of agricultural research Volume 25, No. 3 Agricultural Experiment Station R. Dennis Rouse, Director Fall 1978 Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Director's Comments 11Iiili I~i111 I ! ii I i ( ILi ()ti I tiJit Si tid Iiill o )I Iw 1cIL~~ Iii oI cIiii iI i i ii ()is i iii Ii , ilt ii I li [ Il w It c L I lit I, Notlillillillt liii tim (ili lit I ili It iltll i i til l[i itst c c il ~~,I l~ \ . l \ lIii ,( li lit [II Ii I 1 ,11 'I Ill L . illti ,Ipt i 5 i ItI ) I I Anwrtil l I Ir l t t- I[lit 1 t 1111T si(,(' [ I I t~il I l [lit, I ii i t ) l it iu i i I lt lt I III iti I' l MC1 111C it i tI ,Iii [111 ()1t Ii lit l t ~ li 11111i l ~li 11 N 1111 I h t tu t i t it I ~ ~ ~ ~ iii ii tlW lii ti s II Ad ( ItS Ihww t ii iti Li [lIi ii \tl ts 11111it 111t d 1111li Il siii I it i lli \\i Li lii t Lw Itil d \ I ( lit l I\ til I I il Iii)i il I iil ltl i l t ti ]I(\ t 1i 1 tI ili h t do ) I(t hisllk) toi i [t I Il Ili(" l iit I ii i iIitii Ii [L(It .1 1 lc i itt ) i t c l i i 1111 (t'ftt il (' ' t I [i , i lit h: o',I 11111 Ji sliii I Itih[i \ lit )ltssk t [l it i'fi t lic t [t LI( ill- t)1ill it, i it till I) tt I [li -0 way WP, ceM... 111% \c ( I I i %.I I(, ii'I c . 1 tI l I ilul III-I q i lc ili l iii i i I(I I II(].ff ipc Ll I k Iiitli I I ()Iilii hu i I il t slLli I i Il Isi l lt 1 li ill iiit I ju [slt 1 [it I lil I l,~sr i1i( 1i tl o it l Iii I i iiI it Ill L )I is \\t [t 1 I I tI k'I HG LIGHT of kJIWMV 1 L Agricltura ResearchI, VC ~ 1Wtol)\ M ~ LuII12h\ e i d iii h~ Wsi~ li w 1ih 1cII R. I)Fs Rol SI (H]AS I1) \ISISON CfHs F Ssisos Roi KOBERSON.. ......n I)ilc/or .Iioi/(li !)upiw/ol bkS1l1I/Itell) ,,()N I1 1). fLARPER, A;sitw Pi-o/i Sot (4 'lv /4oloyl' \\ SlR D. KF1EiS/ut/0 1/'ri/tii Is\ As;socio-te Plro/cs:Sor h/I'u/i(/a co) ?/uulnic e/id RZiU/ Su~lluhu/ 4 A ND F, I. '111 Wxitlltt regartdIi t to u race c Iw o il national igi ON THE COVER. Timing of N applications was found to affect uniformity of rye- ryegrass forage production. See story on page 5. Wi. ~4I 1~ <bl. ~' '~ k-12 'IL NEW VETCH VARIETIES RELEASED FIG. 1. Herbage produced by the earlier maturing Nova 11, left, and hairy vetch, right, on March 16, 1977. Plant Breeding Unit, Tal- lassee. FIG. 2. Third reseeding stand of Cahaba White in grain sorghum stubble. Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. Photo made March 16. 1977, following a very cold winter. limixC C' Ill( p(tIl iii1.1I 1( i p l( ll~ L . 0 11 . ()1 L'IjL it .lcr it xx l llippil c hICL \ L 11 IiiC'.i.() 41(1liIIih C l'cLIL l l, 'IndL I c.'ccLI \\ cii, Il!lil' ()()(I re 1 (1)' l ilt, .1 11' Ji ILII It )I I M )i M 11 11 E. D. DONNELLY. Department of Agronomy and Soils A [111 I I xx i i A1 Ilii Ill I II,. CLI i ltLi ' LL)t iC I I C ' I dI ,i i x i lL ititiii ii I \lC'i iti ill "'ff 11111 LI ()I li 11 \IIIiL"'i ~ 111 L~xCIlltiil IIII lilt ill (AI \~ ( I W LI 1 Ix l ii I I t111I Wi1.I C JI i (xC kilII ill% %' I it 'ii L,)Ilm il lx i x i. i ll . LIIci 1 1 i11(i iiiIICC hoil L~o- L'LI cl~li xl% ll),ig'' ill lL tI l I mi I 'll L'L'I 'CI I nldl i iii lix toI ic'cc' III I CL I lL' C' I Iii LL ii Inclitiol Iii i \CILh IilL ti Ill xxI Clx('iit If/7)U'1' I~CII~ I tl l I I [ILL' II 1 \11 () x ill 'itIIIL cx Variety Development hI I I lii1111 Ci i IC ' IC'. Ic~ic CL I It it L il I f I in111xi \ iC'IiC'x it xi \\ I iccl'ltx -i ill Ihlix it/C \(.01I l II " x i' ,'L'l1, 111 IlL/ux /il [89l I 1) 11 VHIIIIle I1 \. 1 1-)11 1 \ ,iIll "I(,1//I Ill f I I I I "' v lii 1 )11 c Variety Description " Ihi I hilL' 1idl "',l lx 1 Im \1, 1C'x itC ill lx illx \\1111 \ i,l \\1lk tilL' lu l \ i C' I t C~l' , ill i ' l lit '111 I ( Tll,~ lxxil iii ii Variety Performance I htIl Ii it) C' LLI ll tiL'h I I C' l 1W,1x M ()I i L' xtilC' it9Li-il C hil xx hi~tII) LI 11111 \I)\, "'81 JItid \Jlil,'LIJ Il )l II(iiCLi 1111 hul I WlIi ~l'i id \\ AIl IC')I L'L'CII xi Lix ItI\ o LI~l Alll li C'Cl x' "l/I I \11I tilL 0C'C ix\ C x Al ICI IC'"i I l(IlLI Col In()]I CI I)([ Iii' I hut 1.11 x CI \\ i xx -- i Ch C I ki If"1 i, , I x I \ x\\l x it Il \1 -- 1 ll\ ,Ii Clx( It Lill I .111 1111 \J lulL' i Ilt (1 I j'I 1 -8li 1) 3,8' I/) -0 CI) xxd % 111111 I l illill k1111 Il CII hIll( I xiL Cu.t([ l I )11 illl ll l 11 Ilitiei CI11 I t 0 ( 1till C I ' i ,1 i lhl I 11,111L t\t \i t h \ L I Wix it CLII \ 1 It I I I C l C' )1 iL t i IllfC x9- I oi cI ii \\ I n() ilL' I liL'cc illI illc l il C i' LIiiL'x (I C l xx. Ch'ill, LI il L ~Il It.fL ill () 1 N Ii (' 11 ) li it Ij I 2 xheil (Ii )(tit l (til I iig C l tcll C'Iit i \i ilic Iuii lo l ( Il I I " l to CC A 11i I tll 19-:ii L t i t I I ll( ) I xII~ I i"C I tC'xx x LI t x1.1 CiC Advantages I 2 i\\liL \ I (I L ' I 11 1 ()i I iiL il IL ii 'x I I. oll ii l tt IL ' I ' III ICL 11C\x\ \ L'IL 11C, I 11)1 IOLI CiL tI 1) 'C ic Lihuti l 1 \ CII 1 ) 1)[ (ill( hLLh "I('L'LI \ huc l" (3) li '1 (.,1 l1,1i LI 'IndLI \\ ill i I L'"ccdL 1 i) [1 LC I cli,111 1 it III iL x LIc LI Ill I d~ (h ,c I L I(iL (I l i Ii~i I t I'lil iti C' \ xC'C'L0)11( I il IC) xxic id IIIitl 1l () CIL () i ix L' L wL' Il IIIod lix( C'I t [w\\ xCI Ic'" i I, Ii~q i ()p LI l )]11 I Iit o-' I ili l I LIC '" I tl I (- )Ii il, ilk, I c' itii i t)I lit no L' () L'" 1C(i I x C't ~i~ I I lL II1 ]Wl I IltC C, 'CI I lt in C. LI 1 1 ) l\i ill, tIi l LL )Pi , I Id I ,IL li C' I I I I Nc Ii :ill xx"Ii~x x iL, 111 " ,I I .1' 111 w\L ( 1111 l( t phn iiii LIII11 Ii ll) 1111 1 11 , I 1 x I ii Ill() t _l 1111 ' I I 11 1111x I ) I I 1111 11CI I t I IIo I II I I li Ii lCLI I11 iiCCI I 111,11I11C t C iilC ( 111 11111 )ilL C' A\M11Ii lL litIIIf 'Ii C i ixiclii I(I )9 1(I 12011 ) Ii I i C hilil cd I o, i \ixix c Iii fu \lil~ill III I) I M 11 ](If i 11111 \\~ If[ II \ Ii1 '1\( D 111N1 1111 )I \ II \il i aiii 1)\.t\i I], (Il xllt\- I I,1 111- Nm I I I L~iii % "'I Il cli 'Li )II Cut1 ( )I I 320 i8 3 1~- 1928 C-' I - 4) 1) I,2 l'ft ) 1.8 4I ii 2, 1 ,11 .1 2,5-19 ) I 3,9 j15. 4 i521 l1 3,280 1,811 icILdx x itliii .1l l,(Ihllll t l(\ h\111 C "~ ~ L' llLe PIGS GROW WELL ON HIGH MOISTURE CORN W. M. WARREN, Dept of Animal and Dairy Sciences ROBERT MOORE, Upper Coastal Plain Substation /C IC (/CCCIJ( u/ /UC,, 'v(CC ly //C IT / () FcC/i/I). /C (dk. 1)1 8(1 12 8 1 5)2 801 1 5-4 100.12 3.001(1 1 -i 98. 1 3-3( 1 1 .V 9-4.C 3.01 1. 1 I CIc C \ XX e C C CCC I C~ ICCCCI Cidi It C- C C C Xclc CC1 C'C CIC I(, iIX ~ '' I I( CII IC C~lCI C (I> I III,I IC IC I ) Ikt ,i I ICIL I ick CIII l). CCC1, ( I ItI c w d I C ticIC II CCI I() I CICi C c( 111( i C II C (I I Io C ( 1) re C c CCC I C CCI I )CI C I (CC I3 11 (IIC C CCJ I II) I CC CHII X d - CCIl--I) I CICCI I C CI u cwiCCC I 31111). )..