HIGHLIGHTS
f cgr:ric tura research 
Agricultural Experiment Station 7
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
AS N'E PLAN\ for tile flltli t ill ag-riCUittlre, sse miust 
consider tile
palst aiid especialls' tile tiarbulent 197:3. Some observ 
ations that
aIppear to b~e part icularai %, gel n i tie to Al Iab1am a all(it its 
Agricultural
Experiment Statioi SYstem ll ae as follos5:
(1) Natioiiwside thiere is inlreasedl comllr till 
prloducittionl of
farm and foirest prtodtucts. Prodtucts
ar i Icecded to meet thle nieeds tof ouri
cotryl, wher on~t te farmier p1uos iii
for liisclf and .50 others. Also, sili
pro tduicts are n eeded for1 e'xporit ill (I
d~er to gain a f avoirable halance (A
tralde. B ecauose Al1a1bauma ainid her si st
Sotltlicasteri i States pr'ovide the great
est pten'ltiiIal 55 lucre iln tle N ation
for expandedi pr otduction, 
there is in-to
Ci rast'd respiiisiiiility onl tlis 
Agricul- 11
ttirlla Experimei i Station for rescarci p
1ii pio(Ilt ttiol aid itmIlark etinig of fillrl t"
an~d fore1st pnroduclts. Tiodaiy thle nleci i
ftor iiioderi agricultutrlal 
research fil 
R.DNIROS
cilith's is more important than wheiiRnENI OS
I discussed it in this column a year
ago. TIhe coinditional 11(11 tion]t~ e)' appll01 t'i ) b\ t' Alaa ma Leg-
islatutre aiit Governoi \\ aliace was mo1(st time]\, aiid it is impjerative
that this money be mlade asvailable ats solonii s po~ssilie.
2) The energv crunlchi Iiloiighouit thle Nation and excessive
p~resstures onu ti e eniIronmulen t il I easi liy poptulatedi and 1(ilt]us'trial
ptortions oif tile N ationl mlake tdeselopmneiit of Alabamia's ther na-
tural resoturces even moie attractive. This means mtore jobs for
peolple, aiid lar ger local marlkets for food auld forest products, but
it also pla~ces greater pressuire til the envsironment, and makes de-
imandt fo11 serv ices associated wsitht tile good life -good water, waste
manlagemenlt sy stems, ultilities, an~d recreational facilities -ever)
greater. 'ilke poplari termll "Boral Develiopmeint" takes onl new
emlhais~ fo th tle Ex\perimlenlt St ationl. It is at nIath oi al policy to
mal~ke rural lsiing mmre attractiv e. The passage by Congress of
Ptiliic Lass 92-419, knlown itas thle litlIal Developmenlt Act of 1972,
admllinistered thlroutghl the T. S. IDetpartmlent of Agriculture, indi-
cate's Conugressitonal support of tile policy. Although USDA agencies
swill carrs ouit mlost legislation ftor tilis Act, responlsib~ilities for a
pilot research andt Extension program hlave been delegated to tile
Land Grant Colleges of 1862.
(3) Populationi pressures aiid uirban sprasvl -residenitial lious-
inig, commlercdial alnd inidustrial tdesvelopmenlts -have takeni much
good agrictulttiral land otl of- prioductitlll. To prevent harmful de-
iiiand ts b~einig pl aced oii tellinaiii inig agr icui Ptral areas, land use plan-
nilng mutst be ilnitiatetd. It is anticipated that Conigress svill pass a
laws dealing swith this ill 1974 . Msost of (is iobject to tilis idea, especi-
ailly ill sparseky popullated parts tof tile N ation, incluinig most of
Al ailama. btut it is becomniiig illcrea s iiigv esvident that fanmer s need
plrotec~tionl of laud use plianinlg as tile) planl for tile future.
Ili simniarY thle Alahamna Agriculttural Experiment Station is
planiiiiig a research pitogIamn not toily directed towvard solving
p~roblems of prtodulctitonl mlarketinig, anld processing plroducts oif farm
and forest ftor ctonsliners, btut also pros idiiig research informationi
that is iieeded for soundlt rural dev elopmnt and lanld tuse pilannling
that wsill enstire the colntiliet productisvity of aln ahuildalee 
of
agrictultuiral p)rtoducts aiit at the samre time piosvide gtiides 
for bet-
telIiinig iii rur al as wsell as Utrba A,1 l abama.
"4 we c4et'eod~c...
E. XX ~\ Mct \ i N , assoc11ite professor50
of A gic1ulturatil Etionolicns awd Rural So-
ciologv. Di. Mco saiaieof Sparks.
Nev ada ai earnied the B.S. and( M.S.
degrees fromi tile Unis i-
sits' of Nev ada. He earI~
tile Ph.D. from tie e n
versits' of Teiiise i
1966. His prinipal fiel I
of specialization asagl
cultural economis Hk
unldergraduate 
mjinr
general agriculture wvith it
Ii I 01 iii agriCUltural econ oi cs. 
is
gradluate mi ajor wi 5as iii agricui ltu ral eo
nomtics wtithi a rrinior ill statistics. H is
Inajtor areas at Aubiurn1 I are e'onotmetrics
alit re'source economi~lics.
Dr. Mt.Cov teaches undergiradiiate aiid
gradulate lev el courses at Aubuirn and 
is
currently doing research work oil econti
mnetrics and ruLral dev elopmieiit includiiig
recreationl anld ajulactilture. A story oii
at phase of his researchI program is lea-
tured on page 3.
Before comning to Athuni- ill 1967 Dr.
MicCoy wats all assistanlt prtofessor at
Arkansas State College. Since coming 
to
Auburn sI-. \IcCov has authiored immn
erous resear ch publllicationls and articles.
He is a. membler of Phi Kappa Phi 
aud
Xlplla Zeta. litill ,oii c is.
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
SPRING 1974 VOL. 21, NO. 
I
A quarterly report of research published
by the Agricultural Experiment Station
of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
13. DENNIS ROUSE D)irector
IRVIN T. OMTVEnT -Associate Director
Cwxs. F. SIMMONS ----- Assistant Director
T. E. CORLEY ---------Assistant Director
E. L. MCGRAW --------------- Editor
R. E. STEVENSON ------- Associate Editor
Roy ROnEisSON --- Assis'tanlt Editor
Editorial Advisory Comm11ittee: IuRsIN T.
ONMTN EDT; JOHN LA-W ENCE, Professor of
Fisluties and Allied Aqjuiacultures; 0. L.
CHAMBLu,5, Associate Professor o~f Horti-
culture; H. S. LAROSEN, Associate Pro-
fessor of Forestry; AND E. L. NWcRAss.
Auburn University is an equal topportunity'
emlo iyer.
ON THE COVER: Marinas such as this are
being seen more and mare in Alabama. See
stary on recreation research, page 3.
More marinas as at left and camping sites,
right, are coming into prominence in Ala- CAMPING, OUTDOOR RECREATION and PARKS
bamao as a result of increased research on
outdoor recreation. 
as RELATED 
to EVERYDAY 
LIVING
O ( 11l))011 111,A1 AlIO it tl stCS V.irtti-
ally everyone. Until recentix , lowever,
outdoor recreation was primarily at priv-
ate concern. So long as America was
predoininately rural, open space xxas full>' v
available. People swain aiid fished in the
creek, biunted iii the woods, and plax ed
ball in a 
1
)astllre or xvacant lot. With in-
creased nil taniiz'ationi ai d the loss of opein
spaice, 
1
n oxixioti of' outdoor recreationi
serices becalme it conicern to goxerni-
im en t al atnd otlcir ageincies. Recoginition
of this trend led to the creatioll of the
Bnreau of Outdoor Recreation, xhich
coincided xxith a federal grant piogram
to assist state and local governments in
providillg outdoor recreation opportun i-
ties.
In order to establish and maintain eli-
gibility for federal grant funds, each state
is ieqiiired to prepare and update a corn-
pireliensive out door recreational plan.
The Department of Agricultural Eco-
iioinics and Rural Sociology at Auburn
Un iversitv Agiricultural Experiment Sta-
tioni under contract wxith tie Alabama
Department Of Cornserxvaton alid Na-
tiral Riesources has prepared and up-
dated tie plan. In 1967, the first update
of the plant x\,s completed under the
directioni of J. H. Blackstone. This plan
outlined Alabauna's responsiility il out-
door recreation. Subsequeitl , 17 spe-
cialized studies ou outdoor recreation in
Alabamna have been completer. A sum
marx of tIle 1970 recreation plan is
axvailable in every library xithin the
State. Research must be dole coiitiiiu-
ousix , however, because tie situiation
changes in a dynamic fashion.
The chanlgilig nature of iecreatiollal
reseairh call be demonstrated by tile ill-
pact of energy shortages Oil recreational
actixities. Sales of motor homes, xhici
E. W. McCOY, and C. L. VANLANDINGHAM
Deportment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
represe'tnted at groxtli industr-Y, plill
leted after the adxvent of gas shol(rtages.
Rlecreationad participation is extremelx
xvolatile since tile range of activities is
liaige attd choices cail lIb mae almost iii-
still I till sly .
Campinhg research financer by univer-
sitxv fundls has Ieeti iii progress for inanlv
xeals. Publications are axvailable indicat-
ing tile costs of providing caIllping fa-
cilities and factors to consider in locating
at cailljpgoriiid. Studies of camper ino-
tix ations and expenditures ai e plresently
urlerxxay. Study of additional recrea-
tional facilities illuhiding golf 
courses,
mairillas, and recreational use (f forest
latidis are also il progress. Each of these
stiidlies is desigiied to enhance recrea-
tional enjoxymient Iv proxidiiig iiuforria-
tioli for the impirovement of recreatioiial
facilities.
A long-term project measuring the im-
pact of large scale investmilets in rec-
reational facilities is also uilnerwax. Pre-
limilary studies indicate that investments
in oiie area of Alabama result in in-
creasei illome in inany areas of the
State. Further study may indicate that
the returns from recreation exceed those
(f small inrustry iii termns of jols and
income to the local aiea.
Recreational research, like much of
social science study, deals wxith the "hu
maii factor," a colsideratioti which com-
plicates the process. Hovever, in recrea-
tioii research, xvhich is partially designed
to plit for tile future, such subjective
itiformation as peopie's goals and values
callnot be ignored. For example, is the
fpresent xvadue placed oil outdorr recrea-
tioii likely to be altered and if so, xhat
socioecoliomic atnd societal factors will
liaxe iifluetnce? The most productive ap-
piroarIh iii recireational researci involves
illiltirliscipliiiary studies. For exanple,
agr iculturiial ecno111 ists xxwho are inteir-
rxtcd iii costs antd retuns collaborate
xxith inlal sociologists xvho consider so-
rial and iemogi alhic factors. Such at
bleiiding of the expertise of sexeral dis-
ciplines produces ilore useful research
filndi ngs.
The cud proruct of any researcl
should be solutiotns to the problen tiat
inistigated the study. While all ottdoor
ecreatioll prollems aie not solved and
ilalx may require a shift itt priorities.
tangil)Ie results are presently axvailable.
After languishing for many years, there
his been an extensive buinliiig ptoginam
go ing on iii the 
State parks of Alabama.
Several new or completely renoxated1
piarks have been opened to the public
lhiriing the last few xears, including Gulf
Shiores, Camden, DeSoto, Cheala, Oak
lountain, Joe Wheeleir. Lake Gunters-
xille, and others. Mlany local govern-
ments have upgranded recreational facili-
ties in tleir jurisdictions. The lenderal
Govern ment is increasing the lumller of'
recreatiotial sites aroutini reservoilrs and
xx ithiii the National Forests. The State
is moving to increase the availability of
hultilig and fishilg areas xitlin the
State.
The research at Auburn is directly re-
kited to tie increase of recreational fai
cilities il tile State. As illcome and leis-
ire time continue to itlcrease, so slall
demand for outdoor recreational leeds.
goxx tl and dev elopmnt. Iii adIditioni to affecting v egetatixve
gr ow\th, it also( resl itedl ii dIifleren ces in repeat 1bloim, fru it
qulality, aind apple Yield1.
Growth Affected
\getatix e groswthi wxas suippr essed by bothi tile 2,000)1 aid
4,000) ppm. ailar treatmnllts iii 1971. in 1972, howevcxer, the
cllernical treatmen t hadI little effect because of a rainl that
occurr~ed approximate]ls 3(0 minutes after tile spray wxas ap-
plied, as shown ii h the f(o1lowsinig dlata:
Treatmen t
Untreatedi
2,000( ppm. alar-
4,00)0 pal. alar
Chemical Regulators Affect
Growth and Fruiting
of Apple Trees
W. ALFRE-D DOZIER, JR. Dept. of Horticulture
E. L. MAYTON and WALLACE GRIFFEY, Piedmont Substation
A XIA}Ois PIIOBI 1 l Cltitred ill iapple production iln
Alallalia is excessixve N c(getative groxx tli oil x ouiig trees. The
pirolblem xx th this eConditioni is that it makes trees sloxx to
colIne in~tol fruit pro lductionl. If ve(getatixve groxxthi could be
supp
1
ressedl and flower c hold( formlatinl iiiduced, the trees
xvouldr he easier to mianage anid thlere xxu 111(1le both eariher
aild hieaxier frulitinig.
Chemical Regulators Tried
hPossible use of ch einicil 1reglat ors to co1n1tir(l gro'sx th ainid
alter fruniting characteristics of aipple trees has Ireceived coil-
siderable attenitionl ill recenlt years. Oiie of the mnost pron-
ising oIf these reglator s is alar ( silcellic acid 2, 2-(Innethix I-
hydrazide) . It hlas gTivell initerestinlg results ill recent year
Anubul 11 Unixveisity Agricultural1 Experimient Station tests at
the Piedioiit Substatin, Caiiip I till.
Fohiar spray of alal xxas app
1
iedi at rates of 2,000~t, and 4,000
ppm,21 dlays after petal fall, tol 7-vear-nlrl 'Wellspur' Red
Delicious apple trees in 1971 and 1972. CJomparable trees
xxere left untreated for comparison. Twxo trees xxerc used for
each treatment p~lot, a01( each treatiment rate was repeatedl
six thies.
Five shoots per tree xxerc meaisured( andir tagged I day be-
fore treatmnit. (Shoots of equial length xxere tagged for each
comparisonl.) The shoots wxere meaisured 2, 4, 6, and 15
xweeks alter treatmeiit to detei mile hoxw alar affected fruit
qulality alnd repeait 1)1111m.
Alar spray xwas 11111 il toi iflect sexvcra11 aspects of apple
Shoot growth after 15 weeks
1971 1972
55.8 in. 56.4 cmn.
25.2 ern. 49.3 (01.
18.7 cmn. 4.:.3 cmn.
The reductioni in v egetativ e giroxvth resulted from alar sop-
pressing cell elongation in) the internode region of the shoot.
As shown ii Yx olbservationi, treated shoots had as many leaves as
nonl-trea te d, but ithfe 1eaves were (loser tolgethe fiIollowsI ing
alar spraying. Since the alar treated trees had the samne ni
her (If leavecs, they prohabx liv hd ablout the samne photos,\,])-
tlhctic capacity as 11011treatedl ilis,
Quality Factors Influenced
Sprin g wxith alar 1(both 2,t000( and 4,090 ppm.) ii-
creased fiuit firimiiess dIecreasedl the plercentage of soluble
solids, and reduced size (It apples. It had little (ffect on the
percentage of red surface color of' the apples, howvever, as
evidenced by data inl the table.
The increased fruit fi iess and ireduced soluble solids in-
(lhcated that fruit ripeninig xx as (lelax 'ed by alar spray ing. If
the treated apples we re left on the tree long enough to reach
the samne natmn itv as holl treated frunit, thlen the pcercentage
of red sulrface co;lor wxould have heein increased.
Blooming, Yield Increased
A higher propor tioii of' fruit sp)ins bloomed in spring fol-
lowinjg alar treatnits than oilno1111tieated trees. The per-
centage of ~2i.or longer spurs that hloorned in spring axer
aged 2:3. 1 for non-treated, as compared xvithl 82.9 
and 86.5%,
respectively, for 2,00t0 and 4,00t0t p.p.m. alar. Apples per
100 fruiting spurs 112 iii. or longer xvere coun~ted after the julle,
drop. The aver age \\as 90.3 an d 89.3 for thle diar treaited1
(2,000 and 4,009 pp.1. ) treces, but only 29.0 onl noli treated.
Thus, the number of apples pci 100t firuitinig spurs closelx-
paralleled the percentage o~f spurs blooming. These fiidiings
indicate that alar's effect (In fruit set is a reflection of its ill-
fluence on repeat bloomn.
After the June drop, fruit xwas thinned by hand to spaice
the apples about 4 to 6 in. apart onl alar treated trees. Non-
treated trees did not need to be thinnled. Both the 2,00t0 andl
4,000 ppm. alar treatments inicreised fruit y ield. Amnount
harvested averaged 54.8 lb. fromn ion-treated trees and 68.8
and 8(0.5 lb. eachl for the 2,0t00 and 4,t000 ppm. treatlullit
rates.
FiFIr ol 111 A\ iio\ FOLI r QC1Al uS OF 14'.1 DLi iicious A\i'l'l s
'Mar
2,1000 pp.1.
F'irmness Pet. siliiblo Size, ill Pet, red
- r illig - -- so)lid s- - - - Coloir -
1971 1972 1971 1972 1971 1972 1971 1972
17.2 17.3 8.4 8.5 2.S-2 2.89 81.6 6 8.-6
2L f 21 .0 8.0i 8.0 2.61 2.61 90t) 1 56. 1
21.4 21.1 8.0) 7.9 2.56 2.56 8 6. 2 52A
REPIRODUCTII PROBLEMS CallSe serious losses in dairv
herds. It is common in many herds to cull about 10% of the
cows and heifers annually because they fail to reproduce. It
is possible to induce lactation without pregnancy by injec-
tions of progesterone and estrogen. This is often desirable in
aninals that have been highly productive or heifers that show
promise of being outstanding producers.
Normal udder development and milk secretion depend
largely on anl adequate supply and proper balance of hor-
mones, mainly estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and soma-
trophin (growth hormone). It has been known for many
years that lactation may be induced in non-pregnant cattle
by a schedule of low level estrogen-progesterone injections
over a period of 6 to 9 months. However, this prolonged
procedure is not practical for use by dairymen.
At Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station two
honnone treatment schedules were used to concentrate the
dosages of estrogen and progesterone, in order to bring non-
pregnant cows and heifers into milk production during an
academic quarter. The purpose was to provide students in
"Physiology of Lactation" with an effective example of hor-
mone induction of lactation. In schedule one, Estrogen-
(Repositol diethvlstilbesterol -DES) -75 mg. per week for
4 wxeeks, \\as injected subcutaneously in :3 equal doses of 25
mi., :3 daxs of each week. During the 5th week DES level
was doubled to trigger initiation of lactation. Progesterone
(repositol form) - 750 mg. per week for 4 weeks, was in-
jected in 3 equal doses of 
250 mg., 3 days of each week.
This hormone was not injected the 5th week.
In schedule two, twice daily injections were made for a
7-day period. Each injection consisted of:
1. Estrogen - 30 mg. (60 mg./day).
2. Progesterone - 75 mg. (150 mg./day).
The hormones used were of the repositol form and injec-
tions were made subcutaneously. The estrogen hormone used
for most animals was diethylstilbesterol (DES). However
another estrogenic compound, estradiol, is effective and has
been used successfully.
As the udders developed and showed evidence of milk
secretion, milking was started. Under Schedule I this usuallx
was during the 6th week after injections were initiated. Unde
Schedule 11 milking usually was commenced about 14 daxs
after the first injections.
Unlike natural lactation, the level of milk flow was very
low initially, but increased slowly to a peak within 4-6 weeks
after milking was started.
LEVELS OF IlIiK PRODI)UCTION OF lYPICAL ANISA.\IS
UNDER THE TWO TREAT1MENT SCHEDULES
"t ilif ftf Tation,
In No0n- PCg lant (;Cattic
K M. AUTREY, J. E. LITTLE and G. E HAWKINS
Dept of Animal and Dairy Sciences
hile data in the table show ls Icls of milk productionl of
typical animals under the two treatments.
