxin 13 tt ani acirdge ttf 29 p. p. It (8 to 61)
p. p. It.).
'The lairgte-batch htatticit (appliled ill Au-
tic and scalted arun t11ihe dc 'tgtex. 'xxet'iit
th~ree hunl d red bushexls c fdirn xx rc t reated
at) thit samc iratte alnd lcxcl ax ftti tthe smll
hatch: thc aitlx (rousi dillili XXa dx iri fu cl
ttf thc tin, wxithi infiltrationl aind ui)XXard1 fltuxx
LeXvels of mllasured'l aflattixin B, takuen over at
peiodl tof 14 daxs xt1o 180) dax x aftei ammontnia
ap pl ication xshoxxed B, Icx clx iedcd tot 41) tto
clidxilred xafe ftii- ftctd ing, espccial lx to cat-
tic.
Scxvcral cat t fccd ing trials xwtru cton-
duclted uxfng aflattixiui ctotaniliattt corn
adl iltntoiatil otttxificd c'orit ax ft' pirincipal
grain xsorce ill ditx ftti ticf cattlt' ill xaiousli
pl txioluogical st ates CX vnt ho o lte I'ill xteci
calxr wXeXightin g Itesxs1 tail 400 Ili. xxr tifd the
higl I cttiita iiiat cd coim. Fixe stXII rs d ied
aftti 3 xxcckx cosmtii oniii ~ft cotiiniatced
coIt. Ncu tij)X aitalxsis deterin d iith Iat tic
cakxexs suffered fitomi acte t lix Cr (Ill .lgc at-
tibuitcd to aflatoxuin ct'lamuiniatiton ttf t'ttin.
Addititnal ttlder anid larger bit'f anuimuals
(500-)70)1 Itt.) wxtet fl d tht conitaminlatedl
natdt ctoii. Catttlc It'l thtis (dit xsttoxxd acutec
signs oXIf atflatoxuin I oxicfiXy after apprt xiii ttt'l
3 tt 4 XXI ckx toil thicecd. 'The catlet xxc rc-
tf aflattoxin totxititx appeared,'t( adI o itirtal-
itv toccuriired. Feedting tr'ials xece the lcon-lii
dulcctd toI lcarni if thesxt older cattlecou'tild
(850-)t. initial wecigt) ill a finishiing phase tof
prodtion~ werittit r~ ttaion tof 93%4 aunio-
utia tcttrxificz ctti i esu priulcinut ilicial .sup-
and 2.89 Ili. petr dlax loxr 90)-tdax fct'ding pe-
in limilted amountsl~ and Ito replacemen'it tiif-
ers xwxitl no iobstitxrxe de(t')imen tital effcctsX.
lBased oni thesxe finin~lgs, it ix xafe to ax-
bet xaflt aIXdl 1 tflect ixr dlx toxtifiedh fiius in u
aimai~l fcctd rations.x Fix pi'tcationar1,
statmtsll't sumiiizei~t ft e itnformuuatiton axtil-
able': I1 tttc fnumigationi pritcess imtust laxt fttr
aiitiiittiiii ott 14 laxx, (2) apptrtxiiiitt'l 7
days x tf ttpcuair acratioti tftl h aimotitidt(t
corn is ixicesscxary pio ttiIt fccding, (3) ami-
hiuitans if-jitaltt, A) amtmottia fx htigly cor-
roive and t d11thsltrui( e fx me Ita and~d (t (.5) initer-
Atlabam(Ial A-griultu~ral Jtxpo'rioicot Stat ion
Cottonseed Hulls 
Improve Feed Efficiency
and Gains of Cattle 
on Broiler Litter 
Diets
SL. THOMIAS and G.W. TURNBULL, Animal 
and Dairy Scine Research, J.T FAS)N, 
Sand Mountain Substaion
A ' 1 '' I I I l ') i o f Il FFFic r litt e F i l t t l t11 
11 1 l Ite diet to imprFF F fui 1111 l
Ii Ft "in 
1
F c c icc I at F ill, and 1F F iii lon l
Su si, i n Css F il) F F1r AI I Fllma F11111ad
diio of c to s(, bullsF .11I~F~ its it roughIFI \I sFFip-
pciFFFFFF toF bil er i lite diets r( sutt'r FFF i n~ l
FF11 F1l(1 i -, XF' i ns. F kFIF efli t iji IIX 111Ff
FF111I F t ft f( FIF c I 1FF11u It'll
I Il(' II p ) ( 1) I F11 X II ii F ~l (II \\ its t11 1II IF
Fil II till' II(lt 1Ff adinIF tlt iIIFFXF't'lit 11sFI
IIFttIFIFF'c i hlls plusF ll aF 'FF))FIFIFFI I 1hullsI
plIFF 'FFIX w 111F 1FF,FI and1 F IFFtiXF FoFf lottIFn-
phosphIoirF s FI aeX 'FFto F baFF d IXF ilt 
oisFFFIting
of 5 ~FF~i (FF1c grtI ornan 4T'/( Iilr litter ta-( I
I~ Fit I iIllt' Xti w tr calculaFte 'to coF ai anF1111F
11)1111 FFFIIiniF ofI usableF t'FcriFv 11111 FdeqteF~
aiFIIFFFlt If ('elit' proFtein. lfilt hlilcitt 1111
Xl iX ts s FF11 i111 F I I FX c IF Il ~i F Fl~I stack 11111inl1
tilt' trIl
I (Ill F I 0 l) 1 F IF T s I )Is \s I 1 I t XXIXi
13Iion tl
li l r li11 F 1 ) I II) . . . . .. . . . .
otFIFFIIFIFFIF sl IFIIF .I . .. . .. . ..I
I,1111 IIIn 11) . . . . . . . . . . .
