Ilk ---------Vol. 31, No. 3 311 11 I I Fail 1984 I U CM"~~ of Agricultural Research ~"-. :~ 1~B ' ~b~p!~3~ 4 w y ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION GALE A, BUCHANAN, DIRECTOR AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS "a'e D11 It II I uo~em ti iii \\ 111i P f i~r Hilii hlillr ,t itist pro- 1, \ NsI\'(, Is( AIlil Iht( I Xi IIa t i lt t iccss ii iliS 1)1o 1 1tn /atloill d11 ( ,Ilw ntA-tc~ 1c~ ~tSain i c I~sso . D(p~n i i IS. lii lii Altl Am - n 11I 5 l S th ill(lt T1i4 l fo15ti 1 1: N i n mtIill stti 1111 I t ii1111151. ) or ( l I 111 uoo, deparlltmllnt 1e('rc IIIrn IS re i\ S 1 5 tilcrr S d fu diil c 111u r niili md st IS 1flii4 id No( 5'ioll lotovililAitt S t 111 li \ I) i I tISc II of (11,Xi -1 i tstill- islikn tllii i ith of till I I i IIliii iclt Stit ioni ro tn Il) plnnn)1rco I 111 111 it I) 111 1Si and I it ti rl~l i ~~t~ti p t l 19l53. lsitSil\ititsin IllS j~ll5 (il~lil s))ticSta cco- 111111 I n I 55 (, ct hI It) cI tj 1oc ~ till onI t Vp ojc hs in IISI t titti, I Il t sti tl ll n In I i t lo Iplac lrd I th111 tll11Il IllI 31111 It Co n aa Il 1 l lil- n(1)111)1 li lo thll 1111 . olt-Sttrm, a I11411 pr jc II ti )i Iiiiiiii ~~ ~ tlli If( 15111ii 2iv (. )Inst1 I a 11 it I s i lk i lht I. ~ \'lii i t ~ iiI ~ 1sii Xi 1115 and1111 ,11 c o li u D. t i nt ,rocs~ii S ofISSa ln Paul.i~ 11ils I liiI 111ts1111111 ts GL . tttSII tI BCAA ill l iI liticII it tnd tcI i its IIItil ~s ~tltl li A(l ililt filt ill s )eioii l1 1 appI tltied In 11 I lliSn ti "T11111o fifhl 111 siii l) IIsl~i 11 i 1 ti 1 tt Il l FALL 1984 VOL 31, NO. 3 iiiI i tiial I; in I I con uI11o1t1 h 111d 1 ss ,c iiic X~ i Sttion AkIthlisanu Xiillr 1t 11 II I t hlisi I sit 111 iii li 1- i o an I II i 111tv Ill Irii t l II i iut l l il i tricI i i sti Ii 1 1 " , 1 li1 ( it Di Slrll Il i ii I 51 N5IiN N sl 1 Xs~stnirt 1)1111 t R, V. Sit5 (~.1. hst Ih o~ . . * XSs~stl .i1Ito) IIt lot tiil~c 151 i lI intheli lte pt A 51 ii I i SI ils not1 l to11 I tills It1;1t 51ior 11 lth 111n11 II11i ti IcalsisSu 1111 ii I iion I h in)11 1 t 115 lud IEditoil addressed ( (olllhttee: XX i ( I , Ii I1tA o (i i ssoi) lt N,SN III ilt 111 p111 o 1 111114, 1n1ts i ll 11111114I ll (it Is-( phuS d o t si I t 111111111 ll P11o- ranki h)15 loner111 int c11n1c1 tpLi t1111 sItiu ilirel.iIl /1'sso fll 11/nu o c 111115 ir Rc11s 1111 /r (. I) I) II PIll Il/I 5511r I Iltull) 5 1/ iIs/Il I i 51 N 11111/ X/llli i/ Ii Xi/n 11 i IN~; Sr i hIi t Intillali con1111 taill d Is kl S ilt Ill to ON THE COVER. Quality of small streams in Alabama is improving, as reported in story on page 16. try is lacking in both number of LABAMA'Scapacity of operation. As plants and meat processing indusa result, the State is deficit in red meat production and relies heavily on imports of processed beef and pork. A survey done by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station in 1980 indicated that the Alabama slaughter industry was primarily made up of small dual-purpose plants that kill and process both cattle and hogs. Excess capacity in the nation's meat packing industry has resulted in the closing of existing Alabama plants, and this has retarded expansion of other phases of the livestock industry. The State primarily exports lightweight calves to other regions of the country for fattening, slaughter, and processing for shipment back to Alabama for consumption. Developments in other regions are having a profound