HIGH LIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOL 17 NO ? 'UMMER I9r)
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
LI!~
r
P;
&~~E
I~
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
i i o lil i t fi tlilil(ti itii x i i 111
liiids it It_\\ o s xL~
xilx i 11, 1 ( xx ,fi xt tx iictii tlls ill Ow1li, li ii. 111 tl 
l
[]I'll) F d l l xx t ii tl l Flll( tli lls 11111l('(1
I I 1 t ifl i i Fli uitw I ( itii ill i xxi \it ilx Ii Illi liii *x .1 
11 .17
l li i t i t I w iii i s cs. I I t Fi I i xl.w itt r i I I I i I I k lii i 
I t l I, I( lIi'
t I I I I (1 , 1 iii , ~ xiilliit ,ii li. 111 lx ix
ti ll Ii It x / I I i I i t I t 1 ' xln IiI i xx i . t fi Ill I Isi ( 
s s1I11 I I I Ii
ilti 11 )11, l I il Ix k l I )I ii i I li s t i t i I.. i t I11 x I I Ii 
Ix
'(1 Iiiii ii (I i/ii d11 Ilixl. Iixitililit i tilll '.1111 1 ) ( TIIt 
II(
t '. I I I 11,1 I I) x i I I If li i i I I (1111 )\\ Ix I i lt i i III) I It 
illx it -(I
'i ii x I il . I li ti Ii 1 1 (' 11 tx i t xxi xxii I. )tl 711 s, I ; I I (1. lIi 
I I II it:I tills
111ii -I 1l 111 111 if Ic l ;l o I III.IIIiI
Are\ In Ho Fee Shw No VIu 
3 _ _ (
iIIIest eII Se ie Ne Varl I Is I eIt II(-IIII IIIIty for Sp ca U s I 
4()I
Coto 1n Grnuat Cutorm on Peanu(11 III IIts 
S i
tS (.IIi , , T(prtr AfIt Zi an PhI huu Uptukii6
Cot an Re ;Iturn( IIs of Fede Pi Pruto 
8 () -
Wa t iKey to H( igh Soba Yt I t) ilds k9r (ii t) 
' I) tt
Consumer i II -Nut ion II\ II x(-t1 ,()( Knweg an Prcic 
10 ( Iw il
A Itr of Fo esr a IIII'II( IIIt Au ur II(i 2 fII1 ()s II(i
Effect 1 (II \ of ,oj Teprtur o ~ ( Tn Grenhus Toma1 \i( II itoe 
12il tl)i
SickIo~ ControlH in Soyean Stud~iied TI 
3('ItkI) ( ii
HrIc(. (Ies Ma Chec Buidu oTf( t 1 A\(\ f Pln Pahgn 
14' ( IIII
Inrasn Farme Kn wldg Ab u Fu1I tIII(I III(' III)I ,III IIte Make t()I 
i I
So ben I DT an Widlf 16 (-s ItII(t(' , s (
otay ee 4atrwdw. ..
mc i t of I )l s l lot ()\(, Nu D ill
l w l 11 1 \1 i .,i II I;d ,h
I/ill ill( . 2 V 1111 tw ill il iii Fllxl
xx(.x till. i l x t FIsit iiri F of \1 1 1 1) x i
t xx x ,11 l li F h i F tId(I I Ii I tl li
il lliil IV II 11 1111 i ,. liiilxlt 11 I
il )_ 'l111 it I (111l1
ill P\'ti~l.. 
W ,t .t I l t J\I I IIl
\ i .~ I 1 tl1111111 x wi ih ll I-1 il
itd i, P)5 mdi .11 ii ii iiii I til l
lit i I l xi ,st ii l I xi I I I 111 ), . 1 11 ix x i tI1. I
\\,Is ill . 'x lis I lloll. I I11 It _l llp F0
i \1 1'1 ill I Ii.. ( itx Ii 1 1 1 w ill ]-i
lit ii ii lili\ I t
I GI I (.* \)(I lI I S t
SUMMAAtx t1970 VOL I \O 2
A (liii teilx li rpl i o xf le e l i l i lih i
E. \. X\illlxx
8. ). Iixioi~si
Xxiilti Din ctoIr
A sitI it O ltiiio
X 1 xx/hit fi/ut
1"itilu 1 tiuuiiutili ll;V. '. 11i xi)x.
oxxi 111 JInf I ou I f Ir I/ iS Ia In I t,, 1of s 1
X-CIII'o0 ( ~ ?ollC, ii T.xxxI
COVER PHOTO. Two phases of Auburn's
swine research-feeding growing -finishing
hogs and economics of feeder pig produc-
tion-are reported on pages 3 and 8.
A rsenic in Hog Feed
Shows No Value in
Alabama Trials
B, . RUFFtN, Dept. of A,,lui Sci,c.-
R. A. MOORE, JR. Uppe- Coo.t PtoI, Szuxhtlio,l
Ii t , L ' I.sI I IIII I
III lIi lI Ii I W '1 11 I l tIIIII i t I "I
(d i tils l iI i m ly il lix sI (I xx all ill-
lxii~ ~ It 111ii i til Ill1.
IT' lIi I x s II I I~ l~ tiI Iil ii x Ii I II I1II s
i I slI I I i t 11 I t Ii Iis i I I i -. I I I t I
thal tt I I 111 i\ i t i ii li 111
\i I- till I I, Ii t I)11I til I.li i t1,
I xiii( I t , I issi m I ill iiis p t sx I i i ( I .
( 'lit-lit
[Ill11. -xtii lit
(I l ii
I.5
tI Ix 1 i4it0 1 1 I I I
1111 I) SIi.lt I I iaI l .111 1 0, I T o 1 ).s
I I O.i (I ) 1 , 0.i 0~ til l ii -: it5. ,
. illt, I I Ilil) I)))ic 
i Ii ho111) ill-, I S t 11111 
l
i(Iil, I ix id o tti . i 2-OO lit t) iii Bii
liii i( ti ld hiii 1
Pl- " To o) ii - ii xii6h iii i d pit l 1o, i
Ii I \ I I I i I 11s 1 I I t (1' lii i III t ii k - 1111'' II . 1 s II I- II
Ii xI I i c(I II)II i t111 xx ) I Is It 111 x I .11I II
s I I Ii I Ii t. I, t i Ii 1 I Ii Ii I Ii I si I I I
I I ' lii it I 11 i s II111 I I t 1 I x t i
lilt it 11111 i~~~t iixili iiii xi lii i
li ti *i til I lt x t ilx l~t ~ ii7
I t it .I II I IIII IIIII Ii I I I IS Ii I~ Ii i Ix i Ix
itI II i 
I ) it S x 
Ii s I x I 
t i( I i 
l i t I 
l t s I
ITI I I11 1 _ t i l \ i *x I s II Ii Ii t i it)
Ii Iiiijiiiit lii 1111 liti iill 2t 1l) , II. 1I(x'
I tili ililill I liii xliii liii lit
iiiiti.ii xxi i--ut it
1
111.11 xxi i-ut it
lix x lilt
\x liii it iix lit Iii
I It I I I xxi -iii iii
cI .(I I, II i x Ii I I -i xx itt IIs, 111 t 
1
( ii (I i \ cIr Tx.I(
I to ti xI xx I ii I i i -s(ti -I.
211 1i xx ii 1 l I ( it si~ i , i i it IxII i I II i-
I IIt I 'd do 2 . It ix ilI tII ITiit I II IIIItI
I 1 xt 1 5 1 1 12 xx 1 i xi l Ii I ii I \
t I I I (]iii 11 l I II Lk ittiiix itittiiiiix-i'
l I I i-i I I s sIi t ti t l t ix 11 'Ii i i t I I I i -
I If I I il ii
Stt o 25 1). 12 1) t (IT t . (ititto 1)
5 1 5 10 25 12 5 51.1 5I .0
I') 5 I '5 22i 2 22U 2I
1i 15 50 10 102
1 5.5 t 575 1 .2 I i ?4 1I6
.1 St 1. T1) (0)11 tiC i 5.) 15 1)1
1-) t2 125 - 12- 1 1 ) 1 2 3
-y
I \ ill 1 2 . I , I I I ( I I ) I * \ I , \ \ I I I I \ I I I I I I \ ( , I to I \\ I I I I \ I I \ -, I o I I I I ) I " I I I I I I \ I )
Size and texture differences of common (left) and Interstate (right)
sericeo are illustrated by this 1-59 highway planting.
INTERSTATE
C F VI("T7 A I :CD 7 N r- -
New Variety for
A Special Use
E. D. DONNELLY, RAY DICKENS, D. G. STURKIE, and
J. D. MILLER, Department of Agronomy and Soils
Height, inches
M 5/30/68
H 10/5/68
40 I-
Height differences among varieties of sericea were obvious at
two dates in the 1-59 plots when the sericea was 3 years old.
4
Variety
Interstate ----
Set ala
N. C. Prostrate---
Gasyn -----
Commont
Acerage rating
4-24-68 7-30-68 9-12-68
5 5 5
4 4 3
3 2 5
322
2 2
Stands of ii iterstate wvere equal to those ot otlier v arieties.
Based ott p~erformallnce anid appearance in Alabamna, it
xxias conchled that sericea is suitable for roadside vegetation
in all parts (of Alabama, and that Interstate is superior f or
this purpose.
lInterstate xvas tested fromn I to 4 years ini other states,
Mtid :3:3 coopierator s from 12 states replied to at questionniaire.
Ii get teral, cooperators' observxationis wxere the satne for stat id,
height, texture, andc appearance as the Alabamna findinigsre
ported. Nlatty of those xvho responded thought the variety
also had poteittial for grazinig and hay. This potenttial uise
is beinig invxesti gated iii currenit reseinat .
20
10
1E%%SE Hs I N Ai \I{II [ixrlx(clopcd spcifically for road-
sidevegtaton as eeiirelase I~ AuurnUniversity Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Namied Interstate, the short
growsing v ariety makes uniform growsth of fine stemmed foh-
age of excellenit textuire and appearance. It also has good)(
seedllinig v igor and rlltanehes profuselY.
Interstate Development and Testing
Th lie\\,cx serieea reCs ultedl from atl irradliatitonl breedlinig
priogramn beguni in 1957. Seed wxere tieated wxithi ioiiiziiig
radiatioii at Oak Bidge, Teinnessee, aiid the result wvas in-
creased1 rate of in utation and v~5atri abilitv.
Ili tile fourth generiatin f o]llow ing irradliation, iatu iut aiit
ty pe wvas identified that appeairecd to have traits needled for
highway s egetatioij iand( similar coi sei vationi uses. Selections
were made iii succeedinig genei ationis and 1)rogeny we re
grossnt aiid tested at the Planit Breeding Uiiit, Tallassee.
\Vhleit plaint type wsas stab~ilized, seed iiicrease wvas begunl inl
19638. First certified seed becamne available in January 1970.
During 19(66-69, the experimiental 5 ariety then knosvii
ats "I I i-\Va" - was evaluated critically in northernj, cenitral,
ai 1( sotitlici t Alabamra. It was tested
1 
in small broadcast
seeded plots oti highway backslopes aiid other sites. Testing
also wxas dontii I)n SCS, TVA, state highwvay departmetnt,
aiid state agricultural experiment stationi personnel iin about
18 States fromt the Camrolitnas to southeirn Illinois atid xvest-
wxardl to Oklahoma.
Appearance Important
Seniea appearaiice is anl impjortait factor alonig roiad-
wxays, so apparent height of varieties is more imipottaint thanii
actual stemn leiigth. This is affected biy stein rigidity ats wxell
ats stemn leiigthi. Thus, the softer stemmed Interstate appeais
even shorter than varieties that produce rigid stems of com-
parable length.
Ott Iligltway 1-59 ill iioitlierii Alabama, Interstate aver-
aged 11 ini. shorter thani commoti seriea, as shoxxii by the
graph. The new variety wvas the shortest oii 1-85 backslopes
in enitral Alabamai and wxas one oif the shortest oii Alabamna
225 in the southern part of the State.
Interstate wvas rated best in overall appearanice iii south-
erno Alabamna wxhen all dates wvere cotnsidered, as showx b ly
the folloss ing ratings of .3-year-old sericea (5 -best aip-
peaoranice, I poorest):
'jiL IE XR\ ( LA IIU (JI\O F I I \Xal(\lb It //io 
I ca10t1. ) IlI as be-
come a serious pest in p~eanuts in southern. 
Alabama. This
cutwor m damages peanuts by feeding 
on the foliage at night.
During the dlay tile larxvae usually stay beneath 
(leadl foliage
othe ground or wxithin tbe top 4 in. of the 
soil. Five gen-
cerations occur in southern Alabama, huit 
only three occur
dluring the pearnut gr owxing season. 
The nuimber of cut-
xvorms seems to peak in late June, late 
Jilvh, and again in
late August.
A high infestationl ot cutwxorms ill 
peanulhts occurred near
the \Viiegrass Substation, Headland, 
Ala., ill Auigust 1 961 .
TABILE 1. 
COINTROL 01FCo 
ANdLA II CUTWsxORMx 
24 Hoc nsA 
l
TIRATMEINT. TiiLEANILT 8/12/68. 
INSECT COU NI 8/1:3/68
Treatniett
IlLad
worms,
per roxx
foot
Trichlorfon B .5 lb./A.---
A,'odrjn~l EC 1 lb./A.
Trieblorfon B .75 lb)./A.-
Trichiorfon SP I lb./A.-------
Carbaryl SP 1.5 lb./A.-------
Azinphosmethyl EC .5 lh./A.
Endrin EC 1 lb./A.----
lDiazinon GC 1lb./A.------- -
Toxaphene-DDT EC 4-2 lh./A.
Dia71000 EC 1 11)/A.----
Aldrin EC 1 lb./A.
66lT EC 2 lb./A.-------
ToxapceE 4lbA
Cheethn 
C4l./ 
----
Liv e worms
per roXX
foot
No.
2.5
4.01
4.1
4.1
7.4
7.1
8.7
1t0.0
8.0
9. 6
8.6
8.5
8.1
12.1
C.ontr ol
Pet.
74
70)
66G
6 1
25
20)
14
12
7
6
4
2
2)
TABILE 2. CONTROL OF GRANULATE Cdlxvolcu 
24 Iloco AFTlii
TIIEAT\IENT. TRELATMENT 8/15/68. INSECT COUNT 
8/16/68
Treatment
Azodrin?? EC I1b l/A.
Tricblorfon B t lb./A.'
Trichlorfon B .5 lh./A -------
Azoldrin?? EC .5 lb./A.--- ----
Trichlorfon B .5 11./A7
Tricblorfon B .25 lb./A.2..
Ciha 9491 EC 1 lb./A.------
Trichlorton SP 1 lb. /A.
Parathion-Carbaryl EC 1-.5 lb. /A
1)iazinon G 2 lb./A.------ -
Mlethyl parathion, Toxaphene,
DDT .5, 2, 1 lb./A.------
Carbaryl SP 1.5 lb./A.- -----
TI)E EC 2 lb./A.
Tlniricide? 1 gal./ -----------
Methyl parathion EC .5 lb./A.
Check
'Hancl-mixed cornmeal bait.
ComrIl preparedl bait.
Dead
worms,
per row
foot
No.
5.2
.3.1
.3.5
4.2
2.4
2.3
1.6
2.1
2.3
1.5
01.8
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.4
0
Live worms
per roxw
foot
No.
0.25
0.50
1.25
1.62
1.00
1.25
10.88
1.25
2.12
1.5)
1.38
1.75
1.37
3.100
4.00
3.13
Control
Pct.
95
86
74
72
71)
64
64
63
.52
50I
3 7
31
18
14
9
0
Con trolling Granulate
Cutworms in Peanuts
B. LAMAR LEE and MAX H. BASS
Department of Zoology-Entomology
Approximiately 1.3 xxorms xvere found 
per foot of' row,. An
experimnent xwas conducted to evaluate 
the effectiveness of
1:3 insecticide fornmulatious 
ill controllinsg these Cutwormns.
Spray,., we re applied in a 12-in, 
band over the roxx using
It) gal. (if muixed spray per acre. 
Baits or granules were
a~pplied ill 12-in, bands oxver the row 
by shaking the material
from paper bags. Txventv-four houirs 
after insecticide ap-
p~licaltionl, dead cutxvorms on the 
soil sur-face xvcre conlted.
The lixve xvorms on the soil surface and 
beneath the soil sur-
face also were counted. From 
these data the percentage
control xvas calctilatcd, Table 
1. Another test, consisting of
16 treatments, xvaS coducted .3 
days later. Tlhe resu~lts of
this test are presented in Table 2.
In August 1969, a serious infestation 
of cutworms in
p~eanults again occulrred near the 
Wiregrass Substation. Tell
insecticidal treatments xxerc evaluated 
for control of this
cutxwo1rm. Experimental pirocedlures 
wxere similar to those
dlescrib~ed above except for a modification 
ot the sampling
technliqfue. Tirlty-six hours after 
application of materials
the live and dleadl xworms on top 
of the soil xvere counted.
Countinlg xx as beguin at midnlight and 
completed before dawxnI.
Data from this experiment are 
presented in Tasble 3.
Azoclrin(' at 1 lb). per acre and triclorfon 
( Dylox R) bait
ait 1 11). per' acire gave goodi 
cutxxoi control ini each test.
litlhion( e bait at 1 lb). per acrec, iocludcrl 
in only one test,
resullted in control c~on arale to tllat achieved 
with Azodrin
at 1 lb). pecr acre. Nlocapne granules, 
tested in I1969, also
gave good conltrol. Of' these materials 
only trichlo loll bait
is registered for use o11 peanults in Alabama.
TA13LL S3. CONTO OF11.0 GRA NULATvE CUTW 
ORMx :36 I buns Al -T~i1
TREArMENIr. TBEAxTMENI 8/6/69. INSEC I COF-N r 8/8/(69
Dead 
L.ive xwormns
TretmntWoms per rw Control
per roxx 
foot
foont
No. No. Pct.
.AzodrIill EC I1lb./A. --- 1.4 .05 
96
Bithioiru R B I Ill/A. ---- 1.5 
.018 9,5
\Ioeclp? G 2 lb./A. .69 
.11 86
3m illorfol 13 1 lb./A. 1.2 .22 
85
Trielllorflon SP I1lb./A. .6 
.17 79
\1liik EC .75 lb./A. .97 
.25 79
Fly Ash 1) 40)1lb. /A. --. 92 1.25 
42
Cardona@l SPI 1lb./ A. ---- .31 .69 
.11
lBithioll R EC I1lb./ A. ------ .28 
.61 31
Check ----- .08 1.58 
5
Larva (left) and adult (right)
of granulate cutworm. Larva
is magnified approximately
3X and adult 2X.
i i l I t t i ll I I( .I I I ] (,I \i ( ( I I I it ( IN I I
,t itII(I I I t~ \ )i I " )f I Il )t 111 / l Ii I I ,
I; i i i t I ( \ ii [Ii it . I ii i I ti(I t \ \
z i hccl 1(.( oI I , tl ~ I( 1 1 t ( l ii t
II I( kl I it ti I i it i I o ti
Ii iii I cdill I( l c
I i I I f11 It ii li I il ii ih .) t
t I i 1 1111 I It I I I itt .I , I I it )( il
iito I1, (1 t I I I I I(i I tI t I .I ( dit Ittt \ I ] it
I (~ i ) \ s i I(II ) I \ I It i ( ~ I t I i I t t t ,
It t( ST I .I oo lli p ilt it I l It s. \\i two I i
(Nt t I tt lit liiiIiI ii 1ii ii tlt I
I It ii it o\ Iiiii tii ii t iii t
EFFECT of SOIL TEMPERATURE
on uptake of ZINC and PHOSPHORUS
on CORN SEEDLINGS
ZANE F. LUND, Dupoit t oi AJ,.l,.rly -~d Soits Cooto USDA
JOHN I WEAR, DC,). Nm- 111 Ilot Aj-. y n
1
011/cid Sotls
FIG. 3. This chart shows the effect of soil
temperature on uptake of Zn by corn seed-
lings.
P -i l 'i l i ll jl ( 
of lint tiudti k i
Il I 1 i iii I '.11 1) 1c1 t ili Iit izi itl of :it1). 1 il i '
to I t 1 to A t t I I I., i l II( I. I Ii it it\ ( Ii
FIG. 1. Gloss-front box used in this study,
numbers on front refer to ppm. Zn. 1 .55
ppm. is equivalent to 3 lb. per acre.
oIi ll Nipt tt it1. iil i l ii
II' it, l lll , ''. ttI it ( i ll ( it 1, tt i l11 11111
pItih lit Ililit 1 i ttl 1.i l iii I ill tt 1 it ?t il
)Ill'TII ittIt i~ i t ii T II I I i i w d il t t( I i'
0,i 1i li 6. i oii ) i t it ( il I it, .i I 1i li 1 it
;6 f ( , ) ,iII 1 1. )
Haittt ofi /'ii iii tii/,Iiiiii hadi ]Io (,I-
it l I tI I i 1 I t ii t I I i I i, I (k I
I Iiii I it lIi I i I til it mi iI t I Ii
ti). * pl 1 111 (dt / l ill tiii ti,, III ill (
FIG. 2. These corn roots were grown with
no Zn added to the soil at three soil temn-
peratures.
11111 60i i1- (Icl . lm - l l 11,1 I I i i t,
Z/1), t.
til I .1
'i
a--. hi
Its0
tilt
115
mli i t ) i t, ti i il I I it 9(i. 1 ii til Ii ii i it
I11 oot Ii i Itt I t l i ii F ii it I 11 'itt ti
--I -. (
FIG. 4. This chart shows the effect of soil
tempera ture on uptake of P by corn seed-
lings.
TE HOUSEWIFE who purchased Grade
"A" large eggs in January of this year
found them priced at 80-850 per dozen.
Three months later, eggs of the same
size and grade could be purchased at
the same store for 430. The price of
eggs had dropped 50%. The housewife
could have noted that fluctuations in the
price of fryers amounted to no more
than 10% during the same time period.
The level of retail prices and fluctua-
tions in those prices during a 3-month
period are of concern to producers, but
they are not as important as the relative
level of egg prices during the productive
life of a flock of hens and throughout a
period of years.
Production of eggs in Alabama more
than doubled during the 1960's, see
table, but gross income from eggs rose
approximately 80%. Factors having an
important influence on returns received
for eggs in Alabama are population
changes, consumer income, per capita
use of eggs, and total quantity of eggs
produced in the U.S. During the decade
of the sixties, population increased 14%
and personal disposable income increased
75%. Per capita use of eggs dropped
6% and total production in the U.S. in-
creased 12%. Prices have fluctuated an-
nually and fluctuations have been more
closely associated with changes in pro-
duction in the U.S. than with other fac-
tors. Population, disposable income, and
per capita use are relatively slow to
change. However, the direction and
rates of change in these factors are evi-
dence that without some unusual de-
velopment which would result in an in-
crease in per capita use of eggs, pro-
duction will be the major factor asso-
ciated with annual fluctuations in prices.
The tremendous effect of national egg
production on price has been very evi-
dent in recent years. In 1967, produc-
tion in the U.S. was increased by 5.3%
and the average price received y pro-
ducers dropped 20%. Production was
decreased 1% in 1968 and 05% in 1969.
Egg prices rose 9% in 1968 and 16% in
1969. Per capita consumption rose from
313 eggs in 1966 to 323 in 1967 along
with the increase in production and
20% drop in price. The rate of con-
sumption dropped to 320 in 1968 and
to 315 in 1969.
Egg producers in Alabama have ex-
perienced these fluctuations in prices
but have offset some of the effects of
low prices by continuously increasing
production. Gross receipts from eggs
increased in Alabama each year during
the 1960's except in 1967. These pro-
duction increases have been possible only
because producers in other states have
greatly reduced production of eggs.
Farmers in the west North Central
States produced 25% of the nation's eggs
in 1960, but only 14% in 1969. The
situation was almost reversed for farmers
in the South Central States. Production
PRODUCTION AND PRICES OF BROILERS AND EGGS IN THE UNITED STATES AND ALABAMA,
1960-69
Broilers Eggs
Proces-
sulyadfutaioshv enmr ors Produce
Year Production Production sors Production 
Production
Ya in U.S. in Alabama idock n U. S. in 
Alabama p
ri
ce' in
price in n U i AamAlabama
Alabama
Mil. Mil. Cents Mil. doz. Mil. doz. 
Cents
1960 1,794.9 176.7 31.0 
5,121.9 111.1 42.5
1961 1,989.6 198.0 26.1 5,188.8 
124.2 41.3
1962 ------------------- 2,022.0 214.9 
27.6 5,283.7 151.9 39.8
1963 ------------------ 2,100.6 228.0 25.9 
5,277.0 167.4 39.4
1964 ------------------. 2,159.8 242.8 24.1 
5,418.5 183.3 38.1
1965 ------------------. 2,333.2 285.1 24.4 
5,457.8 190.9 36.5
1966 ...................- 2,570.3 324.1 
24.3 5,523.9 198.4 38.4
1967 -------------------- 2,591.4 324.6 22.4 
5,818.9 220.4 33.5
1968 ------------------- 2,598.1 328.5 21.6 
5,754.8 221.6 32.4
1969 ------------------ 2,821.5 356.1 21.7 
5,726.7 228.2 34.8
1 The quoted prices for broilers and eggs were divided 
by the Consumer Price Index for
All Food (1957-59==100), to remove the effect of 
general increases in food prices.
in this region, as a percentage of the
nation's total, changed from 14% in 1960
to 22% in 1969. While this trend may
continue (at a slower rate than during
the sixties) for a period, there will be
a growing need for egg producers in
Alabama and other South Central States
to make some type of adjustment other
than that of continuing to increase the
number of laying hens for the production
of eggs to continue to be a profitable
enterprise.
Broiler growers continued the trend
of increasing production during the
1960's. National production in 1969 was
63% greater than in 1960. The increase
of 102% in broiler production in Ala-
bama was not quite equal to the 105%
increase in egg production during this
period, but the increase in broiler pro-
duction had been great during the previ-
ous decade.
Broilers provide a contrast to eggs
with respect to consumer use and to
price and quantity relationships. In
1969, per capita purchases of eggs were
6% less than in 1960, but per capita pur-
chases of broilers were 50% greater than
in 1960. With these situations existing,
a proportional increase in output should
not have the sameeffect on the prices
of broilers and eggs. When the effect
of changes in the consumer price index
was removed from the market price, a
decrease of 0.47% in the dock or proces-
sor's price for broilers was associated
with a 1% increase in production in the
U.S. during the 1960's. The relationship
for egg producers was a drop of 1.5%
in price for each increase of 1% in pro-
duction in the U.S.
National production was the most im-
portant factor affecting annual changes
in Alabama prices of both broilers and
eggs. Seventy-four per cent of the change
in broiler prices was associated with the
change in national output of broilers,
while 93% of the change in egg prices
was associated with change in national
production.
EGGS and BROILERS
Changes in Production and Prices
MORRIS WHITE, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
Costs and Returns of
Feeder Pig Production
THOMAS A. HUGHES and SIDNEY C, BELL
Dept. of Agriultural Economic and Rural Sociology
('I ut i"2 xid I I i x' itt Ii 1lul -'J hadi a1)I l)5c .iL"( I iti'
captjital Iinvestiniai of '20.1 Pe P i g sold.
I7('tiiomiles of' sit' existed ill til 'Produtc tioni of fee( '] pgs
Iot t'it('tp'ixsex Selliung tip) to 1,400( Pigs anooallx. '1l( liei-e
igt' costt oft pro titoi decete d front 815.5 v Pig sold
l'ot the smnall io ottt(et grii to
1 
Si10.47 pet- Pig sold lot
per' sttw, wh ichl d~ereasedlftle cost pet- pig. Aftlet adjttxtittg
tite co(st dtl ltt bthl pr1oduier gIloops to 16 pigs sotld Q)'t
so\\, tite esltimated cost of prtodtuctioni per pig stold
1 
xx .
81 1(69 ftor lie silial protducer gt oup eomlpal ed x it S9.96
lot' theo large pr tti e) gi (tll).
T[le tttal cots't Pit pig ",olt detcrleased veiry rapidlx as the
mltlh.n tof Pigs~ stl
1
d Per Soxx itiereaixed fr'oti 8 t1 t
ottiallx. This llt'tttt'islti-ale the imptiaice of iniitaxiiig the
iittiltet oif, pig still
1 
lit xoxw aliiiallx . Mlost of, tilie cotts itl-
('til ('( ill fee((']. Pi g pr oductioit w xeint directlyN to thle catre
andtt i titateiic i f the brioodl stixx. Tliese cots xvr re-t i
lattively fixed re'gartdless of the tntmbet of pigs I tixt't pet-
so\\,. l'litts, hx iliteieasiiig the tttmic (A pigs Sold( Per' st~xx
thlo st pe(sI p p'i' g xx tie treduced. A dir'ect tel at iti xip e 'xl s I '
htxeen tile tititrihe of Pig Sold per1 Soxx aliallx atid the
i1.0t1tit1 to mal a gt 'it't it per pig soild . T[le analyxsis inic at ed
that Imore thtan 15.8 Pigs P('t xSixx xxotildl have to he xold tt
'1'l ie 1prod1u(c'rs xxetre gt'oO ped intto ltoix anld Iti gl coxs t Ilpx
al(VO'tim hu to theit' coist of pr'outitn per- pig, xtoll tt dIe'
t' tin iii \t-\ x m li Prii oduclttiilers xx m o re efficien t. 'IlTe ltixxer
cotis tof' pt'odlt teitt f- til(le lm oxx' t'ts Protduet gi'tittj xwax dtte
pimttarily to the'ir entter prises litf iil et' anid xellit ig tutu c
pigs p't So\\-. Thlisx cotnfirmsl thet prio tus atliahxix that 1tile
mttre1 importtant I a('ttit detertiiiiittg tlte prtifitatldlitx' of' thle
l't'tl't pig ('tit(t'lrixt' are the. itt11he olt''(f pigs Sttld petr So\\'
amitill ad thesizeo t eterpise.
L I RE 'lt"T IN FIt E P'li'I l'(.eIeIOIU't 'sN lhts ittert'ased itt re-
cent y'ears as tletuttixtiated lyix' (hI'it'teai( tttilttr of
Ot gaizi(' feeder plig sales. These sales htave helped imtprov'e
thle tqua~lity of fe('e'er Pigs xxhile at tite same time itreasiig
thte pic e receive by( pi froduc'ers. Ihie higher prices' havex
x tfitot i atetd lptt duti iti i tinttY ar'eas of thle Sttte.
'l'll(' Prim ary tobj tectives of' tis stutdy xxere to It' dt'mii ite
tt' c'its , rt ris ist o itnvxestmtent r'eqiOfred ftir I et ' hr pig
produclittiont. Athliitioiial obhjectixves xxete to illustrate thle ef-
feels oif, size' attd lt'x o tIl til liagTelietit oil filltxosti lft pro-
ditciitgr feecder Pigs.
'Ihle c'ost (litt( xxerte lhtxe( oii Petrxonal itttri(,\ 'x xitl)
I iProucers de 'I gtiated ixs Swxin e It'xpisio t I )en ittst tat li
lby t I Ctioperatk Ex t' .Iensitin Se rvice(. Thiese prt'oduct erx sodd
iiti ax erage tif 4.51 Pigs each('l O 19657, xxith lmodttst ll] of tlte
pigrS lititig Mar kted tl- uitgh tttgtiied feeder pig salesx. All
iif thesex( produce'(rs xwer'e ratisiing c'rotssbrled pigs Usinig per-
tit,it fat roxxing itttt xt'tx faceilities of varitus tpes.
Ax erati e osit s at lld retli tils per pig sold fot' produilctt(ers
xelltt tg fexxer thain 4001 pigs per year, proiduc'ers st'llit ig more
tI at t 4001 pigs per- year, atnd all produceers at'e slhown tt theltt
U'le average gr'oss return pet' pig, sold xwas S16. 41., The
itx ti age c'tst of p idttetioti xx-its SI 1.92 Per pig sold, lea\t iitg,
it itct I('toi toi laboiir autd miia~ttgl'ttt't of .84.49 per- pig.
WXlit'it tle 2. 9 1or oi IStf ltao' retjiti t'u I per Pig we're 1 t irgei
8
Xx cia.gt No. ttf pigx soild ~r tx
Itnvetott tr} il o
(;rosts retturns
Feed costs
(Xittt i)r 1.41/bhi. ----
IVt'i'l ,tcdittx e -----
Ci(5 t( & stateri ((e 5.75/('xxt.
Non-feed variable c'lsts
Pistitie (i) 211.06 itt
'li tking
Iiict rieity
( t hi r catxh e xpet i sx
'Iottil xaialet cots
F~ixed costs
Captital tlepreetatit it
hiitt'rt'xt, taxes, itt ii rttnce
Ii itirtlix to lahbor & rngt./Pig stild
Prodti i "' gitips
Al Snll S11 I Large
14 8
451.2 221.5
1)tllolls
1.5.16 14.501
1.25 :3.1
16.41 17.51
6
75:3.5
17.6
.55
1'5.97
3.51 4.11 :3.27
1.55 2.015 1.35
. 15 .27 .10)
2:38 2.62 2:30
'54
.84
.34
15
.26
1.3
.09
''39
10.33
.50)
I .W9
1.59
11.92
4.49
.79
1.69
'47
.21
.19
.24
Ill0
.'51
1:3.55
.6(6
1.1136
2.0)2
15.57
I .9 1
.44
.51
.29
.16
.016
.3.5
9. 05
'44
.98
1.42
11.47
5.50
WATER - Key to High 5oybean Yields
HOWARD T. ROGERS and D. L. THURLOW, Department of Agronomy and Sodls
A LABAMA" 'd XIX LL-TI XII II I OWD SOViICalI I ield of 271 hi
perI acre( ill 1 967 was ncxfI( to the ilih('t aver'Iage ever lllli'
ill the Sotheast. RleasonI fo~r this rcordI is easy to s'l'.
adequ(ate raiflall durn Ig t ile CIritical perild o((f pod deveNlop-
irlilt andl IwaII filiiiig. lOespite irtportallle (A' other piw hi-
tioll factol X, tIIC titlle barir Wil1,11II ('llc-III1 is lack ofl XXat''(%
Thi lose CO cIClationsXhil) lIAtXeel) I aililall dllrillg 1pod fi11 all
be~an X ill is shlown I) lIX -ca It I1eslilts o(il it IaIIIX saIlI at
Allilll It. III thliX CxpCIi lt that cdates baclk to l9t 1, s IX
bleansX XwerIe ilotioduIeli ll 1 961) as at dolel~li crop after lolll
gain ll iii .3 X CM rot ation(1 lof ljott(,i ((o-I) ()-ItX i tX t.
Wher 1111 rtilitX I v X LCIS XXIII ad~equlate fo1 all Cros I sli .vI llall
X jelds Xwere closeIX Irelated to I aifall 11111ing the 5-\XXc
p,-riol. August 20 to Sc'ptcinher 2.3, as sIIOXX 1) ' v the graiph.
Anolther(2 examnpie of' thle dom11inatin)g effect o)f XXater duIr~imn
the Critical 
1
ioc-fiiling stage Xwas1 ill i a xin II\\I~t~)Xielil tI Xt
onl tile PrattvXiille L \ureniclt FCieci. 11e Ipho11 tograph lI X
1
II(X
anl eXeellent prospect fo11 at hunpel CrIop oi11 Augiust 7, 19G9.
The himlI we're ill fut] ll oo1(1m and plallts XwerIe 42 inl. hlgll.
The poItenltial Inever materialized, howXeCXC, since, there \\XiXs
oly 2 ill. of rain betXXeenI August 20) (llc Septembier 20.
Tile , vil XXas onlX 22 111. TwXXo years ei enthIs X 5(11)c
treatniv(11 had procillel 48 hui. per aet-( I X 1ii1 6.7 ill. ofI
rail) feIll (ilrilIig tile Crit icai peCriod.
II) till' maxinlun) Yielli teXst at eighlt Alallaia locatimlIX.
Xovbcl)al Xielcls avXeCragedl -14% higher the( X\ear of hlighlest
I ailiflall filirilig pod fill (t0% miore rail)) thall ti)e ave rage
for tile 1963-68 period, Tale 1.
R IXIA I ~IL A~dXlI\XS t 96.3-68
tLll Itlill .11111 1111 Al,~
Brewton Fild, 0i
Molnroe lOille Fild, Ai
8.1111 \ Illitaill Sinh
staItionl CrossXXXvie, I
T:1liiXXI', I Xi
WX-Xas lltIXsllhtttion.,
AI ediid II
1(IncrIiXC o)1r (I age
I I i-iI XIII ca
1311 Ill.
48 9.6i
M6(3-68 (I11'
:30 4.7
15 t10.5 :31 .6
t6 4.7 :3 3.7
40 8.0 2) 4.4
.52 6.3 :34 tt
52 5.6 41 :3.7
:1)9 7.8
16 7.4
27; .3.6
:32 :3.9
X(Idl11111).
t~aiifllf dur t~ling .5-XX'lk pe~riodi AIt~IX 21) to Septe-mber 2:3.
-XXIIrage' for 4 yer 1(1 (lP .
1)1111-IllT RA1- INFL I XIIuS IvSrilNs. At [ill RN, 19(67-69
10n1'lies oflliIltllre wld pe)1tcr aIc-rI'
111 Rainifall.\te 
Nolt
10.5 It)
1.7 :3.0)
8.10 2.3
-A
Chances looked good fcr a high yield when this photo was made
August 7, 1969, at Prari Experiment tFald. Planits were 42
in. high and in full bloom, but low rainfall between August 20
and September 20 tonly 2 in.t cut yield to 22 bu. per acre.
Call 111 liXI'( 101- other' crops. Ill 196S, XwiICI onlyN 1.7 ill. oll
rin fe1 1Ill iletX Ci) Augutit 201 aii Septembher 26, acdillg :3
ill. (If' XXater p~rodcedccI 14 1)11. of biams. Thlis XXas (i 1711
lincrease', Tahle 2. Ilailf .11lliii-g the( cr itical periodl XX iXs
So} heals' Ieed forl XX (tcl curilog till Critical 1)11(1fillinig
peiodis wXXXeli cestaishedXI Il, (iI c Iresearchis now 1 IX seekin wa g XX sI
to nIlak(' 1111)11 XXatelrI aalal a I to tilec pilalltsX. Somne p)racticeIs
XXee'ds to re cdulceC compe
1
(t ition1, dee'
1  
ploinilg Xwhere trIa ffic
to tiiitc' Septembe~r Irains. \\'hc'rC largce acreages areI ill-
X )v('Ii, till Irisk oIf' Iitt illg ciroughlts ma II e de71 C ceedXII 1 I
ield moertalole\re
acre, bu.
60 
1
40 k-
2 4 6 a
Rainfall t 8/20 9/23),inches
10 12
Yield data plotted an this graph illustrate effect of rainfall during
pod development during 1960-69 at Auburn on loamy sand.
I I I I I I
WHITE RATS, family pets, and farm
animals can be provided with scientifi-
cally combined food nutrients for opti-
mum health and weight 
gain. However,
the human family places a multitude of
physiological and psychological factors
ahead of perfect nutrition.
In general, the homemaker is respon-
sible for selection, preparation, and ser-
vice of the food eaten by her family. The
homemaker's aim of "balanced meals"
is the practical application of the profes-
sional's nutritional adequacy measure-
ments. Studies in consumer behavior in-
volving 7,000 Alabama urban respond-
ents sought to determine the use of nu-
trition knowledge in food selection.
The table shows the relationship of
the homemaker's formal education and
nutritional knowledge. Per capita income
or per capita meal cost information
would show similar relationships of
greater knowledge and increased in-
come or expenditures for food.
Homemakers with a grade school edu-
cation more often classified bread and
potatoes with fat (fattening), but so did
a fourth of the better educated home-
makers. Knowledge about the major
nutrient in chicken, tomatoes, and canta-
loupe was related to education level.
The source and nutrient least often cor-
rectly paired were concentrated energy
and fat, and quick energy with carbo-
hydrates. This was surprising in view of
"calorie counting" 
and soft drink adver-
tising. Nutritional knowledge scores
were based on 3 points for correct pair-
ing, 2 points for a partially correct an-
swer, and none for an incorrect selection.
Scores ranged from 0 to 36, which were
then ranked into four classifications used
as a measurement of consumer behavior.
In one study, homemakers were asked
to evaluate the nutritional equivalent of
a serving of broiler meat with one of
beans, beef, pork, or milk. A third of
the respondents rated broiler meat as
relatively equal to beef or pork, a third
said beef or pork was the most nourish-
ing, and the remainder had no opinion.
Broiler meat has about the same pro-
tein content as beef or pork but less fat
and calories. Milk and dry beans have
10
more calcium, pork has more thiamin,
beans and the red meats have more iron,
milk has more riboflavin. Broiler meat
is highest in niacin and contains some
of the vitamins and minerals mentioned.
Users of a product were more likely
to mention nutritional values than non-
users. Homemakers who served cottage
cheese said it was an inexpensive food,
low in calories, high in protein, minerals,
and vitamins. Non-users said it was a
milk product presumably good for you.
Three-fourths of these homemakers said
cottage cheese was a healthful food, but
only a third of the white and an eighth
of the Negro families used the product.
Homemakers who drank milk with
meals more often suggested milk, es-
pecially low fat forms, as a suitable
beverage with the bacon and tomato
sandwich for a "weight-watcher" lunch.
They said it was a nourishing drink that
rounded out the meal. Higher income
homemakers more often drank milk or
used cottage cheese.
Knowledge did not necessarily lead to
practice. Three-fourths of the home-
makers whose families were consuming
less than half the amount of milk prod-
ucts needed for good nutrition knew that
CONSUMER NUTRITION
KNOWLEDGE and PRACTICE
RUTH HAMMETT, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
PERCENTAGE OF HOMEMAKERS, BY FUNCTIONS OR SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND EDUCATION
oF HOMEMAKERS, 3,325 FAMILIES, THREE ALABAMA CITIES
Function or source of nutrients
correct answers
General good health-protein, vitamins-
Bacon-protein, fat-
Cottage cheese-protein, vitamins
Cantaloupe-carbohydrates, vitamins
Chicken-protein, vitamins
Pecans-protein, fat-
Growth and repair-protein, vitamins --
Tomatoes-vitamins
Potatoes-carbohydrates, vitamins
Bread-carbohydrates, vitamins
Quick energy-carbohydrates
Concentrated energy-fat
Nutritional knowledge ranked score
0-2 (very low)
3 (low)
4 (average)
5 (high)
Per cent of homemakers
Number of homemakers
Proportion in each education of
homemaker grouno
Under 9-
9 yr. 11 yr.
Pct. Pct.
89 94
86 95
69 78
68 79
64 71
79 82
76 83
58 65
36 48
31 42
34 33
14 18
69
25
5
22
740
25
38
26
11
21
690
12 yr.
Pct.
96
85
82
83
85
83
80
72
60
56
45
23
16
27
37
20
34
1,115
13 yr.
or more
Pct.
96
93
87
88
93
88
82
83
77
74
59
26
Average
Pct.
94
93
79
80
79
83
80
70
56
51
41
21
7 27
18 27
43 29
32 17
23 -
780 -
milk was a good source of protein.
Knowledge of the B vitamin content
was nearly as high among low as above-
average users of dairy foods. Actual use
of eggs or milk was about three-fourths
of the amount suggested by homemak-
ers as necessary for health.
When respondents were asked what
should be included in family meals every
day, meat, milk, or green vegetables
were usually mentioned first. Meals are
planned around food products rather
than nutrients. They recognized that a
food may be "good for you" but other
factors determine its use in family meals.
Family preferences were the major
factor in food purchases. Higher income
consumers were concerned about quality
or variety, with nutritional value men-
tioned third or fourth. Women of lower
income groups mentioned price or "spe-
cials" first, preferences second. Size of
the food budget as related to total in-
come, menu patterns, need for variety,
size of household, or age, sex, and health
condition of family members are factors
to be considered in food selection.
Better educated homemakers with
higher incomes have the knowledge and
means to make use of nutritional in-
formation. They observe and remember
news about nutrition in all media. The
Cooperative Extension Service is cur-
rently working with families on public
assistance to improve nutritional levels.
Many homemakers and their families
could benefit from a practical knowledge
of nutrients necessary for physical and
mental well being. If food costs con-
tinue to rise, the general public may be-
come aware of the fact that good nutri-
tion has several price tags.
A History of Forestry at Auburn University
W. B. DeVALL, Department of Forestry
FORES
T
RY AT AUBURN really began in
1927. It was then that three species of
southern pine were planted, experiment-
ally, on badly eroded farm land to con-
trol erosion. These plantations stand to-
day as a living memorial to this early
venture.
During 1932-33, extensive experiments
with four southern pines were started.
Nearly 80 acres of pine plantations on
the university campus, the results of
these experiments, have been visited and
studied by thousands from all parts of
the country.
The first graduate forester to be em-
ployed by the University reported in
1935. In 1940 a second graduate forester
was employed to develop course work
leading to a degree in agriculture with
a major in forestry.
During the 1940's four experiment
forest areas were acquired, one each in
Fayette, Autauga, Coosa, and Barbour
counties. Field studies are conducted
on these forests.
Interest in forestry education began to
rise in 1944 when a brief titled "Forestry
Presents Its Own Case" was prepared
and placed in the hands of some key
people in the State. A bill providing for
a degree course in forestry, expansion
of research, and funds to support each
was prepared for the 1945 legislature.
Friends of forestry came to the support
of the bill and it was introduced to the
legislature in May 1945. The negative
faction argued that there were already
enough forestry schools that young men
could attend. Supporters countered that
Alabama should educate its own forest-
ers. Standards set up by the Society of
American Foresters were cited as justi-
fication for the funds requested.
A degree course in forestry and an
expanded program of research were as-
sured and financed by an appropriation
of $25,000 for each of these functions
with the enactment of Act 294. By
agreement $150,000 was made available
for a building and $50,000 for equip-
ment. The President of Alabama Poly-
technic Institute was authorized to pro-
ceed with plans for forestry in a letter
dated February 20, 1946. Funds for
the building were approved May 18. On
May 21 the Governor released funds for
operation.
