H IGLGT of agricultural research VOL. 16, NO. 2, SUMMER 1969 Agricultural Experiment Station ' AUBURN UNIVERSITY A 4, 'I- 7N - C V lay e4 ' * ; 4-, I I- F U i V 4 9 / ~ ~, '4 -1 DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS IlT l Ii lTI 1111 11T'ilT(i Il It[lto (d11 ITX IT . , Ii t F''f 'TXTIFTT XX F iiiIi F T o, 11111~ Ill(.ITT I ( k TilT .11 II II(l -w TTI~i 'iII l ii 11 I. (ii I il I) 11I i F I . 1 \I I ' XX I I N Smnith )FI ITTIT T kIII I.tI oi \ t I ITI I ITTI I I T FTXTT 1( TF Ill ITTTT I m I l Th~jI~ iTIl"IF, T IF T I FTI T I IT I 1 -1 1 1T TI IT i t ( I ;11 I I TI F I iT l I I TI T F I T l T TI TI it IT IT F T I [i l F T I ( 'I ITT IT ( )I T I TlII I TI IT I I- IF TI I I T I F TT 1\ IT T I I I ll I ( F tTT I( T I I T ~Tik IIi I TI TTI tI ITIII tTTjII f II(t ITTT. FI I T I TTX TTT )li 1 11 l ~ 11tTi IT TTIITs( s tI II' c T II T iXIT TI T T IT I f III I II ITTTTTII ITT 1 1 TTT. 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T.I I I I II II Ii Ii tl I t i I si i t f \ iTI I Il tii 3' ii I I I I I I I IIIII I I Fi II I XI F I ~ l 1)1 Ii I ,I ,T' i IiItic 11il k il TX>IT Tit I FIT TI II IIXI II I l I T I I FT. tI ) I I I T I n I II I IIt II IItI I. I III II \ \ Ii I I m 'I I i I ~ I I I I It IIt I I I I l I I I F I I I I I I X I] I TI X i1 t I F I IT I i~ I I II I 11it FI I II IF i t I I I I I I i I IF TI I XIii( t II I III II IiFT I 1 Ft 11 I l t i11 it ,it I IF iiTFiXi~ TI TFitii TX dww iiiT(ItX t Ii I ITIF It' I l d 1,1I'tl (d ;I_ IlT X I IF ( I Iii I ] lI of TII II Il F,[I FTT olI'll Ii I) I i 't I TTI a IXI F FTXFitF i Fi.( 1 \FI ,T i ITlT St11Il l S I -11 T I TTT )I I II) i TTI,Tl I itF I1 ( 'I') I I' Il . it IT ITT I 1 (-11 )\ T IfIT TIF ( AT i lw]TT I t iTT FI IT TX .T IFFTTII I t t IFI _iITit TT I STald k ; I K I(1 LI(1I'I'S of SUMMEk 1 969 VOL 1 NO2 t IIeI tI\TF lIT t I I I IE~( X(,ill(I IIIF atilXITI II X l I i\I IT\ 1,TXII 1 )11 t I/IlTT \ 11 I X lIITt1TI I/0 I toT i. I ( o1I XXX I /Ittl Ii I S I I ~ \ XXII lS'is /I 0 I/t ll IIITIT I/ I/ 11/ (I TTTll I )i F)t I II I I F TITTI I N I 111/1 ['T 11/f I. IT iI/ it I ) kIT T ' Si F F (IIt I XX XII ITT/ I ll t/I XX( I I o l In ' i I I/I 1111 I I I , 11 (I \I (~ F F It, \\TI I II I XI i TTIT 1111111oi \FI( It1XX COVER PHOTO. Appetite of cattle for this wastelogc-containing feed is evident. Use of wastelage is described on page 16. I It Io Il i I { o I ,i I 's,, ItN I ithit i )I .12, I I s, Ii I I ls t \\ ii , 111 ,I a l )( I i - I )II '' i ii" till I HI- _1 o ii2 hlii it I' Ii If ii I I l it i o\11, , o I\ (( 11 i(.. '. ( ii li 1i 1i ! i ( -s- 1i '.li \l o '.ji hil l (i ii\ tid ) o \i .lii lll i I lio I ( it f I I11 ) Ii i I' T ii It N ;wl i ilil ls, Ii 1111111 till iiiit I i II2 , ipil.iii l i('d 1 lll- ii iil 1 . it(' ih11,111 (1, I I Ill it 11 o till ii I I to t 1 I f it 1111 tollt Iltill N.. di 11. f111 1(tII \I 1 1>(, ,,1 c11 iti iii ii1,11)] 11 1111t I l ii I 112 I I ,II i i \L It Ii I I I V p o 11'11 ofi )I~ I I ti ii i\ I I I l it ill I 1 i 1 )1 1 1 ( i 1 1 1 11 111 _o Ii p i\ , I i I li J Ii, to I Ii I u 11 - i'L~ l I ( Iii iillili1il ' I IIIc iit, wi II I '.1 1l I I I 1I1 1 I I '. I II I(' I Ic I I I '.~ \ i 1 I t 111 ItI I i, i i i I t I l k iiii .t I 111 I 11 i' illd ii ill ill ( 1 F.itIdi i q ,il till , I t i i'. i t id t iii l t I\ ( IIif t I I I oi till' , t i l I fdf14l 1 l .5 1 ill liii lii lii 'l50t (1 1111 ii ioii y 1.11114 i(ii , I til w i i t 1 1. 111 N, '.. I' i ' t t ft ft itl- i I x i I I11 I1 IIi iti!tl (W 1 ,I lii Iof i I I I(1 I i l i( il '11111 xxi( ( lull -, dll ill ill t i 11 x. '. .(111i 11 U 11 /1 lic ii I i i \oI/ qiiiiii lit Agribusiness firms, like this potato packing shed in Baldwin County, pro- vide employment for large numbers of A l a _ bomo workers. In fact, agribusiness employment was found to account for 1 5 0 o of all gainfully employed nonfarm work- crs in the State, exciud- Ing workers in govern- ment jobs. I.) ~ o oc I) lii Ii ]("I(ii xx tpi I I I I,-, (m ltw i i I li ),I l ill i ti ' 111 ~ II-, \(I 1111111 If II *f t I .1 III I iii I i t iii tii it Iii Ix ( hull1 II I i-it till I Iii iii ii lii flu t\\ ill /")/tiI/ I l/lilli 1 .1 J m llm Y'), I i itli 55.1 ill iii it1 I5 itili w 1 i 7 u0 11 ,\ 1 lI I) t '. i Ii 11; 1 l i I t il i i i I't i' I il\(I I 111 t( . I )i \ i ( 1 I o 1 t 1 [ 1111 it . .A \ itti ill\i'.tllllcllt pItiii till \\l:.2,000, \xi 114 \ 1 il iit o 111 11111.114 i it I ifi'. I N. I 11 o 111) iti '.11111 It 1)(l()\\ i tilitliltil / 'iii li/I liC alt l i ) H Yi l f5 I d i 1()p, iil I, ft,11( t ii h l ) 111 IT I \xltili ui( till 1, xi T 1u5,u.7 'tpo1111I-ItH ) I tIii k11 1, il5 I T.ilil' 11 1 ii hT f-i xxiii i Ii Il' No It \[ iilii' i I ii it'.1 1 1 TI P l l't c d . (1illi cill i fi((.](; till foodt' i Agribusiness is Big Business in Alabama M. J, DANNER, Dept. of Agiicuturci coiio lic, aut Riurail Sociotogiy 1; ift 1 ill ii i itll I I~ i i do, 15", lit I-I i [( i. .111 I]I -1 ill-Il i i .1 i' 11 i ( ' li i t 111 T I. 1.1111 \6 0).' I'llicxi. caii-' \x i 121 11 ll-ti it 1111 , i i x i ill iuill" (till ti l t it i xx (()It iii.11111 iit \ ,11 lwc k fl t ill ili. ll xxto, 1 ',55,( Xi ti (it( Ix i I ii i I X 11 cd , if p t ' I I I liii 1 tll i '. 1 I lot1 ii i Ii I lt llo I it .1 1' Ills i l I ' . \00\ l i lil Ill (11 ,11w ilillot\ ip ~ ( ()till- 11 .111 lllil (illx l iiizm ill imildi of L111111 lm -liiii 1111111 iAI\x i [i I oiiiit x-' .i i t111i oft111 fl ,Ii ) T1 ill itt~i c tii li '1 Affects Growth and Economics of Growing -Finishing Hogs B. G RUFFIN ond W. M. WARREN, Dupi of Aiiil Scieric R. A MOORE, JR_ Uppe Coastal Poo S~bsti )I itii i i, ill iti I I' V i ; t 125 -1 b. ',izci l id t I wi i I I 2' 1 t A Iy oil )I1, l t 111 1i " of I I I I IIc III it(, I I xi I li lilt t ] t ii l i ll i I it I I i \ III I I i I l Ii, \\ 1 1 1i t 1 1( -( I t I ) o_ i l o 1 1( lii ii ill c ]lit oIi lx ilt t li tI I il l t lit t hilt iixi % it .1111111 Faster Gains an High Protein ' I w ~ 16, p tiii I ii i ll [Iillil lii i lii Ili it I~li id i ti4, iP k, fci 'I 14i 1 ( ' I ixti t 11 l xi ( 1111 flii I I' I iti1111 1111 9' W ; x L iit 111 ( li i pio' 4i ett ill. 11 2' pi ut 1 ii 11114 T ii i 1. i(i'\ led I 11w1(; itii lItt 1111 i i I lit I il t lloiiI tl -iii \\ i l iii~ Iill. dii xii l l ci ld tivi1111'1 liit I , cli ii! i'i p i4 tIll lix pl li i t,,I Il\ ', t ot I W 111 lii . x ii tll i I it i ll( I *'N ( ii ilit liiii) ci ill ;t\ 1111 i to ( dii tI W -111 i ii Ix Htil i l ( i' t i i .til i ll' I it liii i ii ii I lx,1 it liii .11'(I l Ii Wx lI till h li li ii4 li cd1 i It diii , t ii~ki ix xx i 11 th I Ililt 14' ; 1(,\ 'i l Ix h I i t f, ;pt I t I Ii it lii oil I l e I ;I ) I II, I I i ixx I I,,. \ o i l(,(IIt \ it , I 111 )d it I11 x.c (1 llc w oI oii I i imi l .1 ' I iii , i i i! 11111oi i 1,1t t i I 'cxx lii liii l i It. ii \\ xit l ' ii l t i i l l ioi 111111 1 ii I (' li lxx I '1 i f p11 li t ci I . li,,i Xl c\\11 ( . lxritii ii -l .6i 1111 t iii Il xx fIi I I I4 t1 I x i I t I tII i I lfl I i t I I I1(1 lS ii I I lx.( xx f t '11 ii i x ' I (,1I ll ii lii i iiii t I t I ii i ii I l A 1 I I NiI( I I N i l (I Ii I Ii N I I( IN ixiii we tll I ow l iii Ii I ci ii it ll i l tiii xi I( I I ( I( I(- t lit lii 11111 ti 11 Ii lix t11 I i t i i -11111 xx IIi Iiix ii li l i I f it it l i Il I Ni . ix( il If I I Ii, I I I I I I I I f x ; I I I 1, i o_, ti 1 I I 11111I1II1I1 I1 il ii t.1 t lit II l I i I I ii 11,1 t x I Nlx t I11112 N I11 111111 i 1 1 1 1 11 t x t lx i II I Il Ix fi I, t li i Ix 1 ii i Itt t I It I' l i F I itli t 111111I I I Ix 1) 1 u I IIt I . I11 it ti t111 . 1 111, t I I i I4 II I! Protein Requirement Measured 11111 t x I ix lt i It Ii cll) il iII I IIIII I I li xxi I I 1 1 It i I i 11 t i xi 1 11 t I I t( t xI 1111 AttII xx iIt ii 211 xx II lii it4 11 i i xx I I, lxi I il l i x xx ItI I xi t ti Ii of 1 Ii I Ii 1, ti i t Ii x I Ii Ix I Ii I ll t2 xx I I4 It S 111 Iii I )i .i111 I ~Iii ii xil li111 ii Fl I i; i xxi(\ \ jd 1 (1 1 2 1511 1 ,1 ( I I I t I i x li xt1 11 1 *\ i xx i I i( tI I(. I \\i tIl I111 x I I IWt II Iato 111itsttrcdiii Pi".,,. \oi. int k xxI121t .i Xxd II r (-i \ti il ii 1 , lii. Itw', I II I I -12', 108 I . NI ;3 19 1 t2 1 l.51 :34 I : 2 1 I I .T :')50 '1l~ 2. (lixis \\N i I iiANx Flllixi S\\ i~i 1111)B Is\ I Ili~ xii Ix 1111111 1 iiit, l VuI cot I iit )1 liiil2 iClx xii til i x it pu1 It(ill Ill t 1111% itil. pe11110"r Ilt n , iit hho1 xx 'li I t W x t I i 1 i 12I 1 56 II. 2 1 .56I I S. i19 .5 1,21 -. 1:3 5.52 S5 1 1 ; .09 t 1tt.:31 111.: 7 , A \ illm. of 0.28 pci, (,\\ t. \\ as dctcl Illilled b it( hial slllc I I oill D(,( offi(i to) -\Iit\ 1968. Fccd c()Sts il ( Iii(l(- S5.2 t pci ( \\ I. I ot 14 piotiii iip- plo'lliclit, 8 1 . 10 pcl. 1,11. ,1 corn, 'Ind " I _)0 pcl 11). I)l Sl" 50. Sidc's cost" Ilv :,)'' comniis ioii phi 251' Iwi lwitd \ tida,_,,.. Illitial \a1m. (of piL has(.d oil prict, for Silllil;ll kxci jlk and (IIIJit\ of pi _,S ill ViI\(.tt(. Vccdc] I)i(-' SaIc. I i'' 1 Y I \111 I( ' ki lxi 11 i.i t i llI lii fIT lilt(, iiii~ I I I if f i; 1ii (' Ii tL il sii l i li ii ii lx I II i ft I(,IIIIII i I ' Ix Sttfl Ii If I I I t I I Ilt Ii I Ii tI l i I I ' ii I I I II ix lii 0 XI I , I di ,f Ii -I ii it l i i li lt xii I t i i i It 1(1 5( 0 it Ix it( I xI ii Ti Ill xli 1i it x 1 xx i M ' Ii lI i I it i tii Itix x i i i 14 x i ii 'Ii , I i 1.4te Iii liii I it (,1 , I TT;[ x x A iii iii i t I 'jx iii i i i ' xxlito li i t (di i ti i i i i ili the i 'li ili lii \\(I I - fl(it( Ii ( to ' I i i I liI ii if4 I'Mxt t1 ,-ti itIi;i y li m Ii I~ t x 77 1i xx 1x Iil i x I ~I 1it 1 1 ix xii i I ix I Ix i k ~ Ii ii i lit xx i I i:3- iid 6x 11, iii iit' it ii\ ili i (lit I it(- 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o toImI ilietIiToII il Ie t Cu I KI . it~~ ~ ~ I S'IT I ' IIIIp c u, 1 li d ( I' I I I \ I I I( \ I llt '1 2 w I II i 2 t i~~ll ;t, ' l I Wee I C .(r. 'III l ' l tt1 1 _ xli I i I I xI I I III( i tli 111t 1i lo t it To li it I ( ' ii i Ii II IIIi Ii It I I i I 'x I i ( I I3 I I xxI 'x IIiiit txx' if '3 ,I I I itI I x ' I' t If I t fli xii Ii lii It i))'ix f i i flt I i I t ( It ot ii I i \ it Ii I II li fi t x i x i i 41 .11 liiii lxt lt uitx i 4 x x i pei fi x i . i0 iii i' t li li 11 x i li t I il iii oi uuIii1Icr .AWilciI Grasses C. S. HOVELAND n 0 d E. I. CARDEN Dipt',oinIen of Aq-ro iiy -d Sois, W. B. ANTHONY ot) i. P. CUNNINGHAM Deporitiit 01 Atiniof Science I t i tu xi i % IIIII II I\ I ' lix fx iii tut I fl it \\ f k xxiii 1 11itiu ft i I I I'x II t I If x Ii li 11 I i I i t o lxii i ~ l x xx if I i I.4I ii I( if Ii I I I I .ill(, t (i wx, Ii fix xx ift II Ti I ti I lii ft 'i I I tI i fluY ' I ' I T I iix I h h xI ii flIII ItII'I xi'i t it i Iii I I i tit fI'x( 1 Ii fIl tilt lx i d I~ ll it ( Ii ilx Ii f it9 11 1 iI i x-' I I \I II )I Iii utu 111 t'~it Iuuu'i t it ' If I2f (-' I t 