\I ICI CII() 11CC diCi ic c CC)IC JCCOICI I 1CCl h\~ CCCII CI I l IICIII C 1)11 CII.( F-C 11 k ilxx tCI IC M,, CCIt, l II o~~~ O lu A tjLIt~ cCI IC) X 1 I IC CC t i CCI IIC CCI CI> -tit CIICII I Ad IIAIC k IC-C ICrcI[CI CCC CC XX c ) I p[Ilx C o 1) tI o 21\ c5 1111 111 CI)C,(iIIII IX ICI CC CCII dCCII 1.1 1 1 CI I CICit C C 'C I CC I IX kCCI I'I itI ICC I(C)cCCIi! IliC itCICI ICA II A IC C() CIICtCIht I2 I(),> XXCI C ICICI CICI WiltC CIIIIC C F\'I XCI ()I (II )IC g IC I C I I CICt1 c iII I midC 2 XX e C I I( CX\ CCI I IICCCn C\C>>X I CC1CC1cc1 chIC! >cCIC'~ICICCC11 C0C>CCI CCC CCCII)I~ I CC! 'II) C CCC II f I - C CI111 )1 11-0 11lt C(I~I CCC I Ch\ I CC ) ill tI-IIICCIt 3 I 11( CC IX d ti l CCC 1IC CC II I ci IIIu CCC. CnlickI 320 ICC ICCC>ICCI ICICI>, l >CCII ~ J1I-ICCCC 1011 AdICiICCCC 11111 Ill CICICCICCI 1>111), I CIIWiC ~ IC" Ilt CCCI-I CC CCC)i>tIC IC \ CC 11) 2-1) to I ' XXI)Ll~ I CIICI CC i II C>1Il)CCC 10C I C h u. Ill ' CC>CI II) iCIICI LIICIC CCCCI CIIClli) IC to CC Al I t(IC) lIltCII 11C ICIICI ACICI> ICC lt CIII IC)II >iCCCI I,~ ] ICINCIW IC-lV)g ICClI (II111C X>C>CIIX~ c ci I IC >111c C ,IC>tIC1CCCX Conit)ionCCC CIt >1111CC CX ) CCCCII 11C I CXCIICCC ICI CI IICICC~l CCCIII CIX>11 ICICX ICC ICCI C C , ICIICIC CCIIC CC IC!% ll II I~C IIC \C CC .II I( II! XXiCs ICC CI CC IX l C)n I> c aCcid Ct rc-1 c cllCCC Ii ',CIC( C. 'I> 1C C IC~ ' I C CC!2P IC IC 1 CI CICdto) X1( CII )IC. * II N)11 V) I .lCo,\ thlI CCCIIl ("III Icuc cIcCC>Iilix >IocCd XXicCCC I C II C I C I I I CI 11> I I I X C I I -I ItII t I CI I CI 1\ L C )1 1 I,, I )I tCCI I I IC( ) ICC1 IC(j CCCI C to iih c poI~I ICIi I :ICCICl I) IC I CC I I CC I I cC I I 1CC CC)) tI I I C 1IiCI iC 11 CC C)JI 1CC IC 1C ICI I , ICICI I,.I IC I I l I ICI IICI CCC I mi I on c )IC j I I CCC , C1 )tiCC ) IC -IlI C\\ W it1 C> 1C) It\ CIC I iXA(' CCC I'i CCI ICC\pc I 111cC) I CC I II X~ C I)" 111CC~ t Ill'11 ( 11 C 0 11 \C I XXC I()111C111 I CI I C,1 C C)I' CCC1CCC tCil dI C Itc wCX d \C 11CI) )ICCXCI CIl i" CC-' CIlI IC 1\ iCCC ICLCC SLCI C COI1 llICIC CIICC AICCI CCII to ( AIM C lCI Ch(IC C!i CCI iC l pX' CCCII))ll 'l- IC I I 11,1CC I)I I i iI I I ICCI ( C)CLI lI SCI-IC CCC C I t 1-C CCXX dCi-\ C(C)1 11 11C Id IC CCCCCCI ICC )CI CCI Ct C ~ CCI C( ll It C CI MI )CC CI )CCI 23ICX VlII)II 1 20. \ICCC-C Al> \ WIliCCIC;C-. '1CC )ICCCCCC XX ic C ICC C p-jC iCC I III IC C LCC CCCCCI I' fl)C CC I 10I M ) ) i~ C I FIC CIIC C) XXIA> I C Itt! h cX II I (ICICI C It I .I itCC ICC CCI ICC)1 CCIC1CCIC wCCC! mlI t wed1 Ci IcC )C1CCXCCCIIC)III i C)> f lIC IciC XX CI CC J\ CCIo CC)IICCt( CCC)I C I CI XX C>, lCC CC )tI I ICC 1C I c t .I ) I ( )IIC C CIC I mIco CI XX CC C: IC rcCICCCCIC i I i( ICC m C)CCCC>11CCC CCC ) 1 2 )', CIMCCi>11t o-' ICC F,)C CI 1 Io.CICC' (I ICC ICICICt ) > p1 cI I I oC-, I CI 111 C o) C C-IICLI(C I)C C ) I IC I I CC C CC CC I C~iCCCCCCI1 2 CIC X l CII 1 12(, CCCICtICA t I I)l 1 C plt IcCI dC Ct 'ICICCC IC 1 21 111 XC CIL) IiC I)C I t- CC IICIC CCIIIC I CCC,)C I C I XX CICI C 22 11 "( 11 I C I())lII IF ( -1-, C IIIC v IC I()ic iXl CC 1) I "'] I CLII ,ic)C CCIICI C!!CCCC,)(,CXu CLIX C CCC (CCIit low Cw lI tk I ICC I ICC C C I >CCICI ICCI IIX CX IC lo'd Ct iciulcIC h\)I IIC ( 11( Controlling Seasonal Growth of Rye-ryegrass Pastures J. VV ODOM and R. L. HAALAND, Dept. of Agronomy and Soits F. B. SELMAN and E. L. CARDEN, Gutf Coast Sub. Lb /nre /doy 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20C I6 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Oct N o V, ec Jon Feb Mar. Apr 975 1976 FIG. 1. Average daily forage production with single applica- tion of 200 lb. N made in fall. Lb /acre/day 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 14 10 8 4 Oc Nov. Dec Jon Fb Mr Apr. FIG. 2. Average daily forage production with split applica- tion of 200 lb. N (100 lb. fall and 100 lb. spring). Heavy nitrogen application in fail resulted in heavy forage produc- tion during December and January. Splitting the same amount of N I nto equal fall and spring applications reduced December-January forage but gave large increases in March-April production. It 1 IIJ Ilo I L t () It \ ( b l IX IIiL X \tt Il il i \ l) iltIxilt o' kII I t ,I ,( I 'l XI lId)IL( I L In X I \ t I I WiL J 1 fit 1 \ 1111 1\;11l-1t1 i I t k \it I (1/ toL (of1 l Vt L I I llkl t \X (il ul A I- l~pe i li ()iIL L Li IP 0 1112i ()l\ ) XXI .1 (IliLl Allit ' XC C ii LI i IIII iLI( f in l I(til l t I n Ii ~l ( Nu]lti I \1\9 X 1 i e itiL I ii ,]11,111 tl( t tiplti 10n it Lul o Ii 1 liItILtI )10~l II AI L I X)1W I IIIXX 1 1 -liii L i l ~ L]CO \IC \ i ll, litzc I% lt C i 0 0111 Ill'( per Icl L It m pl 111 1-\tif I i ) lii .OL L i o t icc 1.I flit ilt Il im Il t 1MII tIt~i !\ 2( ,I\ hl I ItIt XXI WCI t llLXI toi ILILl Xc~ LII f ll I L ili llt.tftIitiiX IliiJ XititLtftL ih ilht t tlltXI It_1( tt~lt ILt .II \old etieli)\ 11itillO titit11eyar IctinAnt 12 1) rcmmende P O d Ke% XL LI IttL~ t i LI~ltilvL X X Ipiii fil iltlili l u t till l~dill titItritl ilIXI tltL to (il ILilillc t til.( 111 I Iilitilii1X XX ill ilo Lull" Uti l11 I)e IILX X lt X h: I i ppXLI li XXXIX1111 till2i00 11) ilL)t il X per LLL LIciI nOu c . I )LL ontf of1 LX wmti (iILIll-D c~lU W I~tI\ iLlC 1 l 0 PLANTING SMALL PECAN TREES OFFERS ECONOMY IN ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT ( J) I (I Ili( \\ ,II I N ,/ II S 1 X 1lt lit k ll p Ictt c 1C 1() C I/XV ( - ipt I~, Vt I ll Cl lit111 " 1 8 Ill 2 A It HARRY J. AMLING and KAREN A. AMVLING, Department of Horticulture 1VI o it (ill 1101 91IIi Lti1 Ili IIItcu S3, '. 5V 0.,O 01 7 l A Kill E0 llo. I k n()N IIg l c (I lli~ tINlih i ll \ihii l. I l wlI N iCLIId tis liA 111\ 3 1 [ ) II) ttNu' lit It1- I t c i ll t itc\ J ICOii 11 l And iI ~ 1)91 1Ilti I I IItIICC tl jill '~C~ I th I IL tlx C i )IA~ t (IC I ' I Il i I C I 1111 I I ll l lilt o ImI dt h ) illI til lIt 11 Il CI 11 1\ tilItM IC Lii olt tllIC l/t tllt ttC 0 11iil IC j)111 1 t ll llil Ii til~~~~tlilV 10 Il C Ci I II C C I illttN \C tI t llitt Il) I II Al ilIII II it ( 1 \1111 lII-II til ICC IliIII ll i 2 ll Io ll il i il l t~l~lt illl~l~l iIlld lit-11EV-\ lI/Vi l t plilt 1C01C C Cl C ll CC IN liit Il 9 IC-- 111 Il ' il 111 iiCM tiIC~ 19t i ttil 2GC LIt ,CINIli 0 1N CCI lttl tIto 0 1Ill i ll 11('11 At (ll l hit K i ll(, ()C I l 1111 l 1111 I IIlitI " CI t- tN "11C ' l t 1111 \llt \\1111 d ill 1 92. \\ cNI "itlII~iII Ll hd I. i \(.1i c t i l() I i IN l NII Ii II tN ll ( l t C C I Ui CCA 911 tIll ilt lilt mc Ci hlC 1ll c IIIlII tt llil1 CC A t ll It Ii ilt J III IC tl l tI-iA ii tI 11 II liI it IC C Itiii IN il)ii Cllitl~i 1)' I 1iICC MAlI iiit)tit9 ICt (It jlCtitIIUtl (Iliti fi1 , tCC \I CrC Il IIIlic m pI C 1c il ill tticq it)' C I 111 Icid Ikl~ il Ii c it ('1 11 w91 Iill(' NC II 111cc () llt C1 ''1 (II Ill At (O w t iC .1 IC' l'~wil ' (m Ill 1,1)lh i ( IC l 1C CI I t)IIl d CC i ll)t1111cli ilt i t lc ',,r CI hI il Lil it- Ni/C it 1 l C CIt. CCi \CII ICCII) 1-C-11lCC(- \\tC, tI it-I CCIl ,1111 ii VCCI l 11)11 CiC llI tic CV x Cl/ \I lilt: Clt (I lilt 15111l CCII I Iilll lt-C, IIIit 1 litop 111 C Pl)lItiA I I 1i9 IIIll iii1111 lit) liiL ICC 1tiC1 111111 I plCV (till I I lcl toI ft. i/C tiC II'( I lI 'il li' ()I 2 \ 41 tI-C-U litI CIC-I COldit ItC'd tt l1illi 'I \1il 1. I I I I I ;I/[. \1 I IIC I/CiA ,11 pi II11119g Cape F-ear variety () 12 11)1 A 1ill I fl .. Chey enne variety 012 illI 12 1ill , 2 -31 ft. . .. . . . 3)-4 ft. ..... \C Illic l h\ Li p(IIlllc A V 111 1111 C It it1 'kIL 8111 111 I C I ' ,1 Al W ilI lit CC,1 iC -l MClit Ii IN Lillictt I-, Ck11CC .l'" 221 \ All i 1It.:o C pi Itr IC- I lit ,iC llt), II )Il I I I i ]'' 4 1 I , I t tc( I 11 ll I )tt (I I () -I I, (_I I k ' I N )W11 CCILI Ik 11 I I -I,, I 1111 1 l -W Il ut C It I 1I IItt \I C- C tti IP]x \ -11 5 o\ 1 C 11111: 1 11 (1 1 I ,Ili I II itied-1 9-I I tc h\x 'I11I11 Cl F1o1l Ill 11111 I h b.l I b CICI Ifll Itl(,[ 9. I 9.) pkillig' 32 2 AS iC \ttullilll ted L, 3Ati 12.0I I1 -x 20,A 2- A- 2S.8I 1 (ClC CLiltIll-Il Ciii) x0 ttIl M lietAIiC 01I hilt 1 tlli Lg(2t 2('11C11tC tII Iii 11CllC 19_2 111111 1101 -ItI h!Li t CWlA The stair-step progression down the row in this November 1972 photo shows tree size dif- ferences after two growing sea- sons resulting from different sizes at planting. Beginning with the closest tree, size at planting was 6-7 ft., 5-6 ft., 4-5 ft., 3-4 ft., 2-3 ft., 12-18 in., and 6-12 in., re- spectively. The size difference had largely disappeared by the sixth or seventh growing sea- son, however, and yields were essentially the same from all trees regardless of size at plant- ing. C Ix)xcl (%II I\\ill]', iiii x i~t 1c ()tII LIL L I I i II tl~ct I )c i (I LII L ILL I (LLIILIL Illil I'ILL iL ll li ll I . % -- 11ilt () LIl iill LL t IcIt IL I p ic t cc111 , Lt IL Lt II" ill ,]\\i 1.1111 ll~ cm 111, L~ IL ILLL II II I)tI \C lA Ap id giItil II n iLL Il ic hi ick L i) I LIIL\ IpIIL ~iIIIIIL I' ILL I IIL 1)11 IIl (LL IL 1 )I( t I \()I~LL L IL i tl llt ll \(--I km l )It tILL! d xx I n'L t L L111I tILLiL'1/0 i'l ' L/W \CI II A I L 111 1 I 111,11 (III Li 'le L I ' Ix II ill Ill(.' I\\Ll t 'i I Li A'lll. Ilt MI IlkL IL)(I(I\ Li I h I\\1 I LI ILL Ad Li ILIII! nitigiIt i ILI I IL Ic m ip iL tlm IL Had li ()I LIIc~L .1) ~lI ImLLLLL i( \Ill, xx I eld 1, 11 LIIL M IIIL IC Lit LLI\ it II ',l 11 xi11 I2I II' IILl ILILL I Lll gil '.111 'iidL ILLII LILILILI hI ILIL. ' Lt LL Lil I LL LI I t I I LIiIth IiLI lix x I IL II,' I I IL( i xx( k II LII) il i l In FIG. 1. Yellow aphids on a pecan leaf. kW FIG. 2. Winged female of the black-margined pecan aphid. YELLOW APHIDS A Sticky Problem For Pecans P. M. ESTES. Dept. of Zoology- Entomology Egg Winged Ifemale (many generations) I Winged *female Male Wingless Mole female Egg felluLIui 11)1 (i\Cx L i lI IlL l l 1111 1 tl- LItLoILLIIL 1IIx ILL x l LIL FIIIIL tI jIL LI LILL Ill LII LII 'XI II L\oI L LhIU I IlL Lll, O Ill I 211tlICx xxLLILL x~i I~l In 1-.IC111 tI LIAIL IIIIL tll ,L''LIIII lo 'LIIIL ill[( ix~l~ ld )h L i ntoLLI illI'II 0 I'LLe LIeixiiIII the11 ILcIl: L(t ILI (11. xx LILII' l \IlLI tlII'IC III Cl lxI t\Ill L IC, 11)L ',ltl l IL IIi ILL tIL I~ U,11 Ixx LILILI) \ILL ILL~k tILL!IlL l ll ) i h In\ I nLIt IILA\i _.1 ll .ILLILL AU IN itIACIII)l ,III Ix LI 'L MII x Into~x )o.LL I L i L lx 1111 -iILILL)CiLII I, MIxxid l eI lhtLickXL ig IneIL IL peci .111 t I ,, IL e L I I .1 iII I NDIsI I I 'I LI I-C lL ile n tientLI l-(IltrueILL h\I Llk IL I tLL L I L ILA\ LILL(L2 I t il I L ILI LI IL11 1110,1t &In2 11CAIl( l(W, Irmt ofi II c Lxx IpLII. LI\L ~ II i~ LILii1IL till IA ilx( LI k I h\ 11111 Li x L 12 ILII~Ix I IL t Li pIL LIILtI 'Ll anx LILLII LL' I(I I Lil~lI Lic tile W inter Early spring Summer Foall Late fall I L1 IL IL L i IhLL I I e\ L I C Ii I A I L I I L ILL IL)Lil LI iLiL l Il pit ILL CLI )ICI iIL illL~ C(Illll(x. Lil~ x LILLIL LI~d L\ i t, IL Illp iclI (Il LIfilLL oi AppLILII LI.'xxIolL 11.1 LLI~Lo I M I \\11 ILL ) LI LL llit I' r orIIL LIIIL 'tcclx L i l xx 11 'ILL CIL Lx \1_~I~Lt' L LILLLIL tILxLI m XLII ILLIILIL LI l\L)iL ILIL1iLLI L)tI )III ILL1 ILL()xx IL 11leL d AtL L 1/4~ LL 1 ( x/2 JL ILL C LII(2 ICI I I 100 ,,1LL. I 1 ()II pe Il I-C Ixl: I (I tllI() L I 11)11 id. CII -I II LII, hIL toIxiiLIIIL xLI x LIIL )i(.L I LLLI ILLc Li\LiI r L ti tIL 1111Li) lLILIL %\~ i own II IIIzle )IcLi C(II t iL Itc toII xx oorl I(ALL I II I I/IL(ILIIL LILl~e ticd LILILL ILLILILI LILL L I LCh Il lLLL II LIl ILIeil' tCl LIILIIC~ L I 11111. \\ IleLL tLILIL Illm -Lll I I I LiciL toI tle tllIII(L~Ll HIL LI d Itt lLixk ito IIliLL II~t t~iL 111 LI leLC I hC ILL LII I Ilo'ti Il LI k111 It' iLL C I t o Lt x ill : Ip li x IILL I l ILLLLL I\L I te ILILLI c cvLI Lt. Il t 'lLoLLId (II L 1 Lit LIII Li\t LIILLI LIIL~t.11111LI III ilL Lt od I ILI IL tI LLr ldmx i\Ld iILliLl li LIII LLIL I I It (over winter ) FIG. 3. Life history of the yellow aphid on pecans. REWARD: Effect on Tag Returns From A Large Reservoir W. L. SHELTON, Dept. of Ftshertes and Allied Aquacullures and USDI Cooperative W. M. DAVIES, Dept. of Fisheries and Allited Aquacultures 411 I I II V It X I I I I I I' XX )/ ,'I t I I I M11 L I -400' 1 1 I/I I I u d \\ .1 I' I I I ((1 1t T I ,'' )Ii htl'iplLIig to IIlIc l (dL th l ' 9IIi l'L I! I " I L 1 ' 1It I It) I LI/Ill ) I II I I ti_ l Li I XI1 I I I I I I" I' X ) II Ild C li,lt IM l_'It I~ I(IIX IW IICk Ik ) )LI )If I/C if I( ),I_ )1 I/Il/I I l ItI 9 I) LIc I IL IL' )l LI11, I LtI/ I/'l M II 2'S 12 10~ 21 it 1 I-1 FIG. 1. Bass were electro-s hocked, tagged, i ll IL' It 1/ tliL IlL/I l 'Id XX ) L I tIl IL totl III) I/I/tX L'"tL'L lL/i~L INILi 'IL 'Lt'1 LI/ I L'I1t Lt ill tl!/ t I ItL LIl'il'c It\ 111111 tgL' 'l 1 1 1/L/ 1 /1 t( .LIIIl///i/ III LI I//iI Il' LL('itI/9L I iX ( X (Ift 19 I/LW XL iL / ~tI tI/litT X ilL LX thtt \\ L"/ l l/It kLX'IXII1 .1 i /Lx'llt (I IIlIlin (Itlml I/ i ll/ l 1)((I % )I t \lL' L I' ///L'tclL /jL'L'/l Xi II X :1\ III '" //Ixu IlLLI )L~iLcL'Xt tltt tilL' ILXl /IlLL'I IIIlI X I/tX L ''I lLLIII /11 IlL ~It lit/lg mIll'I L'thcLocctl I ItlcL' L LIrt \(IlI't IIXLXL It ' /11 tillt IL IL'/tt(IC tt L'tL't /1/ \I it m ItIl/I I/ t Il lt/I i'f) L'I/ h I L'I I IlIL /1/I(' O tlL', II LL I/lIl'l' (I 1112 , II/X 'X III IL /l' and returned unhurt to West Point Reservoir. /9IL ')! I N, tI 11:XX( I L I XII ll IlK I L')/I /1LI lionL'L Il/I I/t /tL 'X- I I X/tlg" tl -LX it L'I//L Il'L c tL' t1 L Ill l (I .'L td ti ) I I L' LIIL It IL tI IX I XX /1Ir L) tI L' tC I99Iiq9 t 1 (i 11! 1/1IL III 1 1 iI /tlg IiL'Ld (III L8 (1-11 )Llt L'' \CLl l!XX IL 11/ t~L'/11 I~ LIILIL ILXI! ICX X'l l t IIIC I L'l IIIIL'l~ tt9X XX LIL'XIl'L It Ii II I I ICLI t/9 XX I'l //'LI It L c L' tlL IIX ll XX ~ m \X\c'L~/L L c I IlL' I L'tLII 1Il Iti(ll' I 1)1 I l t 1t 2 _ 3 S~l IL XX/L.Il/L'I/IILIti I IL t IXo LI 'I/L tW I lL'IM ilI/III '/11 1 II 1( IL X ' I 1 I L'I Lit11 t IlL'( tI,-- Il I I ( I i(I I' o L I I 11I/ I I II tlL ' I XII IIlIL' X IlILK' X\'tLl1 LX L' i ll At I l [1 II) illt l)t I11 LXX) I \ II LI Il/ I) I LL)\i t-dI Ilig/I/L-]I I/ I l t \IX L' 1 111 LI 1I IL/d I' )l'LI II/LdcI IL/lll I I ItIl I (-. ,XIItL'/ tl ItI CM (tL L'IA I/I I ML'XX 2 I/I I1, 111 l c IIIm I I /L'L' LI/tI Il I I c I ' I I111 L' )l ( eLl I t"t IL, L't I I'll/it c /L'LXI/il I tdIm'III\ t lL' 1 I I \\ IL//II P(X) I I/L N Il/ I IlI .It iLII IX I A I X I Ll XI1l IX \\L'Xt "I I I cd/I ItI I ) I ' k It "' L1 hi LII I cLL 11//I 111,11 t1 11111'LIIfl (I' 11I o )IL'L'/l II Ill/Il l1itItI tI'llim LII In/I Ii kI Ill( to lt/I 111IlLIAI It/l t l/ II of lL'C 1 IXX REWARD! HAVE YOU CAUGHT A TAGGED BASS? FIG. 2. Posters were strategically positioned around West Point Reservoir, briefly outlin- ing the tagging program. X ,1 iiir 1 T1 I I i ix 'x ' iv d Ix \,I I I',ic c rix iii''ii Tii (dl%(iIw\ i ic r -ii,~i \\ hi lT it hiI cIiIx'c' rc c'\l cawilii Ti)I it,' dci 11 w I, I I ci -1 , (m Iii IT T It )(i c'ii I I , II Ii I II, (i C I i I i I F I I 1 ] 1 1 r 11 1 tI I t xi I I\ ii I I I ix 1ii to II )N Ii IC )ti Ii Ii 1[ 1i ic 111 i, 1 11 I lr xi i 'i iic c Fc I I i x Ic Ii Ix Ii Ir I I' I II)I- it 1 clii "[i 1 I I~ itcr II \() I ( I k ( 1. \ W I Ir li Ix Icw I I I l I T\ I l k' uI t Ic Ix n F1n 11 1 " 1 I I iiII to) I K I I IIh lo, l I IIII I I I I I Ii xI hr I x i' I1 1 or II ) iI. I c I I c IIII' I l I h I i I I I I i-' c m In Ic i ll I I t I r'\ c I i' rr i I I I II cc I A Ici Inh1c'c'cIc' Ilc I. hu~ Ii Im Ii I i ur(-I n \( I cI I c d x k.r IT c I IIuIc'r I I I I (\ %i i I. I I\ I I ' I A Ix i I \ I c I -k i k1111 x r I I ' Ic ' t 1 I I I x~~i~ciI xxI Iiuin Ixi h u Ci I LI'\.rr IrrI Id cI c I it II u I x i I \ A i l' rii 11 1 11 1 II IIg i I I'x ,, I ' l I c' t I I' N I I 1 ) I i I l ill(' I I I I cii x xx '~lII c~~h~~lc~c'ct) Iii I~u' I'ic 1 1 I icri rit I n xinc cIc 1i () \ I rC tx'r I x I crc'I In Ic Icc -- I I I IF Ii IN I '\ I g T I x I 1 I t r I I (V i , 1 1 Ix I C I (~ c Ii I x ( Icr ific' I c xxi I i \ N nc '\ ) I II I I Iri I -I II c NI A I c I I It' Icx I J 'I Iii i It I I I Ik I I I IZ, I Ir Ic I~ Ihj- Ix Irc lIi Ici I Wci 'ciiit xc L i IIc it i lici i, ih xl I \\in, \w L h ii xxld c'I - i fill irrnrci l Iiintix hi I ix-.111 MlIA un icci cicxI m c pci i nh cic ' I \\(-A , .iId I 111 III( )c I Ii icc i c I m iic r i i l Iirm cxc o, icc ,A I xII li I\ ii ,- i II Incu \\ (- I i c l cd Ic'' 'xI \\c'i. c'1i(ix cl 11mt n locc' xIc \ll,1 h icliii ' l Icr Ii ciiir iti nlcx i)urx Infectious Bursal Disease In YozA ..)Chickens J. J. GIAMBRONE. Dept. of Poultry Science l I I o ' , \ V \ II ) V \\ I \ \ i \1 Ii I I I) \ Iu I II \ I' A ) i \ 11\ I I Ki 'i ) I T ' V . IMII miitcc hi'c W-cmi NA '\i \mir Aiii lcln \ Iimc' c NI \1A P-1 \I)\N k Ii,111lic ci ciii c c NIT VN cckx in Ti I I lu N1t \iliic.' l cm ' I 'cd I f 0 T IIAn Iiil \ Itik'i Ii xtCi I I t NCo. I I ttt0Clr'i I10 Cil I\ I mItIrrIII.I IIIII I olr ir ct tIc ii,(i Ii ti R 1It k i'i i i icic ic 'llid xc 'ii\ t liii xIx ci ilic l i L I 11i ci\ i 11'a c c I I i c kT I Ii cI 1\(i il, Jx I \\ IT't i I F' I 'ci M )F~ xxi )(( i It il,1 IN) W"' cc (d I r iw Txx cc lilT Ti lci \\fill xxA itii22 Moiiii N\ I i ,IcI i'lilT ni (dt [h[ AN ill Fc'cicc c ncix'i c'cc ITTI pcc 11iiii' i liiir k Ictcoi I ill I\\x ci c T))i Txrxci t Ic'ic~i 'ci cittLIxiT)il wIc I tiiiic' i.hilc d,1w ilIiccc'iit ilt iMlIN cil li, i Iil ()I Cic c'Iiti IN icc Il ~Ii c' ir) liii iiic kc'i iiiic ci i ucii i ' i icich , xd \iccI imticc tit NI I i I lilci 3lt xx k c''ix c \(i'x'iT oiic xi-cilic iki iTmxxx' ml)it x'icrilrtr1 ir 1 hidp( ci icicc \A Iihoiiiii titci, tiiiri illci hut) iiitcIc'iI iTi I inc 1 d 2.( ii Ic xcix ii Fckc cc \\till HAN it in ' xc'ckx i 1 )c' ti1xiiiiciii IT xxci Tlix ch INN cAIUii, hin 1111iT xxxiI ~Iilxi cii ii111(d cn ctIi i ircx Iitci thu m ic i Tl( i! 1i(ixt c i.iiic'ii'c' iii )iii Tci cr i o il c tkcix, icAintix ;I(~'c cc .11 1ic' Alt xxc'ck x ci(rmLiirri Ix\illri I I li i f d i\11i iiT )l Fi, Ii )ixl\i \r I I M Mli ) 1\11( IicT\TT)\ li1:ii \1 xxr\i FI i'TT () I I I 1\V( \\III c11 \( 1III! I \xd\110 1c(c\iI Arx )rtri u r c~i t \ i x cr 4Nd IK ) liiic 11N )1 V 1 Nlcll \1 NiA NIAi ilc'li uni iwI ' A c i I Ic I U' NI IN W ' xi, N\I AN (. Iiciii26) indicates good fire resistance. The data show that normal washing did not affect the organophosphorus finishes. In all cases the vertical test results were very little changed from the unwashed specimens. Except for the THPC-Urea finish the addition of sodium carbonate to the de- tergent solution did not affect the flammabil- ity of the fabrics. The THPC-Urea specimens, however, burned the full 10 in. in half the tests. The sodium hypochlorite bleach added to the detergent solutions caused all four fab- rics to completely fail the vertical test. The oxygen index values corroborate these re- sults. The phosphorus and nitrogen analyses, shown in table 2, give information on the effect that sodium hypochlorite had on the finishes. In all fabrics the loss of phosphorus and nitrogen is large, thus indicating that sodium hypochlorite (a powerful oxidizing agent) is either causing chemical cleavage of the organophosphorus finish molecules from the cotton cellulose or breaking down the large finish molecules into fragments that are easily removed during the washings. The thermal analysis tests confirmed the Finish THPOH-NH 3 . . . . . . . . . . P N THPOH-Amide ........ P N Pyrovatex P CP ................ N THPC-Urea ........... P N Finish Washing solution None .................... detergent only THPOH-NH 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . not washed detergent detergent and bleach detergent and sodium carbonate THPOH-Amide ...... ....... not washed detergent detergent and bleach detergent and sodium carbonate Pyrovatex CP ............ not washed detergent detergent and bleach detergent and sodium carbonate THPC-Urea..............not washed detergent detergent and bleach detergent and sodium carbonate Unwashed Pct. 4.70 2.03 2.83 3.96 2.03 2.04 3.19 3.55 chemical changes indicated by the phos- phorus and nitrogen analyses. The differen- tial scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves for the fabrics washed 50 times in detergent and bleach were almost identical to those for pure cotton, rather than like the curves for the original fire resistant fabrics. In each case the peak of the DSC curve shifted from an exotherm to an endotherm and from 3150 C or less to 330' C or greater. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the effect of the abrasion from 50 launderings and the oxidizing attack of the sodium hypochlorite. The THPC-Urea finished fabric after 50 washings with anionic detergent and sodium hypochlorite bleach showed exten- sive damage to the fibers and much fibrillar material. The damage caused by the hypoch- lorite bleach differs from that caused by abra- sion alone in that the fibrillar material is torn out of the fiber surfaces. This may be the result of glycosidic linkage hydrolysis that shortens cellulose chain molecules and makes easier the removal of a fibrillar seg- ment from the fiber surface. In summary, the destructive effect of sodium hypochlorite bleach on the flamma- bility of fire resistant cotton fabrics is both chemical and physical in nature. The loss of the finish molecules themselves is often ac- companied by chemical damage to the cel- lulose which is manifested in the fibrillation of the individual cotton fibers themselves. Vertical test Oxygen index In. 10.0 3.0 3.1 10.0 3.0 2.6 3.3 10.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 10.0 3.2 3.3 4.3 10.0 6.8 Pct. 18.5 30.0 30.0 18.5 29.0 32.0 31.0 18.5 30.5 31.0 30.0 19.0 30.0 30.0 29.0 19.0 28.0 Detergent only Pct. 4.40 1.95 2.81 3.64 2.15 1.82 2.24 2.72 Detergent and bleach Pct. 0.45 0.00 0.44 0.69 0.99 0.78 1.02 0.00 10 TABLE 1. FLAMMABILITY OF COTTON FABRICS AFTER FIFTY WASHINGS TABLE 2. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN ANALYSES THE WORDS "faith, hope, and parity" as sociate.parity with two great virtues. Farmers in the 1930's cried out for parity prices. Not many months ago the cry on the part of some farmers was for "100% parity". What is the meaning of parity? Of parity prices? Income? How important is the achievement of parity prices to farmers? What would prices at a level of 100% of parity mean? History Gross U.S. farm income in 1920 was $16 billion. By 1932 it had dropped to $6.4 billion. Agriculture had expanded substantially to meet the needs of World War I but did not cut production when war demands no longer existed. Cotton that sold for 37 per pound in 1920 fell to 120 in 1929 and 61/20 in 1932. Something had to be done. In 1933 the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed which permitted farmers to enter con- tracts with the government to adjust produc- tion of specified commodities in return for benefit payments. Then 1937 brought large crops of cotton, wheat, and low prices. In a large measure this led to passage of the Ag- ricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. It was in this Act that the parity concept was first used in determining price supports. The concept was that at sometime in the past farmers had received a "fair" return in terms of their purchasing power. At that time the relationship between the prices farmers received and the prices paid for items they bought was considered to be in balance, and farm prices were at 100% of parity. The 1938 Act established 1910-14 as the period when this was true so these years became the base period. For example, if 3 bu. of corn would exchange for a pair of shoes in 1910-14, then 3 bu. of corn should buy a pair of shoes today for the price of corn to be at 100% of parity. Prices of major farm products have been sup- ported by the Government at various levels of parity since 1938. A departure from the historical parity price concept occurred in 1973. It was replaced by the target price concept. Target prices were to reflect changes in production costs and productivity, and are set by the Secretary of Agriculture annually. It remains to be seen in the future if the trend will continue away from the concept of parity price as a goal for agriculture. Calculating Parity Prices Details for calculating parity prices are set forth in the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 and various acts since that date. Regula- tions state that the parity price for any agricul- tural commodity, as of any date, shall be de- termined by multiplying the adjusted base price for such commodity as of such date by the parity index as of such date. The adjusted base price is calculated by taking the average price received by farmers for an individual commodity for the 10 pre ceding years and dividing this by the average of the index of prices received by farmers for all agricultural commodities for the same 10-year period, The parity index is the index of prices paid by farmers for the current period for which a parity price is calculated. Base for the parity index is 1910-14=100. The parity index reflects the change in farmers' costs in terms of prices paid for items used in production, interest, taxes, and wage rates. For example, calculation of the parity price of corn based on January 1977 data was as follows: January 1967 to December 1976 average price of corn was $1.70 per bushel. The 120-month average of index of prices re- ceived by farmers was 360 (1910-14=100). Adjusted base price = $1.70 3.60 $0.503 per bushel Parity index (1910-14-100) for January, 1977 was 669. AVERAGE PRICE RECEIVED BY FARMERS, ADJUSTED BASE PRICE, PARITY PRICE, AND AERAGE PRICE AS A PERCENTAGE OF PARITY, UNITED STATES, 1978 Commodity Corn, dol./bu ................ Upland cotton, cents/lb. Soybeans, dol./bu.......... Beef cattle, dol./cwt........ Calves, dol./cwt.............. Hogs, dol./cwt ............... Eggs, cents/doz .............. Adjusted base price .495 12.10 1.17 8.89 9.68 8.21 11.8 Parity price for June 1978 3.70 90.40 8.74 62.70 72.30 61.30 88.1 Average price received by farmers in June 1978 2.27 54.3 6.52 51.30 59.00 47.70 43.6 Average price as a percentage of parity price 61 60 75 82 82 78 50 SOURCE: Compiled from Agricultural Prices, ESCS, USDA, June 30, 1978. Meaning of PARITY J. H. Yeager Dept. of Agr. Econ. and Rural Sociology Parity price of corn for January, 1977 $0.503 x 6.69 = $3.37 per bushel. Parity prices for various commodities are published each month in the USDA publica- tion Agricultural Prices. Comparisons In June, 1978, average prices received by U.S. farmers for the commodities indicated in the table ranged from 50% to 82% of the parity price. Although not shown in the table, prices of sweetpotatoes, apples, and certain citrus fruits in June 1978 were above the parity price. Generally 100% of parity prices as calcu- lated would provide prices well above cur- rent market prices in most cases. Due to the efficiencies that have been developed and applied in agricultural production since 1910-14, full parity prices would provide a strong incentive to increase production. Strict production controls would likely be enacted. According to USDA studies, higher agricultural product pricesIand production limitations would have a significant impact on foreign trade and other segments of the U.S. economy. Prices vs. Income In a discussion of parity prices, one of the points often overlooked is that prices re- ceived are only one factor in the income equation. The overall equation is price times production minus costs equal net income. A generally recognized goal of agricultural pol- icy is a fair and reasonable stable income to farmers. There is a great difference between parity prices and parity income. Parity income may be defined as "equal returns" as compared between agriculture and the nonfarm econ- omy. Parity income should provide farmers a return for their labor, management, skill, risk, and investment in reasonable relation to that returned for these factors used in other seg- ments of the economy. Full parity prices would provide farmers a relatively high income for a short period of time. However, under full parity prices, it is likely farm income would soon he affected by a reduction in volume brought about hy restricted production, reduced domestic per capita consumption, and loss of foreign mar- kets. The level of farm prices is extremely im- portant hut one should not forget that price is only one of the factors in the income equa- tion. 11 2S -'I Nematodes Cut Prodlirtinn of flnnl -qP2rflf Pprennial Grasses C. S. HOVELAND, R. L. HAALAND, and R. F. McCORMICK, JR. Deoartment of Agronomy and Soils R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA, Department of Botany ard Microbiology J. T. EASON and M. E. RUF, Sand Mountain Substation E. L. CARDEN, Gulf Coast Substation (formerly at Brewton Experiment Field) N1M1 OP \1i :H0 IRlilN l ill ihii'- ' li ~ ()I[ X pi lli ljsi 'iI e I 111ti .l I((I hsl',liI I iiilis it diiii ill ii 1 l cIi ll n~t XX c 1111 s li ic Xil lit )IIn li tl i i stJ I i Acc 11 (11 i t t In Iki i n .* it , 125 d tiided tiI ( )II ii I IL() S\ itCII Ii CI I I', J iit ItI t I\1 I II I 'd Ih Iii t tlltiihi ) II I r ) IX X Ii l c X ' I III htI t I I-( I I i I iii (vl c~c iw t KoI t il I Lilk\ 3i 1i t L I I t tti iii I (( i () ~liui X d hut m ilAPl iiit iiii \lclillitl Ill C tr 0i1iji _I tiiji t ](),Iiil u "( iiih I the pl)ll, i\lcu S~tli Itu \ll Illsutiu\ h12 I(III l)II let I ll I it M] Al do I C Ihi\WIiC Ilf Unit XXCIti ut ,id XXI ti i- ( I d 001l () it Il i -() ICI ti I Ift LAl I ,I IittI If)h) C IX FJ~~l h (dicI \5 icid"(ill ', f~i i l iijtlii l illllw \XS ~ l X i1ht A a iil t~ljh iI 'Lillti itlpX i ti i itst L I \issW ili MXCi i th Itl iiCi th htn LX Xttts ltlc XXII lii 5Cliiiii -Cl tilti il ill i5c( li c Is It-i II I s()tIII II i IIIIW lit l Ii ki I( s I tll it I \ (Ill I II( Il I p )itill (i l 'lt Jtti lii Ill XX tX I t ii liil i XXIl 'I( 111h I -X I ( 11111 cll l ode illit 1111 ill 5 X iiItiii ltici Itil ti XXX\ lltfit h mlilt )I i t'I t11(21 m il ( Ill ti tuhn 1 (I itie l ti ~ l\,\1)c tld tcl~ tl I l (If lc~ e 111S ii t K1 111 I i !F H 111 S i I 5 I I 1 1 l( (L I sI I): 1 _ )LI11 I II CL 11-l~ \ II 111 11 1II AI d5 Il111 1511 Iu 111 rll Alld I I 111I1111 Siill) 1 '111 l , i Ph11it hiill Ilt Phili bst I\litl 2 ) I iii Pi I 2, ]\ i \-[Xi X L[It(. %XXII it I s1ll In' cmcd I/ 2.1 I0 I bi t1I1I ('lItti 6,111 t 1 I i I-4. iW 2,9)80 6 -I Ill)iltl8 A I I ll) A4 h 1 H 3.08 2I,0 11 1 2 ll A I ofll00 32 0 1AII I A() -. 801 :.230 XII11 \iX ,, 1 1151104111 1. 1X lii 115 1511l I l82 X II ( Ic ic It i X I t ,g tl ItI II ~t ) II ill ItMuo, ,t )l1111 ig I )I \ h)r lgc \ w1d pt-1 I( I o: I i y iqUWi I I I Uu i Assures High Yields of 0 nk rNr I- M u \ Xii IX XX ii i I.i G i I X mt" 19 \])( XXI m Pe i c NId hii TttL cLl i ri ga i onL~ Xx til) N lic 11t litid i I I III' A c alo [h, bt /JXI\ Si Il i), 0,_00 -ti Wi A liii -i l1t)) 1,11) it)))0 A, 400i 0,1lilt WI)i00i ("100 11 1)11 - 1111) A 100 (t L-0il 0,100it -, i-l00i Ii I ii O1) ii 5,90lit 0, A1ti 4i-till till0 0,1A00i it 1)1)1 1_,400 I t-itli I itt) 8, D. DOSS, USDA. SEA-Dept. of Agronomy and Soils CE.EVANS. Dept. of Agronomy and Soils JACK TURNER. Dept. of Horticulture Ime tinlij pet) \XXii ()t uc h i e ctih]Il X I, l imp cint nIo \1iX htL, CHItXII)l XCL)LtihlL Ox LILi 'iltlt) tt' i Ii~t _CII II-ilitt MA i1,ti1L id ill the il l 1 \j iL liti A 5111 it i )-N tt I 19-i)' 1 I'lI m' ) 1w it~ ) t ~ itl~t~i iX 0 c ()I!iIII XX~ t L if i_ I't iitL t hiCI)i AIti , tile IlLi t i )f ( () ) I i it I I -L 'i t ~Li )I I l L h\~ t21 l I 1 I ILIL i XXI)\ C -11\ i XX _ILiIC titil L II i t i I~ )i ~IIiidit Iti I X ( ,isi)X L ILit i 11 t iIi C L t ', L I ICII t I IL C I I I IN CL ILI I til LXtill i tt'I~ l U IW I~ M( ul i itC 111 C I~ll IIt II I C I tI II(' tXII IIU ICILI Iii iI Iii ci I~ Si its e Iiti i Ii itiL I ll(! ()Li )) dn t-" i ,(0 9 ,m d 1 01) e Ir )v lL till LIml II 'ittLill IX\ iL)L Loilii ti ILL tl it iXXLc i hu~\\ l iL~iitL lit.Lit Iti ) l Ii Lii ,Il l j( lol.A r '' 1) 1 t(il "fiu Killw tiL IILI XX)II L LtiIl imLi Ill illipi ittlltt hilti) t!itii \,it ihL() ill d i fx Li, ) IlIL I, ttI thetLA X I) t Ill i 19-3.~ Applied LiN itll i u iitt l L Iit ) I it i l i k 1)i il l tiletlXX IX Li( iLLtlic iitc Iit I tNI (otti I~i l~ X ~ fitX li lt9t i ttli til till \i, 1)i"1 ( o Ll~ttthe irtI iiil iil)tf1 tIlml IC L ill 'itt l itttltl cIlti LI ii .FI) th ilLll, l \l itXX LIs it) Ill IIILie NIL itCI 6L -0 iit . pteit Ittl lit iil( fiirtt inc niS t O1 \ pi~i IoILu Spriog crop~ N, m 00i 11, go 11I) I120 11)l X\ ii kXl) Fall crop Ni IL lit )il Vl I t v Fall crop) -iii 11)i 100 ) il X\i XII ( I (It Mlffl\', il), 100 4 1, )00 3g, ioo 1_, )00 18,500 40,000 0, 400 -4-,()00 42,000 1 1.200 1 ),800 10,000 13,900 10,100 1 ,800 1-4,000 t 0, 100 10,200 S TUNTED AND DISCOLORED plants are often seen in fields of oats, wheat, and other small grains in Alabama. Such symptoms can result from a variety of adverse chemical and physi- cal factors in the environment. Recently, it has been established that these symptoms can also indicate the presence of a disease known as barley yellow dwarf. Barley yellow dwarf is a virus disease which wasn't recognized in the United States until the early 1950's. The name is derived from initial discovery of the disease in barley. Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf in Ala bama had been suspected for many years but was not confirmed until 1975 when the causal virus was experimentally transmitted from diseased oat and wheat plants. About 100 members of the grass family are susceptible to infection by the barley yellow dwarf virus. In addition to barley, oats, and wheat, other hosts of the virus include rye, ryegrass, bermudagrass, tall fescue, and many weed grasses. Symptoms of barley yellow dwarf are vari- able among the various hosts and within genotypes of the same host. In the cereals commonly grown in Alabama, symptoms are usually most severe in oats, somewhat less in barley, and least severe in wheat. Some stunt- ing occurs in most diseased plants. Leaf dis- coloration begins at the tips of leaves, and can range from a light chlorosis to a brilliant yel- low in barley. Oat leaves may become red or purple, hence the disease is often called red leaf in this crop. Blasting or shedding of flowers and consequent failure to produce grain is common, especially in oats. Depend- ing on susceptibility of the host and the stage at which infection occurs, curling, serration of margins, and other leaf distortions may develop. Similarity of barley yellow dwarf symptoms to those of other, often non- parasitic, disorders frequently makes diag- nosis difficult. The barley yellow dwarf virus is spread by the feeding activities of aphids, of which 14 about 14 different species are known to transmit the virus. Virus particles are picked up by an aphid while feeding on an infected plant and undergo a latent period, circulating through the aphid's body. Once acquired, the virus can be retained 2 to 3 weeks by the aphid and can be transmitted when the aphid feeds on a healthy plant. Disease Control Studies In recent years, studies at Auburn Univer- sity Agricultural Experiment Station have been aimed at determining the feasibility of using insecticides to control aphids and con- sequently barley yellow dwarf in small grains. The insecticides used, with commercial for- mulations and per acre rates in parenthesis, were: aldicarb (Temik? 10G, 1 lb.), carbofu- ran (Furadan? 10G, 1.5 lb.) dimethoate (Cygon? 2.67 EC, 0.5 lb.), and disulfoton (DjiSyston? 15G, 1 lb.). 1 Aldicarb, carbofuran, and disulfoton were applied as granules to plots of Elan oats at time of planting; di- methoate was applied as a single foliar spray 3 weeks later. Data from the test in 1976 showed that incidence of barley yellow dwarf was re- 'Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product, nor does it imply its approval to the exclu- sion of other products that may also be suitable. TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF AND YIELDS FROM OATS TREATED WITH INSECTICIDES Insecticides Barley yellow dwarf' Pct. Bu./A Aldicarb ........... Carbofuran ..... Dimethoate. Disulfoton ......... Check ............ 5.3 7.0 16.7 5.7 28.0 40.7 37.9 31.7 39.6 28.0 Barley Yellow Dwarf R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Dept. of Botany and Microbiology P. M. ESTES, Dept. of Zoology-Entomology Aldicarb ..... Carbofuran . Dimethoate. Disulfoton ... Check ...... 3 87 143 2 113 12 4 34 5 171 2 2 4 0 58 1 0 3 1 43 2 1 3 1 15 'From 15 plants/plot. TABLE 3. INCIDENCE OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF IN SOME OAT VARIETIES IN, 1978 rlq,,l l d f 7 i,- -fl ealyy ylluW e wart Gulfe Upper Gulf Yield Variety Coast Piedmont Coastal Yield Variety Coastub. Sub. Plain Sub. Bob ....... Carolee .... Coker 70-16 Coker 76-16 Coker 76- 19 Coker 227 5 80 T T T 0 10 T 20 50 15 'Percentage of plants showing barley yellow 'Percentage of plants showing symptoms of bar- dwarf symptoms. ley yellow dwarf; T = trace. duced and yields were increased by all insec- ticide treatments, table 1. Yields from insecticide-treated plots were 13-45% higher than those from non-treated check plots. The numbers of aphids in insecticide-treated plots were lower than those in the check plots throughout the 40-day period after planting, table 2. In 1977 and 1978, the insecticides were applied to plots of Elan oats and Arthur 71 wheat. In both years, incidence of aphids and barley yellow dwarf was negligible through- out the test areas; however, yields from plots of insecticide-treated wheat and oats in 1977 were 5-11% and 10-23% higher, respectively, than those of the check plots. Yield increases may have reflected something besides con- trol of barley yellow dwarf since apparent incidence of the disease was generally low. These results indicate that use of insec- ticides shows promise for control of barley yellow dwarf, and research is continuing in this area. Other possible avenues for control include planting late to avoid buildup of aphid populations and use of tolerant or re- sistant varieties when available. Entries in the small grain variety tests conducted by the Department of Agronomy and Soils are eval- uated annually for incidence of barley yellow dwarf and several other diseases. Some data from 1978 tests show that incidence of barley yellow dwarf varied considerably between locations and among varieties at the same location, table 3; the latter may reflect differ- ences in susceptibility to barley yellow dwarf, the aphid vectors, or both. TABLE 2. INCIDENCE OF APHIDS IN PLOTS OF ELAN OATS TREATED WITH INSECTICIDES Insecticide Number of aphids/plot' Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. 