HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
VO 17, NO I SPRING '70
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
9 A 9
'lit: , '.., X .
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
iNI\ llIS 1551I F i ofiiiii~ it
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A m I psI tI( Iy i I I I) I toofIrexearci i I 1~ lx l
ill th Ag icl i i C peI i miit St ) t k I IIIn
of Iihi I u Ix erxItI A ii , I I I I tI 
na.I
Fungicide- Herbicide Combinations Evaluated for Cotton 3
Beef Production Costs and Returns 4
Soil Fertility for Continuous Corn Silage 5
The Growth of Cottonwood in Alabama 6
Vernolate Incorporation Methods on Peanuts 7
Lowering Tannin Content Improves Scricea 8
Woodwaste vs. Oyster Shell in Fattening Rations 9
Peanut Fertilization Results 10
A History of Animal Science at Auburn University 
I I
Formula Pricing of Milk 12
Tobacco Thrips on Peanuts 1 3
Aerobiology and Plant Disease Interactions 14
Index to Articles Published in Highlights, 1969 15
Tenure Adjustments in Alabama's Tennessee Valley 16
E. V. S~t i
11. 1) ltust
UiixS. U". SiI NPix'N
F.L. Nk (;n xW
11. E. STEVENSON
J. 1). 1 IAMNX 001)
Elji'ctor
Associatc D)irtct rir
Assistant IDircctor
Assistant linrctoi
LEditor
Assoc iiit Editor
Assistant Editor
Editorial Adt/ior C11 o(mii itc i' 1t. 1).
ROU~SiE; NIORiuS WVH ITE, Pl'OfCxsilr iOf A"-
rl'r/tm-al !"cononid's; W, 1'. DUMAS x,
Assoiatei Prolf 5511r of Agri(-iltulial LEii-
\it ( .i Ill,
COVER PHOTO. Fungicide application pays
in same years, as shawn by comparison af
fungicide-treated raw trightt and untreated
ane (leftt. See related stary an page 3.
Fungicide-Herbicide Combinations
Being Evaluated for Cotton
G. A. BUCHANAN and A. J. KAPPLEMAN, JR.,* Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
DURING THE PAST few years, various
researchers have found that certain pesti-
cides applied together interact to cause
greater injury to cotton than when either
pesticide is used alone. An example is
phorate and disulfoton, systemic insecti-
cides applied with diuron or monuron,
which interact to reduce stands of cotton.
Because of possible injury from certain
herbicides with insecticides, Auburn Uni-
versity Agricultural Experiment Station
in 1967 began studying also the interac-
tion of herbicides and fungicides. There
is already widespread use of herbicides,
and fungicide application is rapidly be-
coming a routine practice as well.
Effectiveness of herbicides for con-
trolling weeds in cotton is well docu-
mented. The performance of fungicides
is more difficult to assess, however, be-
cause occurrence of seedling diseases
cannot be predicted for any 
given sea-
son. In some years, an appropriate fungi-
cide treatment has increased cotton seed-
ling survival by 40-45%. (See cover
photo. )
Herbicides are applied just before, at,
or soon after planting. Fungicides for
control of cotton seedling diseases are
applied either as seed treatment, over-
coats, or in-furrow treatments at plant-
ing. Consequently, both chemicals are
present and may affect germination and
early growth. Since little was known
about actions of these chemicals in the
presence of the others, their effects on
cotton seedling growth were first studied
in the greenhouse.
Three herbicides (trifluralin, prome-
tryne, and fluometuron) and two fungi-
cides (chloronitropropane and PCNB +
Terrazole) were evaluated. Trifluralin
was surface applied and then incor-
porated throughout the soil, whereas the
fungicides were only incorporated into
the top 11/ in. of soil. Prometryne and
fluometuron were applied as preemer-
gence sprays to the soil surface.
Trifluralin as a preplant incorporated
treatment reduced both plant height and
dry weight of cotton seedlings at 7 weeks
of age, as shown in the table. Plants
treated preemergence with prometryne
were as tall as untreated plants, but they
were spindly and dry top weight was
* Coop. USDA, ARS.
considerably less. Preemergence treat-
ment with fluometuron at 2 lb. per acre
had no effect on plant height or weight
of seedlings.
Fungicides used (chloronitropropane
and PCNB + Terrazole) did speed emer-
gence and early growth. But, since seed-
ling diseases were not a problem, dif-
ferences between treated and untreated
plants were not measured by height or
weight at 7 weeks.
Chloronitropropane and PCNB + Ter-
razole did not modify effect of trifluralin
on seedling height and weight. Both
plant height and weight of cotton seed-
lings grown on soils treated with tri-
fluralin plus either fungicide were al-
most identical to those of plants grown
on soils treated only with trifluralin. Add-
ing either fungicide to prometryne or
fluometuron had no effect on these herbi-
cides. When prometryne was applied
to soils containing incorporated triflura-
lin, weight of seedlings was reduced be-
low that of cotton grown on soils to
which either herbicide was added alone.
Seedling weight was not affected by
addition of fluometuron to soils previ-
Common name Trade name
fluometuron ....... .Cotoran
diuron ------- -Karmex
prometryne Caparol
trifluralin - Treflan
phorate Thimet
disulfoton Di-Syston
chloronitropropane Lanstan
PCNB + Terrazole Terraclor Super X
ously treated with trifluralin. However,
weight of seedlings was greater follow-
ing treatment with this combination than
treatment with trifluralin alone. Results
with three-way combinations were simi-
lar to those of two-way combinations.
Any combination including both triflura-
lin and prometryne caused greater in-
jury than when either was used alone.
Only a limited number of pesticides
was studied, and one combination of
herbicides reduced seedling growth.
Fungicides did not injure cotton when
applied either alone or in combination.
However, adding either of the fungicides
with the herbicides did not lessen ad-
verse effect from the herbicides. Thus,
there does not appear to be any fungi-
cide-herbicide interaction, as with cer-
tain organic insecticides and herbicides.
Since many pesticides and pesticide
combinations are used on cotton, effects
both individually and as combinations
need to be determined. Until results are
available, care should be exercised when
applying more than one.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, AND HERBICIDE-FUNGICIDE COMBINATIONS
ON HEIGHT AND DRY ToP WEIGHT OF COTTON AFTER 7 WEEKS
Pesticide treatment, lb. per acre
Plant Dry plant
height at weight at
7 weeks 7 weeks
Check (no herbicide or fungicide)
Trifluralin, 0.75- -
Trifluralin, 1.50----------------
Chloronitroropropane, 1.0 .
PCNB + Terrazole, 1.25
Prometryne, 3.0
F lu o m e tu r o n , 2 .0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane, 0.75 1.0 -
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane, 1.50 + 1.0
Trifluralin + PCNB + Terrazole, 0.75 - 1.25
Trifluralin + PCNB + Terrazole, 1.50 + 1.25 ---
Trifluralin ? prometryne, 0.75 + 3.0-
Trifluralin + prometryne, 1.50 + 3.0
Trifluralin + fluometuron, 0.75 + 2.0
Trifluralin + fluometuron, 1.50 + 2.0 --- --
Chloronitropropane ? prometryne, 1 + 3.0 ----------------------
Chloronitropropane ? fluometuron, 1 ? 2.0 ---------------------
PCNB + Terrazole + prometryne, 1.25 + 3.0
PCNB + Terrazole + fluometuron, 1.25 + 3.0 --
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane + prometryne, 0.75 + 1 ? 3.0 ...
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane + fluometuron, 0.75 + 1 + 2.0 ...