2f Ii mt I I IT 11 oI it f I i f I x tulitw i ti -I I fI IfI' t ii i I telItt (t'uu fi () w i T ]II I i t I tIilt To )ut Ii ut Iliil uI i fl- It Ii tIl I i I I ii t tI I I I if if zi t IIill if tu. x' I ii Ii It I it . c l i l II tti f d flit' 12. i ] x i ft ' Ii f I . , If I l i I i It xxI Ix I ., I '.tx t i Ii I I i Iit i Ii 4) ) I ; L, i ii I 1 ii xx III Ii it I f i. )I I i f~ I 'Iif '1 i 1 i 'ii 1i f1 ili I x i lict f Iu lit I x ill Ill lxi x.t I I i x (1 it'ltl1 e i; i )I~\ liiiN it I it ( xxi iiii iix xx I( it I t iixt'x xx ii t If II x ix I -i I IkI \ I i,)I I tut I It)It xI I (it? 1 1 i l( i i ul I t Ix I i t I)\I I xx t , I i I i ) II Ito ) t t~ t Iot-iix ( 'ittitit, 6 6 4 D]ix foiitgi' It .txt I\ ( i, cii 1I 075ff S,22ff 6,557ff 516f Fitnk's II I. I ff11 O.Wft)O 1) 1 fS .5,10I i 1, o2 5-l I)\1 IDMI \i i 10f 55 SOfOf )15ff 771"' sorglitii-stidii 116 1 ,6801 59f :)5701 6f7 3,87ff 69t :1 ISOt 6,640I 5700f I 10 1,12ff 6.621 -1i 110 I, 1 31 :),61 IMPORTANCE of AGRICULTURAL CREDIT To The Beginning FARMER J. E. EPPERSON and S. C. BELL Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology THE DAY of abundant hand labor has passed leaving behind a rapid accelera- tion of farm technology. Along with skyrocketing land prices and greater use of purchased inputs, me- chanization has increased greatly the re- quired capital investment for today's farming. In a recent survey involving 10 Ala- bama farmers who had been farming for an average of 5 years, financial as- sistance through borrowed funds was studied. These farmers started with an average net worth of $4,344 and received financial assistance through borrowing in every case, Table 1. The average age of these farmers when they started farm- ing was 24.5 years. Credit In the first year of farming, financial assistance through borrowed funds was substantial. Intermediate- term credit was used more than either short- or long- term credit. Short- and long-term credit was used in about equal amounts. Sources of financial assistance varied considerably the first year. However, three principal sources were FHA, banks, and farm supply dealers. Total amount of debt incurred in the second year of farming was less than that incurred in the first. Long-term credit was not used the second year; intermedi- ate-term credit decreased, while short- term credit increased about 70%. Sources of financial assistance for the second year continued to be varied, although FHA, banks, and farm supply dealers remained as the principal sources. In the last complete year (1967) be- fore the survey, average total debt was about 90% greater than average total debt incurred during the second year of farming. Use of short-term credit had increased substantially, while the use of intermediate-term credit had increased by a greater proportion, 136%. The use of long-term credit did not increase significantly since only 1 of the 10 farmers borrowed on a long-term basis in 1967. The variability of sources used for financial assistance in 1967 in- creased, and PCA became a principal source of funds. Assets The average amount of assets of farm operators at the beginning may be con- sidered too low when considering present farm capital requirements, Table 2. How- ever, two of the farm operators started farming with a partnership with their fathers and six others started as tenants, allowing for less initial capital. Assets at the end of the second year, with the exception of nonfarm assets, had increased substantially. Land assets increased primarily because of gifts and inheritance, while assets in farm ma- chinery, livestock, and supplies increased because of financial assistance through borrowing. By the end of 1967, total assets had increased by 114% above the value at the end of the second year of farming. Most of the increase was in farm ma- chinery and livestock as a result of finan- cial assistance through borrowed funds and the use of savings. Land assets in- creased primarily through appreciation in land values. Nonfarm assets increased but not nearly as much as the increase in farm assets. Net worth was an aver- age of $42,726 at the end of 1967, a significant increase since the operators started farming. Results Since assets in farm machinery and livestock were rather low at beginning of the farming operations, financial as- sistance through borrowed funds on an intermediate- and long-term basis was aimed primarily at increasing assets dur- ing the first year. During the second year, attention shifted from building pro- duction assets to production and ensuing production expense incurred as short- term debt, while intermediate and long- term debt declined. However, on the average all assets increased. In 1967, both short- and intermediate- term debt incurred were greater than similar debts incurred during the second year of farming. All assets on the aver- age increased significantly, indicating both an increase in production and as- sets for production. Since nonfarm assets failed to increase as significantly as farm assets, income above some minimum level of living expenses apparently was converted into farm assets. Thus, financial assistance through borrowed funds along with the converting of savings into farm assets were primary factors affecting establish- ment and growth of farming operations involving those who started farming with limited amounts