3 10 17 24 1 THE NUMBER of farms and farmers in Ala bama has declined dramatically over the past 40 years, resulting in a reduced need for farm workers. However, the 1970's have been marked by increasing enrollment in agricul ture related curricula at land-grant univer- sities. Agricultural enrollments at Auburn Uni versity reflect this trend with enrollment fig ures doubling in 7 years. Whereas 713 under- graduate students were enrolled in the vari- ous agricultural curricula in 1970, this number had increased to 1,417 by 1976. An enrollment of 1,425 in 1977 may indicate a leveling of the trend. New challenges to American society and to the world have arisen in the last decade, rang ing from the environment, to energy, to a changing structure of agricultural produc tion. These issues and others have expanded the need for trained people in agriculture related occupations and have fostered the development of more varied agricultural courses and curricula. Today students trained in agriculture are finding an expanded range of occupational opportunities. To assess student views on these devel opments, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in the School of Agriculture at Auburn Uni versity during spring 1977. A sample of 360 students, about 75% of those contacted, com- pleted questionnaires covering several top ics. One major line of inquiry focused on the career goals of agricultural students: how much education they wanted; what kinds of occupations they desired; how much income they expected; and where they preferred to live? Educational Goals For many people a college diploma is viewed as an end of their formal education. However, more than two-thirds of the Au- burn students enrolled in the School of Ag- riculture aspired to additional education be- yond the bachelor's degree. The largest pro- portion of these (32%) aspired to a masters degree, while the remainder desired profes- sional (16%) or doctoral degrees (22%). Clearly these data do much to dispell any preconceived idea that agricultural students place a low value on advanced academic training. Expectations are considered the reality dimension associated with goals compared to more ideal aspired goals. The educational expectations of Auburn agricultural students reflect this distinction to some extent. More than half the students (56%) expected to complete their formal education with the bachelor's degree. A downward adjustment of educational goals occurred for all three types of graduate programs, but was most dramatic with regards to the doctoral degree. Here only 5% actually expected to complete such a program as compared with 22% who aspired to do so. Occupational Goals Almost three-fourths of the students indi- cated that they aspired to a professional oc- cupation when asked what kind of work they would like most as a lifetime job. Specific professions attracting large numbers of stu dents included forestry and conservation (12%), veterinary medicine (13%), biological and marine sciences (11%), and agricultural or research sciences (10%). Only 33 students (13%) aspired to be employed in production agriculture either as a farm operator or man ager. Occupational expectations reflected a shifting of the types of occupations some stu- dents anticipated actually achieving. The proportion expecting careers in the various professions was less than one-third and re- vealed a 10% decline from the proportion aspiring to professional occupations. In- terestingly, all of the more popular occupa tions lost some students to other occupations. The greatest differences were among those aspiring to be veterinarians (-7%) and biological and marine scientists (-6%). However, the most surprising defection was among students aspiring to be farm operators and managers, where the difference was al- most 6% less. Only 24 students in the sample of 360 actually expected to achieve occupa- tions in production agriculture. Response to Farm Ownership Responses to another question, dealing with the possibility that they might eventually own a farm or ranch either alone or with others, provide another view of the occupa- tional goals of agricultural students. Two- thirds (66%) indicated that they expected to at some time own a farm or ranch. This could occur through inheritance or from the pur- chase of a small farm which might serve as a residence and secondary occupation, or in a number of other ways. Regardless, very few of these students who contemplate farm own- ership view farming as their primary occupa- tion for the future. Income Goal In these days of inflation there is consider- able difficulty inherent in any comparisons of income over time. If each of us were to think back to how much income was expected on our first fulltime job and how much that same job pays a new recruit today, the amount of change might be surprising. Thus, with this note of caution, one might consider the in- come expectations of Auburn agriculture students for their first fulltime job after com- pleting college. Their expectations appear to reflect mean- ingful and realistic income levels. The major- ity of students (54%) expected beginning in- comes ranging from $10,000 to $15,000. Another one-third (36%) expected to earn less than $10,000 but most of these were clus- tered just under the $10,000 mark. Only a small proportion of these students expected incomes of $15,000 or more. Residential Preferences Another important aspect of adult life is selecting a community in which to live. Often this choice is associated with decisions made concerning occupation and income. Rarely is it the primary deciding factor, but it does play an important role in the weighing of alterna- tives. For this reason students were asked about the kind of community they preferred as a place of residence if free to choose with- out other considerations. Residential aspirations were rural oriented for the majority of students. Living on a farm or ranch was most preferred (34%). Only a small proportion (12%) wanted to live in a city of more than 50,000 persons. Neverthe- less, the majority of students were interested in the better and more varied services avail- able in a large city and preferred to live within 30 miles of such a place. Conclusion Agricultural students at Auburn University are a diverse group with wide-ranging adult goal orientations. Moreover, they are very typical of agricultural students at other land- grant universities throughout the South. They visualize agriculture and rural life as desir- able goals around which to plan their lives, but they are not committed to a future in production agriculture. 15 AFTER COLLEGE GOALS of AUBURN UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS J. E. DUNKELBERGER, CAROL D. PAYNE, and JOSEPH J. MOLNAR Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology .3pectes of Amanzth Poisonous Mushrooms G. MORGAN-JONES, D. J. GRAY, N. D. 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