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane + prometryne, 1.50 + 1 + 3.0
Trifluralin + chloronitropropane ? fluometuron, 1.50 + 1 + 2.0
Trifluralin + PCNB + Terrazole + prometryne, 0.75 + 1.25 + 3.0
Trifluralin + PCNB + Terrazole + fluometuron, 0.75 + 1.25 + 2.0
Trifluralin + PCNB + Terrazole + prometryne, 1.50 + 1.25 + 3.0
Trifluralin ? PCNB ? Terrazole ? fluometuron, 1.50 ? 1.25 - 2.0
mm.
197
173
142
208
203
197
209
173
143
172
144
174
155
182
160
200
220
199
214
172
189
148
163
172
190
146
161
mg.
59
46
39
61
60
38
52
49
38
45
38
31
30
42
88
36
55
37
56
29
45
25
38
31
48
29
37
1C IX7Pll T1~CI~~- ~"VU~ r~~~~~U h~VII
/IIII~~IL~LI\III UIIU
Beef Production Costs and Returns
From Four Grazing Systems
SIDNEY C. BELL, Dept. of Agricultural Econuomtcs atnd Rutraf Soctolotgy
LA. SMITH, Bfack Bell Substation
tIllill' te 1)1 ijloo co il illi cal sii \I ('111
Builte ieetIii.2 if (le cto st (( II' l ct' Il
\\ itl it-l labl ,ilti I' itt i Illli( 2 he It itet
oil thi 151111' iol 11wXX X 'I' etiri . SM (I it ii l
dtimed 2aIrIe l~ inaigit i opet e ss111e i to
]liit\(,i X it i il l r li'X P
1
''
1 
t \\iii l Ii'c
ill lt i t i'i, fiilitX XX( il e t 1
3. P ,ied, r' ic tll liili2taildX .XXitl liI
W201l .4111iilil IIit t thihj( ti l('l i Ieuc i' f ('Xi Ii
lii tile tii the( 5ffo mw. itwo lte I I I til
dill Ilhi asitr li(.4 XXII' tel f tzii r SN~i sii t( to
ill (it 4-tx ui WsFii. f th s Ihv
2t ju t' w ofI' ('XXX itt I ic cow t odcl.l
rltiI' i24 X oIll hI t oilt, t ill ev t ut'.tlln
itv till ilti the (,tithle'lX l', X 1, il
tI leii t 11111' r 2'X, the Coastail'~ p X lot
hiad Inlutll h iger' gl11s rtuii thI l'l am( I
fil theX o11111 ltwift'it li il I i. i \%a Xbe
cll,( tI 'til II 111 c 2 r XX I'll iti 1 id i 44
Ite(ill
\\']till comipariing rettirnis dl loX anodiii id
01r eailh cots cach ear, treaitilielt 2
looked fir "ii N~~ good \ith ii pprini jl.ate *iv
SI ittdl litdge OX er tile Othier three treilt-
Illen ts. Bult n(o - ii-cs cos~ts per acre wXere
11111(1 high~ler forI tritdineilt 2 because of
cow\ lililitdiil'li oil ( 'td'stdi p)dtol'k',.
Oil the( ilsi' oll p(r ;wri e ietiii ii' to
iiteiit it mea deal oii2if diii(lw tili til
the fl. It X i iliX 1(- ltt'io'i, but tlt-
it :3. W labor an idntdieilt oil it er
inihl ioXX ('I thaTl aI of tl fit hee coill-
2rriX. auid feXIwll
Iii tis 4-\a XIII t fle',l'lt ldld lot
JOtl.
122.59t
10f.28
t.32 57
Vlof l'',ll', it\ C&i $2fft/ti
To li Iill, II I NS
I'it tIi lil Ixcdt
St ' ill l11' P tr a41St f ii
I'tli'l ( o\ S r 1 .thu 1
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fit (w i~ 82 .1ff -------- t- -lil
tlo ill Xi p p\\t lXi t ---------- ----
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1
Tit If1w11ilt lii1111obill
2 :3
1)I. D)1).
225.9 128
5.69 6.67
2:3 1. 6:3 129.49
4_
12t.44
4.6ff
1 26.0 14
12.90f 1 2.02 1f.88 10.:36
21t5 .5.22 10ff44
.3.2 1 .56G 1.12
7.62 8.4(0 6.ff2 4.01t
1 :31 16.53 7.72' 6.91
:3.W9 .5.82 2A.7 1.88
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7.76
'l9f
2.00f
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51Sf1
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20f .72
2.0
1:3 1.95
19.8 t
5.3 1
9f0
2.00f
1.003
501.41
39 .5 1
'Noni (tsl Coists per acrie
1 full' ii (hpit iattiont 4.00f 5f101 1fff
l~t111 .11~ oi (mtt SS.1f (a)X l 1ff) 23 St0f 1.fff
It1( i (ll'flipltti It 2.75 2.75 2.75
I';tI w'. puttpt u h5ff .5ff .'7f0
Tl i \()\it :,Sitil (ill', 28.35 :39.:35 28.35
H. -ii t o'. SI 11' I Itmt l, la tit a itt' .11 tt O W i fit1 ifil' 10.j 19 It'.8
4.85
:3.70
2.10fi
4.1t 3
51.31
74.7:3
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4.00f
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:2.75
28.:35
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IS ff2
F()l 11- l w ol Ca',Is \\I) jillilli\ ii) Till %r\11\1
it lferiii I or (ouliuuHUS t"orii Sig
CLYDE E. EVANS and C. COOPER KING, JR., Deparfament of Agronomy and Soils
C>OHN (.iMM\ N oi sii XI. XIi lXiis igliei
(ii- graiio oiil]\ F'or silage, all the ab)ove-
"I'i 1111ld poti IX (of tbc phoilts ir lhar-
of silitge( per acre conI~ltainled 10 1) l. N,
('dXes (X illd ear',s. It hlX bc(121 .Xilgg('tedi
Iel(lXI of lligh IllliI -t I('OI im , but
to f.educ' soil ier-tilitY deIpletionl .
it Xiiuiiiii to stud\i the( ellect ofi g ox
II'lX rihlXat(il)l 
obetie 
%%r to(' 
i(ii N P a
k ail~d to Xtud-iX the (II itt ol soil test
Xallies'.
Thle sol hald iiee'i \\ell fel tiii/('l '11
the pilst itl if a ill at gl~ood staite of
fertiiit\ ,. 'Ille Sol I) I XXil 6X(.2. Soil 1)1 ii-
1)1101iX Xs \\it (I ighl ailil lpltaIXsilill
\\it "mdium(ii." Thie datat wpor11ted 1 111(
ire for- at hol-ilsoii(01 coiX l IIb-d 'loii u
200A) . A XIIolIt Xs'ailiIii' lri , i'kitlb
805, XXas inlulded iii thce t'
1
Mi imiIt
Xwithl ell(itiiiXh the sameI( tiercid' OlilI V
tiiti X iiX XX (l(2 lessX.
I'-l I 9(5(5 (5ill I XiI X ill Iirik diii i i. : v it
perio d 19-6 are11 s Xll i l I 11 1 .
IlIXX ('Ield ll'( I v u lt Il i X lil i i Ill XX I ('
1)iii t(XtX. IX(ill (lIIIZI icll XiIId 1)11
Im ~ I (XII) ii "s itf' IX-- \t ll cl lou hi X III II
\ iligI X 'II IXiifioiK hi\s ;it t00X11). N.
sil teslcXXaXc ciIli hol'a(il i II til .