Dr. R. H. Westveld was employed
July 1, 1946 to plan a curriculum and a
building. The curriculum that was
adopted had three options or majors-
Forest Management and Administration,
Wood Utilization, and Business Forestry.
Dr. Westveld and Professor L. M. Ware
headed up the joint Department of
Horticulture-Forestry. On July 1, 1947
forestry became a separate department
within the School of Agriculture and
Agricultural Experiment Station.
During the period 1947-1950 the De-
partment of Forestry was under the suc-
cessive administration of Dr. Westveld
and Dr. T. D. Stevens. In 1948, after
the department moved into its new
building, plans were made that would
lead to accreditation. A committee of
the Society of American Foresters con-
ducted an on-site inspection late in 1950.
Based on its findings and the material
previously supplied to the committee,
accredited status was announced in Janu-
ary 1951.
After the Department was accredited
and following the appointment in Janu-
ary 1951 of W. B. DeVall as department
head, plans were made to offer graduate
work at the master's level. The gradu-
ate program was approved in 1952 and
the first M.S. degree was awarded at the
December 1953 commencement. A Ph.D.
program in forestry was approved in
1967 for implementation in Fall Quar-
ter 1968.
The first class graduated in 1948
when 14 received degrees. From 1948
through March 1970, 500 B.S. and 28
M.S. degrees were awarded. The aver-
age number of graduates per calendar
year has been 25.
Progress in forestry education at Au-
burn can be measured by several stand-
ards. In addition to those already men-
tioned are budget and staff. Records for
the first academic year of the Depart-
ment's operation (1947-'48) show seven
budgeted, part-time teaching positions
and a total teaching budget of $30,000.
For the last academic year (1969-'70)
there were nine professional teaching
positions budgeted while the teaching
budget was more than $110,000.
The full-time and part-time research
staff now numbers 21. These men serve
as leaders and assistant leaders for 26
formal research projects. The meager
budget for forestry research in 1926 of
$80 may be compared with the nearly
$300,000 now devoted to forestry re-
search.
A history of forestry at Auburn would
not be complete without reference to
certain individuals, projects, and pro-
grams. Early leadership was provided
by Professor L. M. Ware, now retired.
Although a horticulturist by profession,
he had visions of the roles trees would
play in the rural development of Ala-
bama.
M. J. Funchess, Dean and Director,
School of Agriculture and Agricultural
Experiment Station, endorsed the devel-
opment of a forestry program and was
the first to administer the programs of
this new department.
Dr. E. V. Smith, Dean and Director,
School of Agriculture and Agricultural
Experiment Station, provided early lead-
ership when a regional project in forest
genetics and tree improvement was ini-
tiated in 1954. He also provided leader-
ship that led to the formation in 1955
of another regional project dealing with
forest insects and in providing the first
full-time researcher on forest insects and
forest insect problems at any southern
agricultural experiment station. More
recently, research in forest pathology
was made-possible.
Early in the decade of the sixties an
agreement was signed that made possi-
ble the location of a forest engineering
research laboratory at Auburn. The
Southern Forest Experiment Station, U.S.
Forest Service, designated this as the
Auburn Forest Engineering Re s e arch
Laboratory.
The most recent sign of progress in
forestry at Auburn is the completion in
1970 of a 2-story wing on the Forestry
Building. This facility provides space
for both the teaching and research pro-
grams.
11
SOIL TEMPERATURE
ON GREENHOUSE
TOMATO PRODUCTION
JOSEPH D. NORTON, Department of Hortiuue
enxvrirment t of a gt'eeinho~use', Ilarge' yieldts o f tomi iato~es 
Icain
be producedl duinig fall, xxii tcr, aind spr iog xxhen'i 
supieils
of good~t quality, ftreshl tolillatot's arte I low litnd pricets a~re ligil.
XX itin ti Ce last fexw years I di're h1a1 ibIleien xii sustaI ill
growtxhII of ti i greetn1111use' tolint Il iii tuis trx Pilast ic Covxe'iI'l
periodt, iidt'ltise oll thilow~xer ciost thi 11 til'e tradtitillntal glass
gtreenihouse.
anth et' in tile spriing. S11me1 growxers als()PiIt il prouc xx hi 
t'r
fall crop is 
1
illlildin ItI ie gtre''tniouise ariouitnd Augiust I'S-
Sept embier 1. ii aixest periotd ranges fro (liilil-Oct 1111r
tihroui gih D'enemICr. Tile sptintIg cropIl is planlted'l in I'll Vs\
Jalnuiary and Il barvesteti fio oniid-NIaliti thrug iiigl iax. XX' ll '
a xxiinter c'rop is groxwn, it is piailtecl in ealrly Noxvemller ,Iilt
hlatrxestetd rnit-janiliary throuighl Marchl.
Iii the Ceaily I 960's, greenhoullse tolmato groxx I' nollticed't
ireduiited pilaint giroxxthi ant ci x ics from f~iatlln xxinter crops.
tcll il' a pho11 spholIrius tit'fictit'ilt' So il t'impeture was c'xx hecti ltked'
11111 foundl~ to he iin tilt 50)-6) IV raioge.
l ah'oldl h iI\ 'l'((ll I tillitoiI1(). look A u Wileat Il ls
.59' so tilis wxas suspected to be tile trouible. After pre-
linhjiiiarx i s'eai'chlj a slitd "x vas Ilegilo to determine bow
soil t I rnpet at tire a ffeets pihosphor01us uptake, as xvell as growth, b
Yieldj and i u alit x of greetnIhouse torn atoes.
Results of tile prelimrinary studies showed tihat greeno
x iglit, drx x %Neigll. .11, phosphorius cooiteii of torntilil 
pliints
iluc(aseci as root /ooe temiperaturte xx ,l5 inceased to 65 'lild
7.5 F". Tie t'emsllperatuire effect was greater at till igiler
rtesl' of1 phlosphoru is (.53 anA 1016 lb). of P pcr acre) thain at
Tllhe efl('c-t of' iolcreas Iig roo Ilt zone temraci1tures(' to 65"
ailli 75- it1 P lexvels of It, .35i, 7), ail i1t6 1ll. per 
alcie \x as
ev a lua~ted iii greei ii ouse experimen i)ts. ( leelic beat 
illg calels
xxere uised( to) beat tihe soil.) Nitirogein was applied 
to ll i
plots at tlil rate oft 240) il). per acre.
loil)all) planIts xxer- giroxxn for 1:35 diay5s. Pliospioi us
coilteit of' leaves, stern diamleter, aind plaiit hleighlt xwere
tictertllille wh silen largest f rit on the first ciluster xxere 
'2 toI
I ill. iin diamllleteri and ;iai wt h x en first pl atnt tops reached
the top oI~ f tile Ill is. N ur i a'r andi weigilt 
of moarket ale
andIlli immake'tal i'vinc ripe fru it xxeret recoridted.
The re wxas a mrn~tkedt increase iin fruit xyieldi, frulit 
si/le,
sternl diaimelter, pilanit hi'it, aild P content xxitih 
inereasti I
sil teIm periatuire an i wc xi thI iiealsing llifloii ts 
of P, TFalels I
111d 2. Temillperal i ichadlt tile gieatest effect 
oni pl an~t he'i gilt
xher il't il P xvas ap
1
plied. Is fruit ' icid, fruit size', and( P
coni teni ts, till te(illperatur eff'el (ct xxas5 grt'eIr ait 
hi gil rates
oIf P till at lolax tes.
Becau'ilse' of tile imlportnt I'llet (If soil t emnp'raturiie 
oni
tioll is il de l''l' itill )tile gre'enholuset. 
Tis w1 xill pt ~ttl
lowx temnperatuires all grlolit lexvci aind cold spotts 
xwithitn till
cci~l 11 louse'.
Ftirthler re'sealrch is ie'deti oni tfie co1st of xvartious 
mtelitos
o f' co1n trollinig sil teimpieratuiire. Somne growxxers 
h1axve I i5'l
valriouls iilillxatihis, soh as iraisedi b6 ds, 
for a smlll iil-
cease' itin t'tmpeira1tre.
Unheted5 1 65 F 75
ILb.
67.2
84.9
95.)
10t4.13
1,lb.
105.1,
1 16.3
128.8
1 10.1
Plot iz( was 30 sq. ft., with 10 plants Per plot.
Tcnipeiatiijv (Iropped hclo\ 59 V for low-, perio(k.
T m.v 2. Sizi,: oi Vim.: RiiF Tom-kIOES HtOm
Soil, T1,\ov13v1t111, S . \I) Piio,],oolll s R xil ,,,
k1lit-13N, 1965-W)
P/ilw 1). i
1, 1).
0.138
.19t0
199
.20:3
0.165
2 22
.301
1.
0).196
.24.4
.2.54
.3 15
IT'ilpirattiil'' (iillpv eilm 'li '59' V for loiig pciotiii.
Avera,(re frilit \N('i(,Tl1t at (lifIcivilt
t( Illjwlatulu ,
1 111watedl 65' V 75" F
SICKLEPOD vs. SOYBEANS-
New Research Findings
May Even the Battle
GALE A. BUCHANAN, D. L. THURLOW. and
HOWARD T. ROGERS, Departmsent of Agronomy and Soils
0)112 of tlii iiiiiSt NCI') l' 'cs(I problem)1s phdgillig 'So 1)1811l
grow'sers in the Souithieast. Because of the 'seriouisiiess of tis
prolm O llll.illitilelolis pleeV we ('ii(' pnlJo'steini('ig'eec hieri -
'sillid s lol11 'soil at the Gulf CoasIt 51ll)statioli. Thed te'st ilreai
wssa's Ilea il' iife'sttd 's'ith sikiepod.
E~arlier i(''searcii( 11ad revsealled (21101o\(iiio (Te112ii I 1111s
stirfi'taiiit .lpplieil po'stemei(lel gtle to he effectise .lglliillt
'sicklepod. lie mlajor dri l'ss1
1 1
k wssa's it's lack ofcii s iistetll
actisit's againist the ws'eeds 'ssMien thiey get 3 in. hlighi or tallecr.
Liiiiroii ( Lorox) hi's 11ee)) oxteiisi'sels cviated foi 'sickL-
podl control 'sinice 19657. Rates a's loi's's a'01.5 11). per ai ce a's
1
)ost-direeted spirays hase lisuaili gi'sn con ii trol1, Table 11
hut the 1-11). r ate ia's been1 i)11)11 ('oiisi'st('it.
Althoughi the hit.1s 11(111 someit soil\ l inidO 1111', 1s
u1s111111' \ hase not1 heen affeeted . Aii ecption it as in 196S
's'hlen the 4-116. liniuum rate damiaged the crop. I I o\\ (e\ el.,
this is alppiinaitely 4 times the( iiilliit r eqireid for 'ss ecl
control. '1he1 relati'sely s eiere inlil's of' 'smle i tuiti it's
's\,its the result ofI (icoliat .1(41(111 of thle lielneiide oiilo' iie
portionuhs of the soybal p)lant11)1. III (directedl lpist('ilciii g'Iu
hlerbiide 'ssitli the loss e foliage. Thierefoie, leiici iides tha~t
hiave strillig con~tac1t actionii 11)st lbe ulsed1 earefl il' to keep
Conltact wssith so\ he 11)) foliage to itIlna llil
Few's' prep)1li1 or preeme11rgei ee hieriidf~e'ss a .litlhl fi-
'so' " heaii use will conitrol 'sicklepol. 'Irutlurin imii a 1)2.llI
conitrolI thli'ss (eI. Sicklepod ('(lit)ol wssithli huro(ll il's it pre-
eme'lgle' herbicide i's istill 'i yeratie, especillv li\ co of
the sea'son, Tabulle 2. Eai lv 's('.islll con~trol 'ssa's elf ectis il iti.
SABILL 1. Li I LI I lOF Po'Ii-Diiu i i li) \i'iPiICA -I 'iON's IMBi"O\so
ON SU1KLii'ill (A)N1iOi, Si)BEli N I\tl Its, 'sND YILD tS
1o 2 iit iif :3 \eairs.
01' 'se's r.i othl prec1)11(rcgilili c iiides evaluihated lot
conti ullilf ig R'sick (l. ml's .1 Ii 's' l1.1\' 'shtowsn .m's pomise'.
lii N9, Siidoz 6717 nol \lII 4-4111 looked poi simr
Tadie 2. Bth 's' 'je 'still gis ig .11)1's ( 9(0% Control at tii))(
osf la'st ratilig. Septemnber .5 (c.1il' raitiwr \\it s mldi' jIl's It)).
'1idld (It Nicl's'ds 'ssil's no(t I ltli'(l I1) eitlei 2 or -1 Ih. per
ile- iif Sandloz 671)7 aid oiil] '\slighutly by' 4 11). of \111- t-1t0.
Forh' e'l'. s I'll 's'swill bIii il 6edl 's'sit Ii thiese i's's '\pci')
I lol)itill I l iiils.
;S 161)68, i1) 'Spetiil(')Itl l ici-hiide, lias miltrille'l 'sickle-
poll1 ('Nt)vlik \')(1s '' il. s I') il tro'.itiii'its 's's i'll i) 1I9691
's' (Ii less thati -1 ill. iirh
('oNL I s .'FIP 1 i 0 51,PL SN \IN;\(1 1's sIIC ON h Sl(K,
I Ic is isle I ts(
per. ills 11).
1967
I insnsos tt.0
1968
i
Si
CN
illiri5)5 1.01 78s 27 1
looo .01 97 14 82
instss 6i70T1.0I 94 92 10)
I1, 4 4100, :3.10 96 99 1:
1w ~k 0I 0t 0
o i ]to iilitssl; 10 (I) silsli t tsstittis
1
.
0It t iii l i)' 100( tisiills Ii kill.
Bosthi lic ici t , ss IIi tli l it aild 5) lilt iS .tiii),
icdo
tiae
67
19
1)
19
I)i
103
T')
'siHRhIl SiA(- 'sF~ N llVI-, (;I(im III ON Sn( KI'i i ou (:osN 0011.
Sii's ll 'N N((\ 'sti il \-Ii) [9
Liulrii iate Sicklepoi1 
12)11iii
per' i111 1, lb., Eark' ..
tt
Soybc18.111 i) ry"
1968
0.5
1.0)
2.t0
4.0
Chieck
1969
0t5
1.0)
:2.0)
4.0)
It lti tesl ia include I-,( 'o lii 1 ufca t Ch cklenlli \a
0) lo ilt n :)()S 1111 Comlte kill.
rs i's' Nf
-12
16
211
20
Wcceds 2-f inl, tall
1.0) 9 75
2).1) 15 56
NN ceds 8-12 ill. tallI
1.01 12 10
210 21) 18
's (hit lhst '-( t it ( 'I ~i( 5111.
0I toii iill \ : 100) coi isletc kill.
Sti of Noh's o ltpii liitN jit Njiic tiisf N'ss zl I/,N 2- ts 4-o
's'sh(kN S iii. Ni'slwaoisN 6- to 8-in. 's's ,I's 16-imi. N)h's si.it' aiiis
8- to 12 iii. 'v s'sil 2 Iiii. Ns Itcitn,.
I \ ell )Ict
25 -45
I.52
Sick1cpod contiol' So\ hcan iiijur\
Elark Latc Hill.]\ Latc
H ERBICIDE applied to soil may have
beneficial effects other than weed con-
trol. Fundamental research at Auburn
indicates such a possibility.
When an organic herbicide is applied
to field soil the microbial population may
respond in two ways: (1) Some organ-
isms utilize the chemical compound as
a nutrient source and are thereby stimu-
lated in growth; (2) other organisms are
inhibited because the compound is
either directly toxic to them or stimu-
lates organisms nearby to produce toxic
substances.
Some economically important plant-
root disease fungi are subject to these
influences from soil-applied herbicides.
Sclerotium rolfsii, the Southern blight
fungus, lives its entire life cycle in the
soil and attacks a wide range of crop
plants. Sclerotinia trifoliorum, which
causes crown rot of leguminous plants,
also spends most of its life in the soil.
Therefore, most herbicides applied to
800"
600
400 -
200
2.5 5 10 20
p.p.m.
FIG. 1. Sclerotia production by S. rolfsii
was inhibited by all levels of herbicide.
14
soils in the Southern region are likely
to come in contact with one or both of
these fungi. Both fungi produce small,
hard, resistant bodies called 
sclerotia,
which can survive for long periods in
soil until susceptible host plants are
available. The tiny brown sclerotia of
S. rolfsii are spherical, averaging less
than 1/16 in. in diameter. They ger-
minate in soil, when conditions are fa-
vorable, and directly infect plant roots
or stems at the soil line. Sclerotia of
Sclerotinia are black, irregular in shape,
and average about 1/4 x 1/10 in. in
size. They do not infect plants directly
but produce tiny, stalked, cup-like struc-
tures (apothecia), which in turn pro-
duce spores that cause new infections.
Thus, the soil-borne sclerotia of these
fungi constitute a major inoculum source
for disease occurrence.
Five years of investigation at Auburn
has revealed that certain herbicides may
suppress growth of specific plant patho-
gens while other herbicides stimulate
growth. In recent experiments five her-
bicides were tested against S. rolfsii and
S. trifoliorum. The herbicides tested
were Karmex (diuron), Paraquat, Ca-
parol (prometryne), Eptam (EPTC),
and Cotoran (fluometuron).
Flasks of sterilized soil were separately
inoculated with the two fungi, and after
24 hours of growth the soil was treated
with the herbicides in quantities to pro-
vide concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20
parts per million (p.p.m.). The lowest
concentration was near recommended
field rates, if it is accepted that most of
the herbicides applied in the field are
incorporated or concentrated in the up-
per 3 inches of soil, where fungal patho-
gens are also more active. The exces-
sively high concentrations were tested
HERBICIDES may
Check Buildup of
PLANT PATHOGENS
E. A. CURL and R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
to determine maximum rates required to
obtain a significant effect. Since alcohol
was used as a solvent for the herbicides,
some flasks were treated with alcohol
alone to serve as checks. The cultures
were incubated in a controlled environ-
ment until the two fungi produced ma-
ture sclerotia. Production of sclerotia
was recorded as either total numbers or
dry weights.
All of the herbicides tested reduced
the number of sclerotia produced by S.
rolfsii as compared with the herbicide-
free check. Diuron and EPTC reduced
the number of selerotia by nearly 50%
or more in treatments of 5-20 p.p.m.,
Figure 1, and Cotoran was significantly
inhibitory at 10 and 20 p.p.m. Gener-
ally, the inhibitory effect became greater
as the herbicide concentration increased.
Paraquat and prometryne were only
slightly inhibitory and are not shown in
Figure 1.
In Figure 2, sclerotium production
by S. trifoliorum is expressed as dry
weights. Compared with the herbicide-
free check, the trend for treatment ef-
fects was quite similar to that seen with
S. rolfsii. Diuron and EPTC reduced
sclerotium production considerably at all
treatment levels, while Cotoran was most
inhibitory at levels above 2.5 p.p.m.
Certain concentrations of paraquat and
prometryne (not shown in graph) in-
duced slight increases in sclerotium pro-
duction above the alcohol check.
These results indicate only the effects
of herbicides on pathogens in pure cul-
tures. It is not yet known how this pic-
ture might be altered in natural soil with
other microorganisms present. This in-
vestigation is being extended to studies
of herbicide effects on germination of
sclerotia and spores of pathogenic fungi
and on severity of plant disease in nat-
ural soils.
Sclerotia
250 - Check
U EPTC
200 - 0 Cotoran
0 Diuron
I -
0- -
2.5 5 I0 20
p.p.m.
FIG. 2. Sclerotia production by S. trifoli-
orum was also inhibited by herbicides.
Sclerotio
No.
ooo
PRODUCERS, merchandisers, exporters,
feeders, and processors who deal with
unprocessed agricultural commodities ac-
cept risk as a normal part of their busi-
ness.
The most serious risk is the possibility
of loss from fluctuations in price. The
time interval between production deci-
sions and sale or between a purchase
and a sale increases the possibilities of
loss from unfavorable price changes.
While there may be ways producers and
handlers may attempt to compensate
for this risk, such as in contracting, the
futures market is the only organized
market that is designed to provide an
opportunity for reducing 
or offsetting
price risks.
Many agribusiness firms have success-
fully "hedged" on the futures market
for many years to assure themselves of
a price that covers costs and provides
an acceptable net return. Hedging is a
means of using futures contracts to re-
duce price risks of actual commodities
stored or processed. On the other hand,
farmers generally have not used the fu-
tures market. Based on the number of
articles on futures trading appearing in
popular farm magazines and trade jour-
nals, there is a growing interest on the
part of farmers in the futures market.
Commodity brokers now actively solicit
farmers as customers.
Futures markets are more complex
than usual marketing outlets used by
farmers. Trading in futures means buy-
ing and selling of futures contracts. A
futures contract is a legal agreement to
deliver or receive specified quantities of
a particular commodity during a desig-
nated month at an agreed price; it is a
binding contract for both buyer and
seller. For example, a December live
beef cattle futures contract is one pro-
viding for the delivery or acceptance of
delivery of a minimum number of cattle
at a stated grade and weight in the
month of December. The contract can
be entered into as much as a year prior
to the contract month. While the con-
tract can be fulfilled by taking or mak-
ing delivery, contracts are almost always
fulfilled by making an offsetting, opposite
futures transaction before the delivery
month. All that is necessary in such
cases is a settlement of price differences.
Most farmers would be interested in the
buying and selling of futures contracts,
presumably to hedge. Although the
mechanics of hedging is important, this
article primarily concerns a study made
by the Department of Agricultural Eco-
nomics in 1968 on knowledge possessed
by farmers about the futures market and
an attempt to increase that knowledge.
Farmers participating in the survey
were large farmers in a six-county area
of east central Alabama. Questionnaires,
consisting of a series of statements re-
SAMPLE OF FARMER RESPONSES TO SELECTED STATEMENTS ABOUT THE FUTURES MARKET
Statement
Correct 
Percentage
Corct of correct
answer answers
Pct.
The risk of loss in buying and selling futures contracts is
greater than the risk of loss by holding the commodity
in storage- Disagree
Changes in prices of futures s re contracts are the result of large
scale manipulation by speculation Disagree
Hedging in the commodity futures market is a form of
g a m b lin g --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. D is a g re e
Hedging is a sale or purchase of a futures contract to offset
a purchase or sale in the cash market Agree
Being "long" in the futures market means that a sale has
been made with no subsequently offsetting purchase Disagree
The buyer of a futures contract is not required to take delivery Disagree
A "bull" is one who believes prices are heading lower ......... Disagree
quiring agree, disagree, and do not know
answers, were mailed at different time
intervals. A sample of these statements
is shown in the table.
Answers to individual statements re-
vealed only in a general way the amount
of knowledge possessed. There was a
greater number of incorrect answers than
correct answers in half of the statements.
In statements that concerned purely
speculative aspects, answers revealed a
considerable lack of knowledge.
After the first response to the question-
naire, a further study was made to de-
termine if knowledge about the futures
market could be improved. Farmers
were divided into two groups. One
group was used as a control group while
the other group was mailed educational
materials on the futures market at weekly
intervals for a 3-month period. After
this test period, all farmers were again
mailed questionnaires as before. Answers
were scored so that a numerical value
could be assigned that would measure
an increase in knowledge. Scores for
the control group did not change be-
tween the two periods, averaging 34.5
and 34.6, respectively. The average score
of the experimental group improved from
33.4 for the first questionnaire to 41.5
for the final questionnaire, indicating an
increased knowledge of the futures mar-
ket from the materials.
38 Those farmers not using the futures
market, but who are interested, need
35 more knowledge about futures trading.
Response by farmers to a limited mailed
44 educational program was good. More-
over, the program was effective in that
77 knowledge about futures was signifi-
cantly increased. The possibility of other
23 kinds of programs for enhancing knowl-
30 edge about futures 
should be explored,
57 including discussion meetings or work-
shops.
15
INCREASING FARMER KNOWLEDGE
about the FUTURES MARKET
M. J. DANNER, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
* C)YIEANS,
V) )T ain 
d
'* VILDL
1
L-
SHERWOOD C. McINTYRE, JR. and M. KEITH CAUSEY
Department of Zoology-Entomology
ilig- ill thll all' of ilXI'IticiII('XX ildilel re-
ilatjio XIs lipls. fOne Xsuch ('X llfpio 114 Xld
tilll I,, tiel el' a'~tioll'sIi
1  
of 14.11111' 'sp)'lic'
to ii lsl.'ticide(' Lsed ini tlie piooc ti i o(111lf
1.11 (' ill c'I''.sl's InI ac ( re '14'X I IXlt (' to
fild's arell.' li's i)1 t1 f e s II )lltIli( hlX1i.'d)
1)1111114till o' whie-tiled deer I!itb1969
XI'll ' ' ltlt'I i t ( etIllilil ' X tl l (I
l969 growI hig seasons hIl1T i tl'isI)X
i)ll I lli X, .111(1m fiels. 1 XI to 1 c 111111 i ts.
.111IIt 'l \\-it 141111.1e 14h 11a 1 (fee . rabitsX il'
I Ililiic 1))1' 'l iii X li S ~i lli Illl ac IN
llliXI tiii XX XX'ilic liid li 111 'IIu
of,~ ~ 11) 1111T Xolaniltl ill deri bbt
itild ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I.' AXltlfeigiloi dien oIIT
Xlc'ted 'illtii ro 'd hil t Xabitat'ithI ltill'
tIl' M) liistF 0111 1 I DDX l'i's tX ,11inliX .1 1'
till) I e te be to11 XX'!I' CI)IIC' li c i ll.1i.IX X it
s I
3
1Xiit ll ic lli piXX li t 'l I v t he11
XXbiili 1) iI'XI 
iliI'X 
o 11111411114 
i 11 111 I
.:l'I 2.4 s ci lllelC XX e It l 1 I ilg-i o il to)
Agrctoal Rc2 erh 6:701 Cibis Mi2:
\\,its collsj~idliXN Ilia4il till that deI'
Aiiials 'oll'c'tedI fro areas nI' ot re-
c'('tIX tre'ated( 'ontinetdi 11(1(ofllid'I i)I
lowe ('I idititjl'Xe of DT ti.i thoseXI col-
1(1tc tIr i 00 tildItlI f'ilds 1)erv' AX II -
itid qijhlil .iX II 114ed 1.4:3 1)1)111 with it.
law-4I of 0.60) to :3.1 It)111
When'i I (pol tilig I ('Xlis 'slch .1s thlls,
the' X \iiliii( biologist is chiai'll('ed to) ex\
The1 XI
1 1
((l ( 'lsin ir o~i \ liid are (1still
IiII-c III 'd's X 11(1 IfllCetjll' i1)1)1 (11o
atei Di 11 Alloiligl 11111'sll 'seasonst(
ill 1114 illl\lle IT XidsoII llbll I1X) cen1(11
.11111) lo ti ii iIOtitt' has'd Asiir ofc
do1 1' 1(1 ill 01 Cli, sesn hinl areasi' \\]et(
I)II! i'tsidolii'' t ( raiC'( lOXiiil are f i tp-a11
fiowiie' (\it till) domestic meat Ac~1ton oii
this idtod XI)('i.t1 lival \llt ti( I 'il XC
iii t liii 4 A)l'i iCit.B' o l'' s uchmil'X.e
lillil' tX estabX'lish iwi) FiXl illc.'to-
co l nllk td illates leporl n.r st o l g s o
Fro~m treaited areas
Ilabilt :31 U-I18.I0l
IIIIIIXIjt( qua11111 2t0 2.107-46. 
10
:.001(
2.47
17.08
1.35
1115
1. 4:3
L ' Ilild(Accted itt 1(,Ncl.