of capital. TABLE 1. AVERAGE AMOUNTS BORROWED ACCORDING TO YEAR OF FARMING AND TYPE OF DEBT BY 10 ALABAMA FARMERS Year___of__ farming Type of debt _ Year of farming Short-term Intermediate-term Long-term Total First $3,580 $ 5,160 $3,070 $11,810 Second 6,045 4,360 10,405 1967 8,900 10,280 500 19,680 TABLE 2. AVERAGE ASSETS AT SPECIFIED TIME PERIODS FOR 10 ALABAMA FARMERS Assets Time period Farm Land machinery equipment and supplies Livestock Nonfarm Total At inception -------------- $ 2,305 $ 2,754 $ 1,490 $2,290 $ 8,839 End of second year - 15,080 7,235 5,905 2,955 31,175 End of 1967 23,100 22.845 15,432 5,340 66,717 IS THERE A FARM POND on your land? Do you have a river or stream flowing through your farm? Are they sources of " good fishing and recreation or are they potential death traps? They could very well be both. This may sound like a strange state- ment, but let's take a look at the acci- dental farm death record. Accidental farm deaths have long been associated with farm machinery and tractors, and rightly so. These machines are the sin- gle largest cause of accidental deaths on the farm. What about othe- causes? Table 1 presents some causes of acci- dental deaths. The second largest cause of accidental deaths on farms is drowning. Between 350 and 400 persons die this way each year. Drowning accounts for more ac- cidental farm deaths than firearms and falls combined. About 1,000 farm peo- ple are killed each year in machinery accidents and about 225 are killed in firearm accidents. The Victims Who are these people that drown? The vast majority of the victims are males. Only about 15% are females. Average age distribution of the drown- ing victims is found in Table 2. The teenage group accounts for 37% J of the total drownings, while the age group under 10 accounts for 31%. Those under 20 years of age make up 68% of all the drowning victims. A Rescue Station Every farm pond used for swimming or other recreational purposes should 2 i RESCUE STATION -.----------- 12-14 FOOT POLE 1 -*----SAFETY CAN S OR RING BRACKET TO SUPPORT POLE ., -- 50' OF 1/4" ROPE ---- WOOD OR STEEL SUPPORT POST have a rescue or water safety station. It need not be elaborate and it is not ex- TABLE 1. ACCIDENTAL DEATHS ON FARMS Cause of death Per cent of total Machinery 40 Drowning 16 Firearms-, 9 Falls 6 Falling objects 6 Fires-burns 5 All others 18 Source-Farm Safety Review pensive. The one shown in the photo will serve very well and is simple to con- struct. The mounting post should be located near the water's edge and painted yellow or some other highly-visible color. A life or ring buoy should be attached to 1/4-in. rope, hung on a bracket, and marked "For Emergency Only." A 12- to 14-ft. white rescue pole should be fastened to the post with a bracket. A "safety can" containing information on rescue techniques, em ergen cy phone numbers, and diagrams on mouth-to- mouth resuscitation should be attached to the top of the post. These safety cans are usually available where marine, boat, or camping supplies are sold. An inflated innertube also can be used, but isn't as reliable as a buoy. If you use an innertube, check it often and paint the words, "For Emergency Only" on it. A 50-ft. section of 1/4-in. rope should be securely attached to the inner- tube. A strong bamboo fishing pole or sap- ling can be substituted for a rescue pole. If the pole has a sharp tip, cover it. You can make your own "safety can" by cutting off one end of a 46-oz. fruit juice can and nailing the can to the top of the post, so that it can be rotated. Obtain a rescue information sheet, or write out an instruction sheet and attach it to the outside of the can with a coat of spar varnish or shellac. After it is dry, varnish the exposed side to protect it from weather. Your local Red Cross TABLE 2. AGE OF DROWNING VICTMS ON FARMS Age of victim Per cent of total Under 5- - -- - - - - - 16 5 to 9 15 10 to 14 17 15 to 19 20 20 to 24 5 25 to 54 16 55 to 75 11 office also can supply plans and sugges- tions for a water safety station. What Can Be Done? The following simple precautions will help prevent farm drowning accidents. 1. Caution small children to stay away from ponds and streams unless accom- panied by adults. 2. Insist that members of your family, old enough to learn, be taught to swim. 3. Do not operate a boat unless you know the basic fundamentals of boat handling and boat safety. 4. Ride only in boats fitted with cor- rect life preservers and other recom- mended safety equipment. FARM POND RECREATION SAFETY E. S. RENOLL, Department of Agricultural Engineering I= lu -t ,TTI 2 A R --e ta virus Intectic of Corn Plants R. T. GUIDAUSKAS and D. W. GATES Dept. of Botxany and Plant Pathiology l i laistx I xl,, ofi xoi itll litiolilx Iil , the floi hix I it li ofX AItl a ix ii t II \ii)NiN\ [ firs xji oIi l i ll thei Statx ill 1111-" aI cd ii. Ti\ i i ii to occli i i l at11 leas 21xi Itclii t 4 iiI xl 1lx xlii xiil tox lx r it 111 t1111111 croiii I ixl 11 l l I i x l II I XliI it lixdi fil xxlIs ra s liltI lCi C i l] 11iii 11 )1 1ill il I*S I i' iixx t Wull.te \li xit i fiii x iii . Ill hu Iii litt 1111( ix sil ixe iilxiiliii ha~l 4 led- iii lixI)1'(0 Id Cut\ HMhs thit ix i] iicixlx xiil ixida d tix ill iit ix w ll liol~if ii dco lxxp t fit i ixxc fluI)I Ijilll hot hot nsa folangeol T ha et t , pe ce f s ea11~olsoli~ I~c 0l( isk Ptaalasnte S c c iI , ('1 ls I Pr a y he, Crong . . 1 1 ~ -eaty prc~ "0 60 20 fII 30 2 4 6 Oays att er nocaator w,~Z j._, _ -o~ll Healthy corn seedlin~gs were inoculated with MDMV by rubbing the ceaves with a pad satu- rated with sap from an infected plant. e x x xii a sli ls 1 )iptoili'". I \x of I ll Iit it 1(1 ii s ( 11 1 it c i d tt \\ Ii i I) I oIo II I Ii e if (iililoii ilitix I additll 30(1 103)c atii \di h \ 1111\I iid 1) 1 i ll1111 f N liii' flics \ttiX ill lo ii i xi li i4 xii. (iiCX xxii If i t t 1eil l Ilx l littI \X(1( ifli x il itt lx ix o Nlii l iN cil \Xc~ili luaqu ii i ix it lot(1 xiii c r o ii Ili l the\ \ii cltI diX c ijoc ilid h\ x ii ii ~ Ij~ (I Ie xxtfi"\iti X ijul iili uxcd t ix xitii (tl iiiit iii tc I li lt Li i li i i iiih ixfeii xi~ili tis xl to \x ix c ittill c ii ix it itti ideitxlicil RespC rtnChange ftr hraitay, ,et cent V-rs nlecton, Den cent .Y~ alte 0aac fion FIG. 2. Respiratory activity and virus con- tent of corn roots infected with MDMV. I iiiw x \ l cXII lliti l ii i I l l loilt Illll, i o T e I iti o 1)] tisitI~ ift ixsix Xi" "II- clri i decrase x i l itiit\l (' f1l11 p~l liiix iI 'IlII I c(I \\ltihx x1 Ii )if\ I x i R d i i x' 'I's Xxixl I ll xI l o\\ xx 011 iliti 3 teii s ill XIII' II ki i l ilia xx ill the ill (Iuitt'( I II l fitll x ill ii l \t I ii(fu t I I isloliti t f i t (it ii~ lw I tti( t4 ikll i ii i lll Xix i 1 ii..'lIt xxo ktiit Xx3 1 iitialelillcitol. Thixxs i 411 lx i iiiti ixll o ii ui \\ itsX A tilxt lot oui ilxx ois x AIIwii Ii l iealiixii Xc c ll ix lll txii \Iii ~ lo iltlt X iii l I d xl ; iti 1xii ii ;liI XtiX d Ilxi I ew ~ tll l fu x x ioixjtil A s til \ iuixl IlllI lsex il xx he l li the Ill oIx - Cill wil tiit l if l lf11o" Ill s ,\ (],lo il\ilIx corrc tc \\ tlill ix IIil \i lix) Ii (ll i iiiilixutcx t iltillix\I i Il-ese iha l soix i I t i c flilX i t i t t \ iti Ill i I I IIt" I Ircof is 2.i Thsittitc m FIG. 1. Photosynthetic activity and virus content of a corn leaf infected with MDMV. I If% i xx ' \ I \i 1 I (T it i nt k iit t (jilt l cii ii titi liii l'0 1)ittt Ill' t ~it 'to li ofi th]ii hi it ix x t x i til t ii . N l iti I ' i ki itt ih) ll tillI 1111( Itilt I\ coI' Ilt,( ltflOtl %\it ll ] itt\\ p li ~ tt\\l oi lo t 1i it 95 xx I of It it Ii ti o i it l~(li it ; xix 1lit l i ll i ll I iT il 1 w\ 1 tli )ft iitioll it Aub'l l w it'ii itl t od i'\ ;l,, ut W. A. JOHNSON, Depatinett of Hoticturte M. H. HOLLINGSWORTH, Noth Alaoatto Hcrtictti,e Substaiont EJ.CAIRNS, Department of Boity tattd Plant Patholocly it Iis %\ Ii I it t t I is I. I illi i'-, it si \\ ( it I r I i (1: Is il l 1( 1t x 't he I I IttlII' Ii i it iti tixi \t I itn it i itl t T il xi i i' i I (\ a 13 11 tkt t ti tlii% ac /p.sil (:iiil All O f] Kxindi JI6 atI/i otitil iunto (t 3-NI .it\. 2 yr. it it (I )o t( fie -8 ) )- 1t4() Nit'1tc \ trhx' ix 5 Lpil. 21) gitl. 2(0 gill. 2(1 !ttl. 2 Lpu. :3 1i). 10) i). 6 11). 6 i1). 6 It). It0 pttl. 5 paiil. I Ilil its/ siiijii ofi Al- 20 pot. 15 polt. b l 1 (i l u %If N o. 741:3 827 66(0 83 11152' -1601( (5311 1201 225 123- 501 606 7l 6- 1 wxitii :3 (1 -i ore (:fill- Aiit N A, No. I G 7 t 6 ) i, 2 1t api edil ii I 166 rangedi from 3 39 toi .5:3(6. At Aubturt t1 I iotiknt itilt's\ 'uilii il sl utixit groS1 lXi oitit o 966 aiipi'ti frtom 77 tt 95. , Y ilds foti 1968 itilx : \ itilifo hi -b- il 1968 \,.as 278 bti. Btitkittt Itixa pcr)t pt. ofil fo 98 o cekii\is121ttratd rii~eto ot o W o Potatoes at left are from check plot, those at right are from plot treated with mocap. \\ f t lttit i'it I dt k itt i 11(1I it i lt - \ It i', xi iIt t ilt i ltl t , t ii It ii \\u111 ( (2()NifIt ilt i )kk lx li \ t i lii it itt ilii (I( t , tj w xx m l tx ;' itil (it c i ( it (, tllw t i t - .1 Il~ fit t I ti i I t Aill ifI I il t l w it \ t tIk iii f 111ix t ttil it it3 11(1I )()\ lxxt mic1 \\ -85 m \ f] \. (i l t I111 il it It mlx lx xi fI I I i itt t t' 1 111 Tilil EFFEICT 01, DIFFERIENM, NKMA-11CIDES ON I)MMUCTION OF S\Xl , I-APOTAIOES \Nl) ON HoolKNOT L-xlo\AP: COUNIS ANI) lil-PFUr ON illp I)o-l-.\I()[.:s Nurriaticides Totill iuld /it(,] C kipplic(I broadcast) 11* Legumes vs. Nitrogen for Summer Pastures .T, COPt, JR. -rd C. .KN ,D p.o A-..l ,iSil TROY B. PATTERSON Acc~r70 o mclSirc S. t.ELL ,Dept. of Agrclua Eclim c i P a o cioog stil , (H)ll.ll ilii i ' xx ix ittw ' l I xi its it ti t I i til I~s~i1'titiit'ttt I titxI xi 01 1 c ,ii o,'1111 pli cct1. tilto t 11 1 t ilo, I I1 tIlitLo ii ;L il t 1 1)1 ii ,o%,i iitt 11111 il ciii 'li i 'il ti l 111 1,11111 (, I ii x it' il i t 'tti it' I( it i i 1,1 i I i T i ll t I I o f l I I t I I I Ill I i I t 11 I I i l I lI IsI I i I11 111 it ) t ( I is titd tiltI P i t t I 'I t tit( o iii \\ 1 ( It I it(x x t lil l it I t l i tit I )(lt 111 1,11 If ill t'ill xxi iti I tlov til l t . Ltttx o11 Iitt I ll 5'( (i 1111 l ix lx tiil (1o xe ' xx ( I it lill itc i ill 1 I lii q v S e I it i t I I t )l11 . 1 t I o, I lo I ici(I1 o Cow ( Per tII formance i taleolumn 3-4)II _ \itI iii t I 1) cd li st c, t i I \ it y lix it- tlt 1,11 ti 50l s1) illt il it( it i t ill t IillWfof llq issi lit x-/it 14 \ t i ilt ito 5ill 1 i t "5lixj( 1111 I J ili i tii x i, \\(,Ii i llixiI kt ()) i t I ot I iii ' i ii 111 m t l 11 x ii t it i Illsitl i5xix xx 6s \ito .25 It si iti ItutuW) I ,1 11\ \ is, Itill l)Ii tllt.1 tt t lit lt ies tlil ,I x " s \ x Iii II 11\,, i , 11( w I ii I lt i o\(I stI 11 1 1 . Ii' I i ii t 11 11 Ii I t Iilll (m L, l'i I til I I It (d Ilt I t i i ttt it ill I x1 i ~ .i 'i (i Il5 alf(:)\, (1( Perfomanc ]tabl colun Il5-9)i~lw A th i o t ti 1 ld I x itt t li ' ttll t Ii lii I t tit Ril t 1 11 ) t 1 I i,\ lii ,11 I I t ilth Io, ii' ofi it 1 1 11 t xx i ( t~ I lzt. i til ( 'i ml 1 I 'I m111i o~l (ftill ( li l til V ) I 10 1) V ). It ill I I.n Differences in cattle and pastures at wean- ing time is illustrated by these July 23, 1968, photos: left-grass only, no legumes or N; right-grass and legumes plus N. \ li( s I t iii l tt' tti 'it I ix illit ip ill_ iii. ~ ~ ~ ~ o oii tIi'l '11Iil ill\ (li, fli T. Zl tl(i l~ii t \. \ ii! i ll t iidJil ' t I 114 'ii( \ i l h ii toi xx0 11) (d i i( lix 1) ii t\ (lic t S x l s 250 t (ii .lit\ I of [ I c is li- ' \ - i ii i i \ (i o-ii t I ltlii li ii('1 \\ il itill I\(is lit \\i t( it xx ii tox250i(lit\x is titt i, Im il lki il t)1 ,ili t Ix , i til (Ii t i li 11) ix d tilt _o i st ttt iiidli( I Ti' o 16 iit11111 Ii 11)41 ii i ii l l sxx 11) liii ii 'Fill I i i t 1111 ti' tlt it lit, tlol it d xx Ii Ii li lt it l ati d i t ix l iii i llw iit t ( itf x t) Itil l . (' \l I l 1l Ill IMMI ItI 1M ) tI 1 0) 1o ) t 1 75 5 1I ti L tt t It tI),1 o 1:11 tof I t1 t I 11 .11 I I lii i Il of i IT I lIx till- tI' 1 lix t'ilt I Yt m I \ I , \ I I Ill )( I \ ( )\ ( :( m 1) 1 1 I'l 1 I ( )to \1 I I ()65-G A\ i it ,,i THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING had its origin in 1919 when M. L. Nichols came to Auburn at the *aw-request of J. F. Duggar, then Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Dean of the School of Agriculture, and Head of the Department of Agronomy. The department consisted of Nichols and John W. Randolph, who shared responsi- bilities for teaching service courses in soil conservation and farm machinery to World War I veterans. From this modest beginning, service courses for students in other depart- ments developed and other staff mem- bers were added. L. C. LeBron, em- ployed as the first Extension Agricul- tural Engineer, was responsible with Nichols for training county agricultural agents in laying out terraces and hold- ing farm machinery demonstrations. Nichols learned of Alabama Power Company's interest in rural electrifica- tion, and, in 1922, began discussions with the company to initiate a coopera- tive research and experimental program. E. C. Easter was employed to conduct the program, which included feasibility studies for the construction of rural elec- tric lines and studies of uses of electricity on farms. At about this same time, A. Carnes was hired to teach farm buildings and farm shop to vocational agriculture stu- dents. The department was first located in the basement of Comer Hall, but was left without quarters when Comer Hall burned. An old airplane hangar that had been used during WW I was ob- tained and this was home for agricul- tural engineering until 1939, when the present office and classroom building was constructed. Also during the early twenties, Dan T. Gray, who succeeded J. F. Duggar as Dean and Director, requested that agri- cultural engineering assist farmers in Baldwin and Mobile counties obtain bet- ter traction for the early steel wheel tractors in sandy soils. This was the be- ginning of the research in soil dynamics for which the department became in- ternationally known. As this research developed, the need for testing full scale implements and tractors became obvious and the present National Tillage Machin- ery Laboratory was conceived and finally constructed with PWA funds in 1935. A national trend that developed dur- ing the thirties pointed up the devastat- ing effects of soil erosion on agricultural __lands of the Southeast. Nichols and his co-workers developed a channel type ter- race that became known as the "Nichols Terrace." Some of the people besides Nichols directly responsible for this de- velopment were A. Carnes, L. C. Le- Bron, J. B. Wilson, E. G. Diseker, and Fletcher Farrington, who was Tallapoosa County agent. As a result of this work, a large technical training center was es- tablished in 1932 in Tallapoosa County by the newly created Soil Erosion Ser- vice. Nichols left the department in 1936 to become Assistant Chief of the Soil Conservation Service. R. E. Yoder, a soil physicist on temporary appointment with the Department of Agronomy and Soils, served as acting head until 1939, when J. H. Neal became head. The first undergraduate curriculum in agricultural engineering was established in 1938, although M.S. degrees had been conferred since 1929. During WW II, the department's back- ground and facilities in soil dynamics re- search were the basis for a cooperative research program with the War Depart- ment. This program dealt with the me- chanical problems involved in the mo- bility of military vehicles under difficult soil conditions. A. W. Cooper and F. A. Kummer served as consultants to the Army Ordnance Proving Ground, Aber- deen, Maryland. The Agricultural Ex- periment Station and the National Till- age Machinery Laboratory furnished re- search facilities to a group of civilian engineers and military personnel here at Auburn. In 1948, F. A. Kummer succeeded J. H. Neal as head of the department. In 1949, the present teaching laboratory annex was constructed and a 100-acre teaching laboratory facility was estab- lished at North Auburn. During the late 1940's and early 1950's, the rapidly expanding mechaniza- tion of row crops caused by the farm labor displacement following WW II re- quired a revision of the department's re- search program. The department's staff cooperated with the Wiregrass Substation in an accelerated research program of peanut harvesting mechanization. Ac- tively engaged in this program were C. M. Stokes, J. L. Butt, and F. A. Kum- mer. Within 5 years, this work resulted in the complete mechanization of the peanut harvesting operation which re- duced the labor requirement from over 30 to approximately 4 hours per acre. Renewed emphasis was placed on cot- ton mechanization research during the early 1950's. T. E. Corley conducted re- search on this project at the Sand Moun- tain and Tennessee Valley substations. Evidence of the success of this program is that now almost 100% of commercially grown cotton in Alabama is mechanically harvested. The department initiated an interdis- ciplinary doctoral program in 1959. Seven Ph.D. degrees have since been awarded through this program. In 1961, the State Legislature appro- priated funds for a mechanization re- search farm unit. This unit is located at Marvyn, about 15 miles south of Au- burn, and is being operated as a research facility by staff members in cooperation with other departments and agencies. Early in 1966, a grant was received from the National Institutes of Health, PHS, for partial support of construction of a new avian environmental and shelter engineering laboratory. Sixteen individ- ually controlled chambers were assem- bled and all control equipment was in- stalled using staff labor of the poultry science and agricultural engineering de- partments under the guidance of W. Grub and C. A. Rollo, who designed the facility. It is now being used as an en- vironmental research facility on coopera- tive projects between the departments. Present professional staff of the de- partment consists of 11 persons. Thir- teen cooperating personnel, representing three federal agencies, are also stationed at Auburn. 11 A History of Agricultural Engineering at AubHrn University F. A. KUMMER, Department of Agricultural Engineering Dusting Stations for Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle KtRil 1 HAYS Depcillrn-l t Zootogy tiimotogy V ' BROWN Lo-e Coos t Ptoii Stjbsititon lii tlili ii ll Mix11 i li toyi ' tii o I it F 1 w ii F tll .11 i Ilt o(i l IF i~l[I\i ill,, iix wo l i oi (. o (if h ild O io ll 1 iiitiliiiii , titi it w xii li it \ i''ilid S',ix xii oII ;lli it xx I tllw j ti li iii ti th \\i i ll ]',ix i(' ixt~ i w l i'l iu i SiiF ixt till Ci it I , \ S ihitii F ilili 11ill' ',p , i xlii N W). 'i ixi iI i ix iiiii xii iji ii' tix ii ci F 1 ii itd xl ii t j F lli ilix 1115 tw I i i xx wx x i 1 t i ii (5 Ft 2i i It t(ii aw1l1 iii Foix i'iit i (d i xtdi FIlit 2 I it ull ii x Fiw " lildF Aiik tii Fl itoi ]lt( 1 ,(.(x the ili 'ixit Fo t o I Ii xto\ F i t Ix I I( , ' I iid Iw l iii ii F 'i it j 1 F1 ( )oli iii ppo e 6I It. l iii? \ ' Iii liit xii h\xtF~i 2 iiio(d o Dusting stations must be located in areas frequented by the cattle, To reach the mineraized salt in the trough, the cattle had to pass under the burlap bags containing the insecticide. ( Id of Ii ,( t 1 it li to lx Fl( i t l i ti ' i I \\ l ta i ' F i (itti' idt \%ii Fl/ l i xx ix 1) li i i iii i tiw hook, ill1 Ow o1'il l of t Iu liii l ii t ik i 1 ',iti ii l li i 11 lii iZt witt lilix Iti\ ( lii h)i 11 ( IW Vo1 ,l1fiFil (Fixwd 1w [w fel lol' i ito (mi tiw liii \ it ' i F111111 i t i ii 14 -lii Iii tiI ii'ii' d i \ 1(Iii the im'll' 1 t I iiil~ l Il de ii )1 il Fol~ (t,il (L \ x I ti ilt t 1 t loik F w i i \\( I(' liii t~d i l 10't t, i ii It t i iitliii i 5 'li ii i til 5" Ti t oii ",111 til it, ii F i iii '\ T(Il it) l f ill ii 'X I i t \ 'it till 1 ('di ixt ll I wl F ix l ~i p l t ii ' k111111 ' Ii tI ui I' x i w liii,, x ill iii( till \[)tIlli iiix x 111(111 i l 4 x t xx I li i i i i t itt iit i \ Il il N F ,i,t o i iii ii to 5 Iwa t Iiix i xi ill (J1 -1 00 w w , Iti s Iiit,, h l il i t 11111 1wil to 1 i , Fi 1 11 ( i~ l - ii ut ix I itlt 1111 ,, I (\\ ix 1,1 i\ (Ii ( i l i f Fi ll ( iiu i 111111I F F ii xxiw i \\I pli!F 1111'i i it i ll ,\ F , (IN F o il it (1 ii I Ii i 11111 Il~ I i l Ill)(' F . it lo t I 1 ti T i( l ot t I l lllw. xx " it i ii FIi h 'i F )Ii twd to \\(- c i il \i '] Fi i ju ill Fv~ oi oW 1 ,111w . T k o )(I ,~o I\ ; w o l High Density Planting of Tomatoes for Mechanical Harvest SAM T. JONES avd JACK L. TURNER, D--,,,fo Ho iittitoi CHARLIE STOKES, D~p,,,i ot f Aq(,-Iutl~tFi;,~ i 1\ 1it ljhl1i" \ iiutii \ 1, 1\(, ofi tlit to [i k illli, it ofiii H M * iLM W] k( .li c k I o\ l it i i t .i F ii \ li ci t .it itlii d iii lt Iiil ii 'I il t \ ii till ii licii i lii I) \\ 1, ut i 1111 iii 1111 1 itic it II i t \\1. i Fuli it iiII ii 1t1 I ti iii lip . it tt t 1 to k , F 'i lull ~ d iil lt( 1(,c Three Spacings Tried lk )I I )l ~ I' i t w I' oi I" ll. Illk12 i ~ ii i i ( to ( i ; I il 1(,t\ \\ 't i(I ti F it kk lliu iiiiF \,11 iF 2_ I~ ot c ( l 1.o ,6 1 o 'L I ii(1 ])it\ I,) it II iii I""000t I )_000ci is 1 tIN I , ill. I tl. 00t( I (tal I ii~w Noto k pt it Il V, 1. Lb. P t. T i, 10,' 5.t 6 16 ,idi , tt i- Ill - I i l I oI I ,I I I )t Ii ( II I 1 Fiu.i F , o j I I )1o \\ Fiii F I ii Ik I\(111 _ I li I i i I F Ill I( ' lit tt I .1 iLli I I (' I It I k lii o f t I) Aik ll lii toll 11 i 11 tc ()Ii F) i- 2 71 \\ lkk'I lii I ~ ill iil I ~ t ii Ii t ii -) itt i l tt2 I -i F 7) li ip ill l iiv TF Ii iS 3 tii 111 1 1 , kk lik ti p piol, ~wt i \iii F F, iiP 1 t(\ 11111 t 1 ( iS I)] o- p tii ki I Ii it I hillii \ 7I \ i t, 2 ,i 5 5, ,tIII K ') , I() l]c kk .[ ti it i IiF I . '1i I c k lI (li ilti k, I1 111w k of ut I ikli( i er 111l11 k \ il I 1 I jt i ii I I( I I I --,- 11. ,1 k I( I Ii -l. i Close spacing of tomato plants proved rcccssary f:r highest yields when the crop was once-over harvested with this machine. 5 i W ITHIN THE MEMORY of older home- makers was the time when the butcher cut meat and poultry to order, provided advice, and saved the choicest cuts for his favored customers. Poultry was pur- chased live or with only the feathers re- moved to make possible inspection for age, health, size, and freshness by the purchaser. But times have changed-no longer is pinching and sniffing part of the housewife's tools in meat selection. The presence of grade and inspection labels now certify that the food is wholesome and of known quality. Meat Grade Label Study A study made in three Alabama cities in 1963-65 included some questions re- lated to recognition of inspection and meat grade labels. This was before pass- age of the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act in 1968, with the accompanying pub- licity. Meat inspection with Federal standards will now become mandatory within states as well as in interstate commerce. As indicated in the illustration, the shield carries the grade for poultry, meat, eggs, and a growing list of other foods. The inspection seal is round. The inspection seal refers only to the whole- someness of the product. The grade mark indicates the quality, and is placed only on products that have been in- spected. However, not all products that have been inspected and graded carry labels at the consumer level. In the study respondents were shown an outline of the shield used as the back- ground in meat grades, and to a limited extent, in continuous inspection of pro- cessed fruits and vegetables. A third of 14 the 3,361 homemakers failed to recog- nize the shield emblem, a third thought it represented a brand name or a seal of approval, while most of the remainder said it showed that the meat had been inspected. Only 61 women, or 2%, identi- fied the shield outline as a background for meat grades. Among homemakers with per capita incomes over $3,000, about half thought it was an inspection label, a fifth did not remember seeing it, and about the same number gave incorrect answers. Half the homemakers with per capita incomes under $900 did not remember seeing such a food label, a third gave incorrect answers, and a fifth thought it an in- spection symbol. A second question concerned the nam- ing of five consumer grades of beef. Only 10% of the homemakers in the lowest per capita income level could re- call one grade, while 54% of those in the highest income group did so. The remainder in each group were about LABELS Replace PINCH and SNIFF in MEAT SELECTION RUTH A. HAMMETT, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology An outline of the shield indicating USDA meat grades, left, was shown to the homemakers K for identification. An actual shield from graded poultry meat is at center. The inspection mark, which refers to wholesomeness, is shown at right. evenly divided between those who gave a wrong answer and those who did not know. A wrong answer was such grades as A-i, Grade A, Excellent, Best, U.S. Certified, Premium, or First Qual- ity. In the total sample, 11% named one beef grade, 14% named two, 7% named three, while 1% or 31 women named four consumer beef grades. Respondents in the largest city were drawn from shopper s in cooperating stores. Meat in these stores was adver- tised and sold by grade. A third of these women named three or more beef grades as compared to 22% in the smallest size city who could name but one or two grades. When grade labels were placed on car- tons, many more homemakers named the proper grade. In the total sample, 83% gave the correct grade for eggs and 60% named Grade A for milk. If consumer food grades are to be useful in decision-making, the general design of the label must be recognized, and what it signifies clearly understood. The food purchasers must be aware that the symbols are used for protection, that they certify food is wholesome, and that the quality is identified. These labels provide the consumer with a basis for discrimination in the market place pres- ently more reliable than the old way of,, look, pinch, and sniff. Consumers should insist that all foods have adequate inspection for wholesome- ness and support this practice by their purchases. Grade labeling aids in pur- chasing food to fit food preparation meth- ods and ultimate use. Processors of food products and retail stores should feature inspection and grade labels in their advertising, for their own and their cus- tomers' protection, if these symbols are to perform their full function. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE P-42 V I I1 1 i _ i 1F ~ Pelleted Soil Sterilant in Forest Management SHERMAN' D. 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All tI Ii II II xx m ix ii i uiii u~ic~ t o liii midt-I ciii iic POSTAGt PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE