HIGHLIGHTS
foT agricultural research
Agricultural Experiment Stationk
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
A( CIjt(:(_ LTU' AL RESE AIWI 
Ii , imleaI tsiigx mplex. t li] 
ft'
tatIrl. 1940's texeareli xx as clii-er-tedl 
jttimaril ' vt~ ,tmal i lel it of
the stthxistc'ice fiarmer. (:ash 
itiecsttii-tlits III fat ohig \\ ti' htxx
With iicteasitig staticat id of lix itig 
amtt dlol Igi_ of Llol (1 ('illi
cals atn( mrac-itiex \\ ere 
siiiititttc'
tot lali. Usttlg I exeat -I kilo%%'e l'gt-I
the fat ilt' itict asedI pt odlutttix 
itxN,'
fatm toworkers. As at rexult, ill IWO_~
the ax ei age Atoetieao spenit ottlx 
15 (6
per ccitt of' his fitie lot food.I lii
is a real ftribuite to the fatrmer 
bitt f cxx
Atoericatis realize the cotitrilittiotix 
of
AgTi ic-tltiiie to oor high stmiidai ci 
of
li ili". Thie leadlers of, tile other 
xx orhi
p(Mterc kttoxx! I Iox cxci, to accomip~lish
this ft(e tfatnw(' has iiari to mai~ke 
a
greatet itix estmoti pet xworker that
other iititstt jes. Thiteehire. high 
pit)
chiittitot eots antd risks tequtit 
e(f fitl, R. DENNIS ROUSE
biest itifr tiii axvailablte.
Thic 1 960f's saxx juieasedl t-octittt 
fot tftt eti i tti .i \\e( Ila(l
b e'ome t sitct e l ti ii t pricluiccrs the 
Atmtericrail 1)11) ir miti alilirt i
to he cotiet tied aibtiut otiui l i exotirc-es 
-the f'aimet flaxsifxxax
b eetn an eirt tonmencotalist.
Tie 1970f's artrixe wc xith tott-f c-cilxtiiir 
cotic-eti. Farmcs halvixe
alxwaxys xxurkecl tio pri n e xxhat 
c-olstiteis xxait. 'Thliu job, hiowx
cxvcr, is be-ttn ig timotte cinp
1
cx wxith c-clt ai i o ic-ikal ali putt
rhtiettiot pratt icex baito cl.
Yes, the agricultural xscietttists most 
fbc itict c iiiglx c- our ech
]lot ioiilx xxitht efficictttx iof 
1
)rtclictiitti ailt loatkettoig but also xxitht
piocltiont aocl inatketiti :g of proitrtts 
ill a xx\ax tot fto fiax e alt
acIx else effect ii the etiiirotitii it atid 
at the samei titto xatixfx tfhe
C-oiIL ruttier.
Ili reccuit x\ears,. Alaiimlti'l ai-kructuirixts 
hiaxe c' x iiktcl fto see a
liillitti (iiiliar almilal agi icijttitaf iticomaec. 
This flax lciri ac'it'xen.
Otix]\ 12 xyeats agoi Aiabiita'x a~rgt -tiltit- 
ti iti-itne tt'a-ditI' ehalf
billhiont. W\ill this itliccttt ciitttic lgali 
itt ft' tiext 12 x cas? If clii
lie doottc' )xe haxve the tiattital exotitrexs iict'cli'l. 
If xx titt fjust halp
peti, it xxiii r-eqifti c lttettnoatittt attnI it'ati'rxli. 
I hiefi ex \\ xx \\xill
set' a txx ciifioti cilillat in~ciom' hx 
195. 'I'lii' Aiuuin iix istx
Agrictiltitraf Exper imeot Statiotin Sx ,stetv is dcc lirafici to proitx e Iii' i
sc'atrhl iniforttioni tha~t xxill he reqirited.
We't betlie'xe tite Alabamita Agt iet-ii rtil 
Expe-iiic't St atiotul Sx steii
is stitetticri fit itaxilmilti effic-ieti-x itt 
t earc'l pi ihtituc-fitx Stilt)
stations ai n1 Field cl Iitatt' t to set\ x v xatriius 
ixii , cl imto ii, atidc
ig(ricul itil at crax itt tiil' State ate atlt e'ssc'ial 
pa it of th ixsx s) triol
I itxx 'x t' the Mlaini Stattit) at Aititrut 
xx1 lieu i'fti' pitjc'i't feecrx
attd basic' texeat cilabtoratotrie's ate ltc-ati'ci 
ix the ittih. Tue Itit oif
the xxheel most be' kept sotiii. It ts 
appareit thle ft'ld Iab utti 'ov
latnc atnd facilities at Atiiit ate itilcle'iuiate 
al~t obluete. Ptimlti,
t('xtaret'l faclitit's wex c't'cesiieccl iii 1924 
tot xx 11k ol plbei iif
the 1920f's. Dairs fatc-ilitiex xxr biu'ilit 
ittfiitc 193f. 13i't' cattle
an id xxxitie facilities lire outdta~ted, siom 
t'da tinog f tick ti \\ itt-id Wari 1.
The moaitn statiton must he tt'iittt amifd t 
o,cciz.
Vie air' askinig the o'v;cxernort andI tilt' 
Alabtatmia Lt'gifatu isu
year to proxiide ioe' atndc aothiziatio ii fto ext aish i a eii cxx p tl cx
sclietle ccttc' a liexx- atiioaf scitice 
cetttia iic'xx plantt xc'iiiic-t
c-co ter a fotrest pi tin i-tx re'xearch i cc tet' 
atd iifto no tii'riiiie titi' oiiic
Mlain Stationti tot tr'btcild the ]Ili of 
the xxheel. This fmitd atud
facilits xxiilic bei'clic'lteci tit ciiitit ttt(l 
gi ixx ti ofi Al~i aama's actri
c'iiltt'c. Let tile clictiti age x itti ac-tix csxippor 
t iii this 1)1ogriti to
modrern Iize vioui Agttc-iltui af Expe'imtetit Staticoti. 
Agicuturiet ,ittul
lFittestrx c'atllit ,icx ltice xx\ittitt soittt ciesi'ealt 
cI.
" Ae 49rOdCec 
.. .
agrliilltV aul( soils, is setnioritho tflt
t'e a-ticie ii pagi' -3. ihuhitti is 
ic'
seatd clixx ttk xxitli fiti' Agicotlt 
titl I'\
I itixltIc hats itetil itisfi it
i(i x ca' t itti 
it agi' pitt:14
gi aMis ill Aflaii Im th
r'xt of fit(- Soit III a&
fits, 
lie t 
t'slc'fic'x 
I I 
,
c is rteaw xc's.at
I~ft idva l fis i' iilii f(ti il 
m ll-
tiltxI hei reelai xi kt'e B.S. til M.S t'xIct
i"Rbt il gict-l th ,livetv ottf 
Sfitiisl
aIt
1  
te , i~ev~( the i'r.D. tfrom Ui 
rit ofli
197f0, lie spet 6 itittili ill Ness\ 
Lc',t
hlud as at xixititig sc-ietitisf.
\\icielxN tt'c-giii'ci for his xxotk 
xx itt
fttt'lgc' c-i tps. Ilvan hi ' I i ~tic-ifpatc' 
ill
the ttitc't aticital Gr-issltticl ':iigi-cxx 
Ii
1960ttf iii Beaiiigli Ei glitc o h ml giti) iii
195,6 ill hIeliitki, F'illitici. lIttt tug 
1972
lie xx ax efc'cfc't ithi ('iait tati 
itf a cli
itf (i til Sc-ic'ttc- Sotc-'t "iVio Anii-a 
itici
Se-I etaix tif Southetirni Si'ctiiil i it)
Ainecricai Stir-ets itf Agioon itltii v 
lie
ciii feiid ,vSetsvingt t i'tltit io a it('\\ 
text-
bototk til c.-tp quai~lifx t he ii pttlisieii 
b\x
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricural Research
SPRING 1973 VOL. 20, 
NO. I
A quiarterlyv report of research pubhlished
by' thle Agricultural Experimenit Stationt
od Aubucrn Unoiversity , Auburn, Alabamal.
R. DENNIS ROUSE I Di",_ctitt
CHiAS, F. SIMMN Asxos \xsistanlt lie'tiir
T. E. COBtLE') Assstnxt lDli chi
E. L. \ICGAx 1,'dittt
R. E. SiTEVENStON Ax-xtcjit' Editior
J. D. HARWOOD00 Assistanit Editori
Editotrial Adv isoryj Coouinitcc: R. DENNIS
ROUSE; JOHN LAWRENCE, Professor oif
Fisheries and Allied Aquacutures; ROB-
EBi' N. BRESSEB, As-sistanit Pr-of essor 
of
Piiuiltrt St-it0 1ic . S. _,B. Sis-, Xxs-i'to
Prttfi'.Sii oif Fut sit i,, sxo IE. L. \I(:
ON THE COVER, Artist's conception
the Beef Cattle Nutrition Research Unit
the proposed new Main Statian facilities,
S ERALA, a fine-stemmed sericea variety, is being planted
on an increasing acreage for hay and grazing. Unfortunately,
ye have not known much about how to manage it. Recent
Kesearch suggests that the productivity of this forage legume
is influenced by cutting management.