I )X IFajIIIIF Ill . . . . .. . . . . .
1)111 F tll I II . . .. . . . .. . . .
11FF)rea 812S /FFt FIF ;sall Frillr litF XXII/Ion.11
P lolIll m
iiitjtin 1i3 ht IIlIX
IF 'iIIh Ft S31da11FF IL..-
)a11ils sain III
IFcc F Ii I FIX) 1111 F L.
c~tr 23)) (daI
linIll ei FII II).
I )uil\ ' 111 III
IFeed IIIFIIX d day _I ill.
tI e 1ll ( :i F11 Ih-
F , ( s _i l
lI hills
liIsF IlIl 
Fhills 111 I 1111eu
ure11111 In a FIX(L Mo
F F l I 111FF 1160
S5 -1 11.1F 6F50
())1 
I
S. (F
S_1 FF1 'FF55 5lyf 51):3
5:3.5 /u. so) hcan XIII a11 FF 1 50/ton 
1
11FF scc huls IIIFFF''18/FI SII
11F 1XFFwIl 1 ?.S, vt r FF [)I ()I Ill FIFFIIFXFF'r
I Ilill 
Ilu11Fl1111F
I1r11 1 i hen
Basal Iulls un't 
n11i(111 s 
Futl F(I
11FF t1112)136 (LFX tl l S) h iiofF - 11s oFrIiIl
\n
1
FI1F \ iiF'FtIFwi iFIF'F'iu~ XX ill all uXF 11(4
Ff11)c to
1
F tX1121 F II IFI Ii~ i~u w llilt Ill FpX F
oifiti tl animlstch fIX tiFI',IFXtiF'ltiIFt :\I1111~r
XXIII' lti iX t' ti l and1 Xvt'i.,'c t i 2- 11111
iii ttr I ii
1)111I il." till inlitia II 3 "1) s (iX -,I) i i t
1  
dc-li
IX I l11lcf iFattll \\ IXIFc IFFI c IF2 i3nI d
Flit ~io of I calii Fll ndX 'It'll rou slill F ccll
'rI ball1 arial Ill arc toi lilliX (cpe
gis. On ft Ili II 'f11e add~l' iX tin oF o111-
a2('1cIIX i iiro c XIX"c F'IIFFii'IIl til 6.Y(i ,'1F
tiI1i FFsl ii t. IFcl1lrlI s the FF1 ttunsccdIF~l 11111-
ill '/ M icn cotuncc II1 FFXil'1F11 i 1n 11 II irc t(IIltilto
till, b fa FIXit and Flti F IFamci1111F accoun tlu tFhI
fill lilt lit' fi il ]111'I f111 sen i ll Ih XX)g
\\i~k F1i(11 Io teril n F1X XIl r 11c i) ntil
t11 X ini IX flo t 
11
itii 111111 iIFtln lmcdt 
1
111
1
FF l
I il w ilt, a till oll'f FIX) co1111FF d XXFi nd11
lilld il Xiciiti as lI in the 11111 t l1, ril
t Iiic 11.1 't er I \iIai flit 1111 i 11 t lt t1l~ ad Ii
liii f tIF a soi* bIX an t il II XII i n al to II I dl 411F
111sal1 di1 1FI F111'I 11 F111FXIl.~lI
fglilld X tiFIIIFF basa 111i11F to 5l44i'i Ill lilt 111v-
tl FIX Iaa itt il ch a es ansvir
Adding cottonseed hulls to
rations improved cattle per-
formance in tests at the Sand
Mountain Substation.
'*1 I~
FLORIDA BEGGARWEED is one of
the most troublesome weeds in pea-
nuts in the Southeastern United
States. This weed, a non-nodulating legume,
can grow to 6 ft. in height, thereby towering
above the peanut canopy. Yields are not gen-
erally affected by light to moderate infesta-
tions (approximately 3-7 plants per sq. yd.),
however, greater densities can be highly
competitive. In addition, Florida beggar-
weed foliage hinders fungicide applications
and interferes with peanut harvest.
In response to grower inquiries, experi-
ments were conducted at the Wiregrass Sub-
station at Headland, Alabama, to evaluate the
feasibility of controlling escaped Florida beg-
garweed with postemergence applications of
Amiben? mixed with a crop oil concentrate.
At present, Amiben is labeled for ground-
cracking applications, but not for postemer-
gence applications. The Experiment Station
study showed that Amiben applications at
ground cracking were more effective in con-
trolling escaped Florida beggarweed than
were later applications.