impact on the State's industry. Increased market concentration by a few large meat packing firms is reducing the competitive environment of this industry in the United States. Carcasses are cut into primal cuts to fit into boxes, allowing greater marketing efficiencies in transportation and storage. This technology permits large plants to effectively compete for markets in the meat deficit regions, particularly in Alabama. For Alabama's meat processing industry to develop to appropriate size, it needs to have either a comparative advantage or offer substitutes for imported red meat. An important strategy is to develop a market niche for the red meat industry where firms can survive even when a neighboring region has a cost advantage. A slaughter plant as large as those that box beef or pork is not currently feasible for Alabama because of the lack of year-round supplies of slaughter animals. The majority of plants in the Southeast are medium-sized market hog slaughter and H.M. COX and G.M. SULLIVAN Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology The two plants produce an array of processed products in forms and sizes to meet as many requirements as possible for a customer's store. Analysis of each plant using a linear programming model to maximize net returns found that the product mix should be reduced from 15 to 8 products in the smaller plant that kills both cattle and hogs. This would result in an estimated increase of 56% in net returns to the firm. The product mix of the larger plant, which kills only hogs, did not change significantly with the elimination of only one product, smoked sausage. The cost of manufacturing the company's full product line is less than for the smaller plant. The results indicate that each plant needs to focus on marketing its high priced items, with reduced emphasis on its lower priced items. Each plant markets an array of meat products for both the fresh and processed markets. Marketing a full product line causes a reduction in net return for both plants. In order to maintain a market share, however, a packing plant might need to produce a full product line to provide complete service to customers. The impact of the optimal operation on each firm's revenues is illustrated in the table. The optimal model for the market hog slaughter and processing plant had a net return of $7,881 per day, while the model which represented the current situation had a net return of $7,381 per day-a difference of $500. The change in net revenue for the sausage processing plant showed a relatively large increase for the optimal model compared to the current situation model. Net returns were $5,595 per day for the optimal model and $3,573 per day for the current situation model, a 56% advantage ($2,022) for the optimal model. In addition to producing products from slaughter animals, products such as pork bellies or hams are purchased. Both plants surveyed indicated that they market boxed beef shipped in from outside the State. Processing plants do this mainly to service their retail customers whom they are supplying with their branded products. Boxed beef can be stored at a reasonable cost with only slight additional costs incurred in handling. Both plants also market other food products, such as eggs and butter, which can be delivered to retail stores along with their own products. This arrangement allows cost efficiencies for the