Results of these treatments and similar studies at other
stations have shown that:
1. About 60-70% of the treated animals can be brought
into milk.
2. Heifers are more responsive than cows.
3. Level of production may be in the range of 50-70% of
that of a normal lactation. Under these short-term treatments
there is not adequate time for full development of the udder.
4. Milk composition of treated animals is normal.
5. The treatment does not solve 
reproductive problems,
though some problem animals may conceive and reproduce
after treatment.
6. Estradiol apparently is as effective as DES for initiating
lactation. Thus, since the use of 
DES is banned by FDA,
estradiol ma\ be used, since blood and urine levels of estro-
gen drop to normal in 10-20 days after completing injections.
Thus there appears to be no human health hazard involved
in using milk of treated animals.
Precautions and recommendations:
1. Treat only open, non-lactating animals.
2. Treat only healthy cows that have no apparent infec-
tions.
3. Separate treated animals from the rest of thile herd until
after treatment is completed.
'F:
-~.~8u:- ;, ~ 4
Days in
Cow no. Age yr. milk
Milk produced (lb.)
Total Av./day
Schedule I. Injections through 5 weeks.
219 6 305 11,248
277 3 305 10,700
320 21/ 107 4,182
493 8 153 7,680
Schedule 11. Injections through 7 days.
327 2'2 1:33 3,942
508 13 305 16,450'
Projected 305
day total
9,7,
12,6(0Y
7,290
'Continued milking 5 additional months at an average level of
28 lh.
Av. of 5 previous lactations for cow 493 was 19,812 lb. milk,
305-day basis.
'Av. of 9 previous lactations for cow 508 was 19,037 lb. milk,
305-day basis.
The cow shown (top) had lactation initiated April, 1973, 
using
schedule II. The photo was taken in June, 1973. 
The heifer
shown (bottom) had lactation initiated in the summer of 1972,
using schedule I. The photograph was taken 
one year after initia-
tion.
- ~ ~ -Healthy deer, like the
4%, eight-point buck 
shown
in this picture, ore greatly
* dependent on the variety
7 and abundance 
of year-
round food supplies. In
this study, Japanese hon-
eysuckle's value as a
food source for deer in
pine forests is investi-
~ ~ gated.
""A
Honeysuckle As A Year-Round
Food For White-Tailed Deer
In Southern Pine Plantations
M. KEITH CAUSEY and JOHN SHELTON
Department of Zoology-Entomology
TIRE' AS BE EN inceasinig concern in
pine stands of the "Southi's Thir(1 Forest'
wxill not produce the variety .y and ab~un-
dance of food plants necessars- to sustain
an abuntdanice of (different wxildllife spce
on a ' year-rouind~ basis. It is getierally
acknowxledged that as the dliversity of the
forest is (decreased, the (lixersity of ani-
mial life inihabitinig the forest "also wvill
decrease. This dloes not precludle the
existeT ice iol cotsiderable i ubers of anx
gix (1 specie(s inii eu-aged I 1(11o(til tures.
Whlite-tailed (leer are adlaptab~le to mnany
envxiroinental conditions anid may do
well in areas intensixvely managed for
pinse pulpwoodl and saw timber. Howxever,
the axvailability of adequate foodre
sourices ini purel( pline stands of certain
ages and at certain times of the year may
be critical ev en fon (leer.
Japanese liotiex sllkle groxws xvell in
pine forests of Alahbima anid is one of the
most important plants ini the (diet of
southern wh ite-tailed (leer. It is an ever-
green wxith leaxvcs that remain nutritious
throughout thle y ear. Honesustckle is also
eaten 1)x ihbits. tiirke~s, qluail arid other
species ofxildf,
6
WVildllife researchers at Auburn Uti-
x ersity recently invxestigated the value of
honey suckle as a xear-rouitd food re-
source for xxhite-tailed (leer iii a planted
pine liahitat. The stud lx area in Talla-
(dega Coutity xxas ititetisively matiaged
for pine pulpixx 111( and saxxtimiber andl
contained a minimum of mast prodlucing
hardxwoodls.
Slonevsuckle occured ua.tull x inI the
iinderstorv of the area StUdied mid cox-
ered alproximately 44% of the forest
floor. This planit was by far the most
important food item in the xyear-round
dijet of thel('leer. Of tile total voiiioe of
\x Odx b~rowse consumed l)V(leer. hoi j(,\
suckle in nuited to .55% io the sprinig.
54'7' ini the summer, 83% iio the fall, and
71V" iii llI( xx itter.
This paticular area supported a white-
talel(d (leer per 7.3 acires of laud. Oxver
'3501 deer killed on this area duiring the
stldv perio(1 were examined to (leterile
their e'stertnal phi'ysical conijtion and]
antler (lexelopment. Femiale (leer were
collectedl anld checked for1 rep)roductiv e
rates based upon the number of' emb~rx-
os per adult female. The volume of
data collected indicated the deer wecre
being mainitainedl in good physical con-
(dition and reproducing at an excellent
rate. Antler development of the male
(leer was comparable to that (of (leer
from other areas of Alabamia.
The availahility and utilization of jap-
.11 ose honexysuckle wxas considered the
pr1imue reason for the high popu~lations and
general wvell being of white-tailed deer
iii this forest which was managed pri-
marily for pine. The importance of
1grasses anid other herhaceous plants in
numerous openings onl the study area
undoubtedly contributed significantly to
the carrying capacity of the area.
Honeysuckle is a shade tolerant species
aind grows well under pine stands. It has
long beer) cited for its wildlife value and
can be planted and propagated under a
x arietx of forest condlitionis. Honeysuckle
can become a nuisance undl~er certain
conditions, but it call be controlled xwith
silx icultui al. techniques such as pre-
scribed burning. Honex suckle has the
potetntial for great]\, increasinig the carry-
ing capacity of pine stand~s for deer and
many other species of wxildlife.
SEASONAL FOODS A-,tOCN INC T10 2 ott Mone PEn1 CENT (IF THE Yi 511-ROUND DIET 
OF 33
WHITrE-'TAnLED DIE CoLEtI ' 'D 1)10\1 ruL At An 5515 
Anix~i Axtxt( NilION P~LANT,
CHILDERSacne., ALABAMtA, Bi rxxVFt. OCItOBER .31, 1971) ANt) "xliwi 2~ 7, 1972
Food itein
Spring
0cc. Vol .
Pct. Pct.
Stinrer
(1cc. Vol.
Pct. Pect.
Fall
0C.C. Vol.
Pct. Pct.
Japaniese honeysuickle
(leaxvcs, "tcrms) - __- 1001.0 39.9 10)0.0) 2:3.4 100.0lt
Bllackberry (leaxves. stems) .1010.0 7.5 40.0 2.6 64.3
Flowe (rinlg dogxx(od (leaxves) 210.0 (0.2 7.1
Creenllriar (leaves, stems) 510.0 2.A 60.0 4.6 21.4
Vi Ine ed sumnac (seed) .35.7
Oak (acorlm) 20.0 1.8 28.6
Ci ab-opple (fruit) --------- 14.3
Wil 111 lickcherry (fruit) --- 40(1 12.6
\loscaiiie (fruit) ------ 40).0 11.2 7.1
Gra.sec, 100.1) 9.8 80.0 3.2 85.7
Mtush rooms 25.0 -.3.3 811.0 7.6 71.4
Winter 
Weighted
average
0cc. Vol. 0cc. Vol.
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
1111.0 52.7 10(0.0 49.4
511.1) 3. 7 60.6 2.9
50O.0 7.8 21.2 2.5
40.0) 6.4 27.3 5.2
40.0 6.4 27.3 2.9
:301.0 1. 3 15.2 4.0
6.1 2.4
6.1 1.9
9.1 1.7
910.0) 6.9 87.9 5(0
411.1) 2.1 57.6 3.9
The remaiing 18.2'; of the ve(ar-rou ni diet of the dleer was furnuished 
by plants averag-
ing less tliani 2', of the total y carlx' xolumie.
HOW CONSUMERS have BENEFITED
from INCREASED PRODUCTION
J. H. YEAGER, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
MOST CONSUMERS take for granted the
many food items on supermarket shelves.
Many of these items were not in exis-
tence 10 years ago. However, in the past
several months, when some items disap-
peared and food prices showed substan-
tial increases, consumers became more
concerned.
Consumers have a real stake in a pro-
ductive and prosperous agriculture. In
the latter part of 1973, and even today,
questions are being raised about the ca-
pacity of American agriculture to pro-
duce enough to meet both domestic
needs and the export market. The re-
sponse that producers make to new
prices, costs, and shortages, and a new
government program will tell the story.
Increased Production
The U.S. system of agricultural pro-
duction has been the most fantastic in
the world. It has provided an abundance
of food and fiber at reasonable costs.
Since 1967, farm output has increased
11%. Based on 1972 data, the produc-
tion of cotton lint and cottonseed in-
creased 81%, oil crops 29%, and sugar
crops 39%. Yet increases in food grains
and vegetables were only 1% each, and
dairy products 2%.
As has been generally true over the
years, increases in total production were
achieved with fewer acres of cropland
harvested. In 1950 there were 345 mil-
lion acres of crops harvested compared
with only 296 million acres in 1972. In
1972, about 1 acre of land per person
was used to supply domestic needs while
2 acres were required in 1950. The
higher production per acre in American
agriculture is a major achievement. Ap-
plications of scientific and technological
advancements, that in a large measure
came from research and educational ef-
forts, were responsible for yield advance-
ments.
Improved Efficiency
Associated with increased yields per
acre and per unit of livestock has been
the growing efficiency in agriculture. In
other words, output per unit of labor,
fertilizer, seed, feed, etc. has increased.
According to the USDA index of farm
production 
per hour, 
there has 
been a
48% and a 43% increase in productivity
for dairying and poultry, respectively,
since 1967. The index of farm produc-
tion per man hour increased since 1967
for all catagories, with the smallest in-
creases in vegetables, fruits and nuts,
and tobacco.
Changes in production, farm, and re-
tail prices of broilers for Alabama during
the past several years are indicated in the
table. Production has expanded despite
BROILERS: PRODUCTION, PRICE, AND GROSS INCOME
Year
1950 --- -
1955 -------- - -- -
1960 -
1970 
-
1971 
---
1972---------
Number
produced'
Thous. birds
13,114
57,764
176,654
285,077
376,112
384,347
399,274
Price
received'
Cents/lb.
27.0
24.5
16.2
14.3
12.2
12.6
13.1
Gross
income
Thaus. dol.
9,560
43,872
91,577
138,604
160,600
169,497
188,298
Retail
price'
Cents/lb.
59.5
57.4
42.7
39.0
40.8
41.0
40.9
Per capita
consumption
8
Lb.
8.7
13.8
23.4
29.5
37.3
87.2
39.5
'Alabama.
1 U.S. average for frying chickens.
I U.S. broiler consumption.
the decline in prices received for the
product. Efficiencies in production were
responsible in a large measure for the
expansion of production at lower prices.
The consumer benefited from the gains
in efficiency of production.
When farm productivity grew sharply
in the 1950's, food was plentiful and
some products, particularly grains, were
in surplus. In no other country but the
U.S. have consumers been able to buy
their food with less than 16% of their
disposable income.
Consumers have also had great variety
in selection of various food forms, sizes,
shapes, and degree of preparedness.
Again, increased production and the in-
genuity of processing, packaging, and
merchandizing together with the appli-
cation of science and technology made
all of this possible.
American consumers are also able to
exercise their choices for various food
items over many more months of the
year than was possible at one time. Im-
provement in harvesting time, packaging,
transportation, and storage have ex-
tended the traditional season for food.
Exports Grow
With growing demands for feed grains
and food on the part of foreign nations,
exports increased in the 1960's. The U.S.
then spent beyond her means overseas
and realignment of currencies resulted in
devaluation of the dollar. Through in-
creases in agricultural exports in recent
years further devaluation was avoided.
Foreign made products would be consid-
erably more expensive if further deval-
uation had occurred.
With the changes and events of recent
months, agricultural producers and agri-
business firms find themselves in a new
ball game. Unstable agricultural prices,
changes in the structure of markets and
trade, shortages in energy and certain
other inputs, as well as inflationary pres-
sures will cause continued consumer con-
cern about food.
--
Is Fertilizcr Niro cn
nl EnvironcnirAl P'ollutant?
fertilizer N (nitrogen) to be a threat to
\\-ater quality and hulman health. They
associate the t itrate occurring in mlany
water sources with the ten-foldl increase
in use of fertilizer N during the past 20
years in the Uiiited States. Farmers, how-
ever, see fertilizcer N as essential to eco-
tomic crop production.
Nitrate in ground water is not a new
probllem. Streams 
antd wells in 
the
prairie and semi-arid 
regions often have
high nitrate contents. The fertile soils
of these regions have released abutndant
nitrate sitnce first cultivated. Nitrate be-
comes concentrated in ground water by
evaporation of soil moisture and limited
rainfall or irrigation. In the Southeast,
however, soils of low organic matter
coiintets release little N and a humid
climate provides great dilution of nitrate
in ground w ater.
Crops seldom utilize all of the fertil-
izer N applied. Actively growing sod
crops are most efficient, but recovery of
applied N by row crops frequently is
only about 56%. Since plant roots do not
permeate all of the soil 
pore space con-
taining fertilizer N, some N is inaccessi-
ble. Nitrogen in the soil solution moves
into or out of zones of root absorption.
In addition, gaseous losses of N may ac-
comlpany changes in chemical forms of
fertilizer N in the soil. Some fertilizer
N will wash off cropland, but research
shows extreme conditions are required
for appreciable loss. Most fertilizer N is
so soluble that it dissolves and enters the
soil readily with water. Losses of organic
N by soil erosion have been historicalh
more significant than wash-off of fertil-
izer N. Trends begun in the 1930's
toward concentrating intensive cultiva-
tion on level land and maintaining slop-
ing land in pasture or forest are reducing
erosion losses.
Experiments xwere begun in 1969 to
determine the rate and extent of nitrate
leaching in both cropped and bare soil.
Field plots were established oit a level
area of Lucedale sandy loam in Coastal
bermudagrass at the Foundation Seed
Stocks Farm at Thorsby, Alabama. One
set of plots was irrigated as needed for
maximum growth, a second set was not
MOVE:I:ENT OF NII'HAtE IN LUCEDALE
SANI)Y ]A)A AND) (ECOVEIRY OF N
APPLIED AS SO))tUM NITIATE TO
COASTAL BEIiMUDA(IGRASS
Zone of 
Rainfall 
Recovery
D)ate max. 
and of
nitrate 
irrigation 
applied
In. In. Pet.
Coastal, no irrigation
Apr. 29 6-12 4.5
June 4 6-12 9.5 7
luly 8 12-18 13.2 18
Sept. 9 24-30 22.5 37
Feb. 13 36-48 41.0
Coastal, irrigated
Apr. 29 12-18 5.9
June 4 24-30 17.2 9
July 8 24-30 26.3 23
Sept. 9 -.. 36-48 42.0 41
Feb. 13 - 18-60 62.1
No crop, irrigatel
Apr. 29 6-12 5.9
June 4 24-30 17.2
July 8 30-36 26.3
Sept. 9 36-48 42.0
iirigated, a' d a third set was ilXitagted
Iut kept without plant growfth by use of
herbicide. Sodium nitrate (NaNO
3
) was
,tpplied on all plots in March at 1,200 lb.
\ per acre. While this is several times
the rate that would( be used in practice,
it facilitated measurement of nitrate
lmovement and uptake. Hay was har-
\ ested four times during the season and
total N removed was determined. Soil
in each plot was sampled initially and at
intervals during the spring, summer, and
\ inter, using a ixhydraulic coring machine
to provide soil samrnles to a depth of 8
ft. for analysis. Ammonium, nitrate, and
organic N were determined in 6-in. seec-
tions of soil to 3 ft. depth, then in 12-in.
sections to 8 ft.
Results in the table shosw nitrate to be
relativelv stable in this situation. There
was no evidence of tie-up of added N in
organic forms in soils. About 40% of the
applied N was removed in forage and
lost of the resi1dual N was accoUnmit
for as nitrate xwithinl the soil profile.
Zones of ititrate concentration mno\t(e
progressively deeper (see figure) with
rainfall and( irrigation, averaging about
I in. per inch of water. Even with
this single excessive application and after
nearlI a year with 62 in. of xwater,
the nitrate had not left the profile or
enltered the ground water. The doxwn-
\atr(l movenenit of nitrate in soil without
plants follow\\ed the same 
pattern as ni-
trate in cropped soil. Crop uptake did
not slow the downward movement; it
only reduced the amount of nitrate avail-
able to move. With continued leaching
this subsoil nitrate would ultimately en-
ter the ground water. Int practice, how-
ever, the farmer regulates the N applica-
tion rate and time to match the need for
N by the growing crop. Except in untI-
sual situations, there is little surphls N
in cropland and it seldom constitutes a
pollution 
problem.
Lb /A
The graphs show movement of NaNO (sodium nitrate) in the soil. The area inside the
graph shows the amount of nitrate from fertilizer N at different soil depths.
INe lr\ ecdi 'Nlil I a lits i I i cI Icd-
fll is I l i ii till th Sllitlicai~cr'l iStates dliii
wit Ilse, bitt is liseli li'ss cxtelsiX ('I iii
New Materials Evaluated
aie iiOSS IX iiilblt' adl mi 11 test. fitit
seisof cxp\i-ritiitits lcieiiiiiig ili 1971
iiaial \aIX XXIllompat 
1
d s\ itli thle pres-
lit iXX iltoallle hpe . T '(X
filifilhl?
Nitialiii
1'iii tirafin
THi iIIIi~ll
AC 92390
\llidlill
IS. Borax
SI BA Ceigv
Flatliiio
ifit Were X c(I'lrabgrass, Flo~rilda pulei') and
XX i'l planitedu ill pilots six i~o\ \\XXs xx' and0
201 ft. lollu.. Ileriiiils XXIII applj~iedl
boi thI preen it -i ice ao ti iicol litli \\(IllX ithi
. it pXX er dII I Ill rotarX' hoc). ( oIi1 palisills
He lrbiidesl XX re app
1 
li ill 1(519 gral.
Iof XX ater per acet. A Iractor-mo Illiteli
comtpi
1 
ressetd air 51)111 t'Nr XX as tused Illill it
dlii tred spriiI it preIssure of 30 p).s. i.
Dinitroaniline Type Herbicides
About Equal for Peanut Weed Control
GALE A. BUCHANAN, ROBERT D. McLAUGHLIN, and GEORGE WARD
Department of Agronomy and Soils
JAMES S. BANNON and HENRY IVEY, Wiregross Substation
Preplant Incorporated Best
ut l'pieli aliltIlco 4.1 ed app5I I ci~jl tioli
plctl' ciiitiol ot 141as wX Xeedls as iiidiiiate I
1w laite .scasoii ratiligTs. Fialilre 1. Similar
rat '5 applied( ats a ]ireeiciler'I lit' applici'a
tio rtu erra'1 ~ii ~i5tic iitscoitiol. a111( XX ('1
leXXdX ss, efluetusi' ti all pi I' lailt ill-
cu oil ratt't apphictioiiis.
('litro(I of brii lllilld XX II s XX as geui
('iaih pooriier thl)i gras d55XXet ctol i
XX itli either prel'Iiergeilie ori) plitlt iii-
ctil iioria i. i tit, iriis 2N0. Auiiit
iii [iiir to1 1 plsll\cttil it iii til t
Herbicides Prove Safe
Cains'Cd aiiX' iiotitt'ahii( illilirs to iillialgIC
ot pea'llluts. Salots ilf thc i ati's tl'Xtct'
\\ads dlso reflectedl iiill 'piiijiii Xititis
recordtied in tiii tabile. Iliicir r-ates iif
5(5 ldl oif thle hilriiides, sneli as tri-
flli liii n111titraliui, retlucedt Xields.
1ilsudil i th eill Xlts obtaiiiiet at these
triit aiongii the Ilinitriiiiiie liii iiides.
Furtherioiiil, p-eainits app)
1
ear to liaX I sof-
ficietit tehoialice tio idox lust' of these
pe of III hii idesl'.
Nlit (I, PiII I XI, i lii Xili ii XIIl
ii~~~ii'~~ ,ii I. AXli ' ti ii
\\I) ll(I:Ii 19 XNL'i',
\ jeh il iiiI X
h i , (0 it 1
XIiralill 0(.75 11)
Conl triol
I Diitiiil, I.5 li.
(7o, iitiot
ni tiliait i0.51)
Pr(lit 9293(, (1.7 5 1ti.
('olitiol
I Ti 2
1,570
2.57(1
I.,1) 0
31)30
1 972_
0)i.
2,7.30
2,:390)
2,3(
1,830)
1,740)
1 8 30
1,71(0
1,8 3(
2,:3:30t
I 800(
2,410)
2 390
2, 1. 36
3(13(10 1,9701
Some 125,000 forest fires
such as this occur in the
U.S. each year damaging
millions of acres of forest
PEOPLE WHO START FOREST 
FIRES
J. E. DUNKELBERGER
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
F15 onSr iii'u s burin imillioins of acres inl
thle UoTlitccl States eachi xcar, Of' tlic 
esti-
moated I125,000~ forest fires that occur
ai ii ma
1
lx . abouit 90 % are caused h)v mnai
as a result of either iiieicdiai i or
acciden t. The Southieastcrn region has
more than half (65%) 
of thec iiiceniarx
for-ext fires iii the Nation.
A study xxas hcgun iii 1972 to reviexx
official fire reports for all fires occuriring
inl the NITJioiial Fo~rests of Alahia,
Georgia, Louisiaiia, M'xississippi, South
Caroliina, and Tennessee fiom 1901
tliioiigh 1971. Visits xx ere madec to each
state xx lidc the case reports for forest
fires occu rrinig duning tliis 12- -ear p)eriod
xx cre irexiceed. Axvailable in forma~tioni
deciin ig the iiati ire of thle case and
chciiiteristics of offeniders xxeire cx-
ti acteil.
AlthIiouigh a lanrge onim1ber of in cen diary
fires had occulrredc iii this six-statc arca
durinig the studs periocc. iiivestigators
xxcrc able to trace reclatixvclxy fews to spe-
cific offeniders. Only 49 iiicciiciarx' fire
repoits existed which prov-ided suffcient
informiiat ion aibouit the pcrsonior per sons
iiixolxved. B " comparison the offeiider s in
tile mlajoritv of accideiital cases xxerc
10
iient ifie cc l case irepo(rits ax iiial e. For
purose of coiiparisoni, a sample of .53
accideintal cases also xxere reviexwed. The
inf'ormiation reported hiere ioxvolxves these
txxo tx- vpts of cases -inceiidiarxy and ac-
cideintal -andi the people iiixolxved iii
eachi.
Accideintal cases xx'ere fouiid to result
priimar ily from txwo actixvities -debiris
buri ng' (401%) aiid land-cleai ig (34%)
xx which got out of conitrol aiid spread
onto National Foirest Lani ds. U~sc of al-
cohiolic liesverages einteredi 
in some xxax-
as a fac-tor in 41%7 iif the iiicendiary
caises.
It xx as fcouind that actcidental fires xxverc
almost al xxaxs te lie nsiult oif a single in -
dlixvidual's action, hut in cendiarxy fires in-
voilvedc a sinigle iiidix idiiul ill only 3.5%
of the cases. Inceiciarxv cases uisuall)
fooilx cd at group action.
Race aiid sex. Persoiis ii ixoh cc in
biothi types of fires xvere almiost alwvays
wxhlte moales. Onlx six offendelcrs xwere
blac-k. Mloreoven, ouilx-\ 18 offeniders wxere
xxotni, and they\\xe re fprimiarilx insolv ed
in accidental fires.
Age. Per-sons involv ed in incendiary
Ii i s %X eIc 11111(11 x itiii gi thaii thiose ill
acidenf~itail fires. More thanl thrceeloin ifs
of thosc involv ed in ii ci diaiv fires wxere
less than 40 \,cars olif, andt
1 
hall of' thecse
\\,erec less than 20. Also, more than
tin c Ioiiiths of the accidenital oflciilei 
s
\\,er e 4(0 Ncars o)1( or oldcr xx dli almost
ball, of theise 65 or oldeIr.
Marital status. Ii iciinlarxv offcenders
\\-crc tisi a] I'v sin 1gle wher cieas accideni 
tal
offener were i xci isu all, m iri 
el. Wid-
oxwedi, dlixvorced, o sep)aratedl person s
x\-crc invxolvced about equiallxy ii 
1)oth
tx pcs oif fires.
Educations. lixolx cienct iii tori-st 
fires
xx ax assoiaed w i xithI a lack ofl edu 
cation.i
Morei thIiani 80% of tlic accidecn t a] offend-
ers had completed fcxxer thaii 8 'cars of'
schlnig coioparcd to 65% of tlic 
in-
cciidiarx'. Oiilx' fou irei s invixolvxecd 
per-
sonis wxit] e du cat iioini oiiuld high school.
Residence. Almost txwo-thirds of thec
offendecrs xxere rural people. Of thec fixvc
wxho liv'edl iii cit ies, four wex rc inviolvxed
in accidcental fircs. Pcrsonis from small
toxwns xwerc implicatcel in incenidiarx fires
almost txxice as oftcii as accidenital fires.
Employment. Oil the basis of informa-
tioni ax ailable for about half of the cases
it xx as found that the majoritx of offcnd-
ers xwere employed full timre at the time
of the fire. Less than 2(0% xwere unem-
lplox' cc.
A high proportion (if accidental fires
invxolvecd farniers and farm and forest
xxorkers. More than half the ii ceiidiarx
fires xx crc associated xx tfi uniskilled, non-
f arm laboreirs ii iiianuiifactoring and con-
st ruction.
Record and] reputation. Less than 4%
of thc accidenital and only 20J% of the
iiicci dia rx 41 ciii rs hadii a previous po-
lice r ecord. Tlicie xx\is no ev idcnce of a
history uof laxx xviolationis.
The iiixestigatinig firc, officers proxvided
txxo otheir cxvaliuat ions of the ioffendecr.
These coinsistedl of a good, quiestioniahle,
hr ad rating of their fiinaincial and social
repuitatioins. Fin aniicial rat inigs shoxwed
that one-third (if both thec inicendiary and
accidental oilfendens xwere ratcd in each
categorx . This same pattern occurred
for the mncci diars' offenders' social rating,
hut the opposite xxas truic of accidental
offeniders xxithi 85% gixven a good social
reputation rating.
These fiindin gs inidicate that mnost per-
sons inxolxed in forest fires are farm
xxorkers or those small toxxni residents
lixviiig near foirest aireas. Prexvcntatixe cd-
tication must be directed to such people
as farmers, farm xxiiikcrs, and forestry
cmnplox ees, wxith peirhalps less emphasis
on programs geared for urban aiid bet-
ter educated audiences.
nis jinsi,,s~ are aiIIIIg the iiost
scrionls pill Ilits encouinterell in the pin-
ductltionl of sotitheriipeas in Alalxinmi.
Miost vaieities gross ii iii the State are'
11i"Cefptile to (dilidige 15 5 irtis (ilj5C5('.
iig('( thait thiex Call no( lotigrer LIe gi 05511
hiiet'liii for \is r1esistanice hais 11(111
it Major obijectiv e of ouri soutlicri pci[
b~reed'inig progi dill. Tht brieetfiig efforit
in progress ha~s b~enefited( greatly front1
lDeparttincilt of Hlorticulture, aoid the De-
pa.rtiiett of Blotaiiy and Mh\icrobiology.
Th lI('loillFg illtotmatioti 1mml that rc-
search piroxvided basic preliniinarv back-
ground olil xx li the bre ediing p)rogrin
\\-is 1ljit. It %\-its found~ tha it most soiti-
enpea vatrjet ies growxni in the State ini e
suisceptilie to at least t hree x froses: the
tosspea strain (of beanl vellox mIlsaic
( MAIN') t'owpea chilo)rotie m ott e
(CCN\I), andiciicuinbet mosaic vnis
(CNIX). The most damiaging virus \\-ias
founiid to be BY NIV. The best soul ces (It
re(sistane tom the three x irtises xx ere pro-1
cuiredi fromn tihe plant ittoduc~tionI toilet'
tioii mainitajined at tile llcgional 'liitt
Int rodution ~l Stadt ion, Exp
1
eriment. Gctor-
gia. Inoculation and screenling teclinieiipts
wvere developed for use in studying tihe
iiilieritance of resistaince aull for scrteen-
ig progenies in the breetdiiig progi di.
Iinieritance sttidies indlictdt thalt i esis-
tance to MX NIV and CCXIV is contirolled
l)I N siingle recessive genes wh'lich iestilt iii
at liigl levcl of resistanice. Early sttities
oIf inhileritainte of resistance to CXNI in-
tlicatted that resistance x\-its controlled 1) \
(Iinl ii diit gen es. Select ion icriteria basId s'
On sx Mptoln expression xxere established'i
ais a litract icalI means of1 stcreeiniing fo rie-
sistaint selections in the b~reedinlg prolcess.
Knoxwledge (of the modle of inher itaonce
(If rtesi staince greatly enhliainces the i ri s
resistance breedinog jirogi am. Since,( sinl
gle genes are iinvolxved b~reeding is shn-
1)1 fit'd. The 1 ack cross illreetdii i nc thod
is bleing uised( to tranisfer resistant' Ifrint
resistant plantts xx itli fewv tdesirable char-
ac(ter istics5 to i ore desirable comni mrci a
vtrieties. First priority is bleing placted
11oIl tes deehoipeit of a MIN resistant
Kuckle IPurple Hull. since this seemis tol
lbe a moslIt desirale x arit'ty for fle~shi
illarkt't andI is sex erelx clvamage(] 1)5
MA INV. Other v arieties tol xxhichi vir s
reIsistaince is being transfieiredl ale Xlis-
I itis, deceasetd) and Grauai~te Reisearch
Assistants 1B. 1). leetlir and K. N1. Rogers.
I Dr. B. 'I'. ( ;idauskais ainii Graduate fRe-
siart I Assistiait A. -N. t tan i,iii.
Producing virus resistent
Knuckle Purple Hull peas
is a top priority, because
of their desirability as a
fresh market vegetable.
The photograph shows
Knuckle Purple Hulls in
an immature stage (left)
more mature (center),
and mature, as a virus
resistent Knuckle Purple
Hull variety should look
when research work is
completed,
Breeding Southernpeas For
Resistance to Virus Disease
0. L. CHAMBLISS
Deportment of Horticulture
sissippi Silv er (bhroxxn croxx (1r ty pe),
Pincess Anne lllackeve ty pe),. aiid
breeding line Ala. 562.,3- 1-'2 (eiat
type) . Althloughi Mississippi Silxver xxas
suisceptiblle to MAN and ('(NIV wxhein
itlit ilitetl lix (viii tcciliiitic it is re
poted( toi he tioleranit to soic Xii iisi'.
Atdditionail resistaice to B) MVX and
(:( XI shiouild rnake it at iilst x .luable
nnlilti
1
Il( S iris ri'sistaiit vi itv. A 11(55
puirple' 11ill xaricts\ M Xississippi puirple,
has the samne piitetitl since it has tile
saine( disease rcsistiowtt is, Mlississippi
Silx cr. Althotighi its pod1( tlolr at 1( shapte
ii d'(ifferenit fromt Ktiicklt' Piieple Hull,
it is as aflable for tlit fresh mnarkt't unitil
at xiirus iresistaiit Knuckle Puirplte Hull is
de\ tloped.
]'li(, tiretiltg prilgrain \xxits iniitiated(
((linii 11 i al v ariet iecs. lt'sis tan it sc lecti oi s
friti 5t'gte gatitig ('ii'iatititis weret imatde
trlled' eni irllill('tt gi oss tli chamlber.
St't'dlitigs xx eie itnoculatted 7 tlaxs afte'r
pliiititig bx' itbbitig allrixt ltidstt't pii-
inilirs ]l\-ix s xsithi itiictlihn hinl freslikx
gron il in ifec'tetd li',ixs. Teste itilctilated
seedliings xee iexamneicd for x irtis syilnll
toims 1-4-21 (las ft ither ticlationi. .\toiig
tle seedl1inigs i noctulatetd illi ase'gil'ga~ti ng
ppiltimit I re'sistanit plitnts wxere eideil(nt
lNx hax iliii o visile s\l tiittollls. Sy np-
tttns 55el (Ii'tadf( atnlllg sel'lmiis 55 iti
sxo etcsibtlt 1)55c
1
tnls I iiirrctit latsi
til pareints an new 1(5 sele ct ionis illadeIi ii
thIe next segiregatin g generciat ioni tol Ibegin
tilt ile\t iiatkci iss (5 li'. These5t' flck-
crosses Ihaxe i ee 1 ~liald atd it ar(e cur-
crlititln xwich tiiwill he' sci ceni forlii segre-
gating resistanit pliants. 'lie nex't bacitk-
croiss and sce elil iii t e shouli d 1)roduce
virius resistanit sehectionis aipproacing the
ClItnllei-cial patent tx 'pe. Iii aciditi' ii tI
ci al v arietie'5 by7 the lbi'cii 155 proIgiai
ne t~pe h~Alax e been'i 5 'hcctt't iii the
carlx'N stagYes oft till lIickcross pi lgrainl.
Sooie ot theeitare pro(Ifucti C' and aippeari
13) XNIN, resistaince, lbr('l'(i effoirts ill the
filtrt c xill Ile dlirictetd tossll( a deelchp-
iii i nexw \ atrieties \N it It i esistaiite to
BYNIX, (CXNIX, CXIX' ili o ither vS ist'
whic itl ii' llccle stio iltsoulltleil t
xiiu 11 ciscwzcs in Alabamta.
The Au burn Un h erf&!) Herbariu m
A Recordl of ihe Plaii of Alabama
JOHN D, FREEMAN, Department of Botany and Microbiology
A tdi 1, i ls a n il ti' l 1 oX e I ii t b ' t o 4 1) p re ll
1
e a n d d rt ie d
pll 111iX 1 is 'i' i lli'~t~!i ~ i it h lind.' ('cil 1)1
ill ha li iX ii hra llc ii of 1wii 1)hilli i ~i I t X is- ,1_4cd of h
hil kiiIsofplils . llbe 6i)u~tld j t( )Ice 'iO AL~Ii \if Iw
of S c i t f~il l Xllitu-. ,t'x 51', i lo li' aii o Ii't tiii brata
tiuiaxii w iie'.er Xt t' IX I]x R s'itdh 101"oneo ouat-p'
dul ir i e(Itt ti lll' i a t ay XX r f it X ' ii ~eit
cil i If' Xt(Ii.X d ticp- el 1-1X(' 1t Juiit a' Z lse ffll
lalItItIs.X I iii t T-~t 1 Si l l d p T ttlkl'el for eXX ho (' il tX
fpit'tiiettip/ovi iiiest 1 th nLVMx k ientaurcb iri cl s
ofi tiiiout species. is ii iti c , lo anx li, liltiii wby t io i i tla t '
clllit'm tiiiii t iise thatX ii it eT I)Iilt'XXI ' n m ie etial rix
xof' iticu XrreXnce ' S to amine: tIitfll ttLidX l o f in). Ili, h
se tifal e ad of' herai m \\cc&:, li tenIs o\\(,I *lt'4'r
and-'iith i ll d t e fo to t as mo V an 0oi o ation vi ON
]]tated (. fr * them. I llld o W
Cro ~ I ti' ti the .\ ibun iIix ( 
"iX li'iidii te I)i
\Ii: \ i 'nitift liaue l aX 11111 liXp thi a o f i iohthtI't'o
tAlioli iii~tliC),41 ..I st I ,-ilge of s t iieii,T ov ant I~'5 d t ll
I'tIIii I i I~ Itl \ ii ii Itie Its F It I. F. Aud g l x t olt I, i ,(I_
cl hu I ) Il X t e iiit'Iu of tit l0~n -ti hl lid ili JX ax
lill'heatt il ig ti 10 1 50's dul ix 1hixtoi( itahix . 11ipit iitfo
tx esu s o (1 Miss ntlrx Xt xx'a 1ii 4f I h lt(-IXI'v
the I.Ol~ pili h Il i 9 1 lt. aIg (2) wecl Iirhi iiii co itti
lioll s ax Xe'it'iis ao t 1 etlt) toite lvA \ I. (la pill)-v
,iloi infr i on fr I9 o e 1110 o l te io aI hs ri 
oa Ira ofth
of, iii tol .iii i Uii e St a tlvcol~lol~ IIfl-1 i
basi orei pes ed ci etificd stcud iei a icrpl~rl l beoto
tsecietii lo ii tohe amin thiuougi ao seiso Thusparatlr
Growth (If theodo pubrii Uiest label aru prdei xtattii
XXions1, XXnaios, bx X bl) illili xx spe iitn aox personail'td tol-
dextooktc pbihe it 19x 1s i aohetde ( 2) he 
1
)icarmt S ltitll ad
In 12 seies(aot100 olce ~ .W hpnl1
its labiei aie gilieti. tahped, sewxetl ir oitherwise attached to
1112 ill. X 162 iin. Sheets Of' hligh imj~alitx' heaxx rag palper; (3)
recolrdsX. LbItiuniatix- suchl spec imensi mosiit hei filedl iii fireprooif
casesx at'cordiiig to siiiie )1dci l rctlic'xal S tein for fulture
ise. Spet'iimenus at AVA' aie filedI alphiahetit'allv at'corinig to
their sc'ienitific tclasxificationii s to faimily, golilixdiald xpetcies
andi ca thrus hb' fon it s easihx as a namne in tol indlex. Speci-
nioos of the samne specietts arv arran~ged accoirdfing tol tih' ho
t'alitx of collecttion bx' state and county.
Gro\ti id tlit Auhiii HiIerbariumi durinig thet past 5 yetars
Yowl1'
(iuiilati\ throii uigh I98.
and( sll ied
'3,357
3,7:37
.3, (A0
2,100
4 
254
1,500
apel subistan1ghi tlei ra,'i th~ f73tl 'i il i i:'till (1i e r st ~II a Ii X ei a
.ii] location~ oflit 'AuiiiiLb'ijix &r'tt. Sc\6'X nrl lilisitx' collec'
tionis iii thle lb iiited"'Stat~ iIiIil I X5,lAKllXer a1 million speti-
nels, iin otl 1111 mainitin lcrba4h,4yN Vnio than ,5 t,00,00,
to) XX ii 20) 30 thoui)ii it(,\\' xi)(Jin illli are adldedl ('a11
Year'. Detspte its 511101 xikt lanl tiii/o litixe lix xhil tnie 
that
ra1
1
icilX becoming 11111' tuehex !sdjili'1'X )1 lf I~sic infornatioii
ProdA)X tile liiO.St 'htuj x funoioi iif aflx herbariumn,
xxidier large or xina~l', lIi identifi'A'tion, of1 plnt Spcti-
illlix t xiii l ita f~i'it; %Nx iti apri priate re fereince
litt'ratiiiltl'u de- tI te Cl) ,iiio l iMiii, tii i''ial
idleltifut'atjoli l< l a lssil'' \\'ila"r"t'it ideiitifit'atioiis
xei'xiii' px mt'ilioxtii Srix till'Pf#'R'1)' nii rcilX llls upliat'-
ofX ( t' spellt'Xt d I lX il' tl)X reinti g tion pidhi' i his
xhlill t'ist ol. llllXXoux ftiiixp ti'insoxxothrindhvax as odc -
poticit id t helIili 1)7tl'riiin Ijlliev t' to t i ieiariio lln
15e epted exx'C-a ilpprfiiilirt owafri goodhi spixiceaibas
r'I'llt'lxxi littlil (ocrito lAo andlstaffiii' t hat atfuir ailplme
teive be thit liu ltc\li ihid ntit tile e Sliitiliastl'i I 7 it
tat es.---talpo bc
IRRIGA'77,0N
ORGANIC MATTER 
.. FERTILIZER
Necessary Inputs for High 
Yield of Watermelons
W. A. JOHNSON, Deportment of Hotiltio'
C. E. EVANS, Department of Agronomy and Soils
llt' that ciloilli( to i% . c hligh \\ att liii 
% ielils it Alit
taiiia. Each inpui)It abtil ii i cii s~ proiduin, 
but all tlii CC'
Espetitnwnlt Stationt lixsearl oi il deep xaiiakx 
soil lowx ill in -
tiiittic lniatter. \lk''tible \ id %%cn its a 
-l id a 6S5 exx\t.