XcIX lw 0 XX) VX a Ill 1111 ('fiX' ptil Itt)
li-i \ At20 1).\,,oil ) II KU ) I \\its Xiaii
it( \\hicll there \\its all (vo'lloillic \ield
ii creir"e.
Soil tcst phosphorus \\it', \cl\ high illid
applied P hild little or Ito cllcct oil vield
oI soil te"t \ tllws. For this I-cilsoll, thc
pl.losphollis fillolillittioll is llot illcluded.
'I'lic 1-csolts of this expelillwilt slIo\\
thitt oil this sawk Soil, Jill \allws mil , \
diall'ye (Illitc rilpi(lk illd reilull critical
\\ith I-esultiult 0eld decreilses ol
col 1 1 sililge. Tlws , chillwes call be dc-
tcoed Im soil tests itud col-rected below
tlIcY rcitch ciftical le\els. A pro(ri-imi of
w(rillal- soil testill(f is Nerv illipol-tillit
Illider ilitclisive 
croppilig slich 
its silao(,
ploductioll.
000 0000
Z0C 2)( 
0 0 Z 
00
1966 1967 1968
It N
100).
2001)
It00) I),
Sil pHI
ti2 
ti.t 
ON
i.2 --) 5. T Int 1 101)K
6i.2 5.6 2011). k
(6.2 5.3
,Sol 1/ I' \
8() 
till
80 It))0
~'I'l, XX ec of11 IX t i e oI i soIk i l tc1111 k
b(iii'iiiii so
1
iltes h igh w % s 111)1IIX XII . pi
f111il l i i( 11)1' 4 llX ths oil' \\ it I i' II
plied k the ll' u IIIII 1 'Ii t lo 91) 'ic
it 1)il. i- itI ' f k It IX II i tit I Il till 111111
Silage
Tni /A
25 1
00
2.
1966 1967 19
00
0!0
68
FIG. 2. Response of corn to K. Yield ot
35'o D.M.
Siltage
Tn /A.
25 k
20
15.
0-
FIG. 1. Response of corn to N. Yield at
35o D.M.
The GROWTH of
COTTONWOOD in
ALABAMA
MASON CCARTER,
Deparrmeiii ot Forestry
EDWIN H WHITE,
Southetii Hardwood Lob. Fce x Setvice,
USDA, Stoievitte, Mississippi
oI b il 15 1 ki Ill N',1 fiii Iil l/ x i_,')
ill', t to ('( i l x m ' 11 \ ill t \\ I *N 111ix
illdw \\'1ictt m\liiii d toii (1i i l
()I ( ii io\\ N 1w ii 1 I lii (m1h11\t I I I ti i i l
till, Iitt!x 111111 d i/i i lit 1 11 1 (ll \1 lo l
iii 4 1 il I it lm d m 111 I i t tillii
N ~ m t ' x t i i tI 111k tw fI ilt" i it I i ll
( xx 1 iI 11iii k . i N xxi i I I iii ofi ixi, (,,(of
fill] xt )o ( I II I , \\ ( Ii t 1 1 t t ' fi l t I i t I \ .
1 11 ' xiit lit 12 i i 1, 11111 (' (I I o i (, 1 ' cill " ( I I
Ii x\xI Ii i N 2 iui I ( xt I i 1 11 ;I H I11 xx IIi I i
\N,- IN't i~lxx I iii l tII I Iiilit i
)ilt xtii IN Nti iti ofI,
I 1 i i I I I ofx i t ('_ I Iti x tx IN I i lIi I I 'l d i
11111 I N of I t iii t l ; l~ ii Ni il t x I
lii 1t'\ I lt ii i i t I I tIll i i xt I i I i I
t II I o l I Ni t N N 1x il1 li CI 1111 ( -ii Ii .i t ( i N
Ii No l i ' t~ i t I I i IN it I t I' Ii it it of i
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xxi itc 14 iit] i xi i \ ofiii i ti i i f I
\%i ili Ii o i ttll 4 til 4 I ( 11 1 ti I 11 i il
Eastern cottonwood is a fast growing tree
when planted on a suitable site as shown
by this 5-year-old planting,
.liwrljli\lill.\iiiili'l \\xli
h oil Il! itki i lNli I 111hll I (11 1w co m-i '
plk I i l Ic iil liti 'Ii14 t . Imo l it 'I'
Im f i]( ill ~ (' ()i1
illi iiiiiitiitiiii I',( 1 \t iNNiitii! ili
j 'l(ill i H i1111 lii t l iii Id i it
2 )S T i lipj11' 1 .Il ii I S
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1i liii I til, I t i Nt ( lit \ x jlld \\ 'l it I I ial
(d tlim -d1 x i m tiic iI i\ 1 l pilil it
dli ii il lii VIt ti 2.1 V ii ittimi Iil -iii t
1)i N id 1 11 i ill 1 2 it I it iii INof I I ,
lilk tih .111 I( ai(o ill)()\ luiix ht (dlii
til, ltiililti ( l iii i ll tii Nlii i llt i llu
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11,1 I ii I 1111111
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I i of lt .]- tii iii l ' czxlmm'xi li Ifi
l t ill( 1xii ' l ti i 1 11 111d,1 11p oo
Vernolate Incorporation Methods on Peanuts
W. T, DUMAS, Departmenit of Arclua Eniering
GALE A. BUCHANAN, Deportixerit of Agronoimy and Soils
I1 Ii I Ii \(I i \ \(, 11 I w' I I 1) I loiii \ I I CsO I Hot
(I
Inccirpolrotici methods affect weed con;trol.
I1\ ,\I I \i xi'iiilill i ll, iii tll l~ i'st
111 id 'x iit I 111 'iiho xxi Iitil Its iodi
s( x\ I itil It s 11 Ipp ~li i Imp ol li c i
(illi tixlixx t 'Iw t tit i -\i o itfx t
xxit ih ss tltii ilt I Iilx ' - i
i t t ii I II ( I I I ) I ix I t li I x I i t I II(I I .1 ,s1 .
ilwttii I t s ' ijtp lt I illi o l I lIII it I I I i t
sitx, \x'Ix iltl it ) xi l l'x iif'I it Stlitlioti 1 liii
Ixiiii I Ii I n I x I o(iiix \1i
i Ii Ii In t Itn I mII
\i' x Ix isi
'ilinin-it
xx t
I'n
t\11tn, x l till
IIfi, - niltit,,( kit
I )ilk In i I t\%
RI i ll \ t S 4
Isiilnh ilwtt'
kntitl -(iittickei
I )tIlk 1i ti1xiO
kiikinitn
I ) i x I ill I its--- 10
'I ItI, I I i I I- I ii I ) t
ill til It t IIt
Ik tt tl( I 
IH
k~ i xii i I i i lxi it xx tI iii \ I ipii kt -
xi il Lit \%--i liii xii -i HO
id ~ I I I
Pr It
:''5
56
121
( I
( i:iit I ( d
lt Ill l
52 1
55 f
52 Wt
(t2 19
5
5 f
It
11n t
i5
56
6iS
()T
5-
7 ti
Is
1
tf S
B It i ll I ]I,.
iiii 
1 
it 6
I1(v t iio
xx ii i i i at :35 mpi. i il :
Tx w it ( 11 )ll i il ii \\~ it ; I ir i I I
xii I \\ i t I I x so i (I. ,\ t l( i I I I I) Ii lxw suli x
Ii (Ix I, ( I It Ixxd i I I Iii to Ii xx ix Ii 'I I I \ I , 1
xiii l i ili-ij t"III i i liii t i t 2it i1 i \i .
fix Ii x p Ix il t f (i I i ' lo i t tI 'ii ix xx it I
itt xxLlc i ii i\ x xli co lIt(I \ t il w
(' I iti, iS h i t \(l it Ii It ii I pil sol xI t i I
txxI i t I i' ti wil ,I tic\ t it xliiit .x x t
I t Ii It ix 6 l it n ,i t I ( I I tx \\ I I s il t II i Is
s I I Ii I t I I ~I \\ i it 1(~ i s c( I i ito \ i x u
tI tox xIs i L~jl t t Ii xI I i T I I~ it xiii
ofi i I)Iii;ti it ' I I i I ii ' I It I xId (o t Ii -xs i
xxi )\ I I I I t sc i i ii Is l t Iii' it, , I I x Ii o i lits
it l it 1i it 1s111 t x i t ix t I I ills d it Ili i x I'
all I It i im i I ii o li it)I ic L '.14to. I i ti oi
nit ti xx \ Ii l t s" Ii l it i i/ I\ atnllnixit '
I to\\ i I ,II i )l ti . i ( I t lit lii I t \III I t I ill ) si I I I
I i t c f ' () s (I iII sh - i c s il
6 1 1
\o col'tl-'J: 100 (ollipht'. 'mitl(d.
I ll' \ \ I ll' 'Loto 2 Ili V (.1-11oh i"
Lowering Tannin Conte
Improves Quality
Sericea Lespedeza Fora
E. D, DONNELLY, Departmienit of Agriony and
W. B. ANTHONY, Departmnt of Animal Sc
Uniue Ts Meod Use. d toh ;to
[,iI ii ftit ', (; .1111 tiltr iit XX 'll'c ol g se i i t huh XX ('iii' Tit
1.3 anmd 1Iiv 28. ri es erchit sllI~tit tio i'd ats .Stt
tilxii oili es 
il',Y Ilitt r 
f''ic l
'ii I i ; to-'tt i
_X toII
I licil
ciici
'I c
mit
iio\ I i ii It i I I W t i -i
It [iS 59)
52 (t7 5-'
5:)_ [I 5is
Fi i f tt it - 1.5-:;. 1 2.) )0 _- hI tI-
\li-ii tS i.I 2 St(inW tN5
Digestibility of individual plants can be measured with the system
used at Auburn. Smoll nylon bogs contoining forage samples
(inseti ore ploced in the rumen of steers fitted with fistulas, ond
digestibility is determined on bosis of amount of undigested ma-
teriol remaining in the bogs ofter 24 hours in the rumen.
fit'', tliii \\(,] I Illa1It'. lit' o I 1(,( ('O I tl i II' ofi I 0, ( ' w ti it iil'tXt''\
fi iot lcei it X'i l ((Itti ftil I l[lXIit''', i i tXdI811h )11I' i
til l i)tttl It \r i tii'. 1tt i', Iit31 p[iil s 11111 JiISitl' it 
1 
li
-'I i ti I i i, ll ti ll' [XX I \,rI)( 'lit(.1 lt 13" t Il 
t .Iltit
3
iillt l~l tw
o\ -iI itif~t II It ilt Th ll r a l t', i) X ~ 1111 iI tt XX tolt I11 it~ t b t\eel
first ii eli ii 1t' t i X -\ \i t i IIs. Iot I X I-i Xlil it it tilli
no\tii i Ilmt liii~ge 651' dietil (I\ iniel
th \or1tilT Finding Appearililil Imortanth WC I \a
XX ', ti,,-ii ii tli', ,tI II I ill i t Xl il 114 ti rt'ti il fitX i ,i f t ft
it Xii di-I'ti (I X 1 itil (Xfil t'Xt fil' li it', ll li(e tti iidr\Iitt in
c'te I f', \o cltiw ,u cltol~h c ltlt o
tilliI\ci 11 -lid rth r l is o e o l ltii
live ith'slts es. Iniialljitiott thle tttttt('t is lost to thle piaiiki'
ats at Soot ti l 01tr ipe.
Researclh at Atiii its sliiixx i that t ii Eai kett tisis
is pireented hxv ittiiiiy ~otighiage ini thIe ( fa t te(]IingI(Tr ItiotII.
These resutlts alsio tex e ihq thiiat sexvere e, 15(5 call 1be (epail e(
IlIt \ at
11
itig rollghage to at loss fiber' (liet 111(1(1 oh sliiglitt('.
( higitig hrorn at loss fiber to at hig'h fibier raititl S '5 dass
bidelu slaughter griatis. redied il ittidenei utoItti1el pit al
Although loty allit
1  
silalgc e t rsu ltiIghiagi solil I 15
lor litsestock, sass (lost ( wsootlssaste ) attil ox ste shl tax e
heeti electiseh clx'sedl. \\'ood\s aste ss as huttet thiati its let
shell ill the tes ts.
B~otht hltruh anit
1 
tattle hasl~ eil laittl- loti slititohtttt
oit tatituits ((ltttaitlitli 2 .5'' of etitic oak stss itist oi- Is sterI
shell1. Oak sass dust \\ as a(lsoiiscd(i it[ the 1(1'; lescl (1.lsilis
xx t it~~t~ititlxxitli those ot oter itatilils le(d the hitgii
it tet gs, loxx fiher. halsill ttoxtl ore slos I I btlo\\s
Pcri i cct
\ ittsc mel\ ~ '
\ ittitil tA
Viitat iii is)t
I1,212 It 11)
701 to'. Is\ tutii It
htt ;1itli i(
1
switis titilli thei lust iltsi t \x hll led
Woodwaste
VS.
Oyster Shell
in fattening rations
WASTE PRODUCTS TESTED
AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE
W. B. ANTHONY, Dept. of Animal Science
J. G. STARLING, W,,egross Substation
J. P. CUNNINGHAM, JR., Depi. of Animal Science
[iiIt( hitxl mii iiii \61ht 2 .5'; oak siss iist, is si iti 1 Iio\\
I)iilj gott, lb . ii' iit
Feed tith i ihtsii sotiis I\\iti hest lolt IIh as iil \Itlt) 5"
2.5' itl sl'1 shell .5 Ctik sasts riltit.I h cotliltutit xx i
(les [eix t i tilt il li haesal iliethi coidd be oitk al \
Sot it\\dl akt ptusslittils tttii ( 'iss 55al the tiltil. ain
ittncit pitiiil sill diit itioh ocurikl sisi (llsit il-I
1tutodi cli~iit
\\o vi x (Ii. uk s xxit l
\. i'ia l
Aiolitotlt
17.01
:3.0
1 1.5
:3.5
2.5
2.5
2,50011 V' it).
Oak sawdust has buen succissfuliy usd as a foughog, inshc
and cattle fattening rations at Auburn. Best gain by steers was
made when 2.50on sawdust was added to the high energy, tow
fiber basal ration, but rate of gain and feed efficiency were good
when the fattening feed contained as much as 10oe oak sawdust.
I e i I I 'y I. tit ittof t I tic p itcs xx is 8 lit. p)tt Itica
1  
(hil'l
h111itt i hc ttc liii it tatlt' thilil (- t
1
)a'ald illill iitls Iled it coil
1; 1"l 
I
zral 2.5' o\ stcr d w1l
li ,al 2.5' ();tk- a\vdust
1; 4 10' 'iak 'il\N(llr'tI Z sal
1 ii/
.: 32
4t
s/i i i
2.421
2.365
2.47
2:38
ILuititht
6t. 48i
5.36
5.32
6.68
Sli it
-15
67 76
T7 1
7.iS,
On farmers' fields
PEANUT FERTILIZATION RESULTS
DALLAS HARTZOG and FRED ADAMS
Department of Agronomy and Soits
I I )I I ,t I ii .i Ii I FI I ' i I t i ill lim -fit 11111
liJ Ii 'i I l ll'' lii t i 1w 11 de '.'.ilw t iii i ii''
lull o Ttlii i lse iiii t ii I i l
It. (( Ii ' I he() (2t li' 11111 I. ',i\ it soil
Ii 1 .1 ii 1 t III I N iIN I I I' ti t i til t ill 1 11 I i
I '"I '[piii(
I ut i "i li
II ul 1 tiiiu
B o of (of
/ Ixii' ll~
ce. i. I1 t, l (, I I t \ )I( (lIi I Ii ) l (()II. . I i i -( -k
ii IIor i i I 11t (1 I i'i I i t i ()I I , I I 1' t i i i I;
ti it'(1 iI t i I I II IT'\I)(.r.II tN ('
m ill I (t x d I I d ll I ( -1. i t -1 N' Ii Ii tI I
hIlt'I..I 1 IN I Iix ix ii ) I N N iit II I I i I IN I t IiiiLN
ti ItIii I I r t i I ' iz it,,iil IT (Ii I i I 11t 1 i1i'.
I 11 t i I lii1 ) I i x ) il l I i i I I I i I I N
t~il 11 IN 11no" Ii iil iIt' 'i I Ii I Ill i
.11 l', ll .11 liii i I (i 1 i 2 1
I1 tii i i I i N . if I I .1 1' ' it I '. IIIII iiii
\1oI. oit Ii \\i
i) 0
I, ti40
2I W H
liii it I I I', I t I ;t
I i I 5 i i
I, iti li I tIi I I Ni 1, 111 11 ,.i( t i -i t \i . i
Hollow-heart is caused by boron dcficictricv.
il till . "il l N,1( i) l( i'tll i h i iiiiit'. A I
%isli'ii s.\iiiiii i 111ph l) 0 1 I Iil il 1(" is i
h ,ijiI o l i i it( uti i~i ( , ii i t I t o %i i is " it d
Io\ -1w il I I tIf( w l I iiJw ii' t it it 11
Iit i of I I' It I . Ijil i s I t ii ) ii l It
I i it I iio t it d i 1( 1(i s( s IIt t II -
I11 (1 it I() lI i %\ 11 ,1 1 .it Ii ut .\ ,I i t
iijot 'T i i fi(t it, kliii l t 1i ii il( i L it
of t t , h lo % Iw i ilt It \\its h. ut illiii l
hi-~ ill. ,i.. '. Iwi I ll( il il W st
N'. .i, i'.u t i s I tii'.i piii t
w lull 2 l I I l i li ill l 1(Tii /c'.1 ill t I tlis
Of 111 i ll1ii - p o l] d l -\p
HINT] Is ,I 1,1\\k I Fifilli'l/lit N h- ho)
A History of Animal Science at Auburn University
W. M. WARREN, Department of Animal Science
DEVELOPMENT at Auburn University
of teaching curricula and research pro-
grams in animal agriculture closely paral-
leled expansion of the livestock industry
in Alabama.
Before 1907, when a separate Animal
Industry Department was established,
the meager teaching or experiments in
the field were done in the Agriculture
Department. The 1907 catalog contained
the first formal listing of courses related
to livestock. Courses dealing with beef
cattle, dairy cattle, swine, sheep, horses,
and mules were taught under the Ani-
mal Industry Department name.
Years later, the name and composition
of the department were changed to Ani-
mal Husbandry and Dairy Department;
then to Animal Husbandry, Dairy, and
Poultry; and in 1922 reverted again to
Animal Industry Department. In 1930,
it was divided into the three depart-
ments of Animal Husbandry and Nutri-
tion, Dairy, and Poultry. The name
Animal Science Department was adopted
in 1961.
The following have served as admin-
istrative heads of the department prior
to the present administration: Dan T.
Gray, M.S., 1907-12; Jesse M. Jones, B.
Agr., 1913 (January-September); George
S. Templeton, B.S., 1913-20; J. C.
Grimes, M.S., 1920-50; and W. D. Sal-
mon, Sc.D, 1950-57.
By 1920 courses were offered in breeds
of livestock, livestock judging, dairy cat-
tle management, horse and mule man-
agement, beef cattle production, swine
production, milk production, genetics,
animal breeding and herd book studies,
and poultry.
The Department was housed in the
Agricultural Building (Comer Hall) un-
til it burned in 1920. A war-surplus air-
plane hangar then provided offices, lab-
oratory space, and a judging arena until
the present Animal Science Building was
begun in 1928.
The first graduate level courses ever
offered in the department were listed in
the 1922-23 catalog. In 1952 the de-
partments of Animal Husbandry and Nu-
trition, Mathematics, and Zoology-En-
tomology received approval of their pro-
posals for offerings leading to the Ph.D.
Degree.
The Agricultural Experiment Station
of Auburn University (then Alabama
A & M College) was established under
State law in 1883. Various demonstra-
tional experiments were conducted and
12 bulletins related to livestock produc-
tion were published in the period 1890-
1907. During 1907-20, experiments were
conducted with beef cattle, hogs, sheep,
and dairy cattle fed on various Alabama-
grown feeds. One of the first publica-
tions was Production Bulletin 143,
Feeds Supplementary to Corn for South-
ern Pork Producers, by Dan T. Gray,
J. F. Duggar, and J. W. Ridgway.
Basic research in animal biochemistry
and nutrition was started in the Animal
Industry Department by W. D. Salmon
in 1922. This first laboratory was in the
airplane hangar mentioned previously.
In 1930 the first wing of the present
Animal Science Building was completed.
An additional wing was added in 1961,
and the departments of Animal, Dairy,
and Poultry Science are housed in this
building.
Also completed in 1961 were abattoir
and meats laboratory facilities and a
livestock arena, which make possible
teaching and research on meat tech-
nology and accurate evaluation of car-
casses of experimental animals.
Other research facilities of the de-
partment at Auburn include: laboratories
and feed handling facilities for beef cat-
tle and swine, plus pasture and crop
land (1,000 acres for beef cattle and
250 for swine); and reproductive physi-
ology laboratories, animal housing, feed
storage, and 250 acres of land.
In addition to facilities at Auburn, the
substations are used for considerable re-
search with beef cattle and swine in co-
operation with substation personnel. Sev-
eral pasture and forage utilization experi-
ments at substations are done in coopera-
tion with Department of Agronomy and
Soils.
Research by the Department of Ani-
mal Science has made many contribu-
tions to the development and improve-
ment of animal agriculture and to in-
creased biological knowledge. Some of
the more important studies related to
effects of minerals on growth, reproduc-
tion, and lactation. Determinations of
the vitamin content of foods and feed-
stuffs were made and the results led to
a separation of what was then called
vitamin B into two active fractions. It
was proved that both were required for
animal growth.
Other work established that (1) a
deficiency of one of the factors of the
vitamin B complex resulted in cataract
of the eyes, (2) a potassium deficiency
caused myocardial degeneration, (3) a
choline deficiency resulted in liver can-
cer in rats, and (4) a deficiency of zinc
caused parakeratosis in swine. The lat-
ter discovery provided the basis for pre-
venting a disease that was costing the
swine industry huge sums of money an-
nually.
The feasibility of finishing market
hogs in confinement was demonstrated,
and economical and nutritional rations
were formulated. Various forage crops
were evaluated for the breeding herd.
A classic study on selection for efficiency
of gain in Duroc swine was done by J. C.
Grimes and G. E. Dickerson.
Current swine breeding research is
aimed at developing systems of breed-
ing for production of meat-type hogs.
Significant improvement has been ob-
tained in sow performance, growth rate,
and carcass desirability. Market hogs
produced in these breeding programs
command a premium based on yield of
lean cuts. A swine evaluation program
measuring total performance in economi-
cally important traits has stimulated in-
terest in improving the swine industry.
Determinations of nutritive values of
most forages for beef cattle have pro-
vided the basis for recommended rations
for the beef brood herd and for develop-
ing stocker steers. Many steer fattening
rations have been evaluated, and eco-
nomically sound production programs
have been developed.
The major effort in beef cattle breed-
ing research has been the development
and evaluation of within-breed selection
and crossbreeding programs to improve
total performance. Progeny tests have
proved that selection is an effective
method for improving 
efficiency of 
pro-
duction. A prospective sire evaluation
program has been popular and effective.
Reproductive physiology has been the
subject of important research with sheep
and swine. A systematic research pro-
gram in animal biochemistry and nutri-
tion, animal breeding, physiology of re-
production, meats, and animal manage-
ment in controlled environments will be
continued and expanded.
Continuing importance of animal agri-
culture in Alabama indicates the mag-
nitude of the teaching and research obli-
gations charged to the Department of
Animal Science. The 19 academic mem-
bers of the current staff are especially
well qualified to conduct these vital re-
search and teaching programs.
~11
Forn-ILtIL Pricing
Of Milk
L.E WILSON, Department of
Agticiiltural Economics and Rural Sociology
F itix ilx ii l ( l et ifi i ll,,~i~
(; li A (((ilk Il i-txii ilalxot ;1ll 
S.
inif kit x.
More ktx. t W(; of -N ad A11ki iitix ii
liixx i ric-u lii iii lixelfll 1 tl\ xi p ils
ei-txer l~io-lx fo uiiil ofi sthe lte lix
x ,iloilitti toi deiii itio the ililolt il
(,I s piti rx ait~ tx mlk iiillki (i 1ill
HIii iii (xls on iwo i (140 h o 111i1 iifi milk,
frlixxll iii mI fi l J. ia l iioclat i lk.t
clitikt s. it ii d xx ifi l itiit to fix fi
li I mlfi on li I, ie i llk i fu 1 c iii o -
fcit ifed i po II1 ' fo li i ts iet- cti lil I
lii tif littl filik. o i t e (o llt.,
Riii lit iiix li pixi~ d lo - mii lik usedi ll-
Nljslk of i iiik ~utI )3 tis l l i f] II le
etl xxio ilix((xii tuv estaisheido NIilk
finrd ffiiiif (i x lit -it Y toi i fi
1 
ix ,ilofi
ii a n ilitt ( o ll 1ioft i es .Iii ,itl il o
sreofatys o h Form ias . (
eId 4-it i t i elit - iilii f1 ii ic-tix of
t(riui114re tisi m11kill oiint inI o\lx
t-iiil~ i iiiiiiiihtli xcl i x if - pricesi
iiiiikix i i i ii liiu ,ontl pon it i 14ll
Illtiil ifc il- iiii zliii Iilk . III i iti ii n
total of (i1 fi'tlid miiiilk oirers were
liillii tis ixp f( ( (xx I ~ 1(4fori iik
fil l I - .
dli ill i JII II it I 1970I \\. i s ', S3 per
if\t. J m lk textiit :3.5'; tiitf t. 0I
tis, S 1(6 \\itx thle lii. 1)lolali pr v
I pt* f lel fic ot - I ii(((I ii at' liiiig gr! lde
Iiiili' in I Iillillexoti if \\ isx ol xiii ) pis
it iifftiali of fL20 '(l( fiilffiitiiill
\;i t ni li iii s)f3f00iiiii so ie iniii\ iii
i 'I i t i Th (ifx It ' f I iioll f nli x ill-
if x( ii li x if ii ex floii ( :I lix itIii ixx
T I itoi i. v If it I It pe ou I ioi ITT f ILI (1 ax
ils I x p lie loll iiiikite i i i( i x i
ixtol xx fl i l li I( oil ex(. ttixiii \itsi
flii oiii i tt(N llc fli fill (I I hi jfk fi ,i MTiti
s i iisot i iiikc in ix ht xs.i
il tid \ ii i dux~on of t (iii, fo liiil uilt f ]ti\\
xithlxfi ilelilttr ecilolix xx liti i11!i il
AW (ll Id x i w I a k s (,i)fix to ti on Ii'i h ' I
(1 NI olk lirs ilid li ch i i li Ii
,i f 
it \llocit 
l( 
r ~ 
o . T
iiho iiuik ioti i s ofx mill, lt-u H x
ftI if it] I o filk( f it i. k ix i lift x ui iwtIiv -
tfliitlf thu illA ill, \
4
u ilrl lxes o
ito price (luxx I miilk markited bx licei-(
Seex of filo, Hii if. Vliliixxlo tile r equestx
it fitiouiilxa \\Ii if-ialrid aind piexentedl
alt Ill 1il I 'ilill~ o it - Be iii . 'Ilic
lb o lit tiiili iuki itotoioatie iljuit-
lilt lixs ('it Ili (if) o11i- ix ii)\r ill p 
(I(111(11
fiRex, ix xxel i ts ax x iiolill( ilIid ietuil
Thje (Ii nil i f l ,,loll( iie itil
i-I nil i 14i ill t ih iix ](,xtilt Ii omii o iws
ITT( .ol(Il xitufliu ii. ii~l mu poilaxic fil li
xx ilit.lt iso ilitii uii ofi foura basicfcom-
lorull Inex axs lolliixx x
1"ormillai iop nci I Illill
illlct
( iiia11(11 p it co 1 11 i xt lit
hic of %c k ciiiil .
i l lialt ill icni it ix idltricst
il A i 1 ll t 25ll x i
h\ux e i mii lijiiI&I il i i l 'Ift", i loi
xx i t 7 mil) if, x11ii iiilixt
, i d f i t im 
l i l l 
2 5ai 
I i ( l x 
x t l 
i
loI n iiuuo l diuI fI Ii). ixx I i ti 1ii
fl r il \ iah ll~ 25tx it o liiii
xx s ix l l t a o f e iiiiii' ill w
fIxlii mosjt if lttx xti f o i i tillil ifiii
The tii iiil~ix i Fo t li lx int~ 1 2.
l\its Illiiatd if he fillt ntI 1ii ile ( li i
xo s p-iii! t p ib i. li ilin s fl
NDEiX ldw t(d II, ~e o i )I.
io 957-59 100 rtl( o i tio ltertk i
1) \ ~w B ard.fit( Boad di
150 F
1962 1963 (964 1965 (9136 (967 1968 (969
year
This chart shows the proposed composite
formula index for pricing Ciass I milk in
Alabama, 1962-69.
ofX i f ( I ) i I iiw ill w N i I I i, Ii tx I 1 A 1(lll,
Tiiiis ix ii t l till k i)I(ii iti,
ill iti ii to i
1 
) l wiIII It 111k im leilt N.1
(11l iii oii t XX ii iil x~ aii iti li
fii jwliN~t ,
1
iiiIwc ) I I ijij fili t 1w1 till p
si lliti i io l Hot i 1 ,ll t ii I ii i di ct aiI 1 ll,
it, the l i ii liiie iIi 1 111 l 11 1 \c i i t il
tl 111 iii,1 tc e c 1111 i I ilill '- iii . i i d I Ili
t I i i a'' 1111 I pc i I (io I do\t\i 1\ all I
I ).( if I i i i i ii l li xth I I X" rJ pik I Nl'
FI1. ho Fit, inla ymh f ooo hrp
maniie 60x.ilt ,codil
2jc~o~aol#d eaof~al.. .
TOBACCO THRIPS on PEANUTS
MAX H. BASS and ROY J. LEDBETTER
Depornent of Zoo/ogy-Entomnotogy
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AEROBIOLOGY and PLANT
DISEASE INTERACTIONS
J, A. LYE, Dcipa~ , t Boldly .,ld Pto.i Palhotoq)y
H IGHLIGHTS with this issue enters its
17th year of publication. It was estab-
lished in 1954 for the purpose of report-
ing results of research by the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station to Alab am a
farm families, agriculturally based busi-
ness, a'd industry.
If you keep a file of Highlights, you
may obtain limited issues for the past
4 or 5 years by writing the Station.
Listed below are the articles published
in last year's four issues.
Animal Science
SILAGE COMPOSITION AND ANIMAL PER-
FORMANCE-Harris, Anthony, Boseck. Vol.
16, No. 1, 1969.
PROTEIN LEVEL AFFECTS GROWTH AND
ECONOMICS OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS
Ruffin, Warren, Moore. Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
WASTELAGE-SOMETHING NEW IN CATTLE
FEEDING-Anthony. Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
COUNTRY HAMS IN A HuRRY-Huffman,
Jones, Powell. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
CHAROLAIS X HOLSTEIN-JERSEY CALVES
FAST GROWTH AND HIGH RETURNS-Patter-
son, Moore, Cotney. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
MARKETING HEAVIER HOGS SHOWS No
PRODUCER ADVANTAGE-Ruffin, Moore. Vol.
16, No. 4, 1969.
SORGHUM SILAGE FOR BEEF STEER-Har-
ris, Anthony, Brown. Vol. 16, No. 4, 1969.
Farm Economics
A HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
AT AUBURN UNIVERSITY-Yeager. Vol. 16,
No. 1, 1969.
AGRIBUSINESS IS BIG BUSINESS IN ALA-
BAMA-Danner. Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT
TO THE BEGINNING FARMER-Epperson, Bell.
Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
SOME ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF
FARM LEASING-Clonts, Hurst. Vol. 16, No.
3, 1969.
SOYBEAN PRODUCTION COSTS AND RETURNS
IN ALABAMA-Bell, Ward. Vol. 16, No. 4,
1969.
ALABAMA CROPS AND LIVESTOCK NOW
AND LONG LONG AGo-Yeager. Vol. 16, No.
4, 1969.
Farm Machinery
EFFECTS OF DEEP TILLAGE ON COTTON
PRODUCTION-Hendrick, Dumas. Vol. 16,
No. 1, 1969.
Fertilization
NITROGEN SOURCES FOR COASTAL BER-
MUDAGRAss-Evans. Vol. 16, No. 1, 1969.
LEGUMES VS. NITROGEN FOR SUMMER PAS-
TUREs-Cope, King, Patterson, Bell. Vol.
16, No. 2, 1969.
FERTILIZER NITROGEN-IS IT NEEDED FOR
SOYBEANS?-Thurlow, Rogers. Vol. 16, No.
4, 1969.
WINTER APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SAT-
ISFACTORY FOR TALL FESCUE-Mays, Evans.
Vol. 16, No. 4, 1969.
Field Crops
TIME OF PLANTING CROWNVETCH IN ALA-
BAMA-Sturkie. Vol. 16, No. 1, 1969.
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT ON YIELD AND
DIGESTIBILITY OF SUMMER ANNUAL GRASSES
-Hoveland, Carden, Anthony, Cunningham.
Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
SOIL TEMPERATURE AFFECTS PEANUT
STANDS-Mixon, Evans, Mott. Vol. 16, No.
3, 1969.
PLANT MIXTURES FOR EsTABLISHING
CROWNVETCH-Sturkie. Vol. 16, No. 3,
1969.
PHALARIS AQUATICA-PROMISING COOL
SEASON GRASS FOR ALABAMA-Hoveland,
Carden, Anthony, Cunningham. Vol. 16,
No. 4, 1969.
Forestry
SCRUB HARDWOOD CONTROL IN RUNDOWN
WOODLOTS-Garin. Vol. 16, No. 1, 1969.
PELLETED SOIL STERILANT IN FOREST
MANAGEMENT-Whipple. Vol. 16, No. 2,
1969.
TOP-PRUNING OF HARDWOOD SEEDLINGS
BEFORE PLANTING-Larsen, Whipple. Vol.
16, No. 4, 1969.
Fruits and Vegetables
GROWING VEGETABLES IN TRANSPLANT-
ABLE POTS-Jones. Vol. 16, No. 1, 1969.
HIGH DENSITY PLANTING OF TOMATOES
FOR MECHANICAL HARVEST-Jones, Turner,
Stokes. Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
Insects and Control
DUSTING STATIONS FOR HORN FLY CON-
TROL ON BEEF CATTLE-Hays, Brown. Vol.
16, No. 2, 1969.
AMAZONS OF THE 
INSECT WORLD-WHITF-
FRINGED BEETLES-Barnes, Bass. Vol. 16,
No. 4, 1969.
Marketing
LABELS REPLACE PINCH AND SNIFF IN
MEAT SELECTION-Hammett. Vol. 16, No.
2, 1969.
DOES MARKET PRICE REFLECT DEMAND
FOR QUALITY CoTTON?-Sanford, Hurst.
Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
PRODUCER PROFITS AFFECTED BY VARYING
CONSUMPTION AND PRICES OF POULTRY AND
RED MEATS--White. Vol. 16, No. 4, 1969.
Index to Articles Published in
1-IGH-LIGHTS of Agricultural Research
1969
15
Ornamental Horticulture
CHEMICAL PINCHING SAVES TIME AND
LABoR-Sanderson, Martin. Vol. 16, No. 1,
1969.
PROCESSED GARBAGE-USEFUL MULCH FOR
ORNAMENTAL PLANTs-Sanderson, Orr,
Martin. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
WOODY ORNAMENTALS-A MULTIMILLION
DOLLAR BusINEss-Miller, Orr. Vol. 16,
No. 4, 1969.
Poultry Science
BROILER HOUSE INSULATION-WHAT ARE
THE EFFECT?-Rollo, McDaniel. Vol. 16,
No. 3, 1969.
HATCHERY MANAGEMENT AND SANITATION
AFFECTS POULTRY PROFITs-Edgar, Steven-
son. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
Plant Diseases
TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY RELATED TO
AFLATOXIN IN PEANUTS-Diener, Davis. Vol.
16, No. 1, 1969.
VIRUS INFECTION OF CORN PLANTS-Gu-
dauskas, Gates. Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
Vmus INFECTION OF GRASEs-Canerday,
Gudauskas, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
UNUSUAL FRUIT ROT FOUND IN ALABAMA
-Latham. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
BIOLOGICAL ATTACK ON PLANT DISEASE
FUNGUs-Rodriguez-Kabana, Curl. Vol. 16,
No. 4, 1969.
Rural Sociology
EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF FARM YOUTH-
Dunkelberger, Driscoll, Thaxton. Vol. 16,
No. 1, 1969.
Soil and Water Pests
EFFECTS OF NEMATICIDES ON SWEETPO-
TATOES-Johnson, Hollingsworth, Cairns.
Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
Weed Control
PROMISING NEW HERBICIDES FOR WEED
CONTROL IN CoRN-Buchanan. Vol. 16,
No. 1, 1969.
SOIL HERBICIDES 
AFFECT OXALIC 
ACID
PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN BLIGHT FUNGUS
-Rodriguez-Kabana, Curl. Vol. 16, No. 1,
1969.
WEED CONTROL IN HIGHWAY PLANTINGS
OF WOODY ORNAMENTALS-Bryce, Orr. Vol.
16, No. 1, 1969.
Wildlife
RADIOS KEEP TRACK OF WILD TURKEYS-
Barwick. Vol. 16, No. 3, 1969.
Miscellaneous
INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH-Vol.
16, No. 1, 1969.
FARM POND RECREATION SAFETY-Renoll.
Vol. 16, No. 2, 1969.
A HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER-
ING AT AUBURN UNIVERSITY-Kummer. Vol.
16, No. 2, 1969.
THE AUBURN RHIZOTRON-Harwood. Vol.
16, No. 3, 1969.
A HISTORY OF AGRONOMY AND SOILS AT
AUBURN UNIVERSITY-Ensminger. Vol. 16,
No. 3, 1969.
A HISTORY OF DAIRY SCIENCE AT AUBURN
UNIVERSITY-Autrey. Vol. 16, No. 4, 1969.
EFFICIENT CROP PRODUCTION CAN IN-
CREASE PEST PROBLEMS-Davis. Vol. 16,
No. 4, 1969.
Recent Tenunre
Adjsi nents
I.Ill. .
N Fi. HILX IIL L OIf' (ll faIltl Oper atoris ill
1tIC leiiesC Valle vX arCea ttf Alabama.111
11~ (it far 01m leCaie agreeent t. Ait'cet'I
Nurh N v' of' faiineiN ii tile ledlind area'~
of ite TenseiiINC\ Valley in Colbtert, Laui-
tdtirda11e, LawrX en ce, LiitnelI, a111 Nl) I
iirt)U couties iniate(Itd thalt 490/ of' all]
far111 operarts I easecl ,t least at oftI
iN that 72% tot af dill farms1 II d ilii thiN
areis opeCra(ted b itsoNteoneC who xlIt)iI
p~ropotrt ion 1f aItt 11and1 operaIted by fill]
or palrt tenlants is soNhaI '~lt Ili('i.1 lI t 11(11
lt'e 59% repolrted in l19t), Tadble 1. AlsoI,
strng its11 ijt rIltlt ap e r tXil il prIii ti 111it
liex 1,11111 - tull tllillaN ilI ha Iri l (fi
iiii4 tilie last dfcadtfe. Fll teiialill oxx\
ac-'c0liit for ovxer 25% oftl fai ( y11 1 ft
tolls ill thle areCa S~irxee Cx-t 4% (itl 'he'
1 960t lev el.
dtol sevNCXeral fact'ors. Risin~g ,lnd 1)1iCiN
Iclases' pi ollit ix to1 1(1I Inll (aItllers; veCl,
iqjiie tite useN itf inclreasedN Crl(l(lt
Land Ownership
\v'Iri. Ill 1960), 51% of all laiidowniers
TI 1i1i E 1. I'R1511 0\ Of-" FARM ISINI Bii I liN
1961) AND 1969'
I tiill ('
Fill] I ixvi. lip.
'1 ut o.11op
Fariimi
opera ,tors
I 96t) 1969
I'ct. ]Pet.
34 51
25 24
21 25
I100) 1001
tors. I Il the icelt Feit'lIs'N(vt 
V\ 011t
sui vev, :37%. of thet o\\ir ('N e rC non-1
operators wxho, cojiei'taidlY \Xoned
'37% of ft( hlnd, Table 2.
Pairt owilr aciee fiINOC C t( b iI iggest ilt
crease it) alc owx ied moid appear to he
rapidly OX ertaking I 'll o\X 0(1 as tli(
Ii l.gst teii classN. \ltlioith f il owxii
Operiatols Ntl N r! efteseilt thlarges i.(t teirei
Class, tlit' doi iot o\%II thle Liii-st farms~
]lot (10 thle\ laill fll flow. ( )nl 24% of
all fitll] o\\111* iler X ci C illtilile tiiilo( s.
wXhereas 639% of all part oxw ler N iriicll
fiili timie. Also, pairt\ oois N irmsN XeiI
AI hiballia f
l lne:ee Va lac
H. A. CLONTS, JR. and C. C. HESTER
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
conidelralv larg.er than thoste of tile
fornlci grip1. MIost f ill] oXX lwri had(1
NuillIll i fi'io whNXXIich Vicr oii pe)1rated ill
Cveiigs aii il w Xeekieiids after 10oi11
pletioii of' at full-time job oil' thle I ai i.
Tenants and Leasing
One fogy diffeieiice lte cii teluili C
antI feasiiig i1ralilgcinil tN iio\\X alill ill
11iial Laniid Ox iersliip and t. 'c ill Alabaimii
Aubhiurn Uniix. (A\la.) rAgr. 1',xip. Sta. 13111l.
:3 5 6.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION -Higlilqht-, of
Agricultural Rceerch 3,'70 i OM
A\eiii: OF F AiI\l1, XND OWNED i) Ii NI ii
TE~NNESE N Vi I i~t, ALABAMA XI ,
1960') ANit 
196r)
Part1 oiiXI. tip.
Noiop.
'Iitill
9601 1969
Pcit. PI'.
401 4.3
9 20
51 :37
100 100 ~t
190 1969
P0. P0t.
:37 35
16 28
47 :37
1001 1001
I atlii' tlloil I eillleNee V alley.
\e(ir N oilC fX IN viste fact tha~t tihe Iiia-
Inritx\ of' teiiditN (ldo hut liv e ol thet rc(iatlt
011 CN. Laoilords no0 101)e fCunishu
1  
liv
ing qua1 rnters fotr mo1INt rCenIters, butit Iren tal
(IRT li l (111 reiiti'i arel usinig thiN 1)1o-
(eitr ii s (iS 111( iNn to effCctivlXuelv Cincs
i 'Ital iates.
Thce lotlen teniani t bCears X illIall v nto
IUtiicnll)IOcC to tiie Nteneotyp: man. 11lI woU-
leisualN lIized Veals Nago. TodayI\s tilloil
iN iii (re aluient, m1ore efficien t, and1 1111)1e
a1m1bitious tha ii n mainy people bli eve. Iii
llali CasNes theyC arC t1C leat
1
iii i, f drill rs
i thlt conuitx' or State. Altiioiugii 52%
ifl al] tile teilit suvee NhaNdi ,i cropf
had( ( 1t cNsh lase. Nuimiterous tena11nts are
I]to\\ renlting liand friit liiltiple solures,
lciast (tie farmtl. [it faict, (Iit maolitx illo the
cashl it lters 
1
t(ild thleirn ill advanice.
ITii, XX cal obse()NrXvC howx tilt decade
of' tilt "sarnig Nixt ies" has eh aii o(d (I 
11
i-
titiii oil ,i area ot Alabaiia. Rapid
il'l ililv Nigilifililit Chanlges ill tile
I Clie struture hia've(I occuirredl, and1 thI ere
(iti C tI (tug inldicatioins tiiesC trendsi xxili
POSTAGE PAID
United Slot-n Deportmnt of Agriculture
I WM1 1961)
I)cl. P0 .
41 28
1:3 58
16 14
1001 1001
I 1961) censusN dlta l INt oil toil to] i all