HIGHLIGHT of agricultural research Agricultural Experiment Station vol ,AUBURN UNIVERSITY Oil -------r t:, vPK24y~t1 4 t 4 .4# J - - ~ 44 4 ft DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS \(Y IXYii'li M;( tlt ,iii Piel lt %%it )1 iili(' I t isI. t xii I, siti, i Ii 1 Iti\\ (I itNI l i hio I cII dp \\i i iic ct XX l ~l ,. I 11 ili itIi ('111 ci i li i t \II i ll eti l 'x x ii i'('lp Ili i t II t iliilitill/itliii Ili il i l owit lilt ill Iitl si iii jH xlI X t' i t 1I lii (I2, the h I i'.ilt so at( s Icils( 11 oX i ] il f ili i iCi'ii'l iiii Ili )I Xhe ill a m ss i o f t l I ip li' IcliiliXII to fillH t 1". V . S mi i (it Ii\ iit lxr (.ll ii 'I i ii' ill t x (Ii iic I itd)Itu(I . xx lt Ii ui w i i i'iii, i I I I I ' I c Un) tti %ll iit ( hXiiti 2 ii4xxi'x, ti iv, Iiiliii o 1 ti i l (, )\ it bvlii thi Aili' li li Ii ;I rlIII dill I , Ii i t tl e it~ l it Il diixx ix x (ii Co il xit ii m tha it riiliiix Alacho ior Peanut Wedo.1 Conrl 4ajtc \o( eco Fugiciallti Cotrlziol of Pcanl Downyi~t iLeafspotsb 6\ae l) Grain.(\ .srhm Wid"'lte pR angewld in ' NutiiVlue(I~s 7im Spray orlda Gran les Eihe Formltion Wtlorks 8i( lotSg Corpmi crtin n gic u11(litur 9fti Lanhe Plann .(ping(( anonin 0l c otw(stbillilto itory, ofill Zho~oplyli Enomlogy\ aht Aubrnd o Unisty v Tis Cullrs otaion" Tealcingl and esarch Aiod 12 h Comicbie Adusmet anlidd Paticsll' Damagewe 13cl il]\ Hblicide Comiations forlli ilCloton Weed Con h itrol 1 qIdex tlopAties Publ t(Ilihed111 in Highits, 1970~ecd 15 t ioiilloy o the Stun Nemaode 1\i( 6lmlitl( h ot\p cs " we 4&a -... D111. Cl atlk \lit, Xtliffr of liiiAii t( illI' tiid ie o il l tier 1 (. IlI aig i( it of theiui Ie aii cl of IC I tiltllol 3.5 degrehe i liiile I1al NvTtst wich doictii\its alxx -\tIss o-h is joit thi e a stai iif th g i ttti -\ txili tit' \riliv ill 19 2. uigix t ii I IM o4ti ii 91 ii'x a poii Kie B ter l)plo iiiiit\ ti, nl~ h xtiiiiilla IiiiItiI x. c ixe th e itii' B.S. Xlitili hii ill i ie xiix iigm h'xiv iii i l 1 9 6 iIi Agri dcl tu\ srlic ReIf c ARINGa Sta7e VOL 18 NO A I'tCrl repori~tghi ofi.. resarc uliihed t byre the Arniclrl 19 eiueut taio ofrll Abrn Un-iersto, Abun, Alsabama.ol oF.s V.l 1946uIi 19D t \ispietor litt Po. \OUS Asoilsociat DI1)iircchis (hlli F. S le haiis Assitnt Iei('tor T. F recohoi Asstolil snt etsr of cotol STEVENSO Assocate Editoran st.e D.flnooufs ss istheantitor o Eit aorilt\ Aderis toext for H. 1).ra liOUs ois Waaim, o Proeso ofpp Ahi- ilso hl ds~ 11ll i hiii lli ii r iii xxo SI N 1971 VOL 18, NO. Kx , ii xxii' r Iiix seqrviey rehspubli ofiseh pondshae a soure of incomeomany faprimst Sacod 1n. to. thE toryat onipageo3 Outdoor Recreation - Another Source of Farm Income E. W. McCOY, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology OUTDOOR RECREATION may provide another ingredient for a profitable mix of farm enterprises. This income source was used by 802 Alabama farmers in 1965, but more could profit from it. * Many farmers could supplement in- comes by adding a recreational enter- prise that would not compete for land, labor, or capital with the farm business. * Some could increase income by sub- stituting a recreation enterprise for a por- tion of their farm enterprises. * A few farmers could profitably shift their entire operation to producing rec- reational services. Participation in outdoor recreation in Alabama has shown substantial growth over the last decade. Out-of-state visita- tion for recreation purposes has increased much faster than general population growth. Such unique Alabama features as Gulf Coast beaches, TVA lakes, and the moderate climate, as well as num- erous lakes, rivers, and forests to support a multitude of fish and game, could greatly increase recreation participation in the future. An active program of developing out- door recreation facilities is being carried out by the State and many local groups. At present in Alabama, increases in sup- ply of recreational services create their own demands. A major park facility at- tracts visitors who also support many small facilities. Outdoor recreation as an enterprise, however, is not a bonanza. Profitable op- eration requires the same qualities of management and investments as profit- able operation of a farm. In addition, the manager must be willing to serve people with all their idiosyncrasies. Such enterprises as farm based vaca- tions, fishing lakes, hunting, and camp- ing fit well into farm operations. In many cases these can be fitted into a farm op- eration without seriously lowering farm production and without competing for land or labor. Alternately, these recrea- tion enterprises can be increased and, if demand warrants, replace less profitable farm operations. As the scope of the farm based rec- reation enterprise is increased, it begins to compete with other areas of produc- tion for capital, labor, and management. There are several special provisions for providing capital for rural outdoor rec- reation facilities. * The Soil Conservation Service as- sists in building farm ponds and the State Department of Conservation aids in stocking ponds. * Farmers Home Administration has special provisions for individual or co- operative loans for recreational facilities, with low interest and long terms. In ad- dition, the agency offers management assistance. * Federal Land Banks and Produc- tion Credit Associations make loans for developing farm based recreation. * Many local banks recognize recrea- tion facilities as worthy of loans. The recreational enterprise should not receive capital that could be more profit- ably invested in other segments of the farm business. It should be subjected to the same decision making process to de- termine its suitability to a particular farm. Although demand for outdoor recrea- tion services is increasing faster than the population, every such enterprise does not automatically have enough customers for profitable operation. Demand for a specific site is initially determined by size of the surrounding population, ease of access to it, and availability of alter- RANGE IN AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME, EXPENSES, AND NET INCOME FOR SELECTED FARM BASED OUTDOOR RECREATION ENTERPRISES' Range in income and expenses 2 Facility or enterprise High Low Income Expenses Net Income Expenses Net Riding stable Hunting area Fishing area Campground $12,000 27,785 11,207 3,375 $ 5,275 20,515 7,142 678 $6,725 7,270 4,065 2,697 $4,369 560 538 1,295 $2,353 $2,016 230 330 117 488 324 971 SFrom recent studies of farm based recreational enterprises throughout United States. 