Florida beggarweed is considered by
growers to be a late season weed because in-
festations are not readily visible until midway
through the growing season. At this time,
they begin to penetrate the crop canopy. This
phenomenon gives the appearance that Flor-
ida beggarweed typically germinates rela-
tively late in the season. However, previous
research by the Alabama Agricultural Exper-
iment Station had shown that virtually all the
Florida beggarweed plants which eventually
penetrate the canopy generally had germi-
nated within 4 weeks, and at the very latest 6
weeks, after crop planting. This weed simply
grows slower than peanuts during the early
portion of the season. Research has shown
that the first 4 weeks of peanut growth are
the most critical in terms of weed-crop com-
petition. Thus, controlling Florida beggar-
weed after this period will have minimal
effect in allowing the crop to yield its full po-
tential.
Control generally is achieved by cultivation
and/or herbicide applications at ground
cracking or soon after, preferably when the
Florida beggarweed is in the seedling stage.
Standard herbicides used are dinoseb (Pre-
merge 3?) and dinoseb mixed with naptalam
in a 1:2 ratio (Dyanap?). These and other
comparable products are commonly applied
alone or in combination with Lasso?, Dual?,
and/or Amiben. Amiben is registered as a
ground-cracking treatment in peanuts at
rates of up to 3 lb. per acre (6 qt. per acre).
This herbicide generally provides excellent
control of Florida beggarweed. Unfortu-
nately, control with these treatments can
vary, resulting in a high number of weeds
that escape control. This variability can be
attributed to inappropriate weather, im-
proper timing of applications, and/or exces-
sive weed pressure. Few, if any, alternatives
are available for the postemergence control of
Florida beggarweed.
This study was conducted for 2 years at the
Wiregrass Substation. The test area, which
was heavily infested with Florida beggar-
weed, received a preplant incorporated
treatment of Balan? (4 qt. per acre) and Ver-
nam? (2 1/2 pt. per acre). This treatment was
FLORIDA BEGGARWEED CONTROL AND PEANUT YIELD AND GRADE AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS
TREATMENTS
Florida Peanut Peanut
Treatment Rate2 beggarweed/acre yield3/acre grade, SMK
4
1983 1984 1983 1984 1983 1984
Qt. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.
Amiben-ground
cracking............... . 4 90 80 3,360 3,280 68.1 75.5
Amiben 30 DAPI ......... 4 460 100 3,400 3,490 68.4 78.5
Amiben 45 DAP ......... 4 1,980 1,360 3,430 3,440 73.8 75.8
Amiben 60 DAP ......... . 4 2,150 1,213 2,910 2,700 71.3 76.0
Amiben 75 DAP ......... . 4 1,570 4,020 3,190 3,280 69.4 77.5
Amiben 90 DAP ......... 4 3,340 4,010 3,390 3,180 69.7 77.5
Lasso + Dyanap-ground
cracking............... 3 + 6 1,490 1,430 3,200 3,320 69.8 75.8
Weed-free check ......... - 0 0 3,180 3,350 69.4 77.4
eDAP = days after planting.
2
Based upon a 2 lb./gallon formulation of Amiben.
3Supplemented with hand weeding so that yields would only be affected by herbicide treatments.
SMK = sound mature kernels.
effective in controlling pertinent grasses but
had minimal effect on Florida beggarweed.
Florunner peanuts were planted in accord-
ance with normal practices. Amiben was ap-
plied at 4 qt. per acre (2 lb. per acre) at
ground cracking and postemergence at 30,
45, 60, 75, and 90 days after planting. All
postemergence treatments included a crop oil
concentrate (Agridex?) at 1 qt. per acre. A
standard treatment of Lasso (3 qt. per acre)
plus Dyanap (6 qt. per acre) at ground crack-
ing was included, as well as untreated weedy
and weed-free checks.
A portion of each plot was maintained
weed free so that any differences in yield or
grade would reflect only herbicide effects.
Florida beggarweed plants produced in each
plot were clipped at ground level and
weighed prior to peanut harvest so the effi-
cacy of each treatment could be determined.
All herbicide treatments reduced the Flor-
ida beggarweed infestation relative to the un-
treated check, see table. Lasso + Dyanap
reduced the infestation by approximately
73%, but even with this amount of control an
infestation equivalent to 1,460 lb. per acre
fresh weed weight remained. Maximum con-
trol was achieved with Amiben applied at
ground cracking, which reduced the infesta-
tion by approximately 98%. Later applica-
tions resulted in progressively less control.
Peanuts were generally tolerant to Amiben
regardless of application timing. However, a
slight reduction in yield occurred with appli-
cations at 60 days after planting, which cor-
responds to the main flowering and pegging
period. The lower yields indicated that pea-
nuts were somewhat sensitive to Amiben
during this period. Applications at 30 to 45
days after planting resulted in a slight in-
crease in yields. No detrimental effect on
grade could be attributed to any of the treat-
ments.
While mid-season application of Amiben
plus a crop oil concentrate (a non-labeled use)
can control escaped Florida beggarweed, at
best it is a catch-up type of treatment. A
timely treatment at ground cracking is much
more effective. In addition, preliminary
studies by Union Carbide, the manufacturer
of Amiben, have indicated that postemer-
gence applications can result in crop residue
levels in excess of current tolerances.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Amiben Controls Florida
Beggarweed in Peanuts when
Applied at Ground Cracking
G.R. WEHTJE and M.G. PATTERSON, Agronomy and Soils Research
R.B. REED, Research Data Analysis
11
Al d~k . vweS toU oy tiorse and 
Veer
Flies Result in Losses to Alabama 
Producers
G.R. MULLEN and N.J. McMILLAN, Zoology-Entomology Research
C " " " E h o rs e sliil XI a n d h o ~g s a re C o n'il
liiil at tacedl bS horse fies aX~nd
dieir iesX IspialhX duritig tie late
sprtitig itid earlX Xiulilicr XXhe~li adult lix pop-i
ulatiot n t toXI e thel .gtest. WheXnr plihul-
oli eXs'toIck. The1 flies cali causXe Ireduiced
XXeighlt gain and11 m11ill prdtlionil as XweII is
decreasdXt generl thiritiess. It hiaX beenI s-
timtdl that indhiXidnal cattle min losel 2-It0
1 I th s f li esi lIX (lleIi tkIX'I refCIrrtd ti asi ta-
baids~l. lahianids alsio arlc known~l tio transmlit
liivestoctk dIiseases suich as bin ie aliailasiiii-
Souitheast.
t'sttiiatt't tol he 525 miiihlli. th'e( loiXXeX tol
swine sheepXI'i golat, ad poul t ry prioducers i'
all" unlknown~l. Estimaedt'lose forXC lit attic in
Alabaai Georgi ad
1 
Loisliatna ill re(clit
nXars Xav e~x ceeded~h' SI1.5 milili. Iln Aillli
aloICCXstillaitesX(iLi d o' nilldassociatdtloIssXeXs
and tcotnt ril cosltsX to c(at tl pr totduel Xrianlge
PI ilii nr 7t ttt)tisS(t tittt PCI Xaai C al -
tac'kX ini BaldwXXin Counitty Aliaa in 1977 at
Ceal iln XXhic itly at tac'ks XXere palrt iII I d sX -
XIre, led toi subsequeniil'lt stuitl coinidutd( it
adl tdtti fliesX biting tattle ini the Auburn Iidi are
inig spiesI and ltearin g abount thi'ir Ihab it,
melthodsti for conltrollitig thie'Xe pets.
Usinig Hlsteinullsii aX bait animls at flit'
Atinil HeIaltih IRtsXarchi Unit, flit'X XXe'It
trap dul Ilring tile dtn from'ii111 June 1 tol Aii
\IihilO' OE aai .Mlilu (
mi atuire stagesX dIlo iiin root ma.ts of aqicjtt
high poiplatiol ii's near Ithe tlt tia Riser'
snops Fourj) l oll'ltherl majdor spIciI's attac'kinig
cittt' XXwere T. ii n'/inn , 1'.l I umiiltiX T.
finii g o n hiig. IXXe eI o'i thler taid pe1~cies
XXere toletedt(( ini tie immiatIite' area b'ut
XsreI not (llict I l ipliated ill thel probnilemn
()tIll the teltale flies bite atid thusi cause
hairml to livesCX tck lix thi pers1)1 isXtenlt at temp its
tn obtain bloo1( i(dI l rieqiiredl iiii egg deX el-
aliiig streami ior cre tk b~anks, ad l hii n Xlg
seeIpage areas thiat tentio be hs' e(t moisit oi the
e'ggs, tdrop tn tiht water blowI)X tio deXeloip in
tilurieXC int (Id iIIvertt'b rates
Mosnt talban IiXs tendi tio feedly o n cXliertain
parX of Ith hos i i X tt anmli. (ernll iIC tIe ger
lpies fia d oX th uppe fl ii Xtrla Ind tilln te
ack whtre X he hairC its l ticet' SmallXeI3Xr spe-
cies, inli ng li st i ot'k iei leer ftCIX lie of thege
hiusI andysus ititn to atac low(reh er par11ts li ofgX
tihe1( hair i X ier Th iit reernc f'ortj f'd
in sXitesha cniieXt in tXChe~l Tesa iInner arIIX
CX(' hee dTii utuipiti c11 nceftrate its at-CI
tak alo the bacXk'd; saltll spteiei ruc ha TX
s111taes, htrde f~lig andCdentrt fle cotinue toX
prestal mi or tillo'lt m fo o ling tc produc-
ABOVE. Tabanus maculipennis on hogs with house flies attracted to resultant feeding wounds.
BELOW. Tabanus atratus, largest horse fly in Alabama and severe pest of cattle.
N
\,f~I4
1~
lAIk~ I
2
'I ~ -I
,1
/
gilsXt 15, 1952. Niinetee''l taid specil X)ties XwXXrTI
collece I ithl Tnhli I fi ib'll/ill T.i alloi-
det'ri bi Iit g 1) tafiilIIar ti mo'sX comon Mos1 h tt
were aT.iid IiX Wits T. 2 riee tl iiit Tii 511111iii
cens, IT1 . Iuliilons T. XX I l Xi t l'k' ChrtdX IX
largt iin I (It Station liii IX IX rI'hogndth't bc-
Si' OF )p lants and 
plant extracts foiU heial th heef iits to moan (late s 1 ack
thou ~isands of s ears. Fgs fti an i cordiis
of 1 550) B.C(. dIescibe the imed
1
ic in al uise of
p~lanits. lioscorides in) 78 A. ll. describ~ed 600t
medc~icinr al pl an ts arid 1,000 (druigs. Su ch pliaits
as ahoi, belladoiina, opiumo arnd ergot airc
uised in riesserntiallIs the samii man ner todlas as
tlics were in 78 AVI) lIn thic nesw world1( the
Aztec antI M asan c'is iIization s knews hows to
rise and dirstiingiish 1,200 plants and cioi-
poundi~s. St's ral driigs still in uise, such ais
t'iictiiie qiineir, arid ('leiiipoiiuiiri oil,
origiiiated as plant extracts tused bs these
news worn Irativs'.
