HIG H 
LIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOL 15, NO. 4/WINTER 1968
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
/
N
N
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
hI it i xlti lilt\ iti iixii
im I 1 I 'i F ,(!(- 'ix x-'I~ i( ii I II 
111 (li ili d I w(I
III( xt A l ii t',( , it I x i I 
he x ii _i I I Iti 111 i ii 1111]1 i ii
l i 'x I ii I w i i i ( ) I, ix ) ( I \i,t "i iw ( it 
'iI " (' )1 I x X iiiii \lli i l
1,1 - i I II'I it illi xitx ll iIi I x It( 
ii pi m 1111111 t Ii iii i i i xi i
xx It I I le iiiiii ii l( kii i 
ii, Sl tli x i Iii i 
l
it iii 'x (] ) (I iii lii 1 .1 
i wsii i liii Irmiii ii I i xii 
i 111 x l( -II lh,
'i i I h lw ik *xx )I i l)\ i 
( xx1( it xiiiiii ii w i i i Ii,\\ 
i xi i i t l (t i i
ill(, t (1 it 1,1 ii iiix I \xii*I l (i 
xi Ii l iii t Ilw l iii i 
li i. til. I' xix
Ii I (ii I .1 I\ i i t 
lii d il(. h I iii i ld l f \. 
ic w l I ()t 1111111i i i li i iitl
I 1 ' I Ii I Ii x . F (.( I I I I 
i I i xI Ill I i i, . i I I]ti I 
l x i It 1,1 lIi ii ;11
Ii Ii i t I(111 . )1 )11 ( i 
t ix l I Iiiit iii )I I I tl:III 
tI i II l I I I I I 
i
Ioo w~o! Ared 4't ~td tI) 11 fiio ( 
h
Ic c o Su c s Str I ( 
I f a Wee (3\(-I.T wIII I1 
1 ( I 11
Broadcast, I i II 
1)(. Drilll ( or Siers Coto F rIl i ze 
4 ' l)l 1'1 i
Orgnic MawterkAiiiand- 
Iritio fior Sweetcrn 
]10
Hitr of Boan and Pln Pahlg 
;II(; (11ltIi
Co troli (1- Hardoo 
UndergroIIwth 
1 2 l~,lll-~.(dilw
Rurae lli Peopl Aware 
of Meicr 
13'lI) I ai
Nemto int lbm 
aerRsucs
Sothan Catlop New 
Auur Varlety ItI(,II ) , 1 - 1 5
Protin Level Indicates 
[ Foag NutiIve VaIlu 
16 lII )dd'll
m Vev'e -aozd c .
1 )i I i i I i , li I itm ( t t lx ii
lii l ()i I B kII 1111II P'.11it t ~
xiii, I li]\ I , 
1 
'5 1 1i t, I I I ll i w II
Ili.ix pitiki
1
( I ll) I liii 1 hit
() 1 c 
p il Il / 
i d 
I l k 
( , 
e 
" l~ i
xi xI(l iof It il ic I ll. letit:; I i i 
Ii i
I (i li is xi I I I ii e 111 od I i X 9 1,1 t
ilI~c t cillbilh Il
(i cdIi ltl l l liii t (i l ( 
tll iii i 1( lii
11111ktc tidtl,11.) IGHIS tofkl~t
I \rIctII-o Irn jt)i Iw Rclc(i U 
clilt
WINTER 1968
S\( 111 I I
F.li(ilx
:il S it Xx\\
VOL I NO 4
Xxxii ilit I)iii Icllr
Xxxiii (U iitoi
Xxitii( ii/u,
Hiu xI(I \\X I I l)I \1 xx Xxiii iiti Pool/i
petitor with crops as this photo of a cotton-
weed research field at Auburn shows.
A (Ill'ilterl -\ I(volt (d Iii-will('11 plildi"lled
I ) \ I I I ( , A olI ic ill I Ill ill I " \ I ) ( I i I I I ( I I I 
') , t i I t i ( ) I I
o f \ I I I ) I I I I I I Ilk (.1 ,it -\ ill )III 
it. , I I ) i t I I I , I
SICKLEPOD -
Siiccei- Sbory
Of 4 
WVeI
JM CREEL 
,C. S. 
HOVELAND,
and G. A. BUCHANAN
Department of Ajrorioiny aricd Scils
I x i i ix i IS lxll" 1 i* 1'1tlix Ii(i \ . \xii xit i Ii .1tp t lxi' Fill
Fth itt x ii kl h (j iiiii , ix i i it I ut Fiiil- if liit tm iti li. LI i I
Si I iik ' 
1 
iii w ( blxi ititi, xij il/ I txit I I i xx t IIi ix t 'ot Ii 'I v, ItI
l Ii Ft f1 i. i l 1111i 1it L Ii i xx I i s xi'i t ii i I I, I I ()I i I t 1i itI ii I i 'I I IIII
ti h i (d t ii ct i xx i t i tu F i t illis ii l l ti tll~ iwi txt Ix i l ix
(IlxOxxii 'ii ix ii ii' xtxfi ti it ii, i Ii It fIitl ix uc 1 ,xx ill iii i mc11 i
Germination
S If (It i, f it I t Ii t x i iF ix I I t I i i Ix I ii ' t I i ' xi I 1 6
liix~ I" t h
1
xil tx'xulttt iei ii, 1 i Ih t'uitti, ( F l m tx T 5 xxt1
ft iit i i t I I i I I F i i xi ' I ((i I Iti I x xto I I I , III ti Ii It \ i fi 'I II \ ic
i xI t o i iii 1 ix i i li 'ix' x I it t is ,i l ii i t ()I piil ti ll li lx l
iil I x i i' - " l l , i tit t ti F i xI it , %i Ii It I I Ii 'i I I tx if ( I , )I h it -
It t i i' I I i .t' I t t i l]\ i lh ) ( t) -III(i I tf tii x )I Ii ix ix iI i l k ( F '
F it i Ii I11 It i I I ( it tit I \ ttii i x I t i x t iii t 1. Ioioi i ntiii illc , i(k -I'((
xiii' i
1
ti i iti i 111 x iiFl x FidtI ill ',(ii till,] xlliiiiw liii i a li ittit IW ,
lii ix lx itt1 iill c itilttill 1112 lx ll' T k :l iik Ilt )f,,I
tit x(ii xi x - o lItl v(I Ij, ifIt i lii if xii ki It F xx F ti i f ( i i i
xiii xxii ( I ut o ilc\ tI Iiitifiti Fix flt xtlu tu i, If iii S I\ klii'i it I ',.