store. Rejuvenation of the meat processing industry will require companies to be more market oriented and selective in their product lines. A firm that can provide many different meat products-fresh, smoked, or processed-can gain a competitive edge in a narrow market area over a large meat packer outside the region who may not desire to export a large variety of products. Recent population shifts to the Southeast mean that effective demand will increase for processed meat products. Both effects will have a positive impact on local meat processors who can remain competitive in costs, develop a market niche for their products, and remain innovative in product forms and sizes to meet changing consumer demand. processing plants (slaughtering approximately 450 head per day) and small sausage plants which slaughter cull sows, cows, and bulls (about 20 sows and 35 cattle per day). The Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station is currently studying two plants that have a long history of operation, suggesting their ability to survive in a depressed industry. These plants were visited and interviews were conducted to gather detailed information on purchasing, slaughtering, processing, and marketing activities being performed. Both plants are integrated operations that market meat products under their own private brands. One plant kills and processes only hogs and the other both cattle and hogs. Each plant relies on supplies of live animals from a production area within a 200-mile radius. Plants either contract directly with producers or purchase animals through auction markets. EFFECT OF USING OPTIMAL MODEL ON NET RETURNS Plant I Model return day Current..... Plant II return er Pct. in- crease -- er Pet. in-- day $3,573 crease $7,381 Optimal..... $7,881 6 $5,595 56 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 3 tjilLfa %.O _ 11,m 1)11111(1 1)Lu it,_ tal lc of nett shoot ",-oath tits III eusurcd 2 months oft( -I putting. "-oath was siIII ilar anion trcahneuts. tahlr tlI'll I ct(.1 setc It l\ Ashen drt height -r L C&I I. files( dicta shots that shoot pruning does increase shoot nunlhers and results in slipprrssed cunuilatkc shoot length, producing lhr desired (.11Cct of it compact plant. I Irnt('tcr. \\ Iwo pkutls au(' pruned at pottintl during the mosaic- months, rout ",-oath is suppressed during the first 2 ntunths. Furthcl moo" s('t('relt pruned plants tend to hate it grottth flash doting vthICll nett shoots t. ctidrnccd ht II.? rnielgc .silntlltanlcolls net( shoots I immth after pronto", and tlo additional nett shoots 2 months after prunin tall( I. (:onsccpurntlt. suppress"d root ",-oathcoupled with a rigorous growth slush during it bate of the tear when cntironntcntatl conditions are conducts r to stater C H. ILLIAM, Department of Horticulture G S COBB, Ornamental Horticulture Substatton P11 NI\(: OFI' I.N15 ilxtlxixr treducitt Ilit t i'l IIt xxi XI dulll cnl illdw l ,I tlii ii of~i 1 i i h ol fll h toI 1m1 il tip id ithoughouI t'i .i h re-1i 21tILi ti Illot I I t t ei ixpil hr (lii of11 tll' hr nsa of tilth Xlan li Sot1 -XiiiiI lan'pats scp (1111 ni' iii o fll l111 iii ('1111r the plal't.i 11 o I ta ltns ,lI aint S tit iii gr1il xxter mlatil I o l 11 i t hanx ngth h old I itne c t itplan1il Ii ji 1)1 1111 t s IIIl stress nrtv udvrrsck aflic"t plant d('tclopnlent. \ practical application for honucottncrs occurs tv hen container-grotto plants are tr:nlsplanh'd into lhr landscape dieing lit(' suntuncr stud fall ntunths. Often, hnlilcottn(,rs trill seterrh prune these pktrnls al planting to produce the desired conl- \\nit are11 i till ~tli t tai he t naI( ral I shap olfliit afie 1 p11tting.tI i , ts p-re )11 11 plan l o i had-t l I(xtutt I (,reler~ 12oolt IXlengtthan ,\~ Ip titd XIiltue an lit x~tiular ctlt par1 it for it ixh lul lInUrtlillIiii til niii pis ajtidjt,',prac rs)~t 2 ti Iit,'iiloduc rooted cxutig (lij pot Ill' into11 ltei Iiiii-u rt' indicate that the drsiral)le pac"trlcst. Data shoot growth trill occur. hilt at the cycnsc of. root estitldishnicnt. Further rese:n-ch is hero<, Condnctcd in this alrca ht I":tpcritnent Station hortic"lit urists. '1 Xills I. Ier' ll or Iiitiu ti',i the'tt xxt'tt'hIl t o':it (;it ill (*I xis \i lii i I \Nit2 \totmsiIx 1)t xx. i iii' Pllt\\; 141al.iIiIi S p int tir 11 Il 1 c i ' Ih t 'Ireten (h) tolti 3) \t 1953 \et \tcm wit' 2S. 115:3 \ctt N t ct I tt'xti t. \ T tl tginsittli't, gil lxx tgh 1 iI u 1 ell an ,Illltini/l'l spr'ttingi'tl rr Mos1 of1. thie Xtt 1 tpiu r .. . .. Stct't ipuittd .... Nt . . I-1.3 I.It s.6 nn 1I.6 2:3.5 S.S 21.1 iii i 12 2S.6 St ptt Tipp un d .t ...* 25. 41.2 :32.2_ 3. 12 I. 3.t 11.6 S. 11. S.1 3S 5. 21111 ul i i Tlitts xxti prime~d at pultingx h 25 l) 95. twtttl ItIIl-S3 In. l)0 It-'7-5.3 In It. 19 11-24-S:3 Itt 152_ (i2 it0 It- S3t lite 1:3.6 5.6 12.5 ~ Il11"-S3 Inl 11-24-54 In. 17 5.S 23. 5. 114p)ne I .. .llu 91. 3.1 14.1 1-IT6 Effects of severe shoot pruning (left) incomparison with no shoot pruning (right) are noted in root growth differences. %dl x(le is1 \itisinil ih xiitoiit ot odloli\ 4(1(1itttl ain 11 lox j for1111( sizealeir 1 (lit8i. ia(1 eacx telldlcs' nioidx( (f ilolitlgx lixctfclllx 0t (iliniliO(1 alk m l gl nerxted rom nlo00(1 x clfogi , 9 receaiona aeopi feoomc in liidptkioi DI ex morn-r ling( (lox Septembilr resultil l t dcpciiteot nllstling( adi fleig ( (4 IIvxcx whost~e parci t x arc hairxcxtcl. lhisx concern hax resulted in (-onxidcrraile rcxscii ( onl paricnt-fltedling( iilciactionsx blciiig con1(lcted b)\ Alabaoia A'1ricutu(rdl lEth (Orimt Stationi pcionel Ollxci x tiolx (idicadte that cx 11n xxe b11lotli dtioniIl xtarx intl c numeriu c pa1rents drc loxt, xoic flcdgliog dalox xill ( oiixsuie c btcdauxt of fostei paritag(. xi till loss (If~ lox l dog1cls dxot iatttl I, xwilh Septcimillr huniting liea lbe loxx cd. ci quftillx Mouin R.R. HITCHCOCK and RE, MIRARCHI, Department of Zoology-Entomology pa.rtiailxi rxfp((iil ti Tiheliti I ti I fost ( doxe lald\(x I eggsx pecilutch,1 incubatIde tlie eggs4 for 14 (lxxs a1(1 broo th1 le 15 (dxc xbiefor e fledgxo ( 0 ipfproximaltci liniigs cdx t tic nit. The nestiiigs nid fledgb\ iig gitation. Fledlglings~ aire lings4 ,oi-e fedlx capale of xliin 1(4(olcpconlcit (if part l cdie at dalflo\iodtclx 21 (d\ xo(f .i(c (x\,o though thex aie feCd xxith xoimc rcigoldih it\ oifldlingdsfltslmbledxthe oldtrlfi(dtxxngs thcx die 21 clixs xold. the latdi paircot iiitil (in ain LFspci ilicit Stati(on xtl mlolurnat xh xxl iis c withisto nti thilil t 11.11lntiit ing (lox est cxxrcc located in cast-ceiitradl Alabaiii firo Mlarch thiiough 0 Occ 1938-1) Th1 - xfixc -1 niexting(4 xxcirc l~ llitcii xxadb11n thatt ag1(foioatr d equ(ipped~ xkith radlio trdilsmiittcrx. alit :31 coprleiiitlx. 18 (sl (Ifnttig.ioxttl(iil nd iiextiiudtx xxcic imarkedi xwithi coloredl kxing4 to oild n4si sxixeixproal cldll~ xxoi oldnIe tagx. ncxlii(4xflein~4igx xxeie lcatdl aiod obsxcrxed (I fur l apoziimatec 2 hoursi xthlre timsicidlex it 12, 1.5-21 21, 27, adi :3(0 (lixs of age. The nut i e anidl( ura(tioi n oli(f d fCcdiiig intction li hcx a nciestiling-fledgiog (loxe axdl pill iitx (If' both1 sxes~ xx re iii( for the iiiti (se in fttii(xIltiedxg rlt allo atlt f((ll xx ho1 18./r xx clon1(0 5% oate. S1h feel her oi nlxi Illxti lg had1(lost lir tuntil tllex xxt~(Hlalx 31 (f o agc and in itllitihm fed i fldgliii( (g(l 15 to l19 (lax) xhalt Ihe had hco ablloltll1ll lb itx pai ntsx ad (ldxs xf nediil(~ ilidluing xxiax agan otpted it 21 d age,this tino, ibx the mlt pari lnt ofI xsuxtainetd lix fixstei pau-ct feedingx Unitil 3t0 aaxbdilt oIf dis oIfi4c, .a1 xx ich timie it xxa ttl indcpeuitleoc. M1.11ingi( dac habtitat for hih 1(41 I l 1(1 tht likelihoodl increas delixtitx xhl(dt I loxx cci moreiI rexco (11 ix nieteed to tce 1(4(lxces ()ccasioo,1ix, paircnt mour~in xxith iiicrtdxtl irales(If predlation.l fledginigx thit xei e not their osxxii. xcc tale.i Of 1 17 fccliiig inltcractionix obsxi xed fe(xx eci faurnitx aiid fledglingx, 27 i6.5%k innriatdtd fledgliiigx. Pareinct birds x olx el geincrdalx fed thir fledglingx xxitlii 100(fft. of the old( nestt xitc. Fosxtei pireit fttii(s xxeie molrilikclx to) occur xxheni inext xites oIf twxo or iir xsiliiog pairs xx(rc cloxe tol 1)1n anoth~er or xxhe n1( sct xitex xxeire ad~jactnt to Mt ii imvi, Dmii i t 1(11, i. I I ((Ni. INr (11 (Ixx(l tI r ;u Iwil N) \Ni) S(1(1(1(1,) ii liS1-,S2 N[. wxI t, xxi ( ir-0 ii u,~ Pxli Ni Stnoi a f04.lc!cdling Unrel( atedmxohi l (Ii xc d fttcio.gx fecd aireaxsx hre ox coile clx es gathered to1 i thcoi ticxs MIost foxtei parent feedings 181.5 / )Iccturredl after fledglings xxcre 21 dax x old ind fledgliiigx uxoallixnx (lx d a iiiale pai cot .111d 121 dax that xxr cioldert thadi hix (xxii. Pio toi of age, fledgiigx reminiod undoic (((xci, ioreldattd fledglings. At 21 (lax o(f, age 168.....................1 19 ..................... 20 . . . .. . . . ... 21.. . . . 2 4 . . . . . . .:3.3 :30 ............... D :35 46 5 Total ................ 117 Aliubamua A-)iciulti ul ExVperienict Stationu Energy Management System Makes Efficient Use of hours of sunshine furnished by the National Weather Service. The difference between the expected heat loss and heat gain must be supplied from the storage system. If the available energy in storage at the time the heat balance calculations are made is adequate to heat the house over the forecast period, no additional heat would be required. If, however, the storage energy is below the amount required, then the biomass system would be used to provide the additional amount in advance of the time it was needed. Results of preliminary work indicate that the mathematical model being developed at Auburn can predict the expected heat loss and heat requirements with reasonable accuracy from 1- to 3-day weather forecasts. Figure 2 shows an example of actual energy usage and that calculated using the model for one trial. Work is continuing to improve the accuracy of calculations. Some problems in predicting hourly temperatures, and thus expected heat loss, occurred with rapidly moving cold fronts. However, the results were satisfactory for most applications. A microprocessor system such as would be required for this system can be installed for under $200 with a video readout and tape input. The microprocessor can be utilized for many more functions other than simply predicting energy requirements. Small microprocessor units are now being field tested as temperature controllers and as "intelligent" fan control systems. The decreasing cost of microprocessors has opened many areas for their applications. By improving the heating system efficiency, the efficiency of the entire poultry producing operation can be increased, thereby reducing operating costs. Also, efficient utilization of farm labor means that time management must be continually improved. Hopefully, the system described here will aid in these areas. Combination Solar-Biomass Poultry Brooding System CA FLOOD, JR,, and J.L, KOON, Department of Agricultural Engineering R.N. BREWER, Department of Poultry Science ing system, some form of backup DESIGNING a utilized to energy source must be solar heathandle heating loads during periods of severe cold and extended cloudiness. It is possible to design a solar system large enough to take care of these two cases, but the cost would be prohibitive. A scaled down system could still supply all of the needed heat for a major portion of the year with a backup heater furnishing the remainder during higher demand periods. Auxiliary heat is normally supplied by electricity, oil, or gas. The collected solar energy fulfills the heating requirements until the stored energy is exhausted, at which time the auxiliary heater turns on automatically. A lower cost alternative to electricity, oil, or gas is a wood burning boiler to satisfy the supplemental heating load. Wood as fuel is less expensive, but requires more management since the boiler must be manually refueled on a 24-hour basis. This management time can be reduced if sufficient energy is generated by burning excess wood during the day to last through the night. Research on ways to efficiently manage WHEN energy utilization by a combination solarbiomass brooding system for broiler chickens is being conducted at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. A mathematical model is being developed to assist the grower in deciding when the biomass burner must be operated and when adequate solar energy will be available. To carry out needed calculations, a small microprocessor system will be required. Calculation of the expected heating load can be accomplished with a microcomputer furnished with the appropriate inputs. These inputs consist of the expected temperature differences between inside and outside air, building thermal characteristics, ventilation rate, and age of birds. The hourly outdoor air temperature can be accurately predicted from the forecasted high and low temperatures furnished by the National Weather Service, figure 1. Using these hourly temperatures, the total heat loss by conduction through the building shell and heat loss in the ventilation air can be predicted. The expected solar energy gain can be predicted for a given system using the out- FIG. 1. Actual and calculated hourly temperatures. FIG. 2. Actual and calculated energy usage. Heat flow, kwh Degrees F 76 110- 6859 Actual Calculated 100 - 90 70 80Actual 60 50 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time, hours 50 40 Calculated 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Day of trial 18 20 22 24 6 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 4 A 4 POW Nematode Resistant Soybean Varieties Sought