In a 3-year experiment on an established stand of Serala
sericea at the Plant Breeding Unit, forage was harvested at
3, 6, or 9-week intervals with stubble heights of 11/2 or 4 in.
Harvesting began in April and was terminated in June,
August, or October to determine the effect on root carbo-
hydrate storage and growth the following year.
Results
Forage yields were highest (over 4 tons/A.) when sericea
was cut three times a year at 9-week intervals, see figure.
Harvesting two hay cuts, one in June and one in early
August, resulted in yields nearly equal to that from three
cuts a year. Stubble height had little effect on forage yield
or stand persistence when sericea was cut at the hay stage.
When sericea was cut every 3 weeks to simulate grazing,
forage yields were one-half to two-thirds those obtained when
cut at the hay stage (every 9 weeks), see figure. Yields
declined each year when sericea was cut every 3 weeks
from April to October, especially where a short stubble was
used. Leaving a 4-in. stubble on plants cut every 3 weeks
resulted in higher forage yields and better stand persistence
than leaving a 1/2-in. stubble. Also, a high stubble improved
spring growth on a sward subjected to frequent harvesting
the previous year. Spring growth and stand persistence were
very different between the two stubble heights by the third
year.
Reduced food reserves in the roots accounted for the
reduced yields and stands of sericea cut frequently to a low
( ubble. There was 60% more stored food in roots of fre-
quently-cut sericea with a 4-in. than a 1/-in, stubble. High
stubble plants also maintained about twice as many live buds
as short stubble plants, and this contributed to rapid recovery
growth.
Grazing Effects
These results indicate that if sericea is to be grazed, it
is essential to maintain a high stubble and permit plants to
accumulate food reserves. Even so, Serala sericea produc-
tivity will be lower under grazing than hay production.
Stubble height had little effect on forage quality as meas-
ured by digestible dry matter (DDM), see table. However,
frequent harvest resulted in forage with a higher DDM.
Sericea conserved for hay should be cut at 12-14 in. height
to ensure high DDM without damaging the stand or dry
matter yield. In this study the 6-week growth had a higher
DDM than 9-week forage, but the more frequent 
cutting
reduced yields and stands. Under grazing, cattle will se-
lectively graze the more nutritious portions of the plants.
Therefore, grazed forage will always be considerably more
nutritious than the same forage harvested for hay.
TABLE 1. SERALA SERICEA AVERAGE DIGESTIBLE DRY MATTER
(DDM) As AFFECTED BY MANAGEMENT
Harvest frequency Stubble height DDM in forage
Wks. In. Pct.
-6 --------
4
1 /
4
1
4
11/
48
47
52
52
52
55
MANAGING
SERALA SERICEA
for FORAGE
C. S. HOVELAND and R. F. McCORMICK, JR.
Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
W. B. ANTHONY
Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences
Results of this experiment show that Serala sericea cut
twice a year, once in June and once in August, can produce
4 tons of hay with no ill effect on stands or subsequent pro-
ductivity. If Serala sericea is to be grazed year after year,
no less than a 4-in. stubble should be maintained. Other-
wise, stands and production can be expected to decline.
Three-year average forage yields for sericea at two stubble heights
and three cutting intervals. Cutting was terminated on June 23
for the yields on the left, Aug. 4 for those in the center, and
Oct. 6 for those on the right.
-- --------- ~- -- ----~~~
WHAT'S HAPPENING
TO FARM INCOME?
J H YEAGER, Do-partmeniI of Agricultural
Economics and Rural Sociology
XXN- iI) NIVA B w\hat's happeiig iii AlabamaI~l 
lgri-
prI~iX Cl e leplillit IIIIXX IX II there Cale niiUI 
\\i sX of look-
1111 Ult llIlC.Onei XtIillild \il is tile 
UiSDA E icooill~ic
HetsXilIc (Ii8( ice P lcIIdlie thait usXeX the fi)I1iiXX 
1(r lnomenl
ulti c i ts toli kinds. of fiti III :i llt
Realized gross farminc lom e c~ash recei pts 
fron1to am
11W iiketiig -'4- o()\, eii lll it it\ 11jlitX + tile \ jilliC o 1),1 jle
(III XIIII io 11)1 of 1) 1 .I l l i it 1 (IXXs I i till 
Xillic iof flill1
lalill pr? ictiltli I.\Iwl XIX.
Toill net farni jiihcllie iallixcd 
net farmi filitilii " iiet
i I I11 II till all tilIX(Iltorlit.
tICetX te il (I hi tl lll f ll thile XUV 
Io i \l IXCX tllli ilo le re1
AiI h ~riX stim for1 k eg Near AIf 
lexpts itr forIS l
ite ' 97 tXhait I l incras ime ll I. l ilI(retae 
ll 11o 11 po ution ofP3
ttl X I lIlt A hi,111 f ll I9 1 X(111 "MC(.170 
l XaO
197 96 1\\r ove It millin X11 iII) inceas of1 
lgXor 111(1 50%,~
f4 iXl Ill Wil Iitl vli lliei 89( 17 1 l lit als l ii I , 
I, A c X iX I II iX
IX' I lll~lt IIX IIll I N t
C Ilsh II((t s i l l ) i IIli ni ik111 i-,
it \ili it'II. ill Ill alli d\ili l
.1(1 j l wtil iilltt l i I X~)i it
\ 131 d l/Ill Iin t lt .11111 11111 l
SX i, Ii ' : FarmIIt lwonw stwX ii iti liii'.
[ i II) .III 111, 1iiii f11 1 Xf 1
I196 1 1971
19.5
49.5
27.9
(11.0
:384.5
228.5
12.1
240.61
60.)
(6801. 1
287.1I
31.8;
.171' ll'
cohic ilI l I XcItili l X. till 111 t i s i ett t llI 4i 
iii orIt11ii
XciIXs aX coml~pared XX iti till t SM. tI~erage iof 34(' r (4IIXX t~l .
T hl s ubsIltili~eti l tdi lit mini ei of'LI I Aiaiinit 
X letnsaw
icessill pro X l gdu to per3) ) Ln d rII f19 1 -7 I CI~))I ll XX e it, 4
IIim 83 7 icras iia ota 75' i ni peIall A(16:3s le
ill 19T11( XAl C (i lCIiId 13, 110 Ce iti , compared 111 \lilili 8611049
for11 fiIll XItiII (C. Ther is lI ittl C dl~ltat Ililbllit 
t thled
re.at. o the U.S.~il X X Xi.( il wo e ivtli 111111im 19 - 1 X ,IIC
Far e r it e dieeodi( i96 iXX111 IiX more o(ilicol fr1o1nt111
I IS.l XiiI (C.po Ia titilt was l S1 i.6 il~g l fro filtill 
soures
Mi flA3l) tI(Iillil tAr II(( ionXf1111 i ) uces lkThis reflecX 
it
IX ri so~ucelst Pter caa pI 1(1 sl g o of 
the liiX.ill tVI
pol at~of n~ll F~i)~X has Ch w 1111111ul icras C siiwk 161 l \iXth
riXin pI I lll i n hut e ltill oth fti i9,2 aillditlariC C sti ll-ce
(A CX l\Cedt havel si~r i lpetXtar.i it chtofj(I lill ources 
of
irduts g l lclCtpIn CCI ti. Il0 , ts X Ilwn l C I Itil taltS XX Theil
197, iill XX Its aciCX ll 14 ti 6, downiillli it 
iid o 6 id trol
$47.s1c 
111
iiin prouct i 7.(i leeit t1969.tlllS l~l
cSteX l lit ~IS 91 7 XXt e Xtimats i lot17 (idi cate~ ctl I ltilt
111111 cottoseedt C whtl1Iill t t ' 111 iCk i Allou CIIth .
(o~illliX \tlli iX (iii frinl $6.7IU millo tilt 196t it)
(eAIX ifliCit mlajor trendsi taking piace andit pint tii 
XXhiat
call he1 ex e td il tl IIl ilon t r\ il ft' v ir
CASHI F XIIX 13iE-t EAI PIX 11) ('iXI 51101111, 
AL.X\i XXI \,
19611 'li) t971
AhJt. dol.
Broillil'S.,5: 2
Cattleh 11 lliXI . 5508
E>111 l, ull s .ii 15221.7
Da il\il prow 21,'):3
l 1 1 I A iiI' 2(7
s\liii ' .53 I7N
92t,699
157,92
10) 21S1
17,W57
92 :1),011
28t1257o
87 1.256
Untreated Southern Cross cucumber plant 
at right shows char-
acteristic single-fruit development, whereas 
morphoctin treated
vine at left has many cucumbers developing.
% I OX1 mi \I.(' I I, N\1(: 
ALI. i I Y e'Sli Iigo is aits 
it fo'O!lifflX
\cgetale cros b hut the picklig cueiier 
has resistedI best
effoirts.
M a jor stumin0 iig bldock h as eet 
ita eliaractei is tic frui tinig
hiabI it of (lii b el s th at r esults iii 
gross ti ot oil 01 N7 on 1o
tV, 0 ctictinfers at it time oil at v ine. R~eason 
for this is that
at dievelopig seeded cuiiiblei 
inibilits iaroxs ti of other less
dev eloped ii nit oil at X ii. R emvin 
X g thn oldefs t mccii her
rcsiilts ill des elopiuei of oi]\ 
tile oldest reullailnilig f'ruit.
Thusi, tile oIiX v s waX to uct 
high 
1
iiodtictioii is to hai 5est
peiiiiilicails , ,iiid this ineaims hid 
har'i CstiiiLg. i'oi examuple.
pet'iodiciiX hal 5 Cslci phlaits ait Autiiiii 
phliceci 10.7 fii ts
per planit hut those iharv ested 
oil], omice miade juist 2.1 fruit
.No\\x therei appearis at good chlal ice to soIXe 
this prohieiii
i 15 per mit olice-oe OXCiiai sst. ('ileluiel 
treatiit maxy ov'er-
comlie the depr essan t efifect so ll] cuicuiufers 
set oil tile vin e
cal 
(les 
lol) 
eoicurrel 
eit
Sincle seedless (partilenocarpie) ciictinihei 
do nliot exert
tihe ittibfitillg effect. Aullilli researcih 
fias colii.iti atcd oil
uise of grotis ti reguliltors. Tile Am \\ias 
to i den til f X a i egiiia toi
tha~t XX-oi0(11( itiler iiiduiee seediless fruit 
or iiiterf'eie wxitih tit(l
depl'sslit effect ofi (leCl)hig fru(it ands 
llo~X i] friuit that1
set to (iCXeloip.
Noit iiitii 1971 X iu tile girowth reguliatinig 
cilemiicals illor
piiactills \% ere first tried XX as tihere sucecess 
again st tue (c01p
dep )ressa lit effect. P relimii l rX greenhi 
ouse expe ri~iits ill-
dicated tihat seedless cur uimhers could 
beC iticiced soulie
tillies XXithii folnitliltllll of 11111pliautiliIiT 
:3456 (colitiilig'
k0%' mnetliIX ister 0f 2 chioi o'fltloirel 101 
9-caitIllic acidi). llIoXS,
er, the ciheicial s dlid n ot in Icrease 
frulit set cmi sidrieah ilii
tile t(frCCI hlsC.
-Fitie stu iI' shifted tol tile fieid wXit h at pianinoIg 
(of Soiitf ICil
('ross cui br IoliiIu ili A iigi st 20,. 197 1. 
i'oiiar appl ica timoIS(f'
l)mrfllctin phiis stlrfactilit at It0. 20, 
anid 401 ppm1. weirC
madie approximiateX' 5 day s atter bioomu 
of first floss ei. I'rliit
set \\ as iincireasedi 55 5:3,' illd :34/,, 
respetiXvely, \%,]tIile viii
ienigth, I illilie o~f nodes, anid itulihber of 
lattem ai bri idls
we re (leereaseI.
Oii aim Aulgust :301, 1971, pitilig 1)1 
Souitlei ii ('i oss, flruit
set XX 15 11 iocasetl :37, 5W 49, iid 
48% b\ it0. 211. 40,. aid
FFFHA 01( \Iloll( 1I' 0iN Nc SilO 01 illfiiiii 
Pk nlo Pt-%I
Ti atillilt
(' It lie k l miroxx
Explore'r
Noi. 01 '51, I Nil. ) Nso. 3 Nol 4 To1tal
No.i X. NVo. \o. \,o, "Vio
*. *3 2.75 1 .25 2:3 .0:3 T .59
2.95 2.25 .3 . t:' .015 5.91
(liii A iiiitilItci I 41 .58 .63 A5 .31) 2.3 6
\Iorphacltii 1, 201 p.p.1ii, 65 071 .5) 
, 10 .131 2.38
\Ilphl(ctll I. 41)0 ii 65 1.001 .5.5 .25 
.18 2. 63
\llrpf illstin 2, 21) 1. 11~ .201 .:): . 7:) -3 
.:38 2.117
\IiMlpiitill I xxils IT 
.3456 and11 iilrpllalcii 
2 ti I IT 57.32.
ijllliti I I It I tllii I ill 2 
1 to, I ii. :3 1 '2 toI
2 ill tod 4 2 to 21., liill imtlir
/ (
machine harvest of cucumbers
may be just around the 
corner
JAMES E. BARRETT III and HARRY J. AMLING
Department of Horticuilture
first foss ei irea till Cli ts appl11ied I x \eek 
bef(oriie bI (1)1 I d e-
LarIgest f'ruitilig ieaeises cailli Iill hill 
1(1pilrtlill aplied
4-5 davs a lfter first b~loom:l 7:3, 76, andl 
9
5" I llt 't iliIts
oIf 20, 401, and 801 p.p.il.
R~epeated i apphictil ils stii tilg 4 toi 5 
(ils aftter bloom01 of
first floss er diidllo ii))1t11( results. Seedless 
I riot xx i lihlisedl
ill trelltmilcts 55iie'e poiiiatIin \\its 
prevenited, illit xx ilc
PolliIliatioll \ il ]lot jrcll( ited fri t 
XS ls seeded.d .5eli clii its
siL(' of seediess Irit \its dxX leceased aiid 
iii seeeijl'ri rit
\arilets diffci eiies iii tfie table wer1e f iiiid ill 
19T2 55lisi
ilpihllltiIns wer'Ie applliedi. a 5 a ter 
hirst ilolill (as1 ill
971) to Sothern (loss aiiI Exiplor er. A scoil 
11 opiii
t~iiiig fli iliill\ 2-(,ilio-fiiiol-eil(caIi)liiicd,i(I 
(~ (9) illletll.\
iestei) )
elIi C'r155 planits 55 ti IT :3456 ibeiing molst eflectixc 
1 I 1)5
ecX 'I ther e \xas 111 effect oil fi iitig bI\ Expioi 
ci philits.
Rlesuilts lile dii naticlli illulstratedi hs tile, triltcsh 
zilld ill
treatedi SoutihernI (loss pllits inl ti h or
1
flto.
' Ill mo flllctiils appearedi toi sIs\\ glosth 
oft thle oldiest
fruit sx iihe promollting set ,iiir desvelopmient (If 
illore ilil
mnatuire fruit. Ills ('St ill i1972 xwas dionel 
x\,itell frit oil it111
Iliigiit filX I' (slls'ld ill hIll iii III 'li treated1(1 
phlts 11,15 in(
l llIoI(' frlitiIll tile Noi. I titdis NI) 2 
',i/l'. XX flchli ae
4
,i XI))I Il 'I Ccc\Coa i .i( iotr IiX o tilei
d1(X ise[lse ' CttIX c l clis IcX (It t eal l Ii
XX!))!) XXd iil'X l i fpt btiil fell))) till'
dit of)lC' tel.Cr il l t\ o Xt ldt l il. ttlll
itil l l XXiv XtiliCo ottil(IliC' oil'te tiiC
Iui'C't 'il('IXs'X \dleiIXIilIt X cr ii IIIr Xpore
fC'!!s oil ltl(Ii ku l iI (co illIll ill liilllt \ ill
tvhic' ilIailIX 1 th4 Ci ll(i i fot XiIX X t ltC 1(
cIle of il, ('(IC'!) a 1)11 (Ii i \\X l CII t de_ 1
The degree of control received from Benlate
50 W over the check is shown in this photo.
pf litiit XX IS Xt 'I flls i4I eiC'X I Ctl l ue111ll'
bot the XII i tl II' d XX!pclc. ofI X\sIIIC' !I i l \
IXil'cit till' 'lo H I I di' IIffpo c i tilC'Ilt
,Ills \fi erlb l p X tiIl ofI il'XX f 1(-\c le o
isl r si' ( )I fill It11\\ XXit. II If i II hi '(IViciC
is
11  
I iselili I ll ' Cpreis i('tX Clled l It t lill'
('i X Xt.141'X Ili t
1
1 1 I l~Sore (XX 1114 XX tilll
t(111 l i tIe peltl te till 11,11 it 11ldl hal'
Longler Lasting Control
of Pleanut Leafspot
by U se of Systlemic Fungicides
E. M. CLARK, Department of Botany orld Miciobicotogy
Developrinent 
001 o,i
0 ron Ieol 
lek
0 Days 
so'd
Perocd l hr
moistre 7 Doys
ndefiite0' Xpore
period dissemlOiaion
36 to 48Cr,
Spores ont ,,0.,u
formaoor n drmittenl
/moislure
This shows the time and moisture reiatit
ships in the life cycle of the peanut leafspot
fungus.
IfHI till' I ( d. I cN l I I I(ft I I) )CI I hccI
'1)1)1c'. eil ' p IC iitill ' M , T \ IIIiX f 4ci
i dx el" s iliil'liI. l 'I effect.11 X
IC FIC f I'ICICICi li ill X N l li)cti H l , of s\ s
tf Ilic I lliI( icide ) I X li il lIftc tH
hld
1
C o l(Ill('Iet, ilcidX* IH \\ er that ICIIX C
Ilpdit er XX C'C'kX I \i t] C I')t I(- I('XX i I (Y
tetiX Chc I (dt' nol igcd applH'h~ iH
hiclIH (v jIlftio, I rtv 6CX F1 ((X til.s
te(IC Iic 1111 i XX114 .tH Xiie v I (Hikec il 
g
silli1d O\ (sseni ilgcd e
light X li ine tiC X and i Be l'ti((i 50W I HI'\
CII(Ii ii{X tII i(C i ldX C:, dl C Xt Hil tioli
H(IXI ~fI I'd)) IHI it\,(- IHI dilillthat's ililcl
I cIIo I ik teX Xtilli f(ill i~C i I C
(4) [ie l ) i~ t HicliHiltil tIhX ti ii
p I Xtcj tlteil ssse lc b td e
FEED COST represents about 50% of
milk production costs. This makes it de-
irable to reduce feed costs whenever
possible providing it can be done without
hurting production.
Because dairy cows have requirements
for energy, protein or nitrogen, minerals,
and vitamins, but no requirement for a
specific feed ingredient, it is possible to
formulate satisfactory rations using dif-
ferent combinations of ingredients. Costs
of the different rations would vary ac-
cording to cost of individual ingredients.
Minimum cost mixtures that did not re-
duce performance would therefore be ex-
pected to reduce feed cost and thereby
increase the dairyman's profits.
Since prices of feed ingredients
change, a study was conducted at Au-
burn to: (a) determine if changes in
prices of feed ingredients would be large
enough to produce major shifts in the
makeup of rations formulated by the
least-cost principle; and (b) determine
the effect of the resulting changes in ra-
tion formulations on medium to high
producing dairy cows when they were
abruptly switched from one ration to the
next.
Feeding Trials
Two trials were conducted, one with
(,igh and one with medium producing
cows. Within trials cows were divided
into a control and a test group. Rations
were reformulated monthly and fed to
the test group. Concentrate ingredients
and percentages for the control group
remained the same throughout trial 1
(135-days) and trial 2 (110-days). The
only restrictions imposed on the test ra-
tions were: (a) using average ebmposi-
tion values, the ENE must exceed 60
therms per 100 lb. of ration dry matter;
(b) urea nitrogen must be 25% or less
of total nitrogen in the ration; (c) mo-
lasses must be 10% or less of ration dry
matter; and (d) crude fiber must be 13
to 18% range. The roughage was corn
silage in trial 1 and chopped Coastal
bermudagrass hay in trial 2. Roughage
and concentrates were combined and fed
as blended rations.
During a standardization period in
which all cows were fed the same ration,
cows used in trial 1 produced an average
of 60.2 lb. of milk daily (41.4 to. 79.2)
and cows in trial 2 averaged 36.6 lb.
(29.0 to 55.5). At the end of the stand-
ardization period the ration of cows as-
signed to the least-cost group was
/anged abruptly. Their ration was
... ?anged abruptly two other times during
the experiment. The cows in the control
group received the same ration through-
out the experiment as that fed during
the standardization period.
Change in ingredients is a character-
istic of least-cost rations. This character-
istic is illustrated by the variable amounts
of several feed ingredients that were in
the test rations at different times. The
percentage ranges of each ingredient in
the least-cost ration formulations were:
citrus pulp, 0-80; corn gluten feed, 0-23;
cottonseed meal, 0-4; fat, 0-2.8; hominy
feed, 0-35; milo, 0-26; molasses, 0-6;
oats, 0-17; soybean meal, 0-7; urea,
0-1.2; wheat shorts, 0-30; and wheat
bran, 0-20.
Results
Data given in the table are averages
for trials 1 and 2. As shown, the average
crude protein contents of the control and
least-cost rations were similar. However,
crude fiber content of least-cost rations
RATION QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE
OF TEST Cows
Performance Control 
Least
criteria rations 
rations
cotrations
Crude protein, % of
DM 
14.4' 14.42
Crude fiber, 0% of
DM 
15.0 16.84
Digest. energy, %... 66.6 67.9
DM intake/100, lb.
wt.
5  
4.2 4.2
Mean body wt., lb.. 1,211.0 1,202.0
Milk yield/cow, lb...- 49.1 45.0
Milk fat, % 3.29 3.44
1
Range, 12.5 to 15.5 % of dry matter
(DM).
2 Range, 11.2 to 15.7 % of DM.
'Range, 12.8 to 17.5 % of DM.
'Range, 12.4 to 20.8 % of DM.
'Daily basis. Milk yield per cow averaged
50.1 lb. daily during standardization.
averaged higher than that of the controls.
Ranges in crude protein and crude fiber
contents of the least-cost rations were
greater than for the control rations. This
deviation in the least-cost rations prob-
ably resulted from differences between
the actual composition of concentrate in-
gredients and the average values as-
signed to these ingredients. Average di-
gestible energy was essentially the same
for the control and the least-cost rations.
Also, the average intakes of feed dry
matter by cows were similar. Intake
fluctuated more, particularly during trial
1, for cows fed least-cost rations than for
those fed the control ration.
Cows fed the control ration produced
more milk with a slightly lower fat con-
tent than cows fed the abruptly changed
least-cost rations, see table, and the ef-
fect was greatest on highest producers.
These relationships held for both trials.
Production differences cannot be ex-
plained by differences in feed intake,
digestibility of ration, or weight gains.
Adaptation
The concept of feeding least-cost ra-
tions has merit, but it is not practical to
change abruptly from one low-cost ra-
tion to another. The change should be
made gradually. Studies are in progress
to determine the number of days needed
to make the change from one formula-
tion to the next without affecting milk
production.
For any type of least-cost ration pro-
gram, it would be wise to purchase in-
gredients on a guaranteed analysis basis
because the chemical composition of a
given lot of an ingredient may differ
from the average composition for that
ingredient.
DAIRY COW RESPONSES
to
ABRUPT RATION CHANGES
GEORGE E. HAWKINS
Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences
Raise CATFISH for FUN
and PROFIT - - or NEITHER
E. W. MtCOY and J. E. RUZIC
P-i'd of Agri ultural E-onemics a-id Rural Socolo~y
O t 1)100 BEHI I ii X I (ICi(ildli (i l
i i1w 11) p lilatillI itl ril i iiii'lit'x Ill
tile t'iiii ulhi iiiiilil iiii -titlititI Stateols
limited 141111 m'iliN N,( l ii f ipepl \iti ll ilet
To1 coi~i(N'' \% i i l lx* i li ied e li fixliii
iii t\imi comx p lk' st an faidlitiem lit\ c
('iNti1d a tt i ii(ae bem ul l l eth ioiili ofte
Ihal \T'th~ pc pli. If liit ' I iiC Iit n etii
titll' a11 ( li t I t uldelge ldit ill ill j il(I
Nhic It iii' fahiiw opportniNh te oceei
illtot1 \% \" 1(11 ll(, ilst ill milil: hlii t erf
xiiflo e\atci to illits teiildec (lii of~
tl( LIsta fex i. This lia hi t't'n '
o isvlh xl te tfili i . hixi 197)) ileiiloil-y
witte qua ia.i h ,eodi oiiso
i ile f iltllill t s 01 II d ll 11e I x o s
Theiii diii 11(1 illcv s bv' the (ill i eTt'i ill
Nt'e 1l1 il11II\ " til 1tre g ofIii. pAi
\tIot l of I tx it,' Iitri poi1. liIsIii til' t') it'ee
5.o k d \ih b s ti ii i im ~ r
11)1 ('i itx i p111411(1 \ I t'tl I Ne t Il pliI
ii f hav~ie xte flist te i tinit ial
INfi o l pe ltr i lt' r 'e'ei'ed'$157.7,ll .dxh'l''tN ii-
thti ('I i e )) po lidi s Ill il ll :ot N it' tii it. Ilit'
I 11)1 i~ Ni it i4lii l ilit' 1t011tN it' lljil
titllleiit s iii !0rw rictr iditx per poill.I
('x f is e li [iei I I II ii 'iti i ii xiii I o
to xl\lt I \'Iil- Im \ lllmol lx sti0'xN, ~
of catchablsz xihx~. Th 97)) hl sz
1(111
N iriaic coittit
Ne ld iclst
IIt (it I (Nt
I ill 10't li1i I
\it I ttii ii
75252 65l.315
-320.85 2.59. 16
left Ntlg t il cc ii) usedI ti tttiiihe N atfh'I
t-is to th sljil Lix e ''N i Iito bet' (liliNI llh~ ilI
i Aiil~c ofix.\ i.A diin lvile
iltil l ( front 1 caulilto (1141f i l 'ltl lo. l i 11)1'
tiijlli ol U po u es e otd llk
ti~ck hifll SetIsof hc ctionphl
\lcuill fis or l xxt'it N tfitid xx k 
itli
illli iot i i ll tlvi I 't I li ili'
t'0l',e . l- 'IL INil t'N xxw 'c ot' ltcltfi
leil'N i t'L lossli iililled
1
) b it' somet lpi
of vroix.i-e t ii fih(il hiittuiiii 01 lit it'
Ilixel los Mi osltt N xx icit ill th NN1)1 id Iil
I~tit' lt 101Sciltlt. A liiiiixilt iItilt' o
fe d l i s ('ill' sil- tioi oI 1! 1(1 l('i Ii i sh
liit i ti-v'vIt oll I I ii iii Ill t 1 lii'.