2 Net income includes return to capital and unpaid family labor. nate sites. Demand can be increased by advertising, providing a pleasurable visit to customers, and creating multi-recrea- tional facilities. For example, adding pic- nic tables, rest rooms, and a concession stand at a fishing lake could increase its profit potential. Providing a selection of activities that has something to offer at every season of the year can also increase returns from a recreation site. Amount of income from a recreational enterprise usually is directly proportional to number of visitors. Many farm based outdoor recreation enterprises report low returns when all costs are considered, generally because demand is lower than anticipated. A careful appraisal of the market is needed before committing resources to a recreational enterprise, including answers to three questions: (1) What is the gen- eral demand for the activity? (2) How many similar facilities are available to satisfy existing demand? (3) What is the anticipated cost of providing the recrea- tion facilities? Answers to these questions make it possible to estimate the number of rec- reational customers at a specified rate to show income potential of supplying the market. A comparison of anticipated in- come with expected capital investment provides the basis for deciding whether to include the outdoor recreation enter- prise. Income, expenses, and net returns for several types of outdoor recreational fa- cilities or enterprises are listed in the table. The figures are averages from sev- eral national studies and include opera- tions with losses as well as farms with high returns. The profitable hunting areas had pen-reared birds, guide serv- ices, and dogs. The low return hunting was based on natural game. In general, enterprises with higher net returns also had higher capital investments and greater variable expenses. If a farm has good access to urban population and the manager enjoys meet- ing and providing services to the public, outdoor recreation can fit into his farm- ing operation. It is important to remem- ber, however, that word-of-mouth ad- vertising is equally effective in spreading the word about both pleasant and un- pleasant experiences. ~LI V- ~VVIVCI~~VIICIL YVLI~VVU VIVHCV LIIVII ALACHLOR for Peanut Weed Control G. A. BUCHANAN, GEORGE WARD, R. D. McLAUGHLIN Department of Agromony and Soils HENRY IVEY, Wiregross Substtion A X LACII0H "iltdII llill tihe t hI I (ialti' Las,,t ) ha I I It't )1It I ll ie 1967i . 311 A ' 1maj (1 p rlXf. li rsc rh ha li\ I \ll l tXi d tildc o 11 il IX C f11 1M S0 l) IfliC~i~ll, Mlo i NillIt l oIii 11iicdes aIii tin oNI ii I III bI ((Itt 1 I atcti'itc 19)67 XIII itlo 11)1IIJ 4.0 1)i. I t8 rp e,1.1) XIII ~ ~ 2. 11((~l ).11l Aitt l(ilo(ttII '3.11~. Ala1(1 lopil 4.11)i ( Aw( k Xlachlo(1 1)1 2.11~. A(III ~ l ),:.01) Irsc tt'XIX ztf XX(I'I Fill N Lat F lt ,t (.t ') it'ttl ((li',s 1,497 1325 161M I 60G) 1,5) I , t6 1767 1, 1l3 1 695 1,8.51 1 996 1,8711 96 9) 1 12 9 1 tji 9)5 12 '3 100 9) 95 9 86 92_ 0) 64 8.5 81 95 0) Lite Itill' Xcaslt . tolitI (Iol of 1 oatlltal XX cd ('C i th jill llll(']tslla e lto 6 'a coil 13t tttttllt'ai X ( c oi til ra .tintgs ittill (alIX ill the gloXX itig X'a- Miff ('tttl aliX rle(ct(( subtatal conrol Il oI)XCXCIr, late' X(' Miff I i til - xvere pool1'1)(1. Il I 968, laite X('IiI I I t-ijtgs jindijcated lb). A.) rlt('. Hates of :3.11). A. o llit.hli- g('('iiIXl * eflec~ted citi l tet a :leI'talI of Al least a sutbstantial IX elIl of ('Iwl hi ladIecll X~ etI olt ilol \%a's palI ittlatl I* \ X evi it ill thbe I969 1111d N9) Ill cx einicat. X letk notl cttti olled If\ aliacillol ill- tchided ticlt Lii e cCII't broadleaf X \cc(I such it sltkjep'td. tolol ltigloX, andl cocklebulr. SoI)IC II oltrol of 1110 ida beg- t.1.tlXX(Cli 1and 1)1 ltkIX\ Xjdia s eI', leo b llot' , pat tienitlrX caIIIX il the grollXX togweasoo. Pi(T4XX el t ear ete lltd Flot ida ploalalic X tl t ail ttI thosXX baX X IcatiltjIX Ieteds lla \ XX lit rlleI. II tttI 99, a l I p I hot) f (X tit \\Xl IX"i4fe t l c t 111Ill' dpoa ncl)iXIIl. of applIt INI I 11 X ll gaecmaal elIltltl IO broadlaf \\cd coli I Nlwa I'ibt iia v XNIc1 I01Xevle. (T(1llc1Cttt I ((IttIiol II'l \1111 tptI (X I It if4"l w pp ia IiollX TaI It II II 'I.x I it' tttll 19W1) 1. 1.511. 3.0+3. 11) 2,:378 21.59) 2.2M8 2 251) 2 32 lPre unIt au (tiictll X . 1 1) ittit X I (111(1iliti I' 4 93:, 62 98 71 1.5 2 1 tT 9)0 2 92 6i 1 ) 2 1,551 I,7 92 97 T )1 96 0 0 2,478 ~.0 -i-3.0 lb). 1001 71) 98 0 .3.0 4.5 lb). 10)1 95 1001 81) : 3 .10-+ 6. 11)1 1001 98 )99 7,5 Chec'k 0I [ ) ( ) 01) o lit tlil it 1 1(11 1 Illitlte 11' 1111111 2 ()i XXo IillltiII 11 1011 II fttt itll .1( 01 0 2,8401 0 (0 2,986 0I 0 2,6 11 1) 'I), 611M A I \i rvxi xx wii pioiii h ii ofx (xeto(' aiid lkx ititi it liiiil iii is, if xx it 1 ig ill l itiii 2 x axee 1(1( ii i p din \ii liligt i ls bA (11141i\iiIw 969 toi i (iii Ti li l i s ]l 9t ot thei (iiits(t liit 1970 2OAlabf a'tiitil iiiii offeixe.hs v (,e Coi \ii x iji maikei u 9ff 95" oi toital 1(1cd(1 14tio ix (Ii to Feed groin IP00 tons 4,0001 3,000 2,000 1,000- 0 FD Deficit FD Production 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 FIG. 1. Alabama's feed grain production, utilization, and deficit during 1964-70 is illustrated by the graph. JL. STALLINGS and M. A. SUMBLIN, Department of Agricu~ltu~ral Economics and Rural Sociology Met. w iti s of i tih ettt x)ili ulit\ olx lg cix luitgi ioif ( iluitixe ilt- t IIIag. This tlit\ hod 'iuti io xIli trii ( it or lillt dl-i ill t dl to xx d ii i e \iilli i p lx iii ixth s ihl t t -% d I iii~ttti i It hasitiii ix s t( iorix il ii tut liu (ill iie oiihnua. xn xlixl-t nthti couatnral-e \ t'ti 121nos efhli ,i toiiti dipictitx tile Cout Bel,iii applie lsome mi i dehini iil ( Itoutxtx iid high vleli tixg's cv ttiitilig Comilx:inl I ih fillttitie i n pprxopint ate ('noipal ,iie ,i uiivttigi soliii pcidiiiim anlt(piss pit is iicii fite utd itk \ilir tI Aitb'uitli i. P ill iiiiii (i exuitx ('iif ti i ci it lotiiwii icxe ))riize uigge t ~w 'iiuiltilod ii anxxxc t posibleI il'evx. liiiore i exl e iiliix ill i i ti l a trdgt.d be lxe'e i iie to ntbxli ltll ripit teds it 1 tpu'arxinumn iitaiei ti io1 isi \l,iiitit Ii pt it c Li tnitllu ill AIbciu'i iitii x- tdoes I i the Cnilt iot. '[oiwelir oig t leene cxcixliete othe d i itutini it s (2)x ef fiielit iil 1ti i l t rii ti inietixe Ixitito xuuii'xxim iit ulvxixu ii (n xxi xlililxli hixxii ali abslut 01 i iii uite itii X ioiut fix tiiiliii i l Xilxixl xr li-ig prilw i other x tha 6 m lt (oxl iioi i slt ofii i).39 i Ali- Ci op Oc.,q. 0 0003.0 '320 474000 '43 '50525430 55 '60 60003000W FIG. 2. Acreage of corn harvested for grain in Alaborma is shown with production and yield per acre for 1935-70. So\i lii',lix ( i ttiili I 1;1\ Xl ilk Siiightuim fur .9 .ili I Iogx iid it ugx 0Ali fur grain I iil and furiillb I11I(1(, o1 f 1115. tilt ii i lx ll tix il i l ill id atiil ( .XI iiiii or Alit Mt.ui'i~ for AX lai r' ) 5i 51 --254 ~178 i)3 1 t44 _3 +- 1 78 +i :38 ':36 -+ 7.1 -:36 81 -+ 48 0 T ---1 +47 + 22 -0 +(2 + 2~ 21 -26 f 11 21 1c 9 1. -29 +' 15 2:3 _30t Equalll ulixtidx tit ge 12 -12 Monre favsorahle for 0 1 71 -39 85 -:38 88 .3 9 601 - i Illinis '3 12 47 49 108s 2,500 2SOO .000 S TORAGE OF NUTRIENTS required for formation and early growth of pecans is largely dependent on amount and char- acter of foliage and length of time it functions on the trees. Certain patho- genic fungi and insects cause defoliation of unsprayed Alabama pecan trees so that maturing nuts fill poorly and nu- trient accumulation for the next nut crop is reduced. Mycosphaerella caryigena, the fungus that causes the downy spot dis- ease, destroys chlorophyll in summer and incites leaflet abscission in the fall. Re- search has shown lower photosynthesis and transpiration in M. caryigena in- fected leaves. Studies on diseased trees have also shown that starch decreased rapidly in roots during early spring growth and starch and hemicellulose ac- cumulation decreased during kernel de- velopment. Experiments to evaluate fungicides for controlling downy spot were established in a commercial orchard near Auburn. Fungicides tested were: benomyl (Ben- late 50W), dodine (Cyprex 65W), sul- fenimide (Difolatan 80W), triphenyltin hydroxide (Duter 50W) (TPTH), and zineb (Parzate C 75W). Applications were made with an air-blast sprayer onto Stuart pecan, a cultivar highly suscepti- ble to infection by M. caryigena. In 1968, applications were made on a 2- or 3-week schedule starting with a prepollination spray (April 11) when leaves were to in. in length. Evalua- tion of a second block of trees was initi- ated 3 weeks later (postpollination). In 1969, the value of starting sprays pre- or postpollination was investigated. How- ever, rainy weather prevented prepolli- nation applications until April 29 and postpollination applications until May 22. In 1970, sprayer breakdown delayed ap- plications until April 28, which was post- pollination. Leafspot data were taken Fungicidal Control of Pecan Downy Leafspot A. J. LATHAM, Dept. of Botany and Microbiology TABLE 2. CONTROL OF DOWNY LEAFSPOT ON STUART PECAN WITH FUNGICIDES IN MACON Co., ALABAMA, 1969 AND 1970 Treatments Lb. per Spots per compound leaf 100 gal. July 1969 September 1969 July 1970 No. No. No. Prepollination' Benomyl Dodine-- TPTH- Postpollination 2 Benomyl Dodine TPTH Unsprayed 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.1a 4.4 b 3.8 a 110.0 c 25.7 b 1.1 a 3.9ab 5.9b 19.8 a 126.6 b 30.4 a 153.0 c 7.2 a 8.0 a 15.7a 205.1 b SMeans followed by same letter are not significantly different at the 5 % level according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 2 Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. from 12 compound leaves collected from each tree at a height 6 to 12 ft. from the ground during July and September. Fungicides applied on a 2- or 3-week schedule, Table 1, were effective in con- trolling leafspot; however, dodine was significantly better than sulfenimide at 2-week intervals and both dodine and TABLE 1. CONTROL OF DOWNY LEAFSPOT ON STUART PECAN WITH FUNGICIDFS IN MACON Co., ALABAMA, 1968 Spots per compound leaf Treatments Lb. per 100 gal. Spots per compound lea July September No. No. 2-Week interval Dodine 1.0 4 .8 a 6.1 a Sulfenimide 1.0 83.5 bc 35.6 abec TPTH- 0.4 11.6 ab 11.8 a Zineb 2.0 16.3 ab 28.0 abc 3-Week interval Dodine 1.0 13.2 ab 18.1 ab Sulfenimide ....... 1.0 46.2 c 50.6 bc TPTH --- 0.4 18.4b 22.9 ab Zineb 2.0 50.1 c 58.4 c Zineb (PPSO)- 2.0 87.1 d 101.1 d Unsprayed --- ......... __-163.2 e 206.2 e 1 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level accord- ing to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 2 PPSO = prepollination spray omitted, zineb applied postpollination only. of these 4 diseases were prominent in un- sprayed plots. Pecan trees are sprayed with fungi- cides primarily for scab control on shucks of maturing nuts. From a practical view- point, fungicides selected for shuck dis- ease control should also control foliage diseases. Commercial control of downy spot and other foliage diseases with benomyl 1 , dodine, or TPTH was demon- strated in these experiments on a 3-week schedule. In the past Stuart pecan pos- sessed some resistance to scab and grow- ers delayed spraying until scab was evi- dent. Such practice permitted a dam- aging scab incidence on the shucks and extensive downy leafspot incidence with a resulting loss of nutrients needed by the tree for current and subsequent nut production. Prepollination fungicide ap- lications of benomyl, dodine, or TPTH, repeated 2 weeks later and subsequently at 3-week intervals throughout the grow- ing season, gave the most effective con- trol of pecan shuck and foliage diseases in the Auburn experiments. 1 Benomyl is not registered for use on pecan. TPTH were better than sulfenimide at 3-week intervals. Zineb was equivalent to TPTH at 2-weeks, but leafspotting at 3-weeks was nearly three times greater. Benomyl applications during pre- and postpollination lowered leafspot inci- dence significantly during 1969, Table 2. Unfortunately, spraying operations dur- ing 1970 could not be started prepollina- tion to confirm 1969 data. During 1970, no significant differences between fungi- cides were noted in postpollination ap- plications. The three fungicides gave sig- nificant control of downy spot over un- sprayed trees. Brown leafspot (caused by Cercospora fusca) and scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) did not occur in sprayed plots. Only a trace of liver spot (caused by Gnomonia caryae var. pecanae) occurred in sprayed plots. All Sae191hom c'7'ai d,4wve Vi/de /Pa~i~e iot ftAkiue Vrdae W. B. ANTHONY Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences C. S. HOVELAND Dept. of Agronomsy and Soils G BAI lN SOM)IlI.I( ( S(rghliol I Ii~gulr illodiletilol ha beenlCC small il Alabamafl. Ill I1961 about11 14,000 aeres of slorgilIl XXer haIrves X('tedI for grailn. This aerlCeage XXini ' 111 X'('St th a i ll .111. I l t)iii 19691 iel(IX of gi aili per lalIC we're .33 bull sI if] 1969 aod :11 buIIshelsX inl 197). New~ varlieties of, Xul gillI offeinjg iligier pro- dioltill of, Illol C I llitriti(1I1 grail I X 1 10(Iid interes (' l l)IrC Aiba)llial fdr~lCille- if ill- tIC sliXtt p0(il Sorghum gilIolol g~ill theI foo in 510 gill!!)ogl IllI eel all iptan gore of till~ill illd all illil fooid. fovr eelltit(( SThe ll(vtal 1969. nY er th f5)irsl goladweS-ill)sri~lXX Cl(lX for 0111(1 Sogu lo 11C edSgiae iCltII ENhipra 1)1(111 Sttrougou il~d 1) tile XX Ika (If 13 ii. ~oinh 1(11(1 Mer. plante oS 740 ml ilill bu h l of IC X ril i lp o il C( l till' menX i 1 t tation bae oCC tile work (If i\IC-. \eCillCIt oII IX bi iS oI gillll 11il XXIII 1 1(1o1( X11ipiC XX\\ill' e'llorllolIX ill Xwarsl Thr f i s gXrleat X lriatiloll ill glrlilI SoII ghillmX to01 CildI ItC istiCX 511111 asX seed Also, thereC is great XIIIialtlol ill tile X ege_ tati Cognl'OXl (ItXIgllll)) ialtS fill (Il) - gith Iloral HCCIesa SCIX sriCI' IUSDA) Ti e1'tell- siX C elleetiloll (If XII llillIX1 XXa made),~i. OXver 12,0001 tIIekX 11(11 44 ('(IIItitiieX Xvarieties (It s(Irghulm XX\ill fbe deX iXCI thlat a11le. Mny olfI I tihIese exotiC tX f)CX sII hav 1el ICI r115e XC wiXth Iar C dliX iXX f Xvar1ietiesX 1)X, tile AHiS and1( Texas geIII'tIiitX tol re- Unitedi States. SCeed oIf' thlese uovi(X!tCei lines haveC bICI plIodul(c'( ill Piwlit(I IjiCe. Auburn ~ll C XiivestX aiiIIl~ XCiCIotiXIX (illtell lulder Cliltait tol tile USI)A. telili thalt XXs pr(5 ee b\I~OC I AW13 gel! Cti lists ill Pile!rto Bico. Thle diigestiiliitX XX iXs the', d X I o m IX ] X1()1I bang 111 l l ll t ing theseXI balgs ill the fIeIIICIs (If fistlliated SteersX. XX ol 1111 ' d C \ereX ('IC d i~~ 'iIll the IIIlliCII oIf XIII il Ilf ghre ste l' I (III tail l elt III! I aIf sondmiX lIlI.Ill'i ill-ti ii~ rio I ie1(1 sl 41011 till' Samlelii XX iile ill till 11111111 XXas I )e.ii ast feainl ti' grIi di(tt)SillilYS I)i( re blt o. th ,0 alpe tfot gl )1l XX il1 l 1111h XXlo IS the! X SamXX f tiiI h of'I \iig l'Xtii lta Xiill' \(,I\, Io\\I fo'i. all i(I ti ll's 11111 i Xl' ,/ X f I l ess If~I.11 Hard gllS ofteIII). ife d misdea l al SeIC of~lt SmeIX sltill~lls X ( 'i fl pg et e I'I ll (If g telle \\ti e lla l i XX ll impr Xove thll 11g(' tk \aI l oII (rIIS i ai Sog gatlteoz ?a6orwakrec ?fV&Z46 G. A. BUCHANAN, Depairment of Agrorioiry arid Soils W T. DUMAS, Departiment of Agriculturalt Engineering I i'iiji it' ii lirici detil all' appliedi it,"~ i it spij'x Ii i )I lo\c e i ther li h i(il iiiIiiliili l iliior tii oi liii' iliij I lici de il it iiru' iii xiiit liii. XX ii'i ix w [ i 111iii. ~iliti ri li I iP il i I I II'I~ to rio cxai iil it o A c to41 i li tat .k t -t) ' i[l ii11) X(i i iiit iiit cli li iiw toi the )Iitji I ( 111w oft aikl applicator uscd to apply treatments at the Agricul- - tural Engmneering Research ,A I I, SPRAYS or GRANULES liiiI Xxi x I ', '"I li' li,~ Xi I X X\i ii i Ili\ Xl iii all W'ill lititi' per iii t 1.5 +i 4.53 1.5 - 4.5 I ml It APP11111) L'I~ iX I iil" i. vs i \) l k k AXii I ,IkI lIi h-iiciihi Iili l tii i l Hatc pcr aciv \ it ii) of Spri> SI111iii hl l)5 75n I 7 h \ii-thii ot applicion ('ri ';illulu (.1a \\ Ilt, I (I int lilt, grasses Xl I 'II No. A, o. t'lptaiI)I( giraxs cintitl ii egaI rdlix oii mi iii Ilit il xIl i111 X i llos Iiss b ildlili %i\ a iiixtiilitii \ it fl ii it'et'iii~ iii ii'I I citi' fiii 14lilaioTI ilii ill l i liiicl l' ll flistJil itll till)) 't le ill wid d rtc liii il XX I ii ( iii1 iii ii liilli beiXlliali ed i iii2tii t.w pasi X 3 \cars bot ii s iiit six ;1i1i its ;ix (1111111 att e sI m ate1 il ti lt, ii ii ii" XlI'Bl il lll I llll~ boi i 1 t i t ~ 8\tsp sil o c m ir h l I~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ I'l i.i iiTI() III \\\ \1x I , X lis ,[\ I, 1 o \t l 11 iit lii l ii r PrpoMi app~)lict ion1 Suirix ranule~r Spi ' (iiiiilI Xi ii i (o Itrio li 1 249 9 20t1 6i 1 10 1 200l S5 - 7- liii i \a mai ix li x l i i 0. . ;il( 0.5 i 11. o ive xiwix xiciit p!,rtiluwi CoIf~ ofi' . X 1 i ii li' \\ (,(,(Is ii \6 01 th (111 1 lii 0t tin i ''ulIs w.(vpi I' , T( aheiii I il AIi HI x iI t l nit, itb xx ix iti lici ( itia] ix tridxtid Ix (i 'j tl f liittii' xjia i ii ilorproiii iii mid 2,1I hh1) ( , it iii itil Of Iil h r i ii'eti' xx ((it xeiiioi (-dit lti' xittwlric n'd xjoi ilx xixlixlu xx\\ Ill. C~~i it both ;Ii (i ii t I iit il xx i'i'i uni t t IX lI( i pe a)l ('i :otit I liti l I 131 aiiiic iii ix a b jii~ axol d broad- gu ill vrasses or broadh af \\rcd, 1), 1 160 ft. if ilm, 12-hi, 1,.wd \ - ,, " , - 4 _7'i "p, Or I ? 1 1. , il I f 11 1 1 1 1 1 ; I I 1 (11 1 t t (, ' it I ,() i\I( III taxtc itititI ( I c fiiiit piliiiii tlit ;i( cStiti'ill i eicaln at r)xx itiliip' Wil i'pi'xitciI l\otIxc xiii ld lfi, iti iiiis i f c rii ii iitet ii litt i l i t i ti 1 Ali 'at i ii iti I, it l ar t iicial bI aitti (Iv ~tt4 (tiltdc itt i i ( tc limi It i i i oletiiii 1(iito or itt Si ist iiit\ Sti iiiii Iii i 1 )i -I iig i xthit\ oc ihi is O'4 tltitd act shaig s of ti sto iie ttiis ittiiljiiis tir dlit~i~sl of pro-l fitsi iS itt it\, it cre oft ii xii I igi iii ttii xxit lItt i i X ii i it .96 c oli tti itt ti t-\lt CORPORATIONS in AGRICULTURE JH. YEAGER, Deportment of Agriciultural Economics and Rural Sociology itix taxtci oit itit thal xaimc th l~i iatti of(,)ill] Iminrialot t fixiis cIi thSutcipt'tli ix (di it illC ' xiii ii ati i iopeliix lessut plit iitixx i.' i ha t lxii of' ietss tit $40,000 i itdldd aiithe 71 it (alied il t au'tx aiilw it's ot htv I 0,99N w, Il t 11lt 1,59 (,0 -IL JY 1 2,000 loo ()(? cars ll ii S ()I t til t ',ittto ato ) 's'iltttitttttl N6 1 tiI;III tiht it I i iT ( to all fii- Why Incorporate? i ll l x tuletu i t coi i'iixtiut fliii (diols iial iti ta iiilc attagix iii sait- 1lt itl' I)inle itii ooe moit kitti xlthc un ItU1 ii I i ix i i. i si imtiti di ill dii a pa I ia loilli ofki I tip at iol l xii i caiox a $x0ii 090 t o i ,5 ,0x iiiini l(,bi I li (i i' t it tilttil i iti iit i1ii i tiltlr i l ' iii xtpl- I iiixxix Ci'the p x tlx ighrul (a tal iiitiiih CII\Ii%( li'lolsm s w . 1Lx\I\(, it 11\1 IT So kils" 196S LAND USE PLANNING KEYS TO RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MR. AND MRS. HOMEMAKER built a dream home by the roadside in Country- side, U.S.A. Into it went their dreams, their hopes, and most of their savings. A few years passed, other homes were built; later a mixed development took place. An automobile graveyard was lo- cated down the road. A tavern opened nearby. Mr. and Mrs. Homemaker got a rude awakening. The old charm of the country home was gone. Also lost was a goodly part of the savings invested in the home. Residential values plummeted." 1 Legislative Acts In 1923 and 1985, the Alabama Legis- lature approved acts that enabled a mu- nicipal corporation to divide the territory in its limits into zones according to a comprehensive plan. To date no provi- sion has been made to allow rural areas the same privileges. The above illustra- tion is a frequent example of the plight of people in rural areas throughout much of the nation. Good, sound rural planning and zoning could prevent many such in- stances. 'Solberg, Earling D. "Zoning of Prospec- tive Land Use Areas," Talks on Rural Zon- ing, U.S. Department of Agriculture, ERS, FED January 1960. 10 and ZONING HOWARD A. CLONTS Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology What Is Zoning? Zoning is the power granted by the State Legislatureto regulate under police powers, the height, bulk, and use of buildings, the use of land, and the den- sity of population. Zoning was developed in crowded cities and its basic regula- tions were related to urban problems. In later years zoning was extended to urban fringes and then in many states to open country. Regulations under the enabling acts are justified on basis of promoting health, safety, morals, and general wel- fare of the public. Planning for Rural Development Incorporated rural communities al- ready have at their disposal numerous tools for stimulating economic and social growth. Land use planning lies at the heart of any resource development pro- gram. Land use plans encourage new residential as well as commercial and in- dustrial growth. However, mere encour- agement of growth is not sufficient; it must be orderly. Zoning is the legal and administrative process with which the community protects itself against indis- criminant land use. Zoning cannot be used to correct past mistakes. Hence, it is important that growing areas act early to avoid badly mixed land uses. I are allowed the powers of land use plan- ning and zoning, desired growth patterns may materialize. The comprehensive plan is the basic guide for establishing zoning districts. This plan is a complete description of present land uses and projections of the best use in the future. Zoning starts with the established community then directs growth and prevents further deteriora- tion. Kinds of Zoning Districts Several kinds of zoning districts may be formed. Most local ordinances include residential, business, and industrial zones. In states where open country zoning is permitted, agricultural, forest, recreation, and other special districts are established. Since unincorporated rural communi- ties in Alabama do not have the power to regulate land use, many are beginning to initiate incorporation proceedings. Communities with a population of 75 people living on contiguous areas may incorporate. However, responsibilities of incorporation often extend beyond the abilities of some communities. Public services are costly and government is often cumbersome. The best alternative for this situation is the privilege of rural areas or counties to zone land use. This privilege can be extended only by special enabling acts of the Alabama Legislature. Changing Conditions Alabama may be on the verge of more rapid growth in population, urbanization, and industrialization than in the past 10 years. Throughout the State evidence of change is appearing. A large proportion of the rural population is non-farm oriented. Highway traffic early and late in the day indicates large scale commut- ing to work and shopping areas. The open countryside in many areas is be- coming less open. The number of rural communities, both incorporated and unincorporated, has increased rapidly in recent years. Residents of these communities enjoy rural living. Most favor continued growth and progress. However, generally they prefer that surrounding areas grow in such a manner that maintains their rela- tive comfort and appeal. To many of these people the concept of a rural com- munity extends far beyond the narrow boundaries of a few houses located at the crossroads. The community includes the lands and neighbors a few miles away with whom associations are close. There is a need for some means to protect the desired environment, yet allow economic growth. If rural communities or counties A History of Zoology-Entonology at Auburn University F. S. ARANT, Department of Zoology-Entomology C OURSES IN ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY were first taught at Auburn in 1872. By 1875 the area of natural science had been established, and in 1877 courses in zoology and entomology, taught by W. C. Stubbs, were offered in that area. Great emphasis was placed on museum collections and 30,000 specimens were catalogued by 1885. All specimens were destroyed by fire in 1887. Considerable reorganization took place following the destruction of the Main Building by fire. Botany-geology devel- oped under Dr. P. H. Mell and biology under Dr. G. F. Atkinson, widely recog- nized for his classic treatise on a plant nematode. In 1893-94 courses were taught in zoology, entomology, and plant pathology by J. M. Steadman. From 1896 to 1901, biology and horticulture were together and botany was still as- sociated with geology. In 1902 biology and botany were combined and were sep- arated from horticulture and geology. Biology courses included little zoology or entomology between 1896 and 1905. In 1906 entomology was recognized as a department, and courses were taught by W. T. Clarke, the first trained entomolo- gist at Auburn. Clarke was succeeded in 1907 by Dr. W. E. Hinds. The Depart- ment of Entomology and Zoology came into being in 1916. The office of Experiment Station En- tomologist was established in 1896 by the Board of Trustees, and C. F. Baker was appointed to that position. He served only 2 years. This office was vacant until W. T. Clarke's appointment in 1906. Others who have served in this capacity, and concurrently as Head of the Depart- ment, include W. E. Hinds, 1907-23; F. L. Thomas, 1924; J. M. Robinson, 1924- 49; and F. S. Arant, 1949 to date. In ad- dition to his teaching and research activi- ties, Hinds served as Entomologist for both the Extension Service and the State Board of Horticulture from 1920-23. Re- sponsibility for their own entomological services was then assumed by the respec- tive agencies, with W. A. Ruffin the first Extension entomologist, 1924-61. F. E. Guyton joined the staff in 1921 and H. C. Good in 1924. They served 42 and 40 years respectively, and taught more students than any other faculty members in the history of the Depart- ment. Although emphasis was on natural his- tory, taxonomy, and museum work be- tween 1877 and 1905, the earliest course descriptions also refer to control of in- sects destructive to vegetation. From 1907 to 1918 major emphasis was on en- tomology. Three courses in entomology and one in zoology were offered in 1918- 19. Course offerings increased to 10 in entomology and 8 in zoology in 1930-31. The training was broadened in 1937-38 to include wildlife and in 1944-45 to in- clude fish culture. The Zoological Sci- ences curriculum was established in 1952- 53. In 1959-60 this was replaced by the Biological Sciences curriculum with a major in Zoological Sciences with options in zoology, entomology, fisheries manage- ment, and game management. The fish- eries program became a separate depart- ment July 1, 1970. Seventy-nine courses are now taught in the Department to ap- proximately 4,700 students from 16 cur- ricula each year. There are 35 faculty members, 31 with Ph.D. or equivalent. The graduate program in zoological sciences began about 1893. The first MS. degree was awarded to A. L. Quaintence in 1894. Three M.S. degrees in entomol- ogy were awarded between 1925 and 1929 and three more in the early 1930's. The Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit was established under the leadership of H. S. Peters in 1936. Walter Rosene and D. N. Ruggles became the first graduate students in wildlife management that same year. They, together with E. A. Jones, received the M.S. in 1938. The first M.S. in zoology was awarded to Eugenia R. Moore in 1939; the first in fish management to J. R. Snow in 1948. The Cooperative Fishery Research Unit became operational in 1967. A doctoral program in zoology was initiated in 1953. The first Ph.D. in zoology, with an option in fisheries, was awarded to A. K. R. Zobairi in 1955; in entomology to H. H. Tippins in 1957; in zoology to R. A. Carlton in 1958; and in game management to D. A. Arner in 1959. To date 69 doctorates, 265 mas- ters, and 3 MACT degrees have been awarded to students in zoology-entomol- ogy. Graduate enrollment in the Depart- ment increased from 5 students in the fall of 1940 to 105 in the fall of 1969. Graduates with advanced degrees are making significant contributions in their fields throughout the U.S. and in foreign countries as follows: in colleges and uni- versities there are 155; in state agencies, 45; in federal agencies, 34; in foreign governmental agencies, 15; in industry, 16; and in private and miscellaneous en- terprises, 17. Although early research in the Depart- ment dealt to some extent with taxonomy and museum work, principal emphasis during the early 1900's was on agricul- tural insects and their control. Note- worthy research was done on rice weevil in Corn, boll weevil, and Mexican bean beetle. The Department grew to include research programs on other insect pests of row crops, pasture crops, horticultural crops, livestock, man, and forests; insect taxonomy and systemics; chemical, bio- logical, and integrated control; and re- lationships of insects to man and animals. Early wildlife research was directed principally at farm game species such as Mourning dove and Bobwhite quail, but deer, waterfowl, and opossum received some attention. More recently, research has been directed toward ecology and management of forest game animals, par- ticularly wild turkey and deer. Research has also been done on raccoon, beaver, cottontail rabbit, blackbirds, red jungle fowl, predators, and other species. Fisheries research began in 1934 with experiments on fertilization and stocking rates in small farm ponds. Species used successfully were mainly bluegill, shell- crackers, and largemouth bass. Facilities were acquired and research expanded until now the program is one of the finest in the world on warmwater pond fish culture. A grant awarded in 1970 by A.I.D. enabled the Station to estab- lish the International Center for Aqua- culture and elevate the fisheries program to full departmental status. Following the work of Stubbs and others on museum collections and Atkin- son on nematodes, little research was done in zoology proper until the 1930's when research was initiated on poultry parasites. Active research programs have since been developed in physiology, ge- netics and mutagenetics, parasites, herp- etology, ichthyology, ornithology, pale- ontology, coprophagy, and other areas. 11 IX ~IJVILP~ ROTATION Valuable Research and Teaching Aid r S I \ I IXIL A AK E. M. EVANS and L. E. ENSMINGER, Dept. of Agronomy and St t [ KF '111IIEF I' I' X li e b lt 1 ood, itlti tso I ats kiit \l pillti l' Ii XitIX li15 \i. s' sup isos hle .i i .lie l Ai fu ii (5 l t \lt' it c's bv\? \ , tee \,t ~a re lcsi it t f'erti'ize itiili i oXis II' n iii CollarsI tiltfiiol' It ill' t in w~ 191 1.3 This ( l itil I 967. liit t'(' it t iu i 12 lilil E p rlo it Sitoligololv fal b u mek the 1w i'('it 'it'i *0 P_ ) ii k fits iiii iii itilt fLiitoi stud~itd (oicll' i iti li/ir 115. Ito iiu ~ lor 1 462:1 8.T .1.8 1.6 1 559 1 '3.9 12,87 :;si :i.877 19.t1 T7 t 31.7 '3,2:1 40St.9 1 198 I 66 11). 'ic\ :3 Xii, ' C r t i itti ii 77.3 2,206t tt1A 77t 2.3 ft's 24.7 t,245 '-sf2 2,349 25.6 26:) 854.1 2,208 SiX\ lc3t ii. 3).:3 1:3.1I 1:3.:) 16.2 312.8 -40.ft 83.tt 21176 :36.:3 M8 1). P xis '3 yi .is: k ,iX i!,c in 196~3 cirop XXs .iXXiitiikiltd. Sios tii.ii N it ix 5 xiii ,i51triil' ( t'l5Xp(',s ilttttsX pri (iii'S \ inu . 11is 5itil( iiplaitl l i (Il iit(' t'i'5f i\ c to fertili/ci XX11(11 essi'iitial Ieti tjf/('i (1l'liilts i( ](i' t ouit foiti per'iod of seveil -i \ c'ars. \1ii'-kt'i tefit Cut's 55111 1 )toliX oiccul ilid ilrei't ri aldiV lv t ob ee aXs lili thet resuXilt oif impfosedl tretiietit. 0 Po~tasiumI (I'flt'ieiit,'vXi 15 fl oll]iwedl oil tottoi and1( 10111. * \lagi iesiliiii tlefcilltc\ is e'5idliit ol c'ittoti antI torte, effet t of lliXX pIi Ioil XXlilt al(1 Si)\ ftaii staiiids. * siilltir (ld t''ict'5c oli t'ottiii15llihasbeii tiotetl sevseta!l tilmes Stiidltiits iii soils aiiit tiop of) 5 t'lii'X' like tiet'fdX c llts s s\ illii iti S a'iiitiltnle off i i'niei 19i ililis f ullitt 'ongt)trliiit tile Ft IBeiiiiiig, G'i-ii i, itod1 \la\XXelf Field, Alabamal. Crop s itlds ove r the \ears llis e geiliell ilii'eset, ie feetiiig improvusetd cro \ilfisileties, fertility , antI maliagt enit p~ractiees. Y'itelds' iol sefeeted tivuillitX fo Owi th 2-veai cs ('11 plio toh the lalst IX isiuni ie gix eii iii the ta .Solie of' the hiightest peri aieeds horn iii luil plots \\ ere :3,551 11). seedl cittoni iti 1966, 120f bit. erii iii 1960f aid 1965, 87 hit. oats lin 1959. ititl 57 hoi. (It si.\ lb'inis li 1 967. 11) addlitin tol siief IIIIXions recsuilts as, defit'ieiie ss mlptomls Miid Y ieldls, thlis exp~erimnltit supfplies S ihlile infolrmation ofI a ictroiloigic'al Ii~titrec. I 3 eeolis' lil of' the blasic treatilneiits loiS bee hum'it~ititiled throtuighouit the 6ff Yeirs mo1(st ofI the( plots hav e ret'ul'led at killd oft "eq Iilif bi Itl) state" ehetitialls\ all itlltgi'ilh s Iliiiuill ti ealtiiient dlitti ill'c usefull ill soil test eallibi itti tuiltgists arev stitldvinig thilid'ilitt oIf fpithoiiicit Iliigi iid \tloicit's tlitSv leielle o11(1(. '['lie C ollirs Boiittioii seemls tio he' soi , ' 1 1i .i naiii vil iilllo idCilsIw t BokI ~ 96h \vi~~ (iQAIBIAl', 1 IDJ 'SI 11"A I anld IPEANULT 1)A AICI WILLIAM F. LALOR and KENNETH M. PtNUEL Department of Agricultural Engineering FIG. 1. The test combine showing the picking cylinders, the stripper cylinder, and the stripper bars. .1 tIX HI CA I 'IIIi tA AC h t o I i IX 1)1 li itlIX jj ti l' 1of tto 14' jill-c lt i ties ICC1) i~ v .1- pecl iiiv 14 oX 111.11 Xjt''ti. Seti onsit o lIi t 111 iIIit-r I~ Ill agli. (1 1 it ill it iii till' ,igi ot all' i(i' ll ii14 .111 ii 1111 dt il4 is 1 t p o lii ti 11 il iiiij Ii' XX it' Ci(, i coini I 1111 d i Itill ('Ct e Xp li icitCX jiplls le limiii l ,1 Itd Ile I I I reI I t t' l11e ctId iis ik o c w c p e , tIiI w il posi il I XX ipll' Iiti' a( I IXc XXs) ii CI .Io (%I i I 1(i it 1111 Ii Xe ,IXI XiX"% IX C1iXII'i I X )Xj \rlIii'. I I ) I.41 li IX I I (I' ('isI I'Xts ,X fill. 'II ii X ttll1 X ilil ti lw t\l ii1111 'C Ii ti tliii'CXi itc itIX X lec l' 1111 Ii Iii I it l i i ttXIigII 11I iiie s its 1 I et l l X ilIic d il iXXtilit' ,,trippur hill-s it's 1wich it', possible. At lo\\ specds, slich ils lised ill this test, Sonic (IoL,"I'l)" 111m, occol alld pick- i1w Illa\ bc illcollipIctc doe to lo\\ ( .1 hilolcl. spccd iold rc- tritHed stripper-hal. posihoTi. Bedliced it-TI-cssivelless Ililist t1l( relow b(i collsistuilt \\ ith (,ood Initchilic opel ittiol I illid pickiiw efficiciw\ but oil]\ thc (k-ree of zI-,1rcsSi\cTw'ss Iwo- sSa] to pick the IItIt.S should lw 11 1 ised. I i I dcr- too t I I del I s I t.\ I I id I is it (Icsigi I ill ii1ble, r (I I I i I ci, 11 101V i I I \ list i ('it t iol I. Ool dilta ](ill lis to lio cmisti-IIHM, (.()It- chisioll about this l'il(tol. Damage Pct 32 28 24 20 16 12 Damage Pct 28 24 20 16 12 Medium Combine Cylinder Speed Maximum Medium Stripper Bor Positions Damage Pct Normal 1/2 Normal Tooth Density FIG. 2. Effect cf changing the three variable levels on the vis- ible damage dane to the peanuts. EXTENSIVE USE of trifluralin and ni- tralin by Alabama farmers has resulted in good control of grass weeds. But con- tinued use of these herbicides often ag- gravates problems with broadleaf weeds. Because of this problem it was sug- gested that use of more than one herbi- cide might be needed for cotton weed control. This has been investigated at the Sand Mountain Substation since 1966, with single vs. dual applications of herb- icides compared. The experimental area was infested with such broadleaf weeds as prickly sida, jimsonweed, morningglory, cutleaf eveningprimrose, and pigweed. Large crabgrass was the predominant grass present. Several Combinations Tried Herbicidal treatments included triflur- alin applied preplant and incorporated with a disk harrow set to run 4-5 in. deep. Other herbicides were applied pre- emergence, either alone or in combina- tion with trifluralin, immediately after planting cotton. Chemicals tested in- cluded those most commonly used for cotton weed control, at normal field rates. Treatments were evaluated by count- ing annual grass and broadleaf weeds and cotton plants. Weed control and crop in- jury ratings were made periodically throughout the growing season. Yields were taken from plots getting each herb- icide treatment plus one or more me- chanical cultivations as necessary. At the first rating - 4-6 weeks after planting - most herbicides were giving acceptable grass control based on 4-year averages. However, results in the table show that early grass weed control with norea and chlorpropham was marginal. In some years, early season broadleaf control was marginal from prometryne, norea, and chlorpropham. All combination treatments gave ac- ceptable weed control most years. An exception was noted one year when norea + trifluralin gave only 72% control of broadleaves at the first rating. The most meaningful weed control rat- ings are those made just before cotton reaches the growth stage where it com- petes enough to prevent establishment and growth of weeds. Previous research has shown this to be about 6-8 weeks after planting. Consequently, weed con- trol ratings made in late season provide critical evaluation. Trifluralin was most consistent against annual grasses of all single herbicide treatments, averaging 89% control at late season ratings over the 4 years. Preemer- gence application of fluometuron was the Herbicide Combinations for Cotton Weed Control? GALE A. BUCHANAN and RAY DICKENS Department of Agronomy and Soils EARLY AND LATE SEASON WEED CONTROL FOR SELECTED PREPLANT, PREEMERGENCE, AND PREPLANT-PREEMERGENCE COMBINATION HERBICIDE TREATMENTS IN COTTON Weed control 4-6 weeks after planting Weed control 12-16 weeks after planting Herbicide and rate, lb. per acre Broadleaf weeds Annual grasses Broadleaf weeds Annual grasses 4-year av. Range 4-year av. Range 4-year av. Range 4-year av. Range Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Trifluralin (Treflan), 0.5 26 0-66 91 76-100 0 0 89 67-98 Fluometuron (Cotoran), 2.0 96 92-98 96 91-100 96 95-96 68 43-90 Diuron (Karmex), 1.0- 95 91-98 95 95-96 61 36-83 55 25-93 Prometryne (Caparol), 2.0 92 79-100 99 97-100 58 18-80 30 0-77 Norea (Herban), 3.0 83 74-87 85 68-100 33 0-80 38 0-85 Chlorpropham (Chloro IPC), 6.0 85 70-100 79 63-98 31 10-45 23 0-46 Trifluralin + fluometuron, 0.5 + 2.0..... 100 100 100 100 99 97-100 99 97-100 Trifluralin + diuron, 0.5 + 1.0 97 91-100 100 100 84 68-95 95 87-99 Trifluralin + prometryne, 0.5 + 2.0 99 97-99 99 96-100 88 77-93 93 78-98 Trifluralin + norea, 0.5 + 2.0 -87 72-98 97 90-100 58 5-86 92 78-100 Trifluralin + chlorpropham, 0.5 + 3.0----- 94 82-100 98 91-100 52 40-63 95 90-99 14 next most consistent against annual grasses. Fluometuron gave by far the best con- trol of annual broadleaf weeds (96%). Diuron and prometryne rated next, aver- aging 61% and 58%, but they had more year-to-year variation than fluometuron. Four-year average control of broadleaf weeds was poor with either norea or chlorpropham. Trifluralin alone had no effect on broadleaf weed populations late in the season. The trifluralin plus preemergence treatment combinations gave essentially complete control of annual grasses. But for grass alone the combinations were not superior to trifluralin alone in most cases. Value of the combinations showed up against broadleaf weeds. Preplant triflur- alin plus further treatment with fluome- turon, diuron, or prometryne gave accep- table control of broadleaf weeds when rated toward end of the season. Triflur- alin plus norea or chlorpropham did not give season-long control of annual broad- leaf weeds. Question Not Resolved The major question remains: Should a grower use two herbicides for weed con- trol in cotton at planting? Based on weed control data alone, it would be difficult to justify a full rate of both trifluralin and either of the two preemergence treat- ments. This is especially true with fluo- meturon. The major advantage probably lies in added insurance from the combi- nation. The extremely consistent per- formance of trifluralin against annual grasses makes it particularly attractive in a herbicide combination treatment. Also important is that the combinations in many instances were slightly more con- sistent than a single herbicide. This study in no way answers ques- tions regarding relative merits of substi- tuting a postemergence herbicide treat- ment or a cultivation for one member of the combination. H IGHLIGHTS with this issue enters its 18th year of publication. It was estab- lished in 1954 for the purpose of report- ing results of research by the Agricul- tural Experiment Station to Alabama farm families, agriculturally based busi- ness, and industry. Animal and Dairy Sciences WOODWASTE VS. OYSTER SHELL IN FAT- TENING RATIONS-WASTE PRODUCTS TESTED AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE-Anthony, Starling, and Cunningham. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. ARSENIC IN HOG FEED SHOWS No VALUE IN ALABAMA TRIALs-Ruffin and Moore. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. IN DAIRY RATIONS ... SOYBEANS OR COT- TONSEED MEAL?-Hawkins, Rollins, Smith, and Grimes. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. SOYBEANS IN SWINE RATIONs-Ruffin and Brown. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. WINTERING BROOD COWS ON LIMITED HAY AND SUPPLEMENT-Harris, Brown, and Anthony. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. USING CHOPPED HAY IN BLENDED DAIRY RATIONs-Little. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. SLAUGHTER STEERS FROM WINTER GRAZ- ING WITH SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING-An- thony, Starling, Brogden, Mayton, and Bur- gess. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. PERENNIAL PASTURES FOR BEEF STEERS IN NORTHERN ALABAMA-Harris, Anthony, and Boseck. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. SALIVA IMPORTANT IN RUMINANT NUTRI- TioN-Hawkins. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Agricultural Engineering SLUDGE ACCUMULATION IN ALABAMA SWINE LAGooNs-Hermanson and Koon. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. Farm Economics BEEF PRODUCTION COSTS AND RETURNS FROM FOUR GRAZING SYSTEMS-Bell and Smith. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. FORMULA PRICING OF MILK-Wilson. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. RECENT TENURE ADJUSTMENTS IN ALA- BAMA'S TENNESSEE VALLEY-Clonts and Hester. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. EGGS AND BROILERS CHANGES IN PRODUC- TION AND PRICES-White. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. COSTS AND RETURNS OF FEEDER PIG PRO- DUCTION-Hughes and Bell. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. CONSUMER NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE-Hammett. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. INCREASING FARMER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FUTURES MARKET-Danner. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. COSTS AND RETURNS OF MARKET HOG PRODUCTION-Hughes and Bell. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. DAIRYING-BIG BUSINESS ON THE FARM IN ALABAMA-Wilson and Long. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Farm Machinery Row-TERRACE ARRANGEMENTS AFFECT MACHINERY 'FIELD TIME-Renoll and Du- mas. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Fertilization SOIL FERTILITY FOR CONTINUOUS CORN SILAGE-Evans and King. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. PEANUT FERTILIZATION RESULTs-Hart- zog and Adams. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON UP- TAKE OF ZINC AND PHOSPHORUS ON CORN SEEDLINGS-Lund and Wear. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. FERTILIZATION OF TURNIP GREENS-John- son. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. FERTILIZING IMPROVED VARIETIES OF PINE -Gooding and Carter, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Field Crops LOWERING TANNIN CONTENT IMPROVES QUALITY OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA FORAGE- Donnelly and Anthony. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. INTERSTATE SERICEA LESPEDEZA NEW VA- RIETY FOR A SPECIAL USE-Donnelly, Dick- ens, Sturkie, and Miller. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. WATER-KEY TO HIGH SOYBEAN YIELDS -Rogers and Thurlow. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. NOVA VETCH-NEW VARIETY FOR ROW CROP ROTATIONs-King and Langford. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. Forestry THE GROWTH OF COTTONWOOD IN ALA- BAMA-Carter and White. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. MINERAL DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN Lon- LOLLY PINE SEEDLINGS-Lyle. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. PRECOMMERCIAL THINNING OF LOBLOLLY PINE STANDS-DeBrunner and Watson. Vol. 17, No, 4, 1970. Index to Articles Published in H-IGI-ILIGI-TS of Agricultural Research 1970 No. 4, 1970. 15 Fruits and Vegetables EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON GREEN- HOUSE TOMATO PRODUCTION-Norton. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. Insects and Control TOBACCO THRIPS ON PEANUTS-Bass and Ledbetter. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. CONTROLLING GRANULATE CUTWORMS IN PEANUTS-Lee and Bass. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. PODWORMS CUT SOYBEAN YIELDs-Smith and Bass. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. THE POTATO TUBERWORM IN SOUTHWEST- ERN ALABAMA-Kouskolekas and Garrett. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Plant Diseases AEROBIOLOGY AND PLANT DISEASE INTER- ACTIONs-Lyle. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. HEBRICIDES MAY CHECK BUILDUP OF PLANT PATHOGENS-Curl and Rodriguez- Kabana. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. ZOYSIAGRASS RUST-Gudauskas, Subirats, and Lyle. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Rural Sociology CHANGES IN LEVEL-OF-LIVING OF RURAL ALABAMA FAMILIEs-Vanlandingham. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. Weed Control FUNGICIDE-HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS BE- ING EVALUATED FOR COTTON-Buchanan and Kappelman. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. VERNOLATE INCORPORATION METHODS ON PEANUTS-Dumas and Buchanan. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1970. SICKLEPOD VS. SOYBEANS-NEw RESEARCH FINDINGS MAY EVEN THE BATTLE-Buch- anan, Thurlow, and Rogers. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. HERBICIDE MULCHES KEEP DOWN WEEDS IN ORNAMENTALS-Sanderson. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. KUDZU CONTROL: WHEN TO SPRAY?- Dickens and Buchanan. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. WHEN Do WEEDS CoMPETE?-Buchanan and Burns. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Wildlife SOYBEANS, DDT, AND WILDLIFE-McIn- tyre and Causey. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. NEW PLANTS FOR QUAIL MANAGEMENT- Robinette and Speake. Vol. 17, No. 4, 1970. Miscellaneous A HISTORY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AT AU- BURN UNIVERSITY-Warren. Vol. 17, No. INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH- 17, No. 1, 1970. A HISTORY OF FORESTRY AT AUBURN UNI- VERSITY-DeVall. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1970. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN AGRICULTURE -Mora and Bradley. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. A HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE AT AUBURN UNIVERSITY-Perkins. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. A HISTORY OF POULTRY SCIENCE AT AU- BURN UNIVERSITY-Moore. Vol. 17, No. 3, 1970. SURVEY OF COUNTY 4-H PROJECT WIN- NERS-Dunkelberger and Presley. Vol. 17, Biology of the Stunt Nematode G. Y. WEN 'R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA, and J.A. LYLE Depaitm iini of Botany aud Micbiology Ix))) I, 1 )11)1 il Sit51 'XmIxliiil s o\ Cimxxin \\I) XII)ill' l IvI. 511)m_ \x xpp*. ) al ll alling tlhe 111ll kiiidx oi pli t 'I'l( \ 1(11(1 i llr i ly oiit esii.e o jl ' 11 wi Ii xiixl w(n I x ai liIti iw i l iiidu Liftd tae Cycl otuiled boo if nitlix I CX aiiil tiiit 23ril tv A(ll-a xx ive rUiivii for icgx ti) llX E('liii lit cas ills Xxiii 1 Iiii pnla i ioit', ut ge liiit\)) nil wh n t , li I a iii tillw c occurs il ti ll xliix bli 1 o\\iilg x1 s it 1wa l x 'I Ics xxifo xInitiui x rl nthsc iiili( s io 7t) dax x all e\i iiuatnix o oxii iithilp!uc xx cac io!i ii Iil x it li f (.\d oifix 1))) t iit CI tx x lCIll ) ttill- a lilts M al ll elitlei x liena Illu \%c v lill olilx ililiitid e x xts but 1)1 ix Variljity Effsiec lts w Measued o xil oo ill il'l reli -cx ixllwl-(Yil lc dli Pci-foliliallce Ilwaslirc Pods pcr plaot, IIIIIIII)cl Boot (In weiJit per plailt, ("Faills 1)1-\ wcnJit of tops J)cr plaot, l"TaIlls Wcil',Ilt of h1di\ idilill sccd, L rallls 28.) 1.10t :3 9.0 .17-5 hostsi xxiii s11til x Iillaxoes x it lx caxiiiiit of' the 1)11 ixittxxxs \cr llildi ) to l traxi iii1hIii n \\1)x iti hiighily susceptible p~lantx thanl o)il aI re italt xliIietxv Daitaiil I'aiil 2 xsuggest tillt x l ities H ill, l31a-r, (uxtil , awl) Dxel are anoli ii skxtuwi iof thesxi x arictiCs toi aliiitlicr sxlljj iTrC lliixx il iproigres txx (to t linwlilI AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBUR N UNIVERSITY AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830 E. V. Smith, Director PUBLICATION--Highlights of Agricultural Research 3/71 10 26.4 .89 .32.0 14:3 201.6 .42 2:3 .I5,i 21A1 .70) 2:3 .7 .1 1 17.8 .65 :310 .41 2. ii0i 2 tiiiiiiio ui ii SiuNINixi ionvs iN I.5 5)ii) N \xol V ~Ill~, I4i iII IN) I 1111000 l iiii TIl i)I tixN I siixI CitihitS \ai iit to I iiiitkn iiiiiitii Picktt I111v I Iiili Iii iiiii Ildx xi tit I SIISI I tit Ii I istI It Ill ceti l :Ii ixtalit Ilsxtil it of xtililt 5,250 5,25t0 4,5t0) 4,125 :3,.500( :3,375 :3:33 3,129 1,2085 POSTAGE PAID United States Departmnent of Agricvlture of lwnlatod( s added IwI I)LIllt 125 500 1,000 2,000