Rates of Fertilizer, Organic Tested
tiil/el ulSed
1
x \\ie.( Oute., 21- 1 8-2;, -18-:35-4(5 iiid 7-'5:1(69 
lb).
of N-P-K per ate. Th'le orgaitic matter ised 
wxax eithier G
toll" of alimial lilalili c or 6 toils ofi ree i. tchi 
p) , r act c.
applied ill C ntiilliatuiol xiii iiiediltiii aiill high 
i atix of tei-
tilli/tr. A 12-ttiii iiial mtanure talte \\-it tried wxitlh 
tihe high
fetrtilizer rate. Irii titt conisted'i ol' I lii. ol xx 
ater per' Week
ilmil itig tile 41 oxx tugy seixsol Ix Ihl IIlitlall \\it ax fiicilit.
W\aternteloit scedC xxci e platited lii bills T.5 It. apart 
ill
94tI. irows. '1xx\ plats pet bill xx te left att thu lmong. Tbi 
1cu
xx iekx be~fore pilittig at :3-It. roxw baod it s I uiligilid wxithi
at broadicast applicattuti of etlix Iine~ dihri itide for rootkilot
ilitatide conttrol. 0nle tilirdi of N anid ha~ll of P anld K xxvete
appllied( ill te r-ox bebfirC platintg. This app)licationi rate wax
r-epeated as at side application :3 to 4 xx eeks alter- pliting.
Illilaitliing N x as p)it Oil xxbetiI N inex begitil t ritti1.
Raitntall xxax xtifficjet t the first studx v wiit mid there 
xx ax
little or tno rexponse tol itrigatinii. 'i le scCiiiid x eat- wxas Clix
diiritig tbe( first 2 mlouths Cif ti(' ox lwitod aid viC'ldl
xxiii liil t expoittxi i toi irrigiti. \ar-kctable icItdx xllo\Iix
fix the gtiajpl ie ait aiges for thle 2 ilx
cii ilili iii', gi iiis ix ti-kci tut i L i c oii illi t,)
70110 
20" 2 19b
3G0 - o9s-
I U0 
LI 
'
N--,Q)C '? ;8 Y, 4, :C- 4- 72 53 6 725363 2536
Effects of fertilizer rates, organic materials, and irrigation on
yield of marketable size watermelons.
it 11 igi xsIIi~t- t2 iz i/C s1 tlt(, mtiix pop)ilatl I()]-
the reta~il gri t \t tirade, xxIil e it3' :to i 39 ati1 401 
to 19
xx tights ate gctiicr allv liaidlid lb\ ri tIiIC matrkets 11111( itlict
tlitits.
Fertilizer Proves Essential
\ aliti, iof It tiliii't xx ixs ist ilhilitd co iicltixe .l ' lae cx axi
ilt thiarttable, x\cl u'
1 1  
x i'i tno lettili,'er 5 xxii app~liedC.
W\ithiout iiigatlic mti altii ts aCdded,. ilierellxitig atoc ofi fi'i'
tilicr (raxve at coiisttenit ilCrC'asC' lii tottal ttiat ktable x kId
ait
1 
ill x ieldoil 21)- to 29-1ii. silt' iclitts. Thlix \\ its tic bntth
wxithliti xx ithiiit iii ugitut i.
TI 'lii h i'ah tteo fer tilIizer wxi thoiuit orgyat iC or. irriuagin r t e-
suited ill btlil produlcR'ttn otf mcltix tif '30- ti :39-l1t. site-
abut thrtee littcitas mait fro 1:1,111 iixx itc ti i N. I), mtidi K.
Organic Matter Boasts Yield
gt'eatlx ilCaSC'CI x iC'ldx at thei titeil-1im fet till/Cl rate (-1 lb).
N, :35 I1). P), aid 46 lb. K)I. TiCtx it orgatiCiti t rcies gaveC
Gitig~ frotnt itidium tot highi tertilizCet rate' showxxed nto x'ieldl
ada~ ltltagC' x lieul the 63 titus ofi iii auic matter wxas ttsi'ui. A
12_toti m1aututi(,' atC' xxit ix I )i tit tt o ga ii lliCrx iCs
titanl xxerte moadi ltolltx tu lpliCilt itit if Gi titi i..
Ii ruttratitii n (i' a ittliiti lit itlctielxi ill xvivid xx i i'ch fer-
tilize'r illid trgaimiC tr('Atiiiit as xiitxxii is 2 x cat ax iages
te(ttrdli'C itt thii gyraph. A Cofliiilltlioi ti t',tinilt itt coni
dcediih Iighestxlii.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED with SUCCESS of
CONTRACT BROILER GROWERS in ALABAMA
R. N. BREWER, Department of Poultry Science
MORRIS WHITE, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
THE BRROILER INDUSTRY serves as an ex-
ample of the successthat may be
achieved when a relatively young and
growing industry continuously strives to
solve its own problems and remains rel-
atively free of government assistance.
Information presented here is a portion
of the results obtained from one industry-
supported effort to make improvements.
Performnance records indicated that
some broiler growers were consistently
more successful while others consistently
were less successful with the broiler en-
terprise. Industry representatives coop-
erated in an effort to determine the fac-
tors contributing to this situation and to
determine corrections that might be
made. This effort involved obtaining de-
tailed information from 167 broiler grow-
ers and 5 contracting firms. Ninety-one
of the growers were among those who
were successful (Group A), and 76
were among the less successful growers
(Group B).
Information obtained included per-
sonal characteristics and attitudes of the
growers, physical facilities used, and
management practices followed in the
growing operation.
These data revealed that the median
age of the growers in Group A was 10
years above the Group B growers. How-
ever, growers in Group A had fewer
years of formal education. A smaller
proportion of both husbands and wives
in Group A had off-farm jobs, and those
who did work away from the farm
worked fewer days at their non-farm
jobs. More of the growers in Group A
grew crops and livestock for sale. Al-
though these enterprises did require
time, most of it was spent on the farm
and, consequently, growers were not
14
completely separated from the broiler
operation for an extended period.
During the on-farm inspection the in-
terviewer evaluated and ranked a num-
ber of items generally associated with a
successful operator. Although the pro-
portion that received a rating of "Excel-
lent" was fairly low on some items for
both groups of growers, the proportion
that received the excellent rating was
much higher on all items for growers in
Group A. The proportion that received
a "Good" rating was not significantly dif-
ferent between the two groups of grow-
ers. However, no grower in Group A re-
ceived a "Poor" rating on any item that
was rated. This information, recorded
in the table, shows that the state of re-
pair of buildings and equipment and the
general appearance of a farmstead was
associated with a successful broiler en-
terprise.
A majority of the growers in both
groups felt that growing broilers pro-
vided an opportunity for them to do the
kind of things they did best. But the
proportion of Group A growers who felt
they had little or no chance to do what
they could do best was only about half
that for growers in Group B who ex-
pressed this feeling. Memberships in
farm organizations were more prevalent
among Group A members and they at-
tended more meetings of the organiza-
tions during the past year, although at-
tendance at meetings of this type was
poor for growers in both categories.
Generally, growers agreed that serv-
icemen were well trained. Growers in
Group, A disagreed less, often with the
servicemen's suggestions, but when there
was disagreement they were most likely
to cooperate with what servicemen sug-
gested than were the Group B growers.
Growers in both catagories who ex-
pressed a preference for contracts that
provided for reasonable price guarantees
plus performance bonus for doing a su-
perior job had the best performance rec-
ords. Eighty-four per cent of the Group
A growers and 61% of the Group, B
growers expressed a preference for this
type contract.
An area in which improvement could
apparently be made was grower-com-
pany relations. A majority of growers in
both groups had not visited the com-
pany's office in the past year, and more
than two-thirds reported they were al-
most never complimented by a company
representative other than a serviceman
for performing an outstanding job.
Physical Facilities
There was a wide variation among the
growers within the groups and between
the two groups in the physical facilities
being used. Although approximately
four-fifths of all houses were of a pole
type construction, more growers in
Group A than in Group B had clear span
houses. Other characteristics of Group
A farms were more insulated roofs, better
ventilation, and level topography. Ninety-
five per cent of Group A houses were in
good or medium condition, while only
65% of Group B grower houses were in
equally good condition.
EVALUATION OF BUILDING AND PROPERTY CONDITION, BY GROWER GROUPS,
SELECTED BROILER OPERATIONS, ALABAMA, 1970-71
Condition
Item Excellent Poor
Group A Group B Group A Group B
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
Appearance of farmstead ..--..... 37 6 0 2
Outside of broiler house - - 38 13 0 6
General state of repair 40 9 0 1
Drainage around house -- 26 10 0 0
Other farm buildings ------------------ 11 2 0 4
Dwelling house 45 26 0 0
Y ards .............................-_-.................. 54 34 0 3
Equipment storage. 18 11 0 0
Roads to buildings -- 26 16 0 0
Fields---.-.----------.-.------ .....------------ ---- 20 7 0 0
Alab~ama re'searich. St eers leil b asal miiix-
forme bi~IIetter ti iali th ose fed thle salii
m ixtin- wi xithI out addced protein .
Basal muixtures of grain and i ougliagc
usual]l' con tajin 8.5% to 9.0% crude pro-
teinitas fed. Inl one recent trial, averagc
steer gail xxas iiicreased almost 0.2 lb).
per day wxhen the pr otein conitent wvii
boosted hiorn 8.4% to 11.6%. Other datat
also in dicate that suipplemeiitary proteii i
is ieedled inl liniisb ifig rationl s evei fo1(
cattle goig cliiectlv froim excellenit graz-
lng to the feedlot.
Either cottonseed mneal (CSN ) , soy -
bean mueal I SB NI). or peanut meal has
ilceit tile supp~lementary proteinl SOUrce
inl fattening mixtures dluring the past 1.5
Y ears of fcedlot researc lI by Auburin Uni-
vlesit Arclual Experiment Stai 101
citix v, huowxever, limited ax ailahilit \
andilirca~ldcost of th ese oilmucals hls
prompil
1
ted liv estock producers to s(
otheri sources. Iinter est has grown ii ii pos-
sible use of wvhole cottonseed or sox beai s
aiid 11011 pioteillinitrogcen materials.
Cottonseed to Replace CSM
\VIhole cottoi seed typficallyx contain
abouit 23% each of1 cruide tilt e(ther ex-
tiract) and piroteinl. \\']enl fcd to ciattle,
cottoniiseed have total digestible iintrient
(TON)I content ot approximiately 84%.
III contrast, commiiil I tattcnliiig mixtures
are 65% to 75% TDIN.
ili some early Auburn stuidies, grounlid
cottoiiseedl 
replaced 
CSTNl onl 
a 2:1 basis.i
The mixtures containing CS\I suippoirtcd
8% 1 iigl ir rate of ginl ibuit Iced 11om xer-
511)11 xx as II V more efficient itl tile muix-
tiries ciiitliiig cottoiisecd. This iii-
creaised Iced efficiciicx' call lic attibulited
to tIle' high oil con tent oif tile cottonseed
aud( the rcsultant higher TDN conteint
of the mixture. These cottonseed-con-
taiiig blenidedl mixtures xwere full-fed to)
boith s earliuig steers (750 lb.) and xx can-
liug calxves (450 lb.). Both sizes of cat-
tie muade good use of the pr oteiii iii cot-
toiiseed xvheni used to imiake upl 15% of
tile bilciede mixture.
Soybeans vs. SBM
Like cottoniseed, fll fat Oi uiicxti icteCi
soybeans are high inl ciirgy because of
their oil coiitent and c-an be used] as a
protelin source. T1his legumne seed ts pi-
tally conitains about 18%7 crude fat aild
38% crude protein, xwith TDN colitelt
for beel cattle aipproximaltely 857(
Sos beaos coi taiii certaini cii zvxni c
(lipase, urease. trs psiiu iinhibitor ) that
may cause miidesiralile effects if led raw.
I [liat xxill iinactixvate these enizvmes,
therefore, cooked or heat-ti elted sos-
beaus canl be ellectix elsv used as liv estock
feedi. Eqi ~pmnit is coinmi ei ciahlx' avalil-
able to iroast the helms for feedinig.
Three stecr-feediuig trials xxere con-
duuctedill wh x ich full-fat soybeans heated
titii a as-tii ed "ro(aster" xwere subsitituitedl
for SiiNI oi an approximnately equal hasis.
Cattle fed these mixtures had dail gainl
and feed coilsersionl similar to perform-
ance wxhlen corn wxas tile pirincipall eneirgy
source. S ubstitutiing m ilo (grin11 siir
giiuim ) for the grainl soul cc resulted in
more erratic anlimal response, hut per-
formance wxas still compairable betxxecen
the two suippleiiientai x pi otciui sources
SIMN xs. hecated soxbeiis)
Animnal performnice xxs is imilalr iii an-
oither hiniis hii i tirial xxhlen raxw 1(111 flt
sos 'beanis xxere compaired xx itli heated
sox be])anls as a souircc of priotecn. I loxx-
cx er, the mixtuire contaiing raixx soy-
beaus had a slight laxatixve effect, at con-
dlitioni that xxas iiot noitedl wxith tile mix-
ture coiitaiii g heated beans. Rawxx so '-
lials shiould oot be fed toi caittle that
arec gettii urea, nor should they be f'ed
at at lev el aihove 1,5% of1 the mixture.
Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Mliciribes pi esci it ill tile digcstix e tract
of rummiiiits call iiiixert NPN inito pro-
teiii jproxidcd ad(1 luIate enerigy is alsoi
ax 'ailable. Bacterial action ciom biinis ini-
tirogei aid id t ciini
1 
oi ei t of tile cii cigv
sourice to form am inoi acid s. ht c a1iii
acids aue theni ciiiied to form) proteini
that is uised 1)v cattle.
Ac dr, iirca-cliiitaii ig proteiin suipple-
ocii et ( ii uiii 65 wa x us ciimpa red wxith
CSNla at it potcui souice ili finiishing a
tioiis for veaing steers. Hate of gain
xxas clim1paliable ( 2.7 v s. 2.6 lb). daily)
anld feed consversioni wxas siiniiai ( 1 0.8
xs. 11.3) (luiingr the thiee tials.
LP iid N PN suippi emei ts are av'ailal e
commercialls and cuiiici tl' v aire good
1)uyis per iiit of proiteini eqivxalent
Three such sul)emen ts prhoxedl satis-
falctory xx hen com palred wixith other
S0111ccx of proteiliiii. fo attei ig cattle.
Feed initake, feed ciii xcisioi , rate of
gain, ani d caircass char acteristics xvere
coimpariale to tliose of steers fed CSNI
or Auibin-6.5 supp~lement.
Results fromn several Alabama feed-
illg triial s in dicaite thact ciotton seed oi soy-
beani s au e satislactoi x sour ces of supple-
mnentalry pr oteiii ili finishii ig rations. Cci-
taiix n on pi iteii iniitrogen Isiolurccx ( either
dI- ry l i i(l) alsxo are cifect ix cl utiliz edl
ats pi oteiji solces bY faittciig steers.
Several Protein Sources
Suitable for Finishing Rations
R. R. HARRIS and W. B. ANTHONY, Dep.o nia n Dairy Sciences
V. L. BROWN, Loweer Coastal Plain Substation
J. P. CUNNINGHAM, Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences
Shipping Fever Complex Causes 
Costly Cattle Problem
G. K. KIESEL and C. R. ROSSI, Depariuneni of Animral Health Research,
E. L. MAYTON and H. E. BURGESS, Piedmant Substaion
S 111i'i1i\(; I I\ I il - it (1011iii0 I lililt for
ihe "I cii ili tii cesil-t p r d iii l I (' er". F
xIi iias bu ll t sociaii ted v\ Jit I (Ile I/a tiiii
iliicxtri Sitnce.', c glut til ttt'rt'ii t xi uc
oiritir arcii' eseialB, hred iiox bY hiiit
of hit xii, tliliils. lxci a ix'''
ti ll\Ii c l e II p' i ii',' d iii ut' i ix iii ales i'
baiig1 hit.iiilw a irexo di,tc,ujectex d
tou sitx milis ior'i i''tiiiiiii'ioobjects
xtrtxx diltit''p tiiiis lug thipi',t eer.
l ,te little xlilie lioxxt' t'r. iitixi'i ofi
expsl-. or11 sic 13-nl) iniJ iuoo ~ li/ad
01eedlotiiii lieti O Wpititc'ce rehit toiii
fichs camc u'fprutr i diee tuinte priduier
Yer c' rif ppl\. 
ccrbcol
tx ill giiiixcriil l l acc pte (' clim ofii
1  
xxitlt
ei x ic'lted ci to l \ iitil'c lix t tei u
isi '1811 BNttol O) il) ,cid Il 3 aitl laic3
tel ii lir 1) a liilliica .i el thieu/' iucars,
c4,ii w compau/. licionx's 15 to te i i g
xx ick, xx ii liiihe fliliixx ii ig iiie i k'i iit
(Grsuip I (pit'\\ t'ii l iiii pi 'cciici-
ifi) - cdix us \Ic euN iji ii ix u tli thenui
pl i liii' .311 " r lii ix, gill i px~ I :0 il\ 2
xxur (i'p
1
'a-c' togc tlit' aridc 201 cauixi' tha~t
hii a bcii t'\pixt' to xhiippiilix feie wxeric
pirhae firiini hit s tickxNr ancidii place'd
xx ii liii he lis ii'1)1,11. I il iii of iii ' )Iil-
Ili.'' 'i,,*,x ca ii' x\l~ Va'cuutil 'iii , i i dI.al
All cdlvc ix x te oilserx t'c dujix fur 31)
tiai', fori xigu ix i ii ipiu ~lix 'i Bliiodc
xi t taklci iroiiin all cal', s ix iiitiaiii iiiid
~it 2 xxi 
1
k io teix ailii iiiiu.wluu ite ec x-
ficr i tsxxu iii coi icLitiiiii ii'txx it'i pie-
idi cliluicxii.O i sign lfsippiiug ftexvcr. All
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
P. Dennis Rouse, Director
PUBLICATION--Highlightx of
Acu cltuicl Research 3'74 I OM
Penalty for Private Use, $300
x piittitu dixuc's. A iii Iv pire1 c'ultiiit
(Ii J,
1
ix/i liii /a /0 iiiui/itica xx ixs lilatdii
Iil iii l uii . Ilio\ ixx ii, luttellipts 
toi
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oifii sick
cailxcx ur firiim lii u'ut oli t tlt died
tlitut ha' xiill(, i o' Hiii ll. MXI NII)1-:3,
,ii i l iii', ii ii' , c ii i sii, I xxc ii ' ct ill-
x ulx(( i lili rsix l ituui x iisu'uxciiss o tlw'x''
oot hitcte il the~ spcn~c xei.ixi does notic
lita t th iiiupctiwit iici noti ic elcitet
'Iteiuci(lit'',', of prox\ liii p/roitecin
('1 ax l \ x th el spe ific dxtjuuii' ot. \\Iis 
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ti ixtlit' t'iiuxi(" cl lt ii', xx el ,i 
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POsTAGE~k co pxaID ci-rd 
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AGRl 101li U.S.cic MAIi'wLs pou.
THIRD irCrista LASS n m
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