/1
14
I
(i itt' s ii t reli III Hi It li el I lit III Ioa iI lx I'ot
,11lici t Itili al: io dli i Th iis e 
f u o CdliiV
xxlt orki.~ \x il t\ I 111(1 lo 1) 
tol tal~l iliet.
till liii i~ l ito ii o p e iat 
s Ix t i. lisu-
ill I ixiiii'i it l t e s per1111 h 
l ill m it c l
bem il' ssd illi lixl iiix tolipe 
hloxt
til dlxiilt (iig c ii ilit'tpix 
x oic. Fo
t'i~ i it If h I lxxI a I i 
m It, tI l it'~ fite(
\\o1111 iI kitf I il 2 os producii 
ittiion' tlit.
lii' l(a fill ii'( lop(I 
of)10111 tit x 11111 t li Ii
Calculati-ing Maodchine Capacity% 
o
ochine working width, ground 
speed, and
rield efficiency must be known 
before MaI-
chine capacity can be determined.
E. S. RENOLL, Department of Agricutural Engineering
t-atiilatc Iiatclioe t'dpa'itx T] wi hi xt
\Iitliiitl 1)1 iii,thet' sml at ix tse 
l ox ato att
x tillx xx rl i' xtpiroiiai 
on.~xi ii i)
I t'xilts ii10( oxux tihe lolloxx iiig 
fiiilil.
.5280t X S X W\ X F
4:3,560
S x W' x F
8.25
\VI iei'e:
4:3,5
Examp
I lii II
1, Fiieild 
i iI'Iit mx-
SO Feit illit II 1111
60t Siquare feet per acre
C: 4-i iix plat it 191. 36-iitli
I iixxx
Spee'd 4 1111)1
iel e((1tfitie ex' .7.5
iilii xxithii 12 It.
I / 3 6
12
_S x NN 
X E
S.25
4.:35 its' l )011
ixlOlittliii pro li i \\jlll)ti method iis txhi
dili'tdlt oix ox iiilt'( xuggi'xt't esi ifat'
of \ illest x 11 ii'iil i i ixelig ite l. tin 
i
xxI'll xx Ili~nt l t shou'i ld litilil itd li tilillhig
Iial ii x iic iill io ix loin i( \ilililr ill 14 11 illil
tt Niit irx vi it
xx ii iiitot otir I i lx x th
(.1,11 11 i tll
H\loxx, p .II j;tI
('il tiuid mI
('iv itt I of i atcku-(m (
'itll/i ft ilixt i liti
\\i ix ii~ke
tdfi ii i tx
O'Si)
0t's))
Wt)
0t. tS 0
0t.75
0.75
0.65i
0)7 5
0).65
0.65i
ti6)
0.60it
0t. TO
t.t60
0t t60
ilyi si l\liltilli l i ti s illi il ( 'its 
\lxx xxta
S \
lin ill np
Thi (olllii iisilc f1( fi)ed eliie miii
Of 82.5i, )1 .82.
N I ildiii le xx ith
Sx
10
fitt x 12 t
.36 il i
12 It .
4.8 at'rt'x 1(1(1
Nli'tiiit 2 tt'iiiix tii lix ii tilliati' till'
il lilil IliltiO jiiio Ils t'pitod ut 
4:3,
STACKING vs. BALE SYSTEMS
OF HANDLING HAY
J. L. STALLINGS, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
E. S. RENOLL, Department of Agricultural Engineering
L. A. SMITH, Black Belt Substation
TESTS INVOLVING a comparison of stack
with bale systems of handling and feed-
ing hay have been conducted for two
feeding seasons, 1970-71 and 
1971-72,
at the Black Belt Substation, Marion
Junction.
Based on results of the 1970-71 test,
seven systems were tested or synthesized
in the 1971-72 tests, involving four for
steer feeding and three for cow and calf
wintering operations. There were bale
and stack system comparisons for each.
Johnsongrass hay was used. Although
the Black Belt Substation only harvested
an average of about 475 tons of hay dur-
ing the tests, costs were synthesized for
System 1 (bales) - New Holland Hay-
liner 277 Baler with New Holland Stak-
liner 1010 for transporting and feeding.
System 2 (bales) - New Holland Hay-
liner 277 Baler with New Holland Stak-
liner 1010 for transporting; pickup truck
with two men for feeding.
System 3 (stacks) - Hesston Model
30 StakHand with Hesston Stakfeeder
60 for transporting and feeding.
System 4 (stacks) - Hesston Model
30 StakHand with Hesston Stakfeeder
30 for transporting and feeding.
System 5 (bales) - New Holland Hay-
liner 277 Baler with self propelled New
Holland 1047 Stackeruiser for transport-
TABLE 1. HAY HARVESTING AND FEEDING COST PER TON HARVESTED, FOR DIFFERENT
HARVESTING AND FEEDING SYSTEMS, BLACK BELT SUBSTATION, ALABAMA, 1971-72'
Cost per ton when average tons harvested per year are
250 500 1,000 2,000
Steer feeding systems
System 1 (bales) $16.10 $11.09 $ 8.59 $ 7.35
System 2 (bales) 17.86 13.13 10.77 9.59
System 3 (stacks) 19.68 12.35 8.69 6.85
System 4 (stacks) 17.77 11.29 8.07 6.45
Cow and calf wintering systems
System 5 (bales) $20.91 $14.68 $11.56 $10.01
System 6 (stacks) 15.31 9.77 7.02 5.63
System 7 (stem (stacks) 15.96 10.42 7.67 6.28
1 Includes costs of harvesting and feeding only. Excludes cost of growing hay and cost
of supplemental feed.
250 through 2,000 tons for analysis pur-
poses in order that farmers might be bet-
ter able to assess the best system for their
particular size of operation. This report
will emphasize the 1971-72 results as the
1970-71 results have been reported
earlier.
1
Seven systems were tested or synthe-
sized for the 1971-72 season. The same
hay conditioner and rake were used in all
systems with adequate power available.
Otherwise, different equipment for each
system was as follows:
' Progress Report Series No. 97 and High-
lights of Agricultural Research, Vol. 18,
No. 4.
10
ing; pickup truck with two men for feed-
ing.
System 6 (stacks) - Hesston Model
30 StakHand with Hesston Stakmover
30 for transporting; self fed from stacks
in the open.
System 7 (stacks) - Hesston Model
30 StakHand with Hesston Stakmover
30 for transporting; self fed from stacks
enclosed in collapsible panels.
For the different systems, economic
analysis indicated, as was the case in
the 1970-71 tests, that the harvesting and
feeding costs per ton were generally
lower for the stack systems than for the
bale systems, except at low average vol-
umes of hay harvested per year for Sys-
tems 1 and 2 for steer feeding, Table 1.
However, when total costs per hundred-
weight gain and per cow and calf win-
tered were computed, costs were lower
for the bale systems in 1971-72, as was
the case in 1970-71, and for the same
reasons - trampling and wastage, result-
ing in more hay required per hundred-
weight gain and per cow and calf win-
tered with the stack systems than for the
bale systems, Table 2.
It appears from the tests over the 2
years, that if trampling and wastage
could be reduced sufficiently under the
stack systems tested, these systems could
be the least costly methods of hay-mak-
ing and feeding. Otherwise, losses fror
trampling and spoilage can easily out-
weigh the cost economies of the stack
systems on the heavy Black Belt soils
which were involved in these tests, caus-
ing costs per hundredweight gain and
per cow and calf wintered to be lower
for the bale system.
Collapsible panels around stacks in one
cow and calf wintering operation, Sys-
tem 7 did reduce wastage considerably,
compared with the comparable system
without panels, System 6, and appear
promising as one solution to the tram-
pling and wastage problem.
TABLE 2. CosT PER CWT. GAIN AND PER COW AND CALF WINTERED, FOR DIFFERENT
SYSTEMS OF HAY HARVESTING AND FEEDING, BLACK BELT SUBSTATION,
ALABAMA, 1971-72'
Cost per unit when average tons harvested per year are
250 500 1,000 2,000
Seer feeding systems
System 1 (bales)
System 2 (bales) ------
System 3 (stacks)
System 4 (stacks)
Cow and calf wintering systems
System 5 (bales)
System 6 (stacks)
System 7 (stacks)
$28.61
29.73
36.15
34.58
$34.76
47.30
40.41
$25.42
26.72
30.12
29.24
$28.90
38.32
33.21
$23.83
25.22
27.11
26.60
$25.97
33.86
29.65
$23.05
24.47
25.59
25.26
$24.51
31.60
27.85
' Includes cost of production, harvesting, and feeding hay as well as cost of other feedc
supplements fed.
IU WX II(L~ Xlicl
Encysted grouund pearls (1 )damage p!a-t
roots, while egg masses (2) indicate that
another generation is about to appear. Dam-
aged lawn (3) was treated in summer 1969
ind showed much recovery (4) by 1970.
~i)l tll i t311111 i c \ 1,1 'I il I eck't (121211
cale d (oill d lliiilii s ix be11i4(llsi of Holc1(1
(liec ilnit ix xx LIeo dixti hiiillcti (pit,
\% ili I i ( dl I l cli l l I i t pa Iii .n i,
1. 1.x li i lo l i' ti \ ))l Of ill( (.\S. 111ixi
(lie lete iito tili plt loot The xli ii(
till ill 14lit li is M a aodi In it'i j/,til i. i
0(i i't xtu h ii111 iipni
L cife Aaail ilstor Lead "o
soiileil li lt of(1 i ll( Si~ t1(1 ilt(, AH c lixtliol
1;1\\1( I I (111sse (lipe d x t di 1111 da /ot \ \l
tirl .1s bllt. ((111xttriftx (t(. I('ii\-l
"(g Ill 1l11 1w] o'x I pit li pearl pei r x liiilii
Chemical Control Tried
tiloI is.
Ill 11111 text, jlli'(ic('itl' xxcr tot' iiiilt
toii .1 ('Iltipeci{ lixxl ii t 'ilil hope ill Jilix
t9t), ItilIme i 1111111 1(1 i)1)11 ix x,x Sathi(
\i~r l w iltlllllllo spr(1 ilg 111((11x I'll'I
141i dalit\%Ac.
ditexi ithill 
Ti l(lit 
111(11 dl 
12 tx ili 
it
Ill it) 11 ,ii Dvlooat(1 1211). l i ix llledi(
I 'lix lxr ii (ii i ce 41lx. i i tt1ill 111 x
x1klllI ix x11 liii' Iaxx Ii xx lix 1 lli 11(1
~itd ill 1971 ix' it hiaid ill 1969 1bel11ow
(Itica 1111it. I li Il 1111llie oII 11) l a il l- 1,( I
tlIoI di ii! liltk ilix ,lxl
Results Suggest Action Needed
tesxt xxer S21 iliolt lixd Hoi c p ictil se xi
(1111 '1lice ii ,Ig ctsi 1(]l.it x g oiltx 1111112 coo-1
11111 call be o (lii'e l l Ii il 12 1111)111)1 it Ii
112(111(1111 (iilllg'.
At [ici tx2 t dw lis Ito 111 i 11411I ixpi
felm ll14111111 il'i pea l itio11. Sio1(1 ('1 it ix 1
of:ili ii I' '(1 for i'' 1"iiI lix lc tj tlli 11
1111141114I '1111 xx xtl illlxl'(lelliox
11114idw tilxlixllclts ilxx \lit i (1 ('l't xli(
Methods Sought for Controlling
Pesky Ground Pearls in Lawns
COSTAS A. KOLISKOLEKAS, Depatmentl of Zoology-Enlomotagy
RAYMOND L. SELF, Ornamentlt H'orticuture Field Station
A0()I1ibtr/l 1111o))' IPilc
P~~lwood Vil'/bill(J - - -
AX EVALLA L7ION
EJ.BIB/AS and YEN-MING CHIU
Deporrntl of Forestry
O I XLL NE\ I X W1/SLIS ]ilit ill flu' I, S.A. moveli tfiall 90'/1
'5 lX e ph XX alilli lf NiC\itli 
.1 11(1i shel/iIgC 11Il fl u t'
Fll ear N aigo, pih \\ itwi' 
Ni/tillg XX INs p)rioducetdt 
Ctflu-
NI IXllt the Wes('t ( iltlt ireti. 
f)Iilail fron 1111 0olgaitN flr.
The' Sto if uth i 'lclitIXl produtces 
/ ft flliil /attl X3.3' of the
Nit 11111 itetIN Ill fuSSoo ili(iXftlillg. 
ft itai beenI estlitetd
tiat fXf31) fli0t'e 5111o11tlltoIftf. 
1111/fi tile illilst fliX oill
tionfitlions IXittilolnt fot 59% 
ill tilt \a~titll's Nih tXXo hull 
fh
\\O~d Backgroundl
fthill atick.'e Summaizfs epetitigitIN 
results Nt/f iN ll/Iilil-
\\ulolt IN he XbtlllifitN 
S bot p itter tiitltNN 'fll/tiNlc 
of
fuiN e XX iiiti iti/tif fAti le /ll 
t't f i oii ll' stil tN t iN l p i llC
S/l",li t it .)X ll' lN .
Ii' h '. fi' Ifi is :
g Il I Jit IIi t ' 2pi-ill SI 
lIll \ t i('N.\ tONIW ut iillt till 
i a
12ommlcuc \ih5pis 
xt ec cie he
'k i litiN it X , i li( ticik it' . It I Ils Iiiit wtl 
lt III ( (l h IS X i Ii
m iIII iwt tIi I N iif Sol it I w [I II fI ll k ii' flX 
tX liltitt o,\ e tI I i I III
fitin l costs of' .3- ' laitek tile 
itppriIiiIot'IX 15"" 055(1
tim thiose ot 5-1)1,\AtId lower( 
tftliii l, tIu&ilillttioii.
Test Procedures
Nite p/ioch 4 x S' ft., 12-ili-i ck, 
ofi 'butlet t iIX filit
II) XXoo/l XXel( C II' OOtIiitt'i ll AifS Ill 
( \\ oilill. A\IN ve11(11 \\its
pee'ledi rin iii A iole tr~ fee of loll]()]]\ 
fulle ' Pjiliift/ ta.~ L.
.All \eiit'eC lid for- the tooiiitioii 
of id] p)ikiwX ( aices,
coresX ititi crossN h1811/I) \NilN 
Se'lectted Noi) AN to it of t'itil
qfualit ,\ free horn ill] \ isibie 
tdefec'ts. A t olillt iil extcodiud~
plictiiilit reX/It \\it,, tiset \\ith 
901) sIc a NJlte/ i CIM i) ( 1,000t
Nif. ft. of tloilfift gil I li le 
) fifoto boiiig id i 
t
oi ('I. Pai tls
\\cr preleCe 1111tN'iat lll telilpi' 
Atilie \60 5i] lfIN ps. fiii :3
mill1. ald ithe ilol t pr1essed \ 
itfi 20tt psNi. at 2,)5 F flol- (W2
tore. i( titt coltite 
room itt 10. 1 CtiielI 'i fi toll lO 
lieti
Tel tit flIX d XXiill fctilelb 
\\er ('V it from1 echtl Xaol' 
( 3
fptlllels x .3 till S1iltillX x It 
90) NpeiiICIIN altolgetherl
('1(11 paraX lll to (ilitI ilclttill 
to liiNC f )tNX l'IX~illdnSD0-3
tittelIllil hu (illenliiollIll 
Ntablilit iNs \\Iell its fill p)111(1 
Nfl.
tests.
Summary and Conclusions
BesA ilt oXf thes t'it Aiicit 
th itillollu thlc~f lthe t (olS ile
3 fl
1
' 1(All Nlfupill t illel l :_ 1- \rt'\ 
ll i el l jit ld telostt lt'NX ASII
Nslilfilli lu tit/l thei 4-ph\ itot 
5pl p h ileliel ICXalt llit'(
XXt 1ff! cet gI ill oieitatio ill/Iaflil 
toi Nitil 1)1 periel(Icu'lAr
toI, he joists) . Spc'fi'iIIX . at 
16 /11. sfiliX. flii'l l Nfsiti-th
i1111 Stilness of :3pv plXIiels 
alt afppIio\filltk Y" IliglhtI
timl tho~se' tof -4p\ fliX flsI XXhile 
filC, laflttttlim cos (lit iof
:3- p h~ il X 01( is aipfrl'imlatt'IX 
5-': lessN.
i/li il'cst tfilth LI tufiltl prories )ih:3p 
of 4-i-XI I CC 6iNl
XfAIN llsttold 2Flexu XXal, 
lCttt (IX. stil/liv t I 'I Illace
gill lillitioli : hiX ide Xiili 
X lf ll toit') o Ill) ioi e t0iuot
ofi tilt .5-
1
)kX iN .i)iplroxillltt'I It)5, 
h ighfer'.
Uses
AI~l'though~l t'flh t ff1111 tfitut 
itil exibit i itifiC ita tiogetl.
(ffit il iNl til al ti tle 
the \\X Iliilll lls it-' appearsi
th1111 tis /IC Itoll ll ct tflttx 
it i ti,\troblemsiill XIitg I Ct tilt-
floo I li' Sinie il iN tuli Nittits 
Iill g.X i 1' 1111Nt h lItl~ (ille It
.11i i lt IN XXf tll It idl t't ap reiN 
aIle Xl ltilil l Stresselllis. liI ,1
Foti IliilfX tilllftX it,,ro foeithil't 
\lcr tICXi tr cillw s
Nt 1,11 let I t i ii Itel l ilt 11,1 I i g 
t ill tliX oit i , (lti ilt le I iitill
11111 icost.