'T'he're appear to he a noumbeir of plants thit
hasc ('st to he reciogrize/d for their heoeficial
uses andI expliiitedl to the fullest One suchI
pllarnt ssith sigrifieant potential is the creosiote
bushi (Larreai t rideontate). Th is 1p1aiit is a pe-
irniial es crgr ten shriub that griowIs in rthii
arid siouthwssesteirn regionR of thre No rth Aii-
icanl ciontineiit.
Extiracts iir teas of the creiosiote hush wer(i
ius('d lb Indians for the ti eatmient iof stiiiiichi
arnd iienistruial cr amps,) rhieiiiiatismi sore
feet, bruises, wionds, kidnes ailmnts, i-
1berciulhs is, aind facial cancers . 1)iirinrg \N orlId
WXar 11, a comiipionenit of thre crieioso te liuish swas
used as at poterit anitiilxidanit, swhich pre'served
lbuitter cs en iii the troi)s.' TI)is ant ioxidaint
also had arntiimicirobial proipiertics.
Withi the introduction of antilbiiotics and
news ss rthetic riiedicirrals or drulgs, the' ose o~f
extracts ofi the creosiote bhli fell into dIisuse.
I hiss t's ci ecenit Al abarmia Agriculntuiiral Ex-
peti riiment Station ins estigationrs of the' biolog-
icaul propertie o(if the plant's c'hem ical
comiifonen'rts (plixtocliciiicals) irndicat' it rias
has e poltential fur modelrin-das uise. These
st uieits ir(5 (al that init iniy doellts the c'reoisote
bush hiasc' miircinal p~rope'rtie's, but its fph-
tiemiicals hase poiterntial for beoeficial iion-
riiedicinal uise'. \Ianx iofthese' uise's ar(' re'lat('d
tio agricul tuire.
F~ivs cem iical fractiion s frionm creiosoite liiish
leave'ss wcrc obhtained and the biioloical prop-
ertit's iif the extracts swetrt' detttrriined. Four
frictiiirs had poitent antim icrobiial activ ities
against 16 gt'rra iof bact'ria, iiicluiniIg twsoi
sp(cie's of svirulernt tuiberculosis hbacteria. 'Thi
fr actiiini were' ( alsii e'fft'ctisc iii irihibitiig
groissthi iifninec ge'rira tof p~athotge'nic fungi arnd
ceasts. These prilpertics tistified the Iridiaons
iist' of cre'osorte tea as riedicatiion for wotiiitd
biriuises, and infectioris.
Tht' poiterntial for using creosote plarnt ex-
tracts tii help prevecut initestinail disorders iif
pouliltry, such as coccidiiosis, showled iup iii thii
Exp'rime'nt Station research. Foitr iorganic
siosvt'rt firactitors anid hot water extracts frori
the plant were foind tio iiiactiv ate certain
pouiltry coccidia, the p~rotozoianr parasitc' that
eauses c'iccidiiisis. Feeding a erode pre'para-
tion of' griinnd, (dried, creiosote hutsh leases tii
chiick'n s wlas founid to effectis ('I cointrol
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Stat ion
E.C. MORA and JOHN ZAMORA, Poultry Science Research
Inhlibition of bacterial growth by two fractions
of creosote bush.
Inii feed inig trial, add inrg 1%4 grioiunrd leavs '
toi ft'ed fiiori brilt'r c'Iiicks at 5 wet'ks of age re-
suilIted in rias ter weight gaini thI an b riler s get-
tirig the sarme fettd wIithiont the creosote hush
n iii'( at i in. Th'le extra gainr re piorted inr thre
tablt' translate's iritio 1 lb. moure grilwsth for
each e'ight brioilers betsven the' 5-wet'(k sizc
and market sizc.
Anials dii riot cat thec creiosote' hush he-
cauise' of the arormatic resinous, sticks, swaxy
coat oii thce leavs. This swaxy suibstance pre'
vents de'hidratiin iioif thie p~lant tduirinrg the dIrs
seasoni s.
Destruction by creosote bush extract of an-
terior, invasive end of coccidial sporozoite.
Because the cr eosote' buslh noirimally gros
1 Xinv illy, not in tight huinches or aggrce-
gates, it 1s saitd to he a pri.vate hush. Few
grasses gio benea'ii'~th it, which indicates its
natural herbicidlal activ its. Ini the Experiment
S tationi tests, differe(nlt plant seeds werei
spraedi with either dhiluite encentations of
the origanric solvenot extracts or a hot water ex-
tiract. One of the solvenct extracts antI the
w.5ater extract we5 re highly effe'ctis e in inhib-
iting germiinatiiln.