for Infested Alabama Fields D.B. WEAVER, Department of Agronomy ana Soils R RODRIGUEZ-KABANA and D.G. ROBERTSON, Department of Botany, Plant Pathology, and Microbiology Ii xI,tI \iii x iiI i, I i tof ti (xII itt( Sihi (1111 il If .IA lit ox l i ii1 II j I II ii palt i ' i lt 1 i iii iii n( I )5 lIti I / iii Iu~Ii "I It I O I li ii t In tcl li( ii , I IIt tI ix Aiii Ii iii it I l )IIti i p Ai t, II i.. ix 'llli .x til l iii '.1 li i iii tw ii~ ii lIiill li (ii (' llnt Ili pw lrna ti \iix htiaitit ta, III l. \ aml it ill t 'ai Iwic, Iil IlIi I \l ll vv'. tII it U 1n xi') )iI -i It I I'oici i \7 vii 7 ic 11 Iii I wit VIaIi ii ll it'.p iiil'll ~ ttu l~)x I1i txxll lii l ix lii i \, ii~t ,ii iii11li; li X Iii ii,OIi,ti i till1w ,iiir~ll lin iI ii l~l I I i - i t1 l ix a 1(111 ii.Iliiii lIi l vIiill t i'io iiv, ii i t i va i i,it t itlwa i (1 rrn(/ri t l i t , iv "i aii l i,l' *'c,w I nit ii ll it ,l i (,1 I)\i c l.l i ii ii. ii iii ill i ~ti-i l(Ilix ;iii. t "( ll' il v( li f rw of 1)0ltxii ll 11i t (u t1 1 run -kti l iii Ii oixt luIiI! it ii li! iiit~tiuil w ti i ( liti aui ill( Snill il n ii u la icii ii to ix~ rt ,x ii i- clii ll('i iiai \(Il l\ tii i appi\~tiall( l I \fii\ i'l I'l lipnll AlAA1I \ 1.AIAII( Fungicid-_.. Induced ussetting A.J. LATHAM 15: Xsi: UV" 1( 11, it XXIIXa v Department of Botany, Plant Pathology, ana Microbiology M H HOLLINGSWORTH North Alabama Horticulture Su~bstation 1 r thll prodiuiti liltXII fllttll1 of e iIt t11111 FIG. 1 (left). Russet due to fungicide toxicity to skin of apple. FIG. 2 (right). Russet due to low temperature. Russet band may occur anywhere on fruit. 14(IX th ht cult II9,5-ii t st X '1 h(ii~ 1111h til ttin Cuj~llmani I alatl 1111- ureII XXIubs L n -trn i)f~~tl lIX,I 1 1lti It till funici II t1) r~ se Iton litt~dape h fruit. hs'i tai i deniII tiied I Difl atlitI I't as h imos11 t Xlts~ I'l It dS pu fr D)1'liciousX appIlet It'Ii(' All IX, IifuIIal i s appll ied~ l atI tlt Xi',Iiti t p p ott grenti toll 13ctl stXXI' IlIl ts s~tl spra ~lvc ilIXnenlc 1111111 Iprtpite c1,11 iXcde c I and russ e( 111111IIton 5 il t XX Ius 12.I1 NILI H 1 X ItX\I\ X rhillII( I I It IiI St I l I\- 191)1-1)2 X XI XXII t duintt-, il i I~ tiI 1-lIda t9ll and 195./ l la .s sho i ~terII'I till n t aIl bII~~lel 1r at cit tuni i dcell i (11( andrateu 100X 12!l (95 O\ So0t bl3tc Fh spec 1 1 7 5 1 03a 0asset Nt 0 3 trobabb relet11111)ifeclcs n 1 6 9lii 3 100 2.3 95 74 I 1 1913 1S 6 Rcnltcti 50\ 211 p..lus7 o120 ('h k vat (i1i hlU 1il oz. .. DIfluI/1 I I CaplI' F : tIpu 13l L6. 0 1.3 -1 .3 (1 2. 1 .0 -4 50\ IIOI.I ........ 6. 39.1i IX.1it .0 (.3 I 1.0 13.I Alabamao . X43)itil I.-X;I'nlt Statfilln ExI I ,i' tcII I e II xi ccni i i(li ii t i tat il itt i I 1 iIIt I ii I~ ito ll I (I ti i t IiI Ii i R ] Iii i tit .i wi I t tilt isIt i(. 1(.1 tai I' i i (tx ts 11Htn(lI Iiittit ic1it itt t dI Iii It1( a II)II pc1 the of cxii I (i I tt pi iiti lite ittiet i 's xx isii nuit ii ~iII nt Ui .! Iit orn ' itt It Ii I ii till i iiiof Ilii is i ix l v(. littitl xit x o ci l ix Iix i i I li i I. I I iI c v cu thi f 1 isiti titt of pi Iiss tt it \i lit it t i(.r nu be ive Itx hi t ! c _ininl t ix txti a 1c tx x (.xxl o1t x xx iix t t SI-dact lit x iii foun ito it ute i l Itc l it i h I'm i i( (\ c (n iy _1o p 'ttitii Crowded Conditions for Gilts May Improve Reproductive Performance D.L. KUHLERS, S.B. JLNGST, DUN. MARPLE, tIx s1 ttxxI . '111t i txx ii Iii" ititht til cntsilt