Ration Fe--d to cowls 
Affects H-on Flies
JOHN R. BOURNE attd KIR3Y 
L. HAYS, Department of Zoology-Entomology
V
T E XMBLxx t ott it a il fl\ix iat'icxx%. 'llt'c
ai. nitiist plat' fot tiite tilt 
fix tol lixve, ait
tfor tilt taiking. Alli the fix hals toi tIo is po1(;Ie
xx itli its probotstis itli c(i lii stithilig 
blodtt,
seldoin leaves t itx homtie. Oie c ep~cftioni is 
ti~
le~ix Is to LIt\ eggs -ill ft esil Ilitittire 
\x hut' it
The fetuth' flies toia frteshi 
inimue pilec
or intto it track andt Lits 
she it'i ros itisli eggs.
iti'ill e iltti t itself. Silt' then 
ieltit us to tile
hiatthli n ilit tie riti fix lats .te 
list' itt allt feetd
betf orye Ili(iio tin o til st'oil1 tt 
pi pitte.
stiages of tht' pesky hornt If fiv, 
ctitltittiellts of im
tif t't i dt'ale itotant ce to ti 
e Ifix v. WI leti
invxestigatted itt Aktirtt resechli 
otitili tf,
(ill tis 5ctasc, itmigt age eatein) 
wi ts foun iid tot
Johnsongross vs. Peanut Vine Hay
A~ graite IHerefttrtd stt'' c ait Aitgts-Ilicref
ttolltsttigt lss ha\s lilt the Atnitits-Ilieteftuti 
go
ihl5 F'eetds xx ti't rexvcised iii til' 
stecondIl tt'st,
fortd gtttittg peictit xvitte ,tit tilc Aigits-Illert'
stit Igiass i a E ith steer- xx axaos 
eto\(diall] tilt
ealt andlt dinikiiig xxa~ter it ss aailble 
Itt all tice
horin flies xxs mI ili itiiued iut tile 
i.Itr~ittorx, to
r 1i1t' ill tile te'st.
FLflet'ts tof tiittx tei ' t'Itinitttd 
its gi iio.m
1IMIfItt Collecctd tirctl tll 
lt'e test steel'
at c steerlxxwcie
steer xxit led
ith tile IHere-
ttr'i fetd ilI
li x lie xx tiud
s. A ctottxv of
iit lit flites ill
's. Dr\ x sxttti
Prc1(. t
Pupa~t~
litlti
\lcilsll-cin ilt(ilt,
hlt pcitod
1
dxx\ 6. 9 6. 8
Pct. of plipit
plodll( ing, adidts
Nollilt Inalc t\.
Adult lcill;lle it\.
\\ ( , i 1_11 I t , I I I _,, .
I ti tI
)
lI 
h~ 
1-cl
I l d
l6t 5
I. ti7
S 0.2 YlI 8 901.0 1)5.5
II T 4 4.7
6.:' , 48 I.
iitti tile' eggs wtere placedt't ill 
tihe iniixtliie
Afteri the eggs liatelieti, tlte titys 
of mauat e xx rc citii-iid
hilily to observec gi oxx t of tile 
hlu sac. \\1leu all lu xil htcia
puipated they wer crctecoxveired, 
501 xcie xx cighcd,. id 
all]
\\ eC]( hicit for ciuci gettee 
of' the adutlt. Einci 
ced adutlts were't
it tt's~tiii't xxitli carbo d)1 
ioxide and
1 
\x (iglicti. Thec per-
Flies Showed Differenices
',ilc (111(1eta. e sioxxeti 
ipl iilt oi th. ie huut i flies, 
fax uriitir
11ji ealilit vtine ]lit\ mattire. 
I hunt flies t ixc'd ini tis
iomitre wecre aI lavs I iasicr 
iii the ptipal statge tian th 
iose
hii i the m a ile of 
joht I onIgi xfei tei 
TsxxxtIti
It g iless of xx hic eb 
leitlxittec ieIlX.isx 
oxi
ita il tile tale. Tue fly's 
pupal period \\it asxli ghtly 
loll get.
xx iteit feti onl feces fti ii 
jtiliis~lgrilss hitv feedintg 
tilt if
c, cit iii ituttire from peamlit 
x\iit'( ii~y.
Pupae froint jthtsmtiIgrass )lit\, 
fccs xxe c hearacecristically
Ii gitt broxso itwxile those from 
pcili tit vinle hayl feces wxere
tIx kax reddtish hiroxxwn.
A gireater pecenitiage of achi its 
x inerged frotnt 
1 
plme rised
tol iatture ftomt xteers led pealtit 
li \x tia thact fronit joii
xx pox cits ~ stiltgiass i t feeditng, 
regarles ofi cx i xhit'1 xteer- 
coots(inl 't
I [tlt i i t lel the hay. F m 
nlle liotrn fliex xwcie a lxx axs hceilviei 
atit litlt)
tile co(lx's skitlt tihani the uiaics, diexpite 
tljfleici ces to uotlT itt xxiiicit tile
xxerc ralisedl. I It~xx cxc, 
iniaunie fromi tile fleitl 
Vilc Iloil
adiutlitti t ix prodiuced litrges 
t flies of' 1both sexes -iec ardless 
oIf' xxhich
ildllt ori fi 
steer- ate tile 
iiaIx'
)attfetaiti 
Altihtugh cieinicaii 
toiihs ecrc iot 
madite oil tile nilii
stila 
t'iail tmn 0pitrisot of 
it tritixve I valoe 
of the rtiio gt'xe 
inigilt htell)
assIs tiiieiit exiplainI sizc ailc 
wxeight difieretlu'x of tue ihorin 
flits. Ii
'ix~ ine t getne 
ral, jol itstatgrits 
haty is abotit 50'/ 
digestiible ilnd c pea-
pic g thil 
l Iitit viie I av ai b iout 
.58%~.' Ini dditio 
it, t oilitsoilgiass iiv 
coo-'il
-()\N The cggs 
tills onIly :3.4% 
proteint inl conialisot 
I xxitli itiiit I 
t% ftor
it i c llil 1111 peiainut vii a. hay 
. N itrtige fte et'txtt lcts fto ti 
lwt txx tila c
i tit the samn)e. FThits, tl(,heiighe 
pco
1
itin tuit en t oif, tiil,
tis idea \x\its
tile hiost cowx
ittfet't gitxxtit Sttitit 
i i t IFP(I DH xAND lltist AN.xI 
i i till llttixit
haitotobttio itrioatis xL)
M AIZE DWARF MOSAIC is a common
and often damaging disease of corn and
sorghum in Alabama and several other
states. The disease is caused by the maize
dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV).
Typically, leaves of MDMV-infected
plants show a mosaic pattern of normal
green-colored tissue alternated with ab-
normal light-colored tissue. Red to pur-
ple discoloration of foliage also has been
associated with MDMV infection, par-
ticularly in sorghum. These symptoms or
responses of plants to infection by
MDMV are obvious. To better under-
stand development of viral diseases, re-
searchers at Auburn University and other
institutions have been determining what
plant processes are affected such that
these symptoms are eventually expressed.
It has been found that MDMV infection
affects a number of physiological pro-
cesses including photosynthesis, respira-
tion, nitrogen metabolism, and element
accumulation in corn.
One aspect that had not been studied
was the water status of the infected
plant. It was suspected that MDMV in-
Change from
healthy, pct.
+50
-0
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
2 3 4 5 6 7
Days after inoculation
8 9
fection had some influence because in-
fected corn and sorghum in the field and
greenhouse appeared to wilt less than
healthy plants. Experiments were con-
ducted to determine if transpiration or
loss of water vapor by MDMV-infected
corn differed from that of healthy plants.
The water status of MDMV-infected
and healthy corn seedlings was com-
pared in several tests in controlled en-
vironment chambers. Infected seedlings
were obtained by artificially inoculating
them with the virus. Healthy seedlings
were treated in identical manner except
they were not inoculated with the virus.
Transpiration and water deficiency of
healthy and infected seedlings were
measured on plants growing in soil under
conditions of adequate water availability
and also under stress conditions where
plants were not watered for periods of
time. Similar determinations were made
on plants in liquid culture. The fre-
quency and degree of opening of stomata
in leaves of healthy and infected seed-
lings were also determined.
Regardless of conditions under which
plants were grown, the rate of transpira-
tion was lower in MDMV-infected plants
than in healthy ones. Data obtained from
an experiment in which plants were
grown under stress (water withheld from
beginning of experiment) are illustrated
in Figure 1. The initial increase in tran-
spiration rate of MDMV-inoculated
plants probably was due to damage dur-
ing the inoculation process. Mosaic symp-
toms appeared in inoculated plants at 5
days after inoculation. By 6 days after
inoculation, transpiration of infected
plants was reduced by 40% as compared
to healthy plants. All healthy plants were
wilted after 9 days without water;
MDMV-infected plants remained turgid.
Increased water economy by infected
plants was also indicated by the fact that
water deficiency was less in leaves of
MDMV-infected plants than in healthy
plants, Figure 2.
Water Status in Virus-
Infected Corn Plants
D. W. LINDSEY and R. T. GUDAUSKAS
Dept. of Botany and Microbiology
O 
4
th leaf Healthy
* 
4
th leaf MDMV
*] 
5
th leaf Healthy
* 
5
th leaf MDMV
I 2 3 4 5
Days after watering
Fig. 2. Water deficiency in healthy and
MDMV-infected leaves under increasing
water stress.
Reduced transpiration of MDMV-in-
fected plants did not appear to be the
result of reduced water uptake by roots.
Nor was it due to fewer stomata since
leaves of infected and healthy plants
were found to contain approximately the
same numbers of stomata. However,
leaves of infected plants did show a
greater resistance to air flow through
them than did those of healthy plants.
This indicated there was a reduction i
stomatal apertures in MDMV-infectec
leaves. This was confirmed by direct ob-
servation of stomata in epidermal strips
from leaves. Strips from healthy leaves
had more stomata completely open than
did strips from MDMV-infected; more
stomata in the latter were closed or only
partially open, see table.
These results show that MDMV infec-
tion influenced water status of corn seed-
lings apparently through an effect on
stomatal transpiration. Increased water
economy by MDMV-infected plants is
not taken as a "beneficial effect" of virus
infection because of the overriding detri-
mental effects of the virus on other proc-
esses. Stomatal closure may be a contrib-
uting factor in reduced photosynthesis
associated with MDMV infection.
FREQUENCY OF STOMATA AT VARIOUS
APERTURES IN EPIDERMAL STRIPS OF
HEALTHY AND MDMV-INFECTED
LEAVES
Stomata condition
Strip Partially 
Com-
Closed pen pletely
open open
Pet. Pct. Pet.
Healthy------- 6 30 64
MDMV-
infected --------- 24 38 38
Relative
water def.
I -
2-
3
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
to-
Fig. 1. Average change in transpiration of
MDMV-infected plants from healthy plants.
14
I
? " : L '
I ....
APPROXIMATELY 60% of milk mar-
keted in the United States is sold under
SFederal milk marketing 
orders. In 1971,
141,300 dairymen delivered 67.9 billion
pounds of milk to handlers regulated by
Federal orders. Regulated markets are
located throughout the United States.
These market areas included most of the
major population centers. Alabama is
one of the few states where Federal milk
orders are not in effect. However, some
producers in the State ship milk to han-
dlers who are regulated by Federal milk
orders in adjoining states.
Price instability for milk in the 1930's,
which threatened the adequacy of high
quality milk supply, gave rise to the
Federal order program. In planning pro-
duction to meet the year-round consumer
demand for fresh milk products, dairy-
men needed reasonable and stable prices.
The Agricultural Marketing Agreement
Act of 1937, the enabling legislation,
states that prices established under or-
ders must -"reflect the market supply
and demand for milk, ensure a sufficient
quantity of pure, wholesome milk, and
be in the public interest."
Provisions
Milk handlers in regulated markets are
( equired to pay the same minimum price
-. within each market for milk, follow cer-
tain marketing practices, and make re-
ports to the market administrator. Whole-
sale and retail prices for milk products
are not determined under the order but
are established by competition in the
market place. However, in a few areas
where both state and Federal orders are
in effect wholesale and retail prices may
be fixed by the state agency.
Minimum prices which milk handlers
pay producers are established in each
order. Classified pricing of producer milk
is used throughout all- Federal orders.
Milk used in fluid products, such as fluid
whole milk, skimmilk, chocolate milk and
buttermilk, is placed in Class I, the high-
est priced use. Milk in excess of Class I
which is used in manufactured products
is Class II (or additional lower priced
classes). Prices are established for milk
of 3.5'% butterfat content and adjust-
ments are made in price as butterfat con-
tent may vary from 8.5%. In some mar-
kets- with large supply areas location
price differentials are applied to pro-
ducer milk. Class prices are determined
monthly by formulas. The Class II or
manufacturing price is based on a na-
* onwide market for these products and
! 
2 
ries little among markets. Class I price
in most markets is set at a specified dif-
ferential above the Class II price. The
size of the differential is determined by
historical data and comparisons with
other markets. Month to month changes
in Class I prices result primarily from
changes in the Class II price.
In addition to pricing provisions, each
order provides for pooling returns among
producers (either marketwide or indi-
vidual handler), definitions, and a sys-
tem of market administration. Since mar-
kets have individual problems, orders
may be adjusted to fit the particular
needs. However, with increasing size of
milk markets in recent years, order pro-
visions are being coordinated.
Need For An Order
Purpose of the Agricultural Marketing
Act is to establish and maintain orderly
marketing. Certain marketing problems
are indicative of disorderly marketing
and suggest the need for a Federal or-
der. Examples include the absence of an
effective system of classified pricing, un-
dermining of prices of producer associa-
tions by handlers, unequal bargaining
strength between producer groups, price
discrimination by handlers in purchase
of producer milk and lack of market in-
formation. Price competition between
milk moved across state lines and in
state milk supplies has been a factor war-
ranting Federal regulation.
Establishment of Order
The order program is administered by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Usually a proposal for an order is made
to the USDA by a producer cooperative
association who represents dairymen sup-
plying milk in the marketing area. A
summary of the steps is: (1) Pre-
hearing discussions are held by the
USDA to learn of the need for an order.
A proposed milk order is drafted and
presented to the Dairy Division for
study. Meetings are held with dairy
groups to discuss Federal order market-
ing. (2) A public hearing is held to re-
ceive evidence about economic and mar-
keting conditions relating to milk in the
proposed area. Producers, handlers, and
consumers may present testimony at the
hearings. (3) If the evidence justified a
market order, a recommended decision
is prepared by the Dairy Division. After
review and possible changes resulting
from requests by interested persons, a
final decision is made. The final decision
includes a statement of findings, con-
clusions, and the complete order. (4)
Producers vote to approve or reject the
order. The order can go into effect only
upon approval in a referendum by vote
of two-thirds of the producers voting.
Producers may vote individually or in a
bloc vote through cooperative associa-
tions. If an individual handler pool is
proposed, three fourths of the producers
voting must favor its approval. (5) If a
favorable vote is received, a final order is
issued by the Secretary of Agriculture
and remains in effect until suspended or
terminated. An order must be terminated
at the request of a majority of producers
who supply more than half the milk for
the market.
15
FEDERAL MILK
MARKETING ORDERS
LOWELL E. WILSON
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
WHEY SHOWS POTENTIAL 
FOR USE
AS LIVESTOCK FEED 
INGREDIENT
W. B. ANTHONY, EDWARD M. ALSTON, and 
JERRY D. MOORE
DepartmeofAnimal and Dair Scieiices
() ti-whil aloilloomill salts. Plodmts coil-
famow, tibout 60-75", crude protein
(IlliVillul.t ( (11, N m atter bil. 
is I resulted
Io t It is proc-ss \x ith cottitge dwese
I[, \% its slio\x 11 below:
IN -I11 H Ii ' xx( i )U \I xF I I ibilliltl lit. ttf
it -is thlitpel ilinliillx itetixie itO silt
list, tof it.
Hig Ii
1
iil a' cetttntt (
9
4", ) is i aji
tittett..tt tox tis xx \\ex\ Muttch i's hellt
1)1 ies% x'Im ixttexx tt'ei 11ieli tht make
itfile to twtxextract itx hex prtittd
iite ii ia ,sted itl li ttI i ti ittttitjofx
dutt k'p ilt' smal pl'xili4 slxu tt~el ax i 
i x0111
'.tx IlIttitt' poesa tie wiix ('1ii cx lt-Il
\litt ob iit t ilt ec it itt14 ,t i ti eolil i all N1
xxait i t o ,tit iiitt 11 Cti x i xid ittxt t otil herit
1:.325
14.63
18.401
201.41
F~inatl
lthli
tie!.
6:3. 67
75.0)8
72.14
60.)26
1"itowita
Nol68lic
168l-
168i
168i
xxc hexx\its blendted xwithi other iligri t
lambs tilt ltits xweax itliuttofI h the
eottli ixe' 11eal, itx xlttxxl 1) \x diata ill the
ott1 i.iiloixttllt \r It pt' ol c hrllet xdried
Eliit liaxzis lteti ile to tiexvelop
PERORM NC xF LA B ittEED Cox Itt AF\EM F N - 11i t AMt )
Xxixiiim \IF C (:111 I \\illiiN
Hiltioi I
hlitid -+ xx l ( Ierilii'itu't al
glllt.\ III klit it imiiitt lat ' I ll o
ex he Tlw tttI' ni c ieid tijll ( tl Iiate1(
o 11(1 dr i titt ltil\ ti \ l ritti x l h ex-t
epot I e t f )eti rtx Tix Ixte (I t'&'( h ltI't of ti t 
o I
ti ierr1etitt1111111\1 xx~i ixxt kiliial si)il
.011.1 lo I~t' mixe f'. ee s ttitt xxhe
intake/ ititttix in taike
1.016 0.3 0
.3 1 :30.365
.10 :39.48
'x i IIIcII
I cIt iLl I o
Ilea tdaty
(;tttttt
0I
14. I.I
21-78
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830 
POSTAGE PAID
R. Dennis Rouse, Director U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
PUBLICATION-Highlights of
Agrictuural Rexearch 
3 '73 10M 
ANWI 10
Penalty for Private Use, $300