These findings indlicatt' that the creosote
bush conitainis chemicals that hasvc the pten-'l
tial for- being uisefil for bo0th agricolture and
micinre. It can pirovside siibstanc'es for the'
control of hacterial, v iral, fiuigal, and piroto-
zoan (liseases in man and annuals and it has a
natoural heri cide, whIiich miiight he valablec
foir use in many sittiations. The an tioxidant is
a p~otential candidlate for food presersvation.
I' i iiiorii ADD1ING (niu Nso Ciirosoni LEAVES
ix B o~ri i Ii ii)a
\1eght. gain after
1 natmcI i 
tot,
D- 2 3-9 
It)-13 D-1
Br oiler feed .... 107 274 212 593
Brilri feed + 1%
g2rrid creosote
liavst ...... 63 379 217 659
454 gramrrs = 1lh6
A) is (las groouiid creosote leasves we re aiddd tti
feed-bhroilers 5 wseeks old.
Estimating
Densities
of Plant Bugs and Predators
in Early Cotton
S.J. FLEISCHER and M.J. GAYLOR, Zoology-Entomology Research
VIRTUALLY all of Alabama's cotton is
under a scouting program to monitor
population density and damage from
bollworms and boll weevils. However, recent
concern over early season insect management
has increased efforts to monitor populations
of plant bugs and beneficial predators. Col-
lapse of predator populations attacking boll-
worms, for example, could result in earlier or
heavier than usual bollworm populations.
Working in and around the Tennessee Valley
Substation, researchers in the Alabama Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station studied meth-
ods of monitoring early season predator and
pest populations simultaneously, giving
growers more information on which to base
management decisions.
Insect population densities can be grouped
into two broad categories, depending on the
method of collection. Those based on a total
count of insects per unit area, such as row-
meters, are termed absolute density esti-
mates. Although time consuming and labori-
ous to obtain, absolute density estimates are
more accurate and the basis from which eco-
logical studies can be developed. Due to time
and cost constraints, cotton scouts more fre-
quently base estimates on numbers per unit
effort, such as with a sweep net or drop cloth,
to get a relative density. By comparing the
scout's relative density to absolute density,
growers can get a better overall picture of in-
sect populations in their cotton fields.
The relationships between absolute and
relative density estimates have been deter-
mined by Auburn researchers for early sea-
son arthropods in Alabama cotton. An
average value for population density was es-
timated for a given field, based on data using
two absolute techniques (whole plant bag
sample (WPBS) and visual search) and two
relative techniques (sweep net and drop
cloth).
To evaluate the density estimate obtained
with different scouting techniques, first the
percentage of the absolute density was deter-
mined for each technique. This percentage
varied greatly for the different species and
stages (adult versus immature) studied, see
table. Drop cloth estimates were an equal or
higher percentage of the absolute density es-
timates than were sweep net estimates. Drop
cloth estimates also resulted in significant re-
lationships against absolute density for more
taxa than did sweep net estimates. With the
exception of big-eyed bug immatures, the
percentage of the absolute density estimated
by drop cloth or sweep net samples was low
(10 to 30%).
Although the percent capture was low, the
density estimate from scouting techniques
can be easily converted to absolute density if
the percentage is consistent. Thus, a scouting
program can monitor true population densi-
ties if it captures an equal percentage of the
absolute density throughout the season. One
measure of this consistency, or precision,
PERCENTAGE OF THE ABSOLUTE DENSITY (FROM WPBS AND VISUAL SEARCH) THAT WAS ESTIMATED BY
DROP CLOTH AND SWEEP NET SAMPLES. THE R
2 
VALUE GIVES A MEASURE OF THE CONSISTENCY, OR
PRECISION, OF THE PERCENTAGE
WPBS compared to Visual search compared to
Plant bug, predator Drop cloth Sweep net Drop cloth Sweep net
Pct. R
2  
Pct. R
2  
Pct. R
2  
Pct. R
2
Adult
Immatures
Tarnished plant bug ................... NS NS 28 66 10 72
Big-eyed bug......................... 55 89 19 69 77 85 22 57
Minute pirate bug ..................... NS NS 7 58 NS
Spiders ............................... NS NS 24 86 NS
Total insect predators....................35 75 13 66 29 62 7 25
Total arthropod predators ................ 28 73 12 53 30 76 8 27
'Relationship was not statistically significant.
termed the R
2 
value, see table, can vary from
a low of 0 to a high of 100. The precision also
varied among species and stages. In general,
drop cloth estimates had equal or greater
precision than those from sweep net samples
in the Tennessee Valley tests. Due to the
greater number of taxa that resulted in sig-
nificant relationships, the greater percentage
captured, and the equal or higher precision,
the drop cloth was preferable to the sweep
net for estimating population density in early
season cotton.
For some groups, such as immatures of
plant bugs and big-eyed bugs, the relative
techniques were reasonably precise esti-
mators of absolute densities. The drop cloth
density of immature plant bugs, in numbers
per row-meter, was consistently 28% and the
sweep net catch per 10 sweeps was consist-
ently 10%, of the absolute density per row-
meter. For many of the taxa, however, factors
other than absolute density are needed to ex-
plain the variation in the relative density es-
timates. In the case of adult plant bugs,
although drop cloth estimates could be re-
lated to visual search estimates, neither rel-
ative technique was statistically related to
WPBS densities. The WPBS estimate may
well be more accurate than visual search.
Thus, further work is needed to develop ac-
curate, precise, and rapid sampling tech-
niques for adult plant bugs.
Combining diverse taxa into one large
group, such as "spiders" or "total predators,"
masks the unequal contribution of each taxa,
and oversimplifies both the relationships
among techniques and management decisions
based on such a group. However, these may
presently be the only data available to grow-
ers. Relationships using total predator counts
(adults and immatures of big-eyed bugs,
minute pirate bugs, lady beetles, damsel
bugs, lacewings, and spiders) generally had
greater precision than those using individual
species and stages. Drop cloth estimates
again were a higher percentage of the abso-
lute density than were sweep net samples.
In the Auburn tests, less than one-third of
the absolute population of predators or plant
bugs were estimated with the techniques
used by scouts when monitoring insect pop-
ulations in early-season cotton. To gain a bet-
ter overall picture of insect populations in
Tennessee Valley cotton, the relative-to-
absolute calibrations in this study were used
to estimate total predator densities from drop
cloth scouting data. Densities were thus es-
timated to exceed 66,000 per acre, or ap-
proximately one per plant, in about one-third
of the dates and fields sampled throughout
the 2 years. For several weeks densities came
close to 200,000 per acre in these fields. Such
under-estimations from the scouting tech-
niques help explain how predator popula-
tions, at densities commonly reported in
cotton, can control early-season bollworm
outbreaks.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station14
Ammonium Nitrate Improves Nitrogen Balance
D.A. COX, Horticulture Research
pottiti oriiaintital planits is absXoirbed
(Q)oaotitx of N iost froin tihe p)ot represen('ts
foI(Iitli fI t' tist ' n otnti l o ~llu ti haz-
tionix has reule ff in aflrtil )izrtt t4 14 14c
1111 ib ilanti iihiett hXw ihti 14 l1rtiizcro
source' iffts iiot potrtiii ofi N rataint't bi
showed that a pot of inedium contained 261
II ig N from organic matter. Thercfore 1,124
ntg N (fertilizer N + potting utc(lium N)
\wrc potentialh acailahle to cach plant dur-
ing the expcrinuwrlt.
At the end of csperinientation, shoot and
root d, sxcights were measured. Nitrogen
analx sis data collected by sampling pot Icach-
ate during the experiment and taking plant
(shoots ,uid roots) and potting nuccliuut sam-
ples at the end of the c.xpcrintcnt sere used
to construct the N balance sheet, table 1.
Anunoniunl sulfate reduced shoot and root
growth, compared to the other N fertilizer
treatments, table 2. Poor growth mod ,ellov%-
ing of the tipper leases utadc auuuoniunt sul-
fate plants conrlnercialk unacceptable.
Differences ill shoot and root grosstb and ap-
pcarauce sx cre small among t11c other
sn11r1111.S.
Choice of N fertilizer alf('eted plant ab-
sorption of N, with anunouiunt nitrate plants
containing almost one-half of the potcntiall\
mailable N, table 1. 1i-catment with calcium
nitrate, area, and Osniocote resulted ill less
N absorption and anunoniunt sulfate had the
least N11arh one-half of potentialh acailahle
N in anunouiunt sulfate and calcium nitrate
seas lost by leaching. With anlnloniunl sill-
fate this vcas due to low N and \\a1cr thsorp-
1(11 resXult I(( in 11om poor(1 Iooit (41 IXXt ii
XXera il a Xitil talitiiii nitra.tt' it XXa IX (111 tio il
Ftt' N itleciig. .Lach1ig of N XXas Irt'ducI ld
nIl li' nlitraIti. Re1ten(tion iii N IiX tiht ietti 1111
soicI N rI'ema~'in ill thei lfirtillie granlis' at
till cad( oii tilt t'jt'Iinlt'Ot.
tic N(t(t col nt beildL)counItdf ini N aXll
trcat'IX iii buittiilX unaccoutl d-o N XX wasXIIit
gfrNXXatit w'itii~ arie i Itn ' all) tmoll im slft't .
Rcioii (IX vaiXf (I X111 i '
Tui~~~~v 2. iir ) Iri ti i ((Nil onXI rto
(Ii t (ul-
.. .. 19 2.1
11.1 3.3
.. .. 13.2 .3.3
.. . t:3.:3 .1 0t
Anononium sulf.dc . .
Anunonimu nilratc . .
Calciinu midi( . .... .
lrca ..............
Osnoocolr I 1-1 4-11 ..
I(1t1 c. 1. Nnr)(,r:y Iii Nv I Sterne I(m 1-1v 11 P) I, nor Iv kI, rr(;IrvyIi v1
TI-cat i ncnt
Ainnioliimil sulfate .
1n1nunli..nt 
nitrate. itrate 
.. 
.
urea .............
(Wilmote .........
To-atntcnt
Asailahlc N Sinn of f( l tilizcr N applied and medium N at planting ( 1-13.1 ntg N/pot 100(
Plant shoot and root samples contbincd.
Alabama Al--iculturul Exp -inucnt Station
'
)f~;)~
Proper Irrigation
Scheduling Reduces
Container Medium
Temperature and
Increases
Hershey's Red
Azalea Growth
G.J. KEEVER, Horticulture Rt ;h,, ()rnamental Hortit ulture Susi tiic~
i T I (G H l I F T E P E A IL HE S w ith in
nurs1eiy conitainve rs are often respo-
sibleC for reduci ed rotot aind shoot
055vt h and can l eatd to longer produnetijont
cseles. Cultural practices that prov5idle lim-
ited success in reduceing high temperatures
inctlu de tihe uise of refleetiv e con tainters, non-
refleetive b fed muilehes, reduced p)ot spacing,
ad 0(erhead slhade. Results obitained in a 2-
year study at the Alahaima Agricultural Ex-
perrimtenit Statioin shiow that irrigation sehed-
tiling can also lie used to alles iate high
temperatures ini container growsth~ medhia.
TIhis Expeimient Station study wsas initi-
altedl to es aluate the influ encte of ir ri gat ion
schedu Iiing oni initehu i teimperature flict ua-
tins and growsth of Hiershey's Red azalea. In
Mtarch 198:3 and 198.1, azaleas wsere pottedl in
1-gal. bl1aek poly et hyleine pots ini am endtedI
pine hark and plated oin a whlite shell imulch
in full sun. Four oixerhtead ir rigation treat-
mnents wxere employed heginiing ini the
spring of eath year: (1) 8 p. in. irrigation for 1
hour (control ) (2) 1 pin. irrigLatioi foi r 1 hour;
(3)1 to. in. aind :3 p. in. irrigations for 30 mtin-
uites each; and 14) 9 p. in. irrigation for 1 hour
pslus hourly in teri iitteit iriigat ions for 2 1/2
mtinutes, 9am.-5 pm.
G;roswth mnediui, cainopy, aind air temper-
atu res wseire mi oni toried conti nuously duin g
the simme. In :Novembher of both yeams, ioot
antd shoot growstht were comiipared aiming ir-
rigat ion tireat mients.
Results of the sttidy showsed that muaximtuim
groswth imediuiii temtperatuires occurred at 4
p. in. and swere lowest wsith 30-mitnute split ir-
rigations at i10 a. itn. and :3 p.mi. (95?F) and
wxithi 1-hour iirrigationis at 1 p.mii. (96?F).
Cm owth miediumiii tenmperat ures were de-
pressed 7 to 1:3?F for 1 to :3 hoirs wsith dax ir-
rigations comtpared wsith irrigating at 8 p.mi.
or at 9 p im. plus intemittent hourly irriga-
tionis. Dlay irrigation (10a~. ii., I p~m. 
.3p in
also tdepressed maximti n canop~y teiipera-
tures 8?F for 2 to 3 hours. Initermiittent ir-
rigatiomn reducied the mnaximnum canopy
teiiplerature 2 to :3?F comiparetd swith the 8
p. iii. irrigation.
Slio ot growxsth, as i ndiceated byx growth iindex
and top
1 
tir sweighit, was gireatest wsithi split ir-
rigationis at it) a. int. antd 3 p.mit. or at single ir-
rigatio~n at I p~m in antopv groswth wsas similar
wsithi planits iirrigatedl at 8 p.mit. and 9 p im.
ph is intertmit tent ir rigat ion. tRelatisve ro ot rat-
ing swas highest foi plants iiirigatedl at I p. it.,
hil lossed by pl1ants i rrigatedl at 1t0 a itt and :3
Reduied~ miaxiiiumii growssth meditum and
cntop tenmtperatuires anti gireater cauno px aunit
root growth su ppo rt the uttil izat ion of' oser-
heah irrigation thuring the tla. Althoutgh the
exacet t iinig of iriigationi to atchieve ittaxi
iiiui gioth f is not knimss m results suggest
thtat single app)licatioins applied 2 to 4t hours
heftore it tx iii t ir tei tmpteraturii is ireached
oi split applications at It) a.mi. antd 3 p it. ame
heneficial. H ourii I intemtittent irrigation of -
hi etl nit benefit exceplt at slight eootlintg of the
I iii t Is oit 111101(.51 IoN s ii~i~ r IoN (;w)i~ Iii lNmwx, \ ol Dii n 1 \'t iltcir I x SNI) .I I i I5 B~oo
1t:nx oiN.ii i 15 Itts iir' H I A SvI
irigtionhu
schetdutle'
S t p . I I r. . . . .. . . . .
I ps iii I lu . . .. . . .. . .
1 0 . II lanl :3 p m., :30t m1 i tt Itc
9 p. m., I Ihr. phits 2 11 latin hom
i gattitns 9 a. .- 1). In .. .i
( ,u usstlt
indtilt
"to (Insd
wseight
Bclaiuc
. . 27.s
:32.6
3-4.2
:31 1
'Iliglt +, width0 + wsidtht :3.
'Hating: I lieast ifikiloiIe, 1 =tiost dcIi ,, (I ixitagi oftihe root ball suitl.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY ALABAMA 36849
Gale A. Buchanan, Director
PUBLICATION-Highlights at
Agricultural Research 6/85
Penalty for private use, $300
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
USDA
PERMIT No. G269