jutk() i'\foittx( ) ii xli. kli'tl (I' I i I\ f It IItil l t'ii 1 1( III l
If i N lii SI\ i I x I I xi lii iixt' Fl/ xii Ii itif I xxixfit do I lix.i
\I I iii 7' xx, if F (i id I ,it kl(Iii' ( Ii ( iii xii I fit I I i xx if I I -( I ( if)
ilit xxl (d (tl I 'lIii (Il 2ff xx t1( oilk t (I x Iu'kuii\i I it (if l iuid
Fx if f', xxi \\ Ii , ) ' tIitt li , ill ,lit' kI xliii , \ e i l I ,, ~
Sicklcpod is also called coffeewcecd and indigo
ti I till
11 l it I w l 11 Iii l Ii t iii i Fitlii i l 1 Fit I ii k ( I ii w it l l
Iii I Ii Ii I(ii Ii ofllx ii ii t I t IIi i I I i It I ~ I t I Ii I
x 1 , ( Il I I I I x lii if Ii ()I t I ]it I11 I I1. ii \\i i I ()Ii i l w ti'i I I of, 1 I II '
I i iit xI i 'x xi i li I I i t t I II i it t i u ti I ili k t o~ f I I wl
Fit xt 1111k xxii ii i it()\ I it i i Ow li xxi ii iill lii' i't
h it1 I I If i I F I ( l , \ II I til of 1 F 1t 1 1 i illlitf Ix t Ii I i 'F itit
)F t i It \ xxiii'- lxx- Ii lIi II w Itf ti I k (ift Fw itix,. l I xI Itx ill
xI I k I l i f) Fi -11 d 1( )\xx I it 2 F i I it tIlt I( ifit F i I "i )\ ' t d lii .ift I I I
SL iti F iF i \t ( x i it I l I I ittt i ll I I )(itI. i f\ ( i'I ut ft it i ti
Fii le x I ), t i fI tIt t ,i t xx F t iI t Iii F Ii ~ )"~ 11 41 t lxx((, I I Ix il , I
x~I IIwl' I Six F I I I Ii xiif Flit I if i Fi x I ( l i F li ii , kix i t I ( otf It,,
jut
1  
xf'tIx trlix Il it w 'Imli' tud i( ,I ()(I iF x t F ltu , i i ifx ,I ifd
ItII xiii I F i 1itt~l' i I i f tt iiixii I i it e, d t ii F litit I %\ (i F )i
it- ( I i I F ' F iii t xt i k Imd i i i x i i ll 1.t i 1 i i (- F I
it hich is best for fertilizing cotton?
C .SCARSBROOK and C. E. EVANS, Deopoith~iet of Agrotor~ii cii Soils
I t ( 1 i I I i I i I I I \ I I( I( IN I i I i I I ( 'I t ii II (' t
t~) I N I d I I~ ii t 1 1 i /I i I T iI i ~ 1( 11 1i ii I iii
I f I I i I Fl I r Ii t t) II II _ it IF(II) l ilIN i
I I I I ti i t, lIIi I I 11)i I 1 d 'i )I1(I III \ 1
N i i it IIIS i l I) I( llIs I d (1 S t l I I til .1 ( i i (- f ;l ( ) i I ,I(it ,i I I
F )IN( i ( I iI (t I)I l I tI ( I TiI J ti I 'I I ) Itit1 N I I , I 111 .
hilINK IT I I ) II it .
I )l T I of I l )it ( Iit S t I I i I d I I m I i I i 1 , l I lli
L Ip i\ I i I i \ t II IT till /(i Ti t, i t I I T I I I iI
N I t~ I i Til I , II.
I )m
60I 1). tatill
90U 11). total
15
15,
'iI i I , \ I' , 1, 1 , )I Sol I I I t I itt
[if Ii %\ ill
Id
iItt\ ili
F id
/I b.
I Ij W)"' P i)I To1)
I T~2 II ) I, I5 i
11 5 I T
I Il P)( I I
1) 1) 1 1, 
,(
I I I It I I ) \ \ I I I ( I I ) f I t I r( ) i I( .t I N t o f ) ; t I t I N I 11 i ( ( ( I I I I t I I I
I I I I I , I i I I I( I N i( h I I N N( I I I ( I I w k N i I I ( I \ S( N . I (
c\ -I lot ( )it( I( ilSt i I I Ill I I i p !im t i I I in a\ I I( I ik\ I to
(,;t I IN(, (d 111w ll(,;I\ \ T Iillliill Tilit', OCCIII ilild illliw
I I I( . N I I N I ) f I I I I I I t N ( i ) I I I I I I I I I i I N t i I I
'Ili(] Ni(](, plwim" (d 1) itild k, 1( Imlt( d ill \i-ili(IlItilliti [ ,\Iwll-
Illullf S lillio ll h illl(J ill : ') -, -) . SIm \o, If() d illel('11o, ( N htA \\(,(iII
Ilw t I I( N I d I )I )l I( it k m l. 'I'll(.] I IN I I( ) m I\ to I IISIl I (_1 , I
N I I W l I I I I I t I I I, ( I I ill (If 1 1( , No , So N N t i I I Illc ( lit I I I I w
(" I I I f k . A d ( I i t I ( I I I'll (L itik I I i I, ( , ( I I I. ( '( I I I I I I 11;itc ( I
of I ( I ( , N ('\ I ill w l I k . I ) I I t t I w ( ) I I ( -I I I N i ol I I N lit\ ( - I J( it ( 'I lit I 1 1-1( '( I .
SmIN WNW(I ('itlici Im-dillill ill l1rd) it[ 111 Im ittiollS id lit('
1) illid K Ic"t. I'Itu.,, (d 1) illid k \\(qc IIN(.&
kIN('d ()]I Noil wNt \\;tN ll"(,(l ill 'IWS
h ot itil ( I
I ( ' I ( I ', \ ( I I ' 2 t ( j 2 1 ) i I I N I to -I ; I I o iLf ill] 10 t I I I N i t I I
lit t h - ( if 1 1() 1 (' Imlj'w to P illid k NI 1( )\\ i I I of I t 11( -w I l t Ile No )ilN.
BIN( ( I ( of I t I w A I [b] Irl I Stith( )i I fit Idil 1"Is. it IN cm 1( 11 jdcd t Il'it
Ilict If( )( I ( d if (1, N , P, illid k to Noik (d Ilic(lillill to Ili(-'Il
I ( I ( i I i t \ Ija S; I I I I I IS I I I. I I ) I ( ( I I ( ( f ( If I \ lie ld )11 it to )I I I i N
c TIIl)IIiiNi/('( I t I I i t t I N I N I ill N Tlli\ I to ) I i k to N ( I i 1 N d I(
it
Seed cotton yield
per acre, lb.
2POO
"500
2,200 Cro)l
2,10C
2,000-
,900
,800
1,700/
1600 /
Pm( f vile
30 60
N rote per acre , lb
Bre~ton
~~-0
Effect of rotc of N on yield of seed cotton is shown by these re-
suits, which arc averages of oll application methods tried.
Monroeville
soi'til 
4
ao td
Cottontail Rabbit
Litter Size
EDWARD P. HILL 111' Ateboitio
Ceoperctit'e Wtildltfe Reseorch Utit
'Ilt x i ik i ' 111(xi, xxlp lk l t t i oi t Fll t I i tli liii tc il t i
Research Procedures
xxt ilt, til 1,J ~ \\(I( F(11. xid iiii tFiill (I[(li t o](\ i i i 'I I l i l '-' Ii til
t
IF ii lii t' i 2 , i ol Iix.w t lt ) \ '' ,
\lli'r .l P tirri ri. tnti t i x I' iFti
1
x,tfl to, ~ tx Bch , iril I 1 it
F~ it Ii '(/ .1it i1 (t( )(i it F1 t I (. t 1 'tt 1 lii i II I I( ( , I _
Fred Up
Plat Coast
Pl ain
Tenn
Val ley
Black
Belt
FIG. 1 . Mean size of second cottontail rabbit litters with per
cent of soil samples having pH above 6.0 for 5 major Alabama
soil regions. Litter sizes are based on ovulation rates, 
fetus counts,
and uterine scars. Number of sail sample from each soil area
(I to r) was 680, 616, 433, 432, and 1,372, iespectively.
it r I itt F tt F
11  
1 S I I.,i i ii i i i
I ti I I I 'l 1 t F 1 i F i ( ,IF I t r In 1 i 1t i 2 I tI
n ilt ; it IrII w o i i i i 
r t x i r r r r t t lti 
l -t i l l t i t 
r, i t i
xx itlk Fill t I I ptF I (t(I it wi i t11 li .1ca I i I F I Fr i x i lli F I I I
Results
\irr1rtt 'tri (xr u r I~trtr I frI i r tt rni .,II I It IIirIl(
1
i) (. h,1 1 iid1F c \,ttri . Frtir tl \itll ,1 1 i toiirt
Fc~il 112, ic tin ititi u t( FIt itle ' I \F i ir m i t ~u t oll
lIi F Ii ittIJ1 1 It I i 1( xi .F t It Flit to I -,[It F i l t I i i t Fr I F n i t x
F I Ii F ri 111 xI I I i i FI t I I Fu .t I, F Ittt I I t
lt F I t F F l i Ft I I FI I I I t 111 F F it i *,t F it I I lit
, I I tI IIF )i 1i iiiit( t \ r~t titi' II li I It t (it I tI ( I Inr
F1 1 F 1 t I t F k tF ) I ' l I F . x tI i F I lo ~ i li Fr ii it t IF I
iI t I i I I int k it *FIII t I~ Ir r It Ii I F I Ii t F
Fi i I I
kIi f t ~ uI I I I I Ft I I I t I I i t I I I '.A Ii F "
Ft II i I ut I t'll In In 'I i tu1 1 ttix F 1t 1 it 11 11t Ii 'lt t
Ftt x tiii lii trii t'~iiirt Ftxxu I tiirt ft F
F F t Ft t i t Ft .xx I l i I t I ii li' i i n I 11
lIt I I l Ii /t F I tt )I I I I I I Ft I It I t t I I IF I TI
I I 68%
EJMear litter size
Pct soi somples
wit pHu aoe 6
47
59%
43
52%
fl fl ofU5
ILow
Coaast
Fl aIrn
iii ~ ~ I Is 111 111 1.11( I I i I d
II tlill Iiiii ~ Iillim-iii - il P)6I'iit
I I s di Ii II I.1 I I L I Il\ . X it ,
l I ii 1i 1. 1i/tLL I )I d11 Iit. I LN i w ' NXX 11 ii 1
IL I I I l t S I t i olL I ll 1ti )l lii i~ t I \ II
ILL 1 i I I siL N I(t ] L I LL ILI I il I )II I Ilii
Iit11 )I (i II i iIL i X Li IL ii s ~ X LI I l I(,s I s I I
Ill I I 1 i -, till I .111 lL Il it I X II ( St LIIL
I(2I Lji iitX I I it I tilt INN l'NI.I
ils L Il t I" Ii I I t i il N\ iIL t LI1 1i 11 11t
(iIL.Iimi i ti'. tikiito (, I Ii t p ti ('L' I L(I
illi lilit ill deili d hii oil II 1iiLi, Ii I Ii
th it Hi tiii lt s\\'Ii1 1 Nil i odIL list iiii\ ii
S\ i IIlit \II . (I 1 k IL;i 1ii l I_' ilL'
IiX II II( - I t lit ii i ;it 1 L'L( 1 1 hcc li lI It
II (it I I kii t hII iL t \i, i 'li ii tlII" I X (
I I lit( I I( I'~ I I l a iii Ii I I lit 11 )1 1 1
I )I IIII s, \ klic F t II. lit ill I I S t it 111 *II N oi it)
lI t I I )111I .t I I I I I )(), i I I w \
1
Z I ItI I so
I I lo ii I Ii I 11 (I I I t it I I 1 1111 li N
I i 
tti, I,( I,\ 
Ill.
I IIt hlitt l I'd i
2.711
t7.
I 25
'1 IlL
itt I.
2ti Lii
1'
1 S
1 ii 111
'7. ti0
The overage sale price of
animals on sole indicates
an excellent acceptance
of the testing program by
the commercial producer.
All boars have been pur-
chased by Alabama
breeders.
IA \ALU AliON PROGRAMI
JAMES C, COLLINS, Deprtmtit of Antm~ol Scj-o
d 11 I I 111 till I4 I tI t I II .11 Il
I 11 1t tI'( '(L I I iii I I It I I I I I I .I It
Ni ( It t I IL t til I I I s11 Il I iN L I IX
t11 i t I I ( 1 sI NI I I I I 1)1 LI I 'NI I ll I N
I_' .I Il I I t I I-L(II ) IIL I I' .L Ii I I i
I t I I I N I( IX N t i X I I li k - I ' I ( I i I im
I I 11 1) I l I it L I I 11 ' I NI ill N II -;t
IX i t J(. ii iI IL II Itc~1 . 1 i X I Ii t ilL
X I Ii sil lIlt s1 I I i I II N i c(III III' I i l o\\li
tI I
1
111 1 11 1X I 1 t a 111 I N I Ii I I I()I I
Xi 1 1, so t \1\NiN1\1Ij) Ii I I lj o 11 ilI \\iI li XII 11 \,NI 'Nm \o\- i \JiIll( II" \it()\ N 5 I il
I, W d m il I I.(,(1 [ il 11 XL 5 -II \
11111111
II ililtINlili I'
I .111111 .11 I
I 
1
i II 'liii
11111111
'uk 11111
1111 Xi
15 
1;
I ) I i
N Ni
S
I it
ii
"ism (I i t 1111 t.1ii1l( I ii, 11111 I'( I IIII 11f .1111 I I I II II II I tl 11 1 1 tI ( 1' 'i f it 111 1 1 ),1 X 111 tl 1, ]it
k II h, -1,1ld
tIlc it I wII I111 X
Nci 1112 tIlI t
I 'illS)
A 111 11111) I
I Il It of65 1.I '55
I~l o)60 )I -t h2~
I il I ~I JW , 22-1 22
i ) 1 111 167 1(,) 25 1 1
Nill' I II 1I I LLII II 110,i, 11 1 , NIll i
Til w L ili o 'lITIll t ib 11 I Ill,, H i X a\ 1112'_
Ni~II (( .1111 d 1 11 w] l I'XL''IL'LL I
sL II pLI 1 l diiic IIN 112 11 Li \ (LX ll 1 11111
II 1 1 i I II diI (I. I t is illi XXIN 'I('I1to [l t
t LI I I .Xl1 1i Xi I i I N t (- I ) (LIIN I ) III( it i ( I I I
t
)
Ni 1,111)11I2 I I t I ) 5 t( Is I I III' 11 t11121 111 ( IN I (" I
NisLiI I eilt 1)1.i m d 1 1 h 'III \\I Isl 1)11605' N i
N 1111 ti l 111), 'i oIl IL 'N 11. ; 1I t i ll'9
t 11.121 .1 1' l t o l sllI N II I I i II 11
,,s\ Ni I l N 1 1\ 111111Iti it t o I '1 ( ;L1 1111 I I 11 (" itI II
('ti p h tI\(ill b111 X LLLibiLLILXI'LmiL'it II .1 N 1.1
I1 II h L NI IL N (II 'I It i LI I II .II I121' I i 21 -XIIl I l l '
1.11 f 111 ( I I ( I li iN. o\ t-Ill ' i t I I , I I 1
I N I 'I sI s II\ I I(I I III_ I I m tII
I \iu ,i 2 , 1 i I I I, Ili \I I I ii ii io, I I I I,, I )W S
" t.11 , lit It I B I ,t " '. .1, -,t
'I 4 w I. 2, 1 11 1 it Holm L I -\(. 1 N\i) I'll I' 4
[444~1, '4 
4M it\,4.I \ 4\ 11\ 
4 444 \1\(11114'l.1I 
l'
1144 4' k~~ 1441li4'44 lw a l ) I la 4444f 4 41144141414
I( l. t I \'44I 1f1 1 1 1 if I I I I I I 4, tII 4414
I' k, it t II
Field Machine Efficiency
Ic' 144l 414(d tIlw 4l4m h44 i 1111 ilw44 ,4144
4'1144141'4 R Id111 ,l I4441144 ('111444144 4'.
Hit14 li'I( I4 1k 4 I 4( 1 I I 444 I 444 f I I '. 1 F it -4 I( .1II1i4
l '.1 it4.41 141414 W .4 I 44 m w 44 I 114' 4 II) 1 144 '1 t 441
t1441 w 44 [ 4,4 'I( 4 I(44 It I' ''.( 41 '"II'.4I41Iti / wIIi
.. . , 441 il I'44 I 1144 4 '.41 k44 i '.o4x4I III I 4 44114 I
t ,11 .4. I ,411 4' )(44 . 4I444fI I) 1't Il,'r I 4 I( ()t II(
4,4. I 44 1441 () o 4lk1I I .l dI't I I44. \' lit4+ 1
4444 I Ii 14411 I4(4 1144''. 1144' .44 ()( ', I I I II
l 4l4tI4r41 la li44 If4 1144 144 i I It' p]'Il I\ II \
)I i i i t14 I1,4444 ic .1'.d 4Y 411 to.1 d4' I I4(ti e tr
w iltk 4 1 14 d 41t I I 1 I' ill( [II II44 ' It44' .4 Im
Efficiency Values
1144' 114141 444i4 1144'11w ( '4444(Il \ I l 4 ,4 4 fit
I ihlc14 I \\ ('44' jc 444144 4.4 I l fied1 14414 f14411
441444 44l If ( I w ilt4' ,41.4 '.14 \If I I 41) I IhI
(,I i4' 11114 444,44141444, f 4l'.4' I Ill '\1 (I11
t44 114 '.44144 N . it- 1.44444 I it114, c441
1444~~ 111' 141I I I 1I44 I.44 I4 44.1 1144' 44 I
t4I I..4 k I I o_ it I 114 I4_4I4,II 44 9 1'
Il~~~~~~~~~~~~ I4444 4.14 .4.41141 141 )' 4 )
44 444I 114 I 4 ".4.
I' 1444i 44 44ilh\ it,41
".441 414
t 4414 It
, 1 .4
04
\41 %I 11\1 1 4. 1 1 1 i ,
1444'') A\ I t:444
Ni5
1,"00
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PREDICTING MACHINE CAPACITY
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MANAGEMENT
AFFECTS
YIELD AND
QUALITY OF
YUCHI
ARROWLEAF
CLOVER
C. S. HOVELAND and E. L. CARDEN,
Depi, of Agroiiont and Soits
W B. ANTHONY iind J. P
CUNNINGHAM,
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Ly e shloots peI
foci ofro
'0 F
2 3 4 t 6
I Weeks betweer utti ngs
FIG. 1. How cutting interval affects num-
ber atf live shoots on t'ucfii arrawleaf in May
is illustrated by 
2
-ycar average results.
Digestibte dry
malter, per cent
90 rV
80 -
50C H-
40
il Ii I tii \\ i ~t I i i
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Yuclli arrowleul
6- weekcultting
Autluga rmo
3-week cutting S.
February March
May June
FIG. 2. Digestibility of Yuchi arrowleaf and crimson is affected by cutting frequency.
)If iiS I t i fll~ I ilii 'Ilil Nclmit o '
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V- 11 P - "k r -\f y -V-
J. E. DUNKELBERGER L. S. DRISCOLL, and S. S. IHAXTON
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rujrat Sociology
illo ifto I luii still
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Occupations Wi
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Piots in upper left photo show sweetcorn
ORGA K M TERI L a d IRIGA ION forfertilized with 2,000 lb. of 8-8-8 per acre
without irrigation; plot on left with no or-
SWEETCORN on Light Sandy Soil ganic; plot on right with organic; 1967. Plots
in the center photo received 2,000 lb. 8-8-8
W A JOHNSON atid J. L TURNER, Departmt 
of Hoirtiulture 
plus irrigation; plot on left received no 
or-
Ii \11 If l '\( 
11 i\, '.titiM\'s 
t t IIiII
tIl I\ i ttif it c iii ~ (Fit it t o I S\ tu ( I lItI
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IF it t )Itil/i Im F \N If i I t pi i( iis
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t i i t I Ii I I ttItt I Iit I F (i I I ~ I I I I iio 1 l
\\ t1 25 ( It tot . Fit ut\ s tt it It I S) Ii , I)1
ganic and plot on right had organic; 1967.
In the photo an right, plots at left received
no irrigation while plots on right received
irrigation; 1965.
itt c' t 1 (il ci I( i(".' it I\ l k Fs o~f k (11. I I I o
Fiff it it itt i it ii it 1 ) 5iit I t N 6 f th I ill
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N65-67
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WOAK IN BOTANY AND PLANT PATH-
OLOGY was initiated at the Alabama Poly-
technic Institute (Auburn University since
1960) in 1888.
That year, P. H. Mell was appointed
botanist of the Alabama Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, a position he held until
1902. While here, he authored bulletins
on woods, grasses, and other flora of the
State.
Although the department has always
been primarily a teaching department,
some noteworthy contributions have been
made in research. Several notable men
have been associated with the depart-
ment. The most outstanding of these was
George F. Atkinson, appointed late in
1889 to fill the newly-created position of
biologist. He spent only 8 years at Au-
burn, but he accomplished more in that
length of time than has any other mem-
ber of the department before or since.
Atkinson's publications covered a variety
of subjects ranging from pure mycology
to physiological disturbances to ento-
mological problems.
Cotton Diseases
From the standpoint of Alabama's ag-
riculture, Atkinson's most important work
was on cotton diseases. He was the first
to show conclusively that cotton "rust"
could be corrected by applications of pot-
ash fertilizers. This work, published in
1892, resulted in a revision of fertilizer
practices in Alabama and probably did
more than any other one thing to improve
cotton yields in the South at that time.
Atkinson also isolated and named the
fungus causing Fusarium wilt. He pub-
lished three Experiment Station bulletins
describing the root-knot nematode dis-
ease, leaf blights, damping-off, anthrac-
nose, angular leafspot, and "areolate mil-
dew." Atkinson probably contributed
more to our knowledge of cotton diseases
than any other man.
Atkinson was succeeded in 1892 by
J. M. Stedman, who published papers on
boll rots of cotton and on blights of fruit
trees. Stedman held this position until
1895, when he in turn was succeeded by
L. M. Underwood, who served as biolo-
gist for 1 year.
F. S. Earle was appointed biologist in
1896. He and Underwood published "'A
Preliminary List of Alabama Fungi."
Earle later published an article on the
flora of Alabama. He resigned in 1901,
and was succeeded by E. Mead Wilcox,
who remained until 1908. During his ten-
ure at this institution, Wilcox published
several bulletins on diseases of oak, ap-
ple, cherry, peach, pear, plum, and sweet-
potato.
F. E. Lloyd was appointed botanist
and plant physiologist succeeding Wilcox.
He published papers on coloring of per-
simmons, leaf water and stomatal move-
ment of cotton, and other physiological
material. He also wrote a monograph on
guayule. Lloyd resigned in 1912 and was
succeeded by J. S. Caldwell, who re-
mained at, Auburn until 1916. Among
articles Caldwell published was one on
natural wilting of plants.
F. A. Wolf served as plant pathologist
of the Experiment Station from 1911 un-
til January 1, 1916. During this period,
he authored many articles on the diseases
of apples, citrus, cotton, eggplant, pea-
nut, peach, rose, and walnut. Wolf's work
on Cercospora leafspot of peanut was
another landmark. He described in de-
tail the life history of this disease's causal
organism, Cercospora personata. It was
more than 20 years before any other sig-
nificant contributions were made to our
knowledge of this disease.
Other Scientists
Other scientists who contributed great-
ly to the research and teaching programs
in the department, or who later became
outstanding faculty elsewhere, are listed
here with their areas of research: W. J.
Robbins, plant physiology; G. L. Peltier,
citrus canker; W. A. Gardner, soil toxins;
E. F. Hopkins, forage crop diseases; G.
R. Johnstone, sweetpotato physiology and
poisonous plants; L. E. Miles, dry-rot of
wood; G. L. Fick, satsuma physiology;
J. L. Seal, field crop diseases; E. V.
Smith, weed control and poisonous
plants; H. M. Darling, potato diseases;
C. T. Wilson, peanut, soybean, and veg-
etable diseases; and R. L. Self, vegetable
diseases.
From these beginnings, the depart-
ment has developed into one where
knowledge is gained, preserved, and dis-
seminated in all of its broadest concepts.
The fundamental place of plants in the
economy of daily life, as the basic source
of the world's food and energy, requires
careful and detailed study of their forms,
structures, processes, growth and repro-
duction, and other attributes. Only by
such studies may we discover the maxi-
mum potential of plants. Conducting
these studies is the responsibility the de-
partment has accepted.
Research Varied
Since botany deals not only with the
well-known seed plants such as pine and
cotton, but also with such lesser-known
plants as algae, ferns, lichens, liverworts,
mosses, and the disease-causing bacteria,
fungi, and viruses, research responsibili-
ties in the field are endless. This calls for
a high degree of competency on the part
of the faculty.
The high-level training of the 21-mem-
ber senior faculty of the department is
evidenced by the fact that 19 of them
hold the Ph.D. degree. Further strength
is indicated by the diversity of specialties
and training institutions represented.
Fundamental and applied research in
the department deals with corn, fruit,
forage crop, forest, pecan, peanut, and
small grain diseases; fungal and higher
plant cytology, ecology, physiology, and
taxonomy; herbicidal degradation, phy-
siology, and translocation; mycotoxins;
plant parasitic nematodes; and viruses.
An integral part of the department's
varied research and teaching program is
the offering of B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. de-
grees.
11
A History of
Botany and Plant Pathology
at Auburn University
J. A. LYLE, Department of
Botany and Plant Pathology
5~!~ 1~
i 1-4
'5
'.1'
'I
- 5' -4
4;
It'
Part of the test area at the Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Corn
den, shows results of the summer burning treatmient tright) corn
pared to check area which rcccived no treatment (left).
U jld1(1r tN)owt1- ill
E. J. HODGKINS
Depoinis, i oF. t e
W. J. WATSON
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11 
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i ( l Ii t I ( I~lit I I is ttill Ill to t i F . \t t F i l 11111 t I( Ilil i 11111
FIll i t it I III I s lI I111 i sI i i I I I I ii FI l 's 11is ill III
iil (1\\ Ill ) t it F . s\\ i ii 2 1111 I st i h it caiii I ll i st I l h c d s \ l
1111. IHo\ EBSIAL "Medicill-c Bill" \\it,, sk'lled Into lim
oil JuIN :30. 1965, initrkiiig it histmic c\eot ill licalth
legislation foi- the l'ofted States.
'I'llis lie\\ 
legislation 
jiltroduced 
h o illiportaot 
chitil(re", 
ill
the Social Secoritv Act. First, it created a i)io(,Wilill of 1 (,),spital
hisurmice for persous over 65 Nears of age as it part theil
social sccill-Iih bellefits. Secood, it 1)1.o\i(]('(l a XoIIIIItio'N pro-
(Trillil of Illedicill illsill-allce that an elderIv persoll Illil\' sub-
scribe to at it sillall monthly cost. Both prograllis are Illeallt
to lostel better Ilealth alliol)(f the lliltioll's elderk \\,!to 11111st
Initilltilin themselves oil limited, fixed illcolocs (fillill(,Y all crit
of sk * vrocketing Ilospitill alld Illedicill costs.
The Medicare prograllis \\cIlt ilito operitholl ill JII]N. 1966.
Din-ing fit(, year I)et\\(,eii passiwe and hegiollilig of I'lle pIO-
graills, the ocial Seciii-itY Admillisti-ittioll itild pliblic Ilealth
offices distril)(Ited ilifol-111:1tioll itod colltilewd eldelk pcopl
about enrolliog ill the program. Success or failure of the pro-
(Ti*illo largek hinged oil Mietber these efloi-ts eflectivelv Illil(L.
people aware of' illedi('are pro\jsiolls.
Whether rural people ill Alitbitmii wcrc imare of Illedican,
\Nas of particiflar fiaerest to Atiburo Uoi\ersitv Agriculturid
1"'XI)crilileot Statioll. ThIls, iliforloatioll \Nas soll(flit aboot
extclit of awal-elless alld most used sources ol' jololl , littioll
A sm-Nev alreadv m)d(,j,\\a\ ill Clarke, Favette, Mollroe, Mollt
goillerv, alld Tallitpoosit comities duriog the suminer of 196(i
provided all opportlillity to Icitill ithol I t rcllcrill im;lrellcss )I
lo(ldicitre. This surve v'Nvas focused oil rural fitrin 
imid 110:1_
households that had ol-igilliIIIN beell cootilt.-ted III 9o9
60 as part of' im earlier stud , v. Since it was kiio\\jt that it
sizeable portioll of these households hild eldel-I -\ illellihels 
lot.
whoill the llew licidth pl-o"l-aill had direct releviloce, tllcs ,
families were it loaicill sollice of information.
Medicarc is illtended as a prograin to ellsilre that the
ekled , \ of the LTIIite(I StilteS ill-e plovided with basic llospi(itj
illid related licalth care re(fardIcss of their abilih to i)ii\. It
\\as found that 60% of the 220 rurid households contiutcd
were covered by solue forill of private Illedicill illsoritoce.
This is Ilot .1 good iodicatioll of the situation liwilig those
eligible for medicitiv beiiefits, however, siocc households
licaded 1) ' V people of \\orking age were more likel ' v to hil\c
IIIC(IiCill ilINIII-illICC thill) NVCI-C 110LIS('110](IS Of the chicl-IN'.
Slight] , \ lessthan hall' (47%) ofthellollsellolds hilvillgreldell N
JOCIllbers hild niedical iosurinice, its compared with 68/, 01
other families, see table.
PEIWEMAGE OF RUBAL HOUSEHOLD.1, Co\FHED B) MvI)ICAl,
I\St'IIAN(:E AND SOURCES FlION1 XVII[CH HIE) I'llisl 11FNlol)
oi Fi\p: ALABANIA CoL'\IIF,', 1966
I'ic'toi s
I )oll't 11(111
Fir'st hea'rd aboui t it l'l'Iic( IL
I I avcn't heard
soc il Scc'iiritv Officei
A ionlt/il'1 of] I I'Xiili(lills
I 101, ill,,,
Pct.
Prp Ntollw otlt,
iliglibiii
11(1.dwr
All
holiliXI
holds
Pci.
47 68h (ilt
5:3 '32 40t
Si'i 57
NI o to I tI I I( l I i I' olI of ,i XII I\(,\ e'1 (94 / I I itll Ilii I d f ti I
loe ii t ii 01 l(iitill.I d 1) I I lllIll, fis I w r f' it (llili ii oliac ll
the1(' I XIs IidtXi (li II( u Xi),icis liii . 1it I iI('(illes 'ii uif Ice isi ll
AJl Xl dX ic' fill(iiol. o th l l el ld ici lf511iiiX )fi' ) s;I'dh fis
cnidiomics and , Rrlociltolgy \"mer Il lil, zls
Ilol li i li t
11  
ofi iXX i ell l l i tlii ( th i f il t I iti d
i cs ti Iici 11 jut )l.i ohu I Xisi (. 1li iii It p lii suc is d1111
ior ;1'itI (11(1 it li o li i IX
FI( ii t X(liiiloi ll itiiii('I i X lii il Ii iiiiX \\as ti
1 
lo i X to ii i t i l l
\h s( i'iica I\Xi wi liii lihu I ii (1 I fo ii b liiit \ XXlos t ilifi
lilitI \~its IXc filil)~~(' tiit iieii l iii i Ofii i c 10 l 'Il' I '
ill fiit I i ti l roe I l iltiili I c~( ligi~i(1I ii Xiii lls ('i I X tii i si
illIcd Ill lldi ' l w -iii' it\ till , of ii'l e i l yi' i id. ~ i i
/ 35 85 22
N EMATODES, or roundworms, are a
large group of animals better known as
the cause of diseases in man, animals,
and plants than as aquatic animals.
A few years ago, public concern was
aroused by the presence of small nema-
todes in some municipal water supplies.
Now, the expanding study of various im-
portant aspects of the abundant and di-
verse water resources in Alabama raises
questions about the significance of aquat-
ic nematodes. A project funded by the
Office of Water Resources Research, U.S.
Dept. of Interior, was started in 1965 at
the Water Resources Research Institute
at Auburn University. The plan called
for a survey of samples of all types of
fresh-water resources over the State, an
extended study of nematode populations
at one location, and a study of the food
and energy requirements of one common,
representative type of aquatic nematode.
Survey
The majority of nematodes found dur-
ing this study cannot be regarded as
swimming creatures. They were found in
greatest numbers in the bottom covering
of ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes. Only
a few specimens of land plant-parasitic
nematodes were found, suggesting either
that they do not survive long after being
washed from the land or that few are
carried into the water. Most of the nem-
atodes, and probably the most important,
were the kinds that could feed on micro-
organisms, particularly bacteria. There
were some predaceous types that could
feed on various small organisms, includ-
ing other nematodes. All types of water
resources contained nematodes of various
kinds and in widely differing quantities.
Population Study
This phase was conducted at a man-
made fish pond, -which is a common type
of water resource. Even in a relatively
uniform and stable environment like this
the quantity and kinds of nematodes pre-
sent varied widely, largely depending on
14
the amount of organic sediment on the
pond bottom. Also, occasional nematode
population changes occurred at all the
sampling sites at the same times during
the year. However, no close correlation
could be found to oxygen, carbon dioxide,
pH, temperature, or bacteria and fungi
in the surroundings.
Feeding Study
This work, with a bacterial-feeding
nematode, involved use of a sensitive
respiration measuring device and radio-
active isotopes for determining the en-
ergy and food requirements of the nem-
atode. The nematode was also found to
be remarkably selective in its feeding,
ingesting mostly living bacterial cells,
ignoring the dead ones, and taking in
only small amounts of the products re-
leased by the bacteria. Estimates based
Nematode sampling locations.
Samples were taken at various
depths and into the tributaries at
each location. Scuba diving was
used for collecting the overlying
layer on the bottom and for de-
termining conditions on the bot-
tom. Measurements were taken for
depth, current, pH, oxygen, tem-
perature, and water clarity. Data
regarding the bottom type and its
covering deposits were also col-
lected.
Nematodes
in Alabama Water Resources
E. J. CAIRNS, E. K. MERCER, and T. W. MERRITT
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
on experimental data indicate each active
nematode required from about one-half
million to more than one million live
bacteria per day, depending on the nem-
atode's size and sex.
"Grazing" by the nematodes on the
bacteria present could be important if it
keeps the bacteria populations in an ac-
tive growing condition instead of in a
decline from overpopulation. This would
keep the bacterial conversion of organic
wastes and pollutants into usable nu-
trients for other plants and animals at a
higher rate. Nematode activities may also
indirectly assist this conversion by trans-
porting and mixing the bacteria into the
substrate.
The nematode studied was found to
have mechanisms which aided in its sur-
vival in a fluctuating environment. Under
conditions of crowding of the nematodes,
when bacterial food is abundant, its dis-
persal activity increased. Conversely, a
shortage of food induced a quiescent, en-
ergy-conserving state from which recov-
ery occurred quickly when conditions
were suitable.
The presence of a variety of nematodes
in all types of fresh-water resources in
Alabama has been established. Some of
the nematode population fluctuations and
particularly the relationship with the or-
ganic debris and bacteria in the bottom
layer have been studied. It now remains
to be learned if the nematodes may them-
selves be sources of food in the energy
and food chains with other aquatic or-
ganisms.
V
I
SOUTHLAND CANTALOUPE -
Auburn Developed Variety
Fits Southern Needs
JD NORTON, Dipo,,,, (, H - ti
01
x I II[\( \1 \\ ill lit(, Inch Ii i l xli m x
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to i ( I i it I . iII ( iii l ii t (. x t1 1 i ti () x, i I i I. I I
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ijllix II t )Ii iil it I I IxI xt' i I il tI 1 T1 II1
I x I i Ii i t I t I Ii Iii 1I I I ti
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Oi w' xixxili t(i xii. Fitx 11 xi 1ii i ' il lll till.
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4111id ioii itt IliITi 111111lix .t ( 11 iii i 
1
til 0!
St I it S Iit iu1 iiu1 i tI \c t I~ (11 l l txIIfi
St i of
protein level indicates nutritive value of forage
W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal Science
-L\J').It LIi N \1 I, oii .lIil/ tlllt lIII[
I t il itii i i Ii i Iii )i ii ( i
\11 'I .i I I ifi it .i iii'
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1
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xx i ll lxx i ii .i fI IS 11 ,h ~ l ,
A\iUTUA EXEIMN STATIO
AUUR UN w l IVESII TYd tw(II ut
Ari culturaII c I 11 R 1ooc ' 11 68 " I o 1
X I (~ id.1 i
I I iIi .Ill'
I ii T I ( 11
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2.2'.1
:3).25 _.W)1
4i 1.2 5
24:' l.5I
I1 I .2
POSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE