HIGHLIGHT
of agricultural research Agricultural Experiment Station
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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
I is III rlk till1 I t irsIX t t occ ill lii5
pl ltx I t'i tit ilut I ii ii t. t itt 
t il 1it , is
XX I it! o\ Za ii () ti sit it r I i iti iilt ( tit t f I((i t 111 ii t
loi Sd I i olde I."t itt l~ ftit s, ir1)1).c f h
Will's. its) 
1iii 
ifllui, i
r iii 'tti ill i IIt' flld is tt i t dc I oII t hitst
Xsblio ligh p lol io t chi g si il Ac illihl \''t fo ix irlig iii tue i e
W ar it1. 0ittic iill~r itt e i h d ilitcrdlcil l
S'Xoybean t s vsl Corn Wlehih Oe
2 
31mpolcseloihfo o
Shumi Sdan Hbrid fopGazngBefSter.
Fertiherul Haditg lTke Time ocule l h odilSt
Caperslie Campher Evferywere Buc1),yth No Alr Spot to\ apc7
Maning b\oter i o for Forae 8odil'si.A olelehl
ITe "iisd Outs"li ofAiaa gicultl-l prtos]itur 1el 9loe f h
Panu tl Leafso ts1 ~os pilr rsiogy n Contro lea 0ickn
Flarmt Laor Hard ii-kto idad ep1
CropsJ o\r atti, orli Bot_, orc ProdieLndls 
1 3rl irlc
Chanlglin Api ra ions of oui? You-e th 14dils 111frili nl
Cons. tro of Majorili Peac Dliseases cinilc Alabamcia 15pesiitico
Guicoas Ctloupdisraisae fo omriai odu hecititio l 16a
Ii t sii ill liiiiiit' ,i till i i iit , of theti ii
ti
1  
lI il ii e i it it profs(o ill th
t't'l-tillc' titi of ' A ii(i t ot i l Hciiollc
iii' it ix to i ll ritt s i
plu d )o iill.ti fit'i is l it iiiiiiiittitct
fotd It'i iit ci i i's tlivt' it Xx.t'i li
Agrlcc ul bth th r .S. R ar .Sc
SPRING 1972
E". V. S,\iiiiul
H. 1). lot xi
T. F. X:lt.xsx
11. E. Si IX i'.\5ttN
VOL. t9, NO.
AXs si'ii AI)ittit iit
Mrccii'ii ~ tior
A~~oci~i d ] (irc i
A."stxi'j/i I'i/i/tir
Assisltint lP/itor
l'itoia Ai-isor I. 55 i. Ili ittt(, siR tIf
I'ishit c ts (1 n( Xlii AquXi/t(tit/I it It ; Hl t-
Ii ir N. Iiuiii i, Xsisltn Prof'xssr of
J'tit/ttt
1 
Scit mc:( .. KING, J8. AS0
titiltc loft'5.5tlof A.,rlj ll agnttnd i Soil,;,-
A\I F. I.Xi( x .
ON THE COVER. Soybeans vs. corn, which
one. See article on page 3.
A (piarterl ' v report of res( ilr(,ll
bv thc A(,fli(.Illttjlill FXperilllel)t 
Station
l ir ii i ~ ofi i'' . hisIl its fit ( Il ii if
tat re it l e ti it it i i below uh iii : iiii
ilo I decit)L ii S78.f
O li ofiti t't' I i i.'silit t at t i to itfi(ii.
'N'0i' ittaf 59 l i iig fit'hi y ti ll 
is to.
Iitt tl (' itii li i odgi iii. itt'i it h clopi i
so cli i fil c f .S- 5.t I. fis ihitioX
it ti deiiatiol \Ito beu' ito N d itetinile t e i
pecte ,i \ii i ilio til if te ciiN('ti i i
h i'x l''f'i p * i sI.3 socl lot.d :30X ito
p iiiiti it't $2.6 per fil. itti ii', i iii i ( i1i
t'\j t i NiX XX ( 'ii ' s ) ili pi s ig itf iiftt i
I ( l i l 
c i. i i 
a s i Li 
tto s , 
i it 
l z I t aI
i i iic 811(3.8(3 . 'lc \(d o 3 l
This field of soybeans looks like sure money
in the pocket.
pit hut' i ig (;I cti11 1i o XX c i' fii' it,
it s ilt't li wc~u fwli' s t ik f i ttli t'f iii
ill VO i l ' t if I\t i l ' il(, fino t ll % pl ici' i
C It' IXX it Iittu l icl lit'i t t iii' ti h
SOYB[A/kN S vs. (IO RN
WH'ICH(4 ONE'
C.BELL
of Agricultural Economics
Rural Sociology
NiX\ ft tiw tit ab f it' I first toi
ltec X ilut iNt t'cti pttic ' of so\ X
ill]I a itil XL i itit tFor X c itli i I cii (t i
ct0'u'lim pi' ti l 82.75 ftcau LU s2 . fd oii
hicif' t hiii XX ().irs c 1.m f i\ t itt'f cl iii
lote \\ Li itfii' i.2 iN e ot () itti
Xitil it t Xi X [()\ I h i t ric e ot f t'o i p i i
htc w fX itti(lic. i iti iet X it XX ix( \32.9
(( tl (X ilittitiN ( ii it s he65 hoi' oifbil tii
to l f,0 it ,I's f
1
1 i Xi iil
P ieo if l
con) ali itt' piice fluX) Xiti
XXIi (if fi b it tha t t'tiiifi v it')
\ill tfit Lit Xi))l i XXI i i i Xii
I ~i It XtiX I cit de Li il o t i i
tii f C'5 ho.ii o'ti ii ptta
I Xlii' . Il t XI I'. i t ' i it iii opit X:i\X XiiN (t~iXi
Pr)itt' (f to itt .1 it i' l di
Ilw of' iii NiX itti
I
8S9f 1.00f S1.1ff S 1.2ff Is 1.3ff
13t1. 13t. I311. Bit 13
'301.2 .311.0 '37.7 11.4 15.1
26.5 29.8 32.9 36.2 :39. 5
2:3.5 2(6.5 29.3 3 2.2 :35.1
21.2 2:3.8 2(6.4 28.9 31.6
17.6 19. 9 21.9 21.1 2 6.3
1(6.:3 18.3 211.3) 22.3 2 1.3
81f75 ").0 f S . 2).5 S2 Sf) s2.75
64.5 7 2.9 81.2 8 ).5 97.9
7 8 (65.6 7.3.1 8 (.t It 8. I
.5 8 59 f. 6 06. 4 7:3.3 8.81
4S. 1 51.7, 611.9 67.2 7.3. 1
11.7 5f0.1 56.2 6 1.9 67.8
11 .5 _16,8 52.2 57.6 612.9
.3S.7- 4.7 18.7 .5.3.7 55i 7
fill.
1016.2
9.5.6
8 6. 9
79.7
713.5
68.3
6:3. -,
1314.
1 t 1.5
10:3. 1
9:3. 7
85M.
,79.3
7:. 6
68._7
d lp. It i'it' Ii aseX ial the s x bitl Iti Nid til
f111 p c's a tsdslisd
2 ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ \\il.l iwt't'i'i 4c itl il till tii cfii t i X X i flX
C. 31.6 'cit X cmiit N o lii i t e XX biii ik 
ii
8:3.25
X1
Sorghum-Sudan Hyjbrids
for Grazing Beef Steers
R. R. HARRIS, Dept. of Anuuiat an~d Dauiry Sciences
C. S. HOVELAND, Dept, of Agouoiy cund Soils
JK. BOSECK and W. B WEBSTER, Tennuessee Valtley Suibstaionu
D111\1 1i N IIIN I ~~IIN) itl ' gro1)11o \,. iN ill the~ Soultih
I )i
14
csi'dhi i f I x llittil I i)) I I ) fi t ;olNiII 111 II ia iN\ biiii
i t ic i' llili 66, til Ii NI il N i i is il/l tial Ni h lhldill( NIII at
NII '11 111 NI III i ii 111 ii i IN ol b i 1 141' ii ic . ii s i c 11111 i. iii iij
I4 l"I I I )Ii'ii 11 I i \ l ,,oiti l wd 111 lit hl oc 14hi I li tIll Ntr 1i l 1
1411111l I ttIihi o l e l llt I l( r z lw S lgh il-Ii il1
"Nit Iiogcol it[ t ii tt of 50t 1 ) i. jI i iwi \i t,, I 
ip liiil it ll i
ilt, (ili 411)11) '4 il Ni . li i Y i NIili 1il' lol ,IN cci,,' .11 II(
it (I I t I i pi it -il i A c"i ,\'i~' stcn I Nf i ct I N liI liti l I ( (' I. O mi11)1
NI I~i'il 'I ii otl i111tuii( litc i I d ( t II ii (1(11 li 'jcl iii i
tll'i'iiii iii thei ratc (Aill I'.ilof I k'll I i iii i Nt __ik % Xlli N 1
\ cl il i iit ,Nt, i III ith slp ll ci u ii vr t oil i c I 41.1il l d 4 I'i )iI
mi'll l c N II'Ni rl' (ti ll t'] . 'c',; heI ct t'' Nol atsi~l Nfilicl'illll li i ll
thei cod1 of1( iilii l'izil 'ils l cac11 ofi fli fNN irst. ca11 si it N
li I Iit'I li toi tilIii it lil. i lic the)1 iii Iid I) \ I ((Ii i il t Ii
tin' liiiitcli' d i),til il u1tilli cd 1 to itcll Iill i i.4il- e i i ll
Thei i it 111i tiaillsN i c1)1 71 7,i 65 ti i i I (lit\I , ilit 111 i ii3
i l s i ciN t4iii I. Thei t e r ii1..11 i o 1(1' i ili illi liii o ill 'i t'
I II1 41N 1 4 NI~lli .I Te ii
1
ill I4 . i i6 1 h., sc t iii I dcl Fiii 1 i I4 11w t I I
IINh )1, INc Nli~ I1 Irie lii Ni llt liii.' d it i (rili It ii app i i Iii liii 11
pe l'N l li d ofi ilir lt4' I citi'. al. ''l (fe "o e lIt \ t
b Siiiico iinl ii I'111I I\ IN i d li d Ii' Ttt t li o
A\ iii l(h N I lit% tilimitil N ii) %
I itai ili.t 1 _,ai i 1 ii, ii.c 1i).
"I ippiciliciitai feed~
I SI) S 21i1du
.)l- s tllL)
T o, , t I .r , t I . I I I I I I I i I I I , I I tlitLt I I ' I I I i I I I I I M I I) I N t I 
IF(
throll'-dmilt tll(- 'c'koll.
PcI it( To. i, total fol t(.,t(.l tc,,ls illid additioll;ll tccl,.
Caill lot tlic 11pplulliclitcd "lolip Illat lu llltill,_, Ilmll
fccd lild
bm ( ;ood
56.:3
I4 C'4 k" >144 I(t' f I4es4'> I )l 14iI 1, 44'l( II1,14 Ii w opp \ >4111 I
(Call (1041,1444) 11111(1 111444. 'I'144' 441 
1 
t e414 of1 >4pp - 1414141104
41104 , 9 11 ). (di 14'w 1144 ~ ,l04 i (41 t w'dI (If .4)7)i'.
44
T [till 2. \\l'Immot14 \>\4441> \4I' I \411o\ '11\11
Tia 1 I t4, 141111 tan4k
Fertilizer Handling
Takes Time
E. S. RENOLI
Depo~tnent of Agricultural Frigineering
I 1.(I I 4>4. I4 441414Ill 41444 l 44114 tog ca141 1 ' wl >4'1441>1
lIe w ('4 t14 411 41 41 of 1' iw '> 1)114 141I pl'' (Ilit 114>1,441It
111,111 III 14 (' iI)1itc X ,4 4' 44' ('114 c id it I i4' I ('>11111, 1front IXXo 44 (('(44
0114' >14141> ('4414( 4444 I4.iti4(11411 o4! (Ii> fe t1itll/4l for44
>41 44pitic I\ I'44 4 i fl l,444>4 14>14iltol 44411 s Ti thh44 .
It l / ,1i 11A 111,> lilt 411
lith. Illak I .il t
h11 44!0 41)11-3 11 I.01 4'
'11he Ws1t14 4 >44'1I)I4'> p XXtii ('44 Iiw i4> f4) 1(1 l in 1114' plot11's
t '114411 I w t i I441Il4' 4,14 14444 () I r\c r tlc pa t i . 141c 3fi 114c N\)4
14' l il Ow11 4,4> 4! ii (, lat I'11144 4 60 1 1). tol 30041 11 44'>
It, (4> 1), 4,1 14'> 1)4' 1)411444(1 44! 11441 it iit 1141 that1 of 5- 10- 1.5,
h I 1 (' IIt 44$ to Itl ,t il w 41
I 4,4! 14 to 4 t li t i I,
15. 41 1 (. 141
5.5 20.5
Illi Field X 1144, su11)11\ tio4ik \XX , 4> iio c 114>11(4 4(t 4 1 114 i14(1.,
141tj iiiok \\its> 4444 s,4'41041 I)40114' . It u1>4( oillX .'; 44f thll
tw144 f'141ie t l,4X(' F 1411 1441d ) 111 t \ i till I l 4\4s , ' 1114(
the e~trl('4 15'dji lra~ (ti 14 7 id 1(44>d hicii'l (lix
ha, 1,1/4', 50~1 If) o 1 0 11 ) 'I'l 4 4( IX ud 1x 441(41 it I- fm
0444 444,41 ImIldled1'( the4 l('l'411/4' I (li/ l \\a 1111(4 XX)> 144>J1414
iI I 114 1fi141 h\ tr wk it]11 IXI \ 111 its14 t ilII i I (lit4 c tIX \ 441 I 1114l t I
t4 I lwk 144t i ( I'1' ill 41('.
I I l11(1444w I c'1111/4' ill .)50-11). ha, I c( '4j444 I( .1 :1.; 1 -1 11 i1 1 '>
p r 1001 11).. XX il 1 0 11) I. bag1> 's j41 w ( '(1r .9' fi441441 ilit 411444 I
XX lit. 4414t it 1 c 411/14c rate 11) 1110 1114. ,ll a i is i itll ,l))I 114 111 1
\\l i](,4 XXi'll 141,(. I li ir Il> 1004411). bags4 44! d 441 ii .4011 ). 41'
'14)444( I lisc . This4lX it I)I)1' oll o 6"; of,1 J'1bo414' 2'
1
4'l i>144
p!4ler ' iv > 14 41( 4.4144. '1411 111444111 1,14 ,444
,i(I 111411' 44144 144 >t1414
1
)4111 44 4'IX( 44$ 111111i444 44(1 11Z
(114444! 111444'X~iI( I,1111414l(lll/4 111,XI>444
4444 ii',4 'l iI) 4 t I 4'ti )l(\ .
2.I I. X141 t' 114' 14'~r l ti k i4'4 c il! l >44
1 1
)I th> (.()I4 14 114' 11411
2. 14' 11 ii, m 44j( Ic tli( Wfl .y k i', t il o 1fe d
:3. 11,411111141 f ri liz' 1/4 4 100-1 114. 14.414 f4o4' it .4-i \ 4 4>4 1141
lit
suft"W- 1
Ransom Soybean -
Group VII Variety
Compared with Bragg
at Seven Locations
D. L. THURLOW, Deportment of
Agronomy and Soils
ofIt It it i l f li i
f~lolt f iiit il
1I. i t t Iit 1it11
ilk 2
Wtinifield
\lt'- '1
I tlt. I
\I,lt 21)
PIlilt ttiI
111 ItttI
8l. 29l tt
~ 44t
k ansn',.,l i,.t arid bragg ritl Tf t >.r~ planted Juno- 14, 197 1, at Pratt-
ville Experiment Field, show comparative lodging at harvest time.
1I .1-1 it , t i l\j s "I o It. It' .011) .1(.i I tt' lt I to t m IIt i0' 1 of 197 1 I )tt. t opid loittlt b\t o) Il ( lo ii .
onei ll its fis Oa i7 w5 X1. ill et I 8.1 ' o f)p I 3l 3 fi t iii.itit Il ols i f i lik I il e l
8 to 18 :1.3.5 28m1 1 3. t .78,0 acivs or 11 o ritiitt XXT 1) t gVtt)( mitd l iott&,ttitttt',,
1027tuit 10.31 38 11 28o p 32 4litil.) Ths, ihcr 1.11 l otsailS I s1(S 
t or
II)Ill II to 29 1 11 ob 4(1 35iw 7.11 (ii1.1) 2.5d 1.6e of tm (1 i titigioasta Pitii So~il.9 It as'vit-
10s 21 i III e 22 2)( 26i t6 i 28 il-t 2.1 4.i.. I) ]t o to purpl tilt d I 1 itatitt see it XX it. (iii
if)e ia I) II 12 .1. 1. II de, 6.8 5. I (If I , ild tl
I ai) it\ 8 i~ 211(1 c 28.11 l 28 
i~ i It,) :o .I: 1.1 
Liid Xo,,il_ p o li dir; ot (' ,i hf t ;Il i ttttr . t in 
tf iItm -
11.1) i.)) 3.5 2t5 I
It I
M~ (ti
Il~j t I o t It fewt (to
6
Many Alabama campers are hoping far mare
developed desirable camping sites.
01ic iii ii ill iii'. U
(6 1ol Sit (l~ii i xi
\ Ci'li'I' l t' 1. xo till)
\ ;hicius are Ira\ I. n
I o\~ II 1 I i iil
if hit s x el pita li
I4 xx i(tl f sh'x iiT
ofit \ ( 'i i Ii ii 1( 1 
xxx24': . kx iifi'iit
crui iid I \ ]10 I lil iii
liI ii of i cm) II i I Iii
it 1111 oii i'ciiilei
lt' itii ofiii il i liix ii
i~ il itxal~ I (w iiii ii i
iii lii till xix iti l i
oif Ii l)(i i ll-
aci oi 255 x iif
1)1\ iiilili14, Ii o\ i\xr
o\\i xli i s 0 'xi
iiV T lx0 i i's ilxx
fit(, taHic
Ix llu' ll iii - i
qua it fl i all ill.
)ixsti to it iltici
\co)7(1 iilr i
ill 1111)illitt ol g.1lo%%th
i w(1sc I cl ix I Ii I iiti
Ai outdooriiti ratioitii .
xx i' teii s o'x \% itl iiiilii oli-f 
xiiie
itt el \ Ill o st Of , 0 1 
C M , d l'l ti 
' f i - (i ipi la 
f aI thuu iid 
c a e
w,1 liiolld xiIl it .3tlx iniiixx.ti
ppoxmae , 2,0 iip itix \%i o]iii iiiic
.1il lu ruli ( 
I i x ilig tt e . i 
e xji'x li ii 
zi (Fuj (-iii y x 
il il ex .
'iig the 22 1 
ili xx ili ceiii 
iii 
7iit 
tt xid' i'x 
il li
14. 5 I lidii liii tit'x l \% cc co s ii ii t~iijii x hi s i'. nhj l. uiili sit
ii lc m o~ t'l l i 
ii li 1 1till M it d p 
er id s suc i' t ,,,i' 
it jill iii i'\ tl iii it 
h ei
lj dil p i eii iid fiiit lii9 ii'lilx 
tlt t 11 i ii (1
A -mN i ii i my r( xxih)11ilt 
0 1 xitl its h
is it prit sini i c lii o t aix lii 4,500 
ii u i i -
the ititiei ;lilix iiuoi'cls~ ilxlix i tt
Il l ~ii' \ itilial 1i ll) xxll sic il 
iii lith i i i'
v inditiiiii iha Ih axtl. s i's c jt its I i 111ili-Il"t Ix
thi IM " .) Ihe 51)4711 \ 11 .r i1i'w itll x t et . itl 1';t il'
)Iaccs ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 ;1 itlll l ies ilii'\\ itei ari c ifilili'i'x t l ~i-I l
Il i .st aio s i ~ i Ii itt.i.. ii il ci oli)i Th dic ifo ts iiiliii'-
j,
CAIIIIERIISI~i CAMPER
ii~~~iI ~ ~ or Io iir
E. W. McCOY urid A. B, SHERLING
Dept. of Agricuiltutl EcouioniiC5
aiid Rurol Sociology
ci ii liii Ill diti l lix the jutilpl i i tu\
I iiipxitc'x
W\ithi the nt'xx ine i''iif t-iuipii % x ino
titk the comot'ii s ii hom xx wii' th 'I li iii 
ii
illi'ti i the ( le id iiulx i xlij of fit. lix ds
iliij sii, x ii x ui ile T ew l ix i m i
tilri ngit-ji (Iilil liiJix lo ix xal i ialiiiti li
close utouiitl x jliil xitliui eictixl iliti'
Il.ilx c i ~ i litik is j\il' l ti x pi (iit Ii
(if'it ut5ili i ilit fi- faxiiiii i til 1itix.
thii Iitill tt's Co al lx i'\tx ii l u itix jit
iliiii pri'uibiu lii. octeiclli li itj
xiiliiti ll'\ ti iit I I ix(' elope s i ii I) lxw
tilipil\ x ltill\ i\fli'iill" li' i ti 111111 I
tiixi'liucgtluiti f iior tliiuutigfiil tol Iit'
cls f (o~c lulw lt. Thee c lliplll alei7
Managjingj Sericea for 
Foragje
C. S. HOVELAND, Dept. of Agronomy and So~i
W. B. ANTHONY, Dept. of Animat and Dairy Sciences
F T, GLAZE, Prattvitte Experimrnt Fietd
NV\\ 1\1 PHM H) SVIMI \ lc pcdc/il
litili/(,(l lot both hil\ ilild
iold w(pitic ,I)ccial loillia("cinclit
to Illitilltilill stiolds ilild plodlwtkit \. Thk
I,, Ilot tille of colillooll scliccil bc(illlmi it
I,, llot lislialk "lil/ed.
aild lllter,,tillc (\\o sericea
\illiclics d(-\('lopcd at Ilbljlll 1,16clsit\
Agi-w(litill-al I"\1wrillicilt stittioll, \\clc
shidied ill it Illioliwcowill c\p'l-ifoulit lot
:2 \ c, I s .I t 1) 1 i I t I u I )c I i I I I c I I Fic1d.
scrillil is a till] fi I le-stelo Iocd \ ilrict\ . Io-
terstitte I,, shol I, filic stcloloc(l. itod po-
I Irsck Ili itildic(l. 'I'll(. lattel \\ it,, (Ic\ cl-
opcd lot- plillitiog oil lii(,Il\x as. ( lit', alld
silililill llscs blit it Ilits pI onlise as it fol -
;Wc (']op. These \ illictics \XcIc pIllotud
oo pi-cl-fill (ill lillid ill \ I it] d I 196.') 'Illd
\\ erc 1 lot I lars. csted I I Ic fit it \ ('it] . '1111 (1C
litlill" ticatillcilts \\cIv liscol its sho\\ 
11
ill thc tithle. In each case Ille ilrllcs
hal\(ist \Nils Illadc ill April illid (I I c littest
ollu ill Aw-'llst.
Tuts Used
11cillicid itilill \ scs (it fol i(_'c \\ cI u
filadc lot- tillillill itt caull Ij;o-\cst. I)IIII11"r
th(i '_rro\\iII(f "CasOll 1*00ts \\ere ,I plcd
lli()Ijtlll\ alld 'Ill'ik /cd lot totill , I\ , lilithh,
(.it rhohl, (I ];It(", to loca.iille food slot i I L",
ith iTl I I Ic p lalit. I )I \ I I I.It I (,I ( li"c,( I-
FI m \(j, ) I I I']) lo ( :t I I I\(. *1 Ili \111\: 1/\ I
\\l) (1'o-\II\I ol 1,1 sp ) \
1)(.' \c It c I
2
I1 2
Ii i vrx a 5
)t\I m *S-ttt
17S 1:33
Pto.
(5.79
(6. 9t
5.017 1.8:3 7.A
2.12 t 7( 0 7.5
1.26 2.39 7.5i
b ilits, %\ its llm i( I Is t Tlw ,( l if ( . of f ()I it(-'('
111iiiit% lot I ba"s uol Itilil lit I- I ::I ii _Ic
sitloples %\ c placc( I ill the I lillic ,, of
list I I I it t cd steers for 2 1 homs itod di-
(1c,,tihilit\ \\ its cill( Illatcd oil thc hilsis of
lllldi _rwwd Illa(tcl IcIllaillim" ill 111c bil"s.
,Ids
Fill itt,,c icldi, \\ (,I I, I ii (j lust ( I to 5
toll" A. ) \dIell scriccii \\it,, clit lot hil\
t\\icc cildi vcar. 111telstate \\its ilbolit
plo(Illok e it', Scl;llil. Clittillgr loot.
tillics cach \cilr tlIc foril(re will
to hillf that produced b_\ thu 2-clit If cat-
111(illt. Fil st .\ ciii. _\ ic](Is \\ ith I oill clits
per car \\ ('I c highest \N hel (i short stub-
ble 
it's Icl 
I. I 
I o\\ 
c\ (,I 
the 
I(.\ I, 
_s(t 1-11(i the f ollo\\ it toy ctl \\ hell pli:llt" I t
to it 5-io. stubble hei(dit \\ cl c illost pi o-
duct I\ c. At thc ctid of thc ,c(ood ]till-
\ c1st \ eiir still Ids of I )oth \ ill ict ics c\-
cecdcd Y)" Mien (,fit 4 tinics to it 5-ill.
stlibble. 
Ill colitrilst, 
sclicca 
(.1 It 
I oll,
tillic s ( it (.11 \citl to it P.--ill. stlibbi, I'it(I
,,tands of o nk 50", for hitcistatc and
60,; fol selidu.
Food reserscs. or Iil(k of Illcill, ill the
t (lot s prohahk it(oolillt for till' ,talld
I os s. Boot calboll\(11-aws \\crc
b\ Ilio.\ estill", folit. tillics it eill wo-
pilred to t\\ I( ( I .\ ('it? . Fi I . I
)-ill. stubldc I csolwd ill illow I of it
,iffb0l I\ (Il'ittCS tl 1,111 \\ It('] U k I I 2-iTI. st Ilb-
I dc \\ it,, ](,I t Both \ itriet ics (-Iik\ c it iilli-
Lir re'spollse. 'I'llcm, n'slilts sil"'t4c."t tll ll
suri(va is to I w orilzed, it I I i (,I I
(Ilhblc should be loililititilled to pelillit
the plitilts to acclillolLitc loot I cmm 's.
It is likck that \\11cl-c scriccil is ('1;I/cd
do.sels, fill sc\erill \uars, stailds \ ill de-
teriol ltc itild bccoloc
F.,aj,
Fol'i"'c (111iilit\ wils aflecte ( b_\ c t-
ill- mal lil("refliellt, Fi(riii c 2. Si'!.1 r( . ,]:,Its
lot. 
di",cstiblc 
(11\ 
loilttel 
f IM 
M 
I,sillidal fol hoth Serala alld llltclstiltu tll(.
dittit it\cIa(,'cd. IM M of foril'.yc clit
FIG. 1. Carbohydrate storage in sericca
roots in August of the second harvest year.
x',ixli it cu it iii li ti i i \(,ll \Sit' ,Ilk-ic
Iit itt ii , tit\ i xfiw t ( sii \ci 55 ;Ii 1i 1i .
T Ilc lii', lc i IM M otfi foli.('i ii ill i 'tti'i I
I it I ,Ii~ aij It I I i I of.~ I Ix I ti' s \%tdiIIslici ItI
0DM, %
70 Ell Two hrcvests, t 1/
2
-inCh stuibble
M our harvests, 5-inch stubble
SFour harvests, I '/
2
-inch stu~bble
6 0
50
40-
April May June Juliy August
FIG. 2. Diqestible dry matter (DDM) of
sericea forage as affected by stubble height
and c utting frequency. Average of Serala
and Interstate.
Carbohydrates
in roots, %
151 F
LIISercaa
Interstate
slip)
1
Ixii ig illie ili)is usili l pro(litirn
is ;lxii b~ig liixiiii . 'I'liet ie iiiaiix
piit ltixd scixices tiat piodiicers at olie
of tlie tlien ki ioxx iti wioe alild t((Ith
Input Changes
ix bliii i (lii lii is c t l t. t:a iti
is liie ill t he l tlil Iof I I estate Ila
xxi li vst ock,2( ii iopiii I 7( items.
tiioxt 20i caital illi tiilicii i~tsbdixi
11l1l4d 4 o it litt iliixx Iliix~ t iepreixe
iii I ci liotl iii It t xt c cis itx lwiillicI
h\ix ii ilIlcreigiiilsI6 colol It96x
toi
1
970,llilt i iiee i chart TotaltI eiaiii
\\;ixx alopst 2 htiiiixx id 197xo it]-i
Ld ( I 1 Ii Ii I II I rIt ii c i tI Ie I I 65
milrn iI 197 , hi It 71 Itonclud.2 inliorh
itiloilit Oh ears l Ins llllcco
k(1(1. ig A.ilxido pa tioii o pidl 75tol.\ illi
ilion fil-i Ill fedc- itin ii g p I 7(1 corn
f it(]dol used iillithe ino I biii i.
ereaixe, ot 7T .ai 111(1t iiix( eed 65i'x
Iio 196 txoi to 1970 i roi $7.2 miix( ill i ol
oT((hi lixc~ i woc1( 1 x larl xeitilec
lixtx'(1xii foilnid]tieedlficit ill170cm
hicd glitii i lixs iiiile (d itnd it ippiil.
xha grlix c ili d efctiil.il l ~
Fertilizer an d Iiiiiti (\lpeic li) MAh
aia lt iiicix iii (lie pasxt It) \earsx 
haix
thliietl lcxx thliii 1)11 otlici itetoxs.
lertjli'ti itil littble ill I 97(1 xxlijtl xx\as
88.7 iillioii ill 1970, opl about 81.8 mil-
lioiilix ove 19601
Feed Deprec. Repairs FerI 8k Live- Hired Wn. on prop. Se
I a 8Opn. Lime Stock 
Labor Mfg. Tox
Form production expenditures, Alabama 1960 and 1 970.
A
More form income can mean larger invest-
ments and better living.
giAlx i ii d i iiitiit I maiioI exi I-91
(liii till Ilill\ fIX I ns htlo ired liluii ;Ic-
e
t
l ld
t
itli c ill 1970.
Overall Picture
l97T10 came to 8608.4 miilliiii i rcoiiid
iiiiiiiiit. Siiic 1955, totil I iti i pi odic-
(Iliil (\petixlx ilitsd ixil xit halp-
ofit majotr (dxl oftmlit of icilt iii tb xiltiit
ticsex ciilig goix iilili it pit. iiietitx
xxiii ST -7 1.6 iiilltitii illI 19T( l. hitx III (
I icciptx. Ill I 9611 (dxli fli ii ieccit
xx ti I 8.529.II iuilluui x I ilt iruc it iI
Apiie \\xx(ire 8379.1 iuillimiu i-72
ttoici~till txx lic dxi tlc liptxiid ](]I-
tic toi c\))ethixe ioxx hipt (ii ig
Aiiel. thwl Illix tcirs xt if L1111 ldict
lixii ctic cxiiis xrl xlix oi theitil.
thai illxIl. I l ,ig icullic ix itiiii I
,Iltil iid . It fit ii I l it 11)1)5 c occh ll
J. H. YEAGER, Departmenti of AgrucUlicrat Economics and Rural Sociology
PEANUT LEAFSPOTS-
Ecology
and/
Co 'I otrol
J.A. LYLE
Dept. of Botany a nd Microbiology
H. W. IVEY
Wiregrass Substation
T] it I I wtitf
Rlf, w1it-
F, otilf 50) PI 6 o/.
: li,ihw 
.501), 
6 o/(j.'
ft tolat .501) J o ~il, 6ioz. +I I gal.
flltXI (1 1 '2 I Ajf
fi i 1X 7.12 I i
ft I X 7.6 1 1 2 It ------
it\.i -T 75 1 2 11 -----
(iil i ff- 5 2 1
Il i\ il (i , ii , 12 :2 1b " ----
I((11) IF 'i2fi ',it'.. 1 . i.
opI I t t i
(,) I t I )I ,t -IS iII Idii t, 1 25 h.
\)iT( P 0 I it o i .
:\lit(, P-I i o 1 9.2 Ii,
I 1I -1 till , 6 o. Ii. -------
k (ill fill , I 112 It). ------
k o( i( I 1 (0 1 , f1 2 t!) .'- --
lot it 101 1ii f' 2 25 lfi
P 111 1 80 1), ff 1 '2 Ill---
1,)I il SO 1 1 ) il 2 b.
X \' I11 1III .. i ll E 1 imll it i i i'.ti I i i t I
II tift ( l.t it I ) f lii I
35 25
19
51) 4:3
76
92 T:1
86 Gii
S:3 51t
79 .56
97 IS7
9 1 6.5
S89 6 1
6 1 5f0
82 50f
81 .57
,6 56
87 59)
86 712
92 712
10 2.3 1
I:,- 7 . d II f 1I.
:, I -) 1
:,3 711
3') 1513
:1.527
2 456
.9S:3
:2 139
3,034
2,937T
:3,58
)327
:378
:),566
3,1.5 I
2,.70(
:1((65
1, . A .
1, :3 3
3,2 t 1)
.12
2 .19112
2,268
_ 551)
2 97
-t W) 4
12 5 0
:',2 19
3J.87
2.,885
2,855
2) (i5:3
2.1(17I
:;,7(iI
"1 10
1/). A.
.:359
3)5 )l2f
3,59 11
.1)) (92
1 (51SI
2,.Y)5
23 96 1
:3.13 33
2 1121I
3, 12(9
2. 1181
:32) 8
29!)2
1,16
I ,801
i
A\1 1\1 I( 11()v I)i I,)l ,\I) )it Im m Fljm k \\I'll 
I'l \\1 I, I\
CI'm opon\ I'l \I iol Co\llml, T[",I- \\ llo(.Itk s St 
li'l \11()\. Ill
da\ illtul\id, f'ol I totid of -) appli(iltiolis: sc\ill
11110 itt 
I(X ( pl~~itt 
oo pilit'.t' i 
I til
1 
A I-t
lth ttill ltil it'',o these, ittiltttt ii Liti
tlt'X(('i -it I i lsp(1 o lt ti i t t itt\ U X it I
liwtriii f XX ;it(, mjlt'dti seasei't X j p tttt'
Thetird itt pepe SpoXi~.((lX t Cea ti .lcl't dil
Cilm CiX C d ) ,tiitIC \ X L lplitmttllii ttttt,
it til i it Itlljitit', P aa tX oif th will i t 
('cull. oir coiilc %\:~ i'c\ t-he lt
1
Xl
tedl Spots. Io s uupaii s lh
Xttht scill XX X li' ttt , i
1
i iil ' tiXIl f ili
St t in, 11itdif it jil t h fI Vt'l li lii gtailt i
lliit m th.c lo tid c liilo
Seedling Damage from Ammonium Phosphate
k C BENNETT, Dispo~tiii of Aq-iiiiiy -id Soids
ill~i. n 1ixed ii it iii ltix iii ii it scrit ii
Suit 
1  
t hi iii' hih l toii xi iic tl A ixm
tiiix iixd i a ii'itix 'x ixt ixl'f lx
U\hl 1:ks te o li Increases1.1
xi i i i i ph sp i ts,11 ii id it Ix i (' c Il s
III solic f hos ho-ls ~s4 d
Magnesium Deficiency in Seed
Sced allltiiili icshiilxl i iiliiugcl lto gil
Ca ilc um D,,lllaiol ld; eficinc t Rot
ca l t iiii i oo (x-]()liiI) sitan s x 1 ii it 
iii i ii
gI iixx Ii pi it x iiil i I I~ fi i t xlii x ix i
xiiiiiii) iiixx uhitio tili ilxx x xxlIliii ii
t i iii. 'Iilo ii i t I Ic. i it 1) i iii I l'~I ' ii that it
t iilwix tfse dilt' Ciitoll't i ol\ it'x ii i'~ it'i facto
ititlitli' itliltgx phshte "Iait' i. to (riiit
oiliitili iiiigi 'ftCt.i' iitl
Cammonia Toicitny to Roots
(i llill ilq~ l it Al H il loot
"I00 1 tcll lls e pcei t 
h
Improper placement of
ammonium phosphate
caused this stand loss.
'i " o 4;
1) the i x iI iis ' iii xf % iotir l iif iii it ii-
tci lixl ix xli liticilil of t I ii nx tillljo l I lo l iitii
i tx xx itu it't e "oli'kx.'ts II)
illo)iit xhti is \ atii l it il ii k 1i t xicli
tioi' i p l i x i ro ts. iHic rc g' 111 ,il 11111 l toii
i)ii' o iii'lti Irii i1111 h il/i pi.'
aiiiiit goodrc i has ig p cotii( the'I~'
('ill i i tit s i iixI li li a11 tilt t iixe xx iii
toi Ct'iii i sc dil~ ro t ' of itiii' i'F i t.i it'
of t l iila (ii lii J li ll ti ii ~ i
lillo I~e ito t i, cl~ re toi Ii xitxi
for ls b\ so l l i t'l- l is l \ii t ill i
A lb~tli. tedilr li locb Ic li e
Iii tili/i
1 
itl
Sii xi iiitiiii ll a ill lilllil tio lowiix toi Iii
is dx itiu if 
('it
x\iui 2. i Iii I (i )ixii'xii
It t \1
0i6tttt I it I ((
FARM LABOR-
Hard tco Find and Keep
DAN DAVIS and LOWELL WILSON
Dept. of Agricultural Economics andu Ruraf Sociologjy
- M
X I \I i I % I I I ) ill Alahitioit kiio\\ s t I lilt I itno Lthoi
I,, hilrd to liod, ("'Juviall \w tkuis %\]to itre capithIc of him-
(Ilill(r loodelli fallo joh.s. Tlw sitilittioll i's llot lilliqlIc to Alit-
hamil, of collise. 11(vi-Ilitilig, tiitiiiiii(r, iti)(I keepiwr lin-iii
\\oikers is it poldelli lj;ltiolmidc.
A w(vilt stil(k of fill]-tillic hired labol ill ALIbitilla de-
'wrilred tivild" ill Hit, ll'w of Iliwd \\olIcI,, mlil factor's ill-
1(,(till(, t1w ,11pl)k of 11111-tillic L11111 lithor. Ill additioll, the
I i I I( I I I I o i I I t I t t I ) I I I i I I I i w c I I I I I I I )I i Io, .I i I f I I i It I I I I I I t i I i I I
The 10-(,omih hliwk helt At (-it of cellhill Ajilkllll l \\its
I I I " I I I I I I I t I ic i I I I ; t I i, . o 111 1 o 1111 I I I I I I I I t i I it-
l(Ill"o- illid Solloci \\(.1c tll(. (.olmtics S Acctcd lot stlld\ illor lim,
of hired lahm ()It m lwall. aild bc(A litrill". 'I'llem,
I qw l;ttioll 
ill 1( 1 (LIii 
' x i I I (" 
I I I ) 1-( se 
I I t illitiol 
I it 1-111 clitel 
p ri"'(1,11 
1 0 ,Ow Iflack Belt, ;md daiir\ labor \Xas builw ti-m ercd ill ito I )tI, r
pllit'w of the tlld.\ .
Sixt\ of if w ill cil',, Lot (,cr I ill Ilis, 12 ill cad I col I] I I (,I I,
wkvted lot "t I ii: I A I I I lc.st lot I I lal I w wel 11111 '(' fill to (.1 likr-
m1el ist ics, I illuil \ lill rw, alld I [Ill-tillie hil (,(I labol %\ it" coill-
picted 1) pel sollid \ kit to (,;1( 11 ,illllplc 1 11 [it,
,)i/,(- of illllplc I ill llr it\ ('1 00 iwl e,,, \i, ith It() gi citt
dill (,I el lo, c it I ii/c I I\ cliterprisc, Tillfle 1. 1 1()\\ I,\ el , "o
;III(I cottoll I )I I )d I w(il rel )ort I I I I I t i I I g it ,I I a k l perccl I t it
of lio ld t I I it I I I I it I I 1( .1 1 ) I o( I I I( 'I'lik Ill:t\ be it re,,111t of
t1w ]ill oil. prodlt( tioll adjustiouTik loilde h\ cottoli
aod so\lwitit prodii((-i . Also, thc it,,crilItc it(re of so0wall
plodliccl.", \\iI,, ill"I 11 \( ilrs, P) \cilrs \oIllwel. thall tll(' heef
plodlicer il\criwc.
li(.(4 prodil(c)" hild collsidclithk higher capitill stock thall
(ottoll ilild sodwall (,I(mcr ,, 1)itltl\ bccallsc of tlwil lilwc
ill\e"houllt ill 1kc"tock imd buildiii-,
Altholl"ll sizf of ('11telplises illcrcits(ld ill tll(' pil.st dccildc
(Ilulu \\ils it ill 1111111her of hill-tillic Ilil-cd hholcl.
om'd oil the"t, Slihstiflitioll (it ('(11lipilielit lot lilbol.
Tiladc the ildlil"tillellt po"sih1c. I hm e\cT, iLholit 75 - of totill
\\oikcri, (,ioplo\cd ( illdildilo, 11w op ,riLtol ) oil tllcm. Low('
('0111111CI'Cial litlill", \\it,, hill-tillic hiled litbol. Fitillwl,, illtir-
\w\\cd hir(id im it\criwc of :3.6 hill-tinic \\orkci,,.
A totill of 209 fill]-tilne Iliwd %\a elliplo\(-d oil
the I fillills ,lIl\u\(qI, Table :2. A\( liwr iwc of I )l k('I
it,, ill to( it 11 vei I I s. The \\oik( i hitd T of
loillial c(Ilwatioll ;III(I II;td lwco ()It Ilk Im'sclit joh to] I)
(,i I I s. Cadi \\mcs foi- rottoo imd ,odwiiii \ioik(,I,, I\cl-
,wcd 1.26 1): l hoill thall pit\ I'Ac (;It ])(,(,I liLlill".
I'lic ,kill oceded to opciate c\p(,iiJc field c(Inil-ijocilt is it
possibic ( Xplillliltioll lot- this dillciclice it I \\ iti-ics. b('el fitlill
\m rkcis i( ccked 16'; of' total \\a(,cs Ili lwi(lill " itcs, zl coill-
pill-ed \\ ith 1 :3 itild 1 1"; , 1(-Sl)(-( ti\ ck , lot I ottoTl alld "o\ Iwitil
liolo \\olk( Is. Pel(Illisite" hirilidwd il)(111(led lltilitic. , lloll',-
ill(" f'ood ileill", ;tTld \ Iri(ills ilicclitke alld hollmi, plitil.s. \Io',t
pettiIllisifIX XX Ill fll Ili~lli 1oil it illilithIX biIsiX Im N t~ if f itt
iIf wa tlllhii (IX c XX dtt i i c iart. ii X~if III
M ostl (o o )f till 7. f\ aid on I ll iii il -.)( XX lit \kI l it i t t
Tale fit t01 thel~ T3i pai tI \I ttXi!S I.w liom 6 \okid ii X lil iX
ftitite iX XX il it fl tt I If ld iX It ii IniX o IX IX aX tt ill
SI. 12. ht ~ a ti liIi I ul t ltilitti it!\ XXII\- ) .9 ou ,\ I i iiiix
lt ilt X oXI il itrtif [iilo t4 (.o l ire h i\ I it lii ii\i l ged.1
FtriX i,X \ItXX agX it l t~l ill i',if IX It i tfri XI Xit!o i 1111
li. l 'siiX iw f itili lii e liitki c ilit i kit I i tl ititlit
t('il il ttifl ( lIX lIw'X hit11111.o (o l~d l "o il (Il
FXiI SitS S I II 1)11 1. 3) F P I o I F i~ fIM 191f
XX i
1
i l lit i(tu itt
fill i I/("X iii it XittliI
tll trtil XX jiii k p0.itf i I
. I Xpiii tolt iX lu i
If t.\tft X 1)- I it ii
SiX lii,
2.1996
( :III(T 1
2,110
IT .9
lit if
7 5Sh
23 .6
12:1
i. I ,7
2.ii~t~ I vI riii I ti ( IN _1 ut ihii I I XimI)
ft(o fIt i ii, IX IX Iiw f ill ill
So\X li ut ( i ftiii lfuu(,
Ii
-f (.I
7. 6
9. 2
1. 2 6
.21
.T
1f 6
62
12.01
6itH
I10A
.1
;.li lI XIX Ii C \,it \ %i.1 If \I[I 21011I ii V I it I
oXIX i tii 1\ iN Ii tI I I1 1) I Vi I ]i L I (o \111 N . N T I I
BI i itt ofiX . Ti'l
\\ ikl\
'N I kt t XXI
Nut. M1ii.
t..f2
82 6I'M
I2 (tIS3 
1 1
". 75- :;.t0
10.00- 200.l0l
I 11.0011 t00tAt
( :lUil iLCtCIi ,tiC
I,\ ork(.r, ill ainple, Ito.
Udll( iLtloIl, NCiff
il()Illl% (alli doil.
Peopikib., dol.
Cattle wintering on Coastal bermudaograss (bottom) and those on
winter grazing (top) are shown in these Substation scenes.
Ii iM lii .I \1i di 1l11 tX(' tx (di xli ix'.Ill lilh
olhlix i t Ilwitt l il l Ittt lk ts l m i(s ir fli ' ,
(1 ,1 li .ltfl~t. I llttxx aii d l ix xiiiil 1 (w ti ii I ittx \II l t
till til i t 111 lii ('111 xjt.i i i 'i ill( p o o ! l l ) i o i(flwt l t'
xx it ii ttliditioit ii ii ll ll , f11 i'li 'l II t ctxtle i tll' ili t'c
Shoi i li t';it 1 111 Ittl llit Ii p lii li xlidd u itx 11 xb l xltixi
tIxII I I le I tu )si' xi I'~ Iii pi' it i i Ifi )I IliiI i o lithic i lli
I ' I Ii I - \1 't It ItI ;t s ' p Iu xi IiIiIiil i I i :i If iti iii i i NI I
lot ill I 1 1(' ) 1li tii i xlltxI I 'I i al ii \I x i
I I \\cl s If k l I I ]ist ol s iI I )t- I Io T So 1 1 i I xi I I
t u ~o~li h ti its
pc11it'll (lit\,
Pruc~ti of feet
1
ilil tll,
. i i ii i' i t
Sx Otiii A Sx 
tmI B .u\ 'I)
I 1 ii 1S.t it' 
611 ( i i L It,
5o
5:' .( 60. 5
16
2111 3 i '.1 2.2
silo i \\a Ii lxxi li k iiio c~plit i l t xdicil liiic
"kc~",.tl i il itll o .x 21. t cill i o Xx ic ii'c x i
Sxxliit l ix I x xxid lilit IiI xi' 11 /11 "1 c ~ l ix' xi i lt
Tmr2 26i~ 4o\ fill 271 66 i:3i5
I ITO 297 1 51 I7 li 255119, 197 1 1,01 !71
25 2S 37A i 15:3 2 63 - 37 '31)I
I) 2(l 27 357 )it) 2 1 :) 55 (72
Crops or Cattle, or Both,
for Productive Land
M. EVANS, Dept. of Agrontomty oiid Soils
W. B. ANTHONY ond R. R. HARRIS, Dept. of
Animiol ond Dairy Sciences
V. L. BROWN, Lowsei' Ccostol Ploin Substation
C. C. KING. JR. Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
S. C. BELL, Dept. of Agi' Economics and Ruiral Sociology
5xxfciii B fli,x 1.5 acresx iof (1itxx I idi 11 i t ol l thlii 311
ii lxlitit 11 actx'i o siii d x o iix i ill Coa ( til l elli liilitti lxxs
xi iiil 15 acIixs itt lttxx xi i]\ill( i Lii ill tidl lixxil( lIlt
1  
liltltlt.
si i t iii' 1 it i itt'.tsil I i li x liti\i xxxiti l I w ll.'
.1 li 111111 ii itit I hitil l ha\ x his lil tlli lt'tec cit xjl I
1b liiiili ii xo 60 t'xiiit fth i tn' l iii I ll s- xld tox'l lxIl li ii't
h t',lt lit \et. l iil i i r \),ttx, i.W -d a \ 3 -o\ i i m
,I 11 13 x xlII l o~llillit lit'l it It s iii 1lx tx \i l t lit Ii \tii
h ii ii ar f sti ll xs xx- I lith it 2 I. i (t il ti
EaCH YEAR Alabama youth leave high
school, vocational school, or junior or
senior college to enter the adult labor
force. For most, the preparation for
adulthood has involved considerable
time, financial commitment, and personal
effort. During these years of educational
preparation, they have been guided by
aspirations for specific educational and
occupational goals. Are these goals at-
tainable in light of the realities of exist-
ing opportunities and current job trends?
Or, are many young people destined for
disillusionment because of realities of the
labor market?
A panel of rural youth attending a
sample of 17 randomly selected high
schools in four northeastern Alabama
counties completed special question-
naires in 1966 as 10th graders and again
in 1968 as seniors. Information related
to the educational and occupational as-
pirations of these in-school youth from
rural areas and small towns was ob-
tained. Students were asked how much
schooling they would like to have and
what kind of job they would most want
in adult life.
Educational Aspirations
High school youth in northeastern Ala-
bama were strongly oriented toward a
college education, see table. Of the 678
boys and girls completing questionnaires
as sophomores, 58.7% wanted to attend
a junior college or 4-year college after
completing high school. Only 10% of
EDUCATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRA-
TION CHANGE AMONG A PANEL OF
NORTHEASTERN ALABAMA HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS, 1966-68
Years Change'
Aspiration
goal levels 
1966 1968 Aggre. 
Cate-
gate gory
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct
Educational
H. sch. or less ......... 10.5 11.5 ?1.0 70.4
Bus. or voc ............. 30.8 26.8 -4.0 56.5
Jr. coll. 8.6 8.8 +0.2 77.6
Coll. (4-yr.) .--.......... 31.8 29.6 -2.2 54.2
Grad. sch. ......--------- 18.3 23.3 +5.0 47.6
Occupational
Semi-skilled ...... 8.6 6.8 -1.8 67.3
Skilled 14.6 13.6 -1.0 59.1
Farm -4.6 2.0 -2.6 67.9
Non-profess...... 25.6 31.8 +6.2 40.3
Professional ....... 46.6 45.8 -0.8 32.7
' Change in aspirations is viewed in terms
of the percentage of all youth desiring each
goal level (aggregate) versus the percentage
of youth who desired each goal level in
1966 but had changed to some other goal
level by 1968 (category).
2 Non-professional occ up atio ns include
white collar jobs such as sales clerks, typists,
managers, proprietors, etc.
the students desired to complete their
education prior to or with the comple-
tion of high school. When interviewed
2 years later as seniors, the same youth
were even more college oriented. Sixty-
two per cent now wanted some form of
college education. Few had lowered
their goals to either high school gradua-
tion or post-high school vocational train-
ing, and a 5% increase was found among
youth desiring graduate school training.
Change in educational goals among
these young people may appear incon-
sequential in the aggregate, but consider-
ation of goal changes for each educa-
tional category revealed that between
their sophomore and senior years 57.4%
had changed the amount of education
desired. Youth who aspired to either
high school or junior college experienced
the greatest change in goals, while those
aspiring to do graduate study changed
least. Some youth had lowered their
educational goals, but most had raised
their already high goals to even higher
levels.
Occupational Aspirations
Rural teenagers have only limited con-
tact with and experience in the work
world. Even their contact with industrial
and semi-professional jobs is restricted.
However, as opportunities for part- and
full-time employment become available,
this situation changes and more realistic
appraisals of employment opportunities
mark their career goals during this de-
velopmental stage.
Data for youth in northeastern Ala-
bama revealed that the majority aspired
to professional and white collar non-pro-
fessional jobs, see table. In both 10th and
12th grades almost 50% of the youth
desired professional occupations. Less
than 5% of the 10th graders wanted to
farm and only 23% desired skilled or
semi-skilled (blue collar) jobs. By the
12th grade a slight shift had occurred
from all job levels toward white collar,
non-professional occupations such as
sales, clerical, and managerial positions.
Again, as was observed regarding edu-
cation, a considerable proportion of these
youth had changed their occupational
goals from one general occupational level
to another. For example, a change from
school teacher to car salesman involved
a change from the professional to non-
professional level, whereas a change
from doctor to lawyer did not. Forty-
three per cent of the young people in-
terviewed changed their occupational
aspiration during the high school years.
The proportion of youth changing their
goals was greatest in the semi-skilled and
farm occupations and least among youth
desiring to enter professions and white
collar non-professional jobs.
Comprehensive
Counseling Needed
The high percentage of students ex-
periencing change in their educational
and occupational goals during the high
school years emphasizes the need for
effective programs of high school coun-
seling. Problems currently encountered
in placing highly trained college gradu-
ates into suitable employment suggests a
great need among young people for in-
formation relating to the opportunities
available in the job market. It is impor-
tant that counselors give emphasis to, pro-
viding students with educational and oc-
cupational alternatives to college attend-
ance and professional careers. The wise
counselor will help students consider po-
tentials for and limitations against the at-
tainment of specific goals as well as pro-
mote the positive aspects of the many
socially essential and well compensated
skilled and service jobs for which there
currently exists a shortage of qualified
young applicants.
14
Changing Aspirations of Rural Youth
A. B. PRATT and J. E. DUNKELBERGER
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E. V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION--Highlights of
AgricultUrol Researc1 3,'72 tOM
Li1t.
I S 1 137
I8,8:38
'lit olih t.
.72 12.T
:1.02 1 1.8
1it 288 2.77 t6t
1718 I 3t.0i5 10t.2
POSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRIC ULTURE
5611