HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOL. 15, NO. 3 FALL 1968
Agricultural Experiment Station j
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
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~YIPI~~P "'iXp~~::9:'i2a:~aa~ra :~ u.
i
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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
iii \ IX I io to I I 1 11 tliol i I I ii l
pi illi i ' l l Ill (. t1 (Itl I ' i I 1w Iiii
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id w Ii Iii t ii l (it o 1)1 iiiwetil lii til iii k ' il 1 1 t .I i l 111111tiii i
kii ii i lit tll I(of ii ti11 ll it I - ,l(I i ll I( I ) (,d fi-I I (
lo w 1. ' I tt 11111 t if ill. kI w i t ll il 'l t thaIli t I i~. ilt Nt 11111 I lk1111 liflic
1111. 1i it ii l tl iii t i t-t i li ~i l k11 1 )11 iiIN i I l' lit Ill Xii) \\ii 1
Iiti ha j ll N I l.\ h~ t 1ill ff1 4u111 I li I'I (li I t d I ill iiiiti'
ll t i ,ll(J l m -I \~i it -. ii 1 41 \I I 1''N'Il;\ II t fiit II t i 11 I 141 I iN XIX
I i it-11 ( Ii ii I ,i k t t I I i it t iill 111)1(d1 I I tt it X)l itt f11(- Ill o of I
dIX i It ' I IXI I I tI I I I til i t ti' i i I I ', i )I () I I i '11 I I) I I ). i( ii ')Ii 
4 
it k i i
Esltb (-t lsi Lainol l ov er). iki B lolk I EIId t 4iii(d a ltt
Fuifor Rust, l in] Sotr PieI
PooIng 'loI Pasteuriedcc~w Rfierat aches 1'\oIi" o I 1w
Raw MlQuli ty I I Aff1el cts' Pateur\ _,Iized l M il 12w ] m o
Fi~~\ 'l Iwom t3li. ''l.hl oIl f) o\,~ o i I(
Cutua PractI -111 i ces i 11 Inf (llue c i ne Fu gu 1t 4 i ) lik it ii t
Pr t, '1ic lt l Mping Determj(II\ine Eonomll 11i cal Fein 1 I5 l tt.
Lqu id il Go l Feei ng 16 il(I ,o t lit .I (iI I.1 IIi \ilIo
wVco'e 4tt'uaace .-
'I 1. o Xi I II i i, I \ t t i I, I I I 1I1;II1
Xii I \ Ai , i (i I ! Iiit i I 1 I .w 5 III(' t Iil o
li IXII I ri f N I I I (Ii I I I t I( F,
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II~f iit I ii I I
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f\ll;l t Itt ix IR(SXIUI'
F'ALL 1968
( I Ii I I i I i\
I I i k i S I
It. I' S f Xi )l
VOL 5, NO, 3
I1uu ilol
\Smob I ifitil
III ./ \-"11 i
1
/
1
f 
1 
.4u I l I i I n T
l I In I I ll i S/ V XIf iI ' ilf If 10 1 I I IIofII 111/
COVER PHOTO. Southern waxmoryrtle adds
a touch of beauty while conserving soil on
slope of 1-85 interchange near Auburn.
A (Ill'iftelk (d lcwal(h pohlidwd
h\ I I If - \,_,I 1( Iltill al 1,1\1wi illwilt Skilu'll
()I \]]h ]]] it I. Im i-I 'i I A llh o l it, \Iilh tlllil.
AN ERA ENDS
Keinuib B Roy-orr'iuaing~
alij or of HIGHLIGHTS-
ji .ns rcii.red ranks
By R. E. STEVENSON
DepaitIniet'n of Puhiicioiii
i~i(ct'i i ut il ''i i I \ i c i Ii ,ili' i I Io, c Iii ci I i i I'-.(
ii if l i I i - I cc T ha ( ii ti I Iii it I i I I %\ iii ii I l al ]-(-I )tii () I
ii IXtl B. .k m ' , ~ i l i i F I 'll'tic 'ii iii it lii cci' il id
cc ikii cetill I ccciii XIic cit had Owii Im tiiit\4 d il-
'I i t tiz qi II Ii Ii it i t Ii ill I Ii i i t i I i I i )I( ) I i II
tl'ii -i \ cii It off iXit T i I I It i w iti i( fI ill Iii I IIX t i lk I Ii Ii ii cc
I i.i'ii I i i I I i fi i tI( i, ( il t I I i lI I () III IX ( Ii ,i ii il d i I I IX i 1 1 I 'I ,"I
I11 liici i Ii I I l i' L X I II II I hiii \ i tI I ( I i c ( i fl-c ic
I i ll fil 1 . (1 I lIIi
111  
iIi i (d c,,it )Iii _' i i ll I tI I X XXu i
X IX I I~ c Iii Ii 1,1 IX I I cc Ii Ii 'i i c t X I i I I I IL iii tic
m ci ii i cc l ) I t ic iii ccii iih i'c IX, ciii i c d i i thimt Ilk
"Icc \ icicc . c c c Iccc ti ii pi tcX i cic , I ii'.-d
111c ica kiX clii \ idii I Ill )111 Iiii k,,ocii .iX 'i ii ci li i i
Ill cc ('') I I(I I' I ,Ii )ii -ii ('ii i t i i I 'II iI TII
SII I ii I I. I I i il )I )I( I i \
1
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Ii Xw itIi I I Ii ' I I I X ii XX III I , )II 'XI , I ,,i I I I t i i ti ii iX I I
c l Xil It Illl l i lii ci lmii.~ '1\X tolici i i , \ic c lic \ui
i . iiIX Xtll ll ii /i ;iii t ill]c e (cliii \ i'XX Xi o i I)I' Iii ,c a 1 11
iIl) i lt i, IX hi),i ii l I I I] ),'XX\ 1 ) I m i ~ '1 c i cit cc. i i ii i i
liii IX 'cl itii, I I i tI) p] . ii' I t I m m cci ti
1  
XiIXX cli ii f 11 11
XI II II L : 1i TS' c I'X X iIi i i ii i I I ()fit im )li ii IX X i 
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il X 
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il. iii p alc (diii i~ ii )t 111 11 til .1 i ii~ .
K \ti' It, Xit iX I e t l lii t cci11 'iltii itmlc I Ii' lt i
illI 1i" i'\i'c icl w ictcciiiiiiiicc cilld ilcilX iii' I chic iI (i) I \c ic Ic ccc
XXi IX 11, 1 c ( llc ill liii I w r ii i i li I t i i i i f ) I p 11 i cit XXill )I i t X w iXl
fit ()Ii l Ii Ii I I~ 1 I c Ic , II I t " 1i I Ii I ncii i 'tl i 1( ' iii
lii i Ii til XX I Iii' Ii t il I I~ I i Ii ' I I XX XI i i( Ii I X t Ill
\'Iiii ii XXI kluX.' c'm~lii t ic i iX Xto iwicii i i hiii Xi'iX III ii
\il If 1, I t, I i i , ii cit I I i I i 'Xi. I I - i ct iiije i c ii ( \ i iiI (
K c I I I I c t I I I . 114 ) \
~CI&i1iitnen a~nd ioasde~tanice la
I AnYKln \.A/HITP ri Cn\/rD
ioz M/e Riachz Re.?
C. COOPER KING, JR. Dept of Aqtei'eitty and Soits
L. A. SMITH and H, W. GRIMES, Block Belt Suuhstiont
\\ ~i(Ill iii 
II, Iii 
ii iiiiliit 
IX
\\ .1 i t ii Ii il l t ii t I TT11 l41 Ill
(]l\ ,)t i li fie lii I 1iii t \\it"
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tiIl14 Ii iOt XX It I i i 11 .1 IX I I I
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I t it XX I . i I i I I 1 I t li To
I I ki I lit o_ t I t Itt it l i lit X Ii I
11,111 itt l it 11(1 ip t 11 itt tp .[it
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I( I I A I I o- i t h tzIIit I i t it )I I i
II11I4 lilt I t I Hli ii iii 1 IT II TI tI i'
IT I i t I i i t I ItI I i I tII
Ii it toi l I t I It 1X t 1iil 1,it i l
It I I I I i II It t t i t ,1 t. , 1 1 1 1( I
( i It T I t it I I I I I i' It li t it Ii X
,I) 11itittti Pit I t i (\, \ I t \(I
( it pt[ Ij , (I \ \ )(I i I\ I t.
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pl \ (.] \ ]11 (1.h po l ild (- .1 \c 1 11
(,I(Ill 1 XIIId It( i ' I do, I , 1 I'
-I I t , tili ' L l Il I, 4 11t. I I if I11 i l
It i I ( I (I I i I 'I 'I I I ' ii -ii t III i t
Lodino 0hite clovcr field ot the Black Belt
Substation. Proper estahlishment and moin-
tenonce practices werc followed on this high
producing field.
pl itd
Conclusions
Il i i (I iiii (t i i~ll(., I )ili lm lii ii
ill .(lIiiilll ()Iitil(i lili t'l
l i(.( I i c ilj l- 1 / - .lit
1. 1 i. 1( 4
lot it (( it hilit IN ( ( li ,, pt i (I i c
I ('ill lIwhltt(A i ( iii il k ('
li do I
it IT I 1 1i 55
V,~~~~~ I - . 12 It
o IIi I t. 2 11)1I
Ni~ ~ , ) I
I I oI
I Ittt .\ f, I t t, l''I , I i I (I ,
Ili i I It -, I\ )
:)) ITI 2-:: 2,5oill
-1227 t~~
- I 
t ) 1 
1,751
I I 1 ~ t,111 _, )
)I L: 15 
1 1)511
Sth 05 it 1
:~ 2
54? A
~ ~S;r~k .
I-
ii
-~ ~ i
4~~
k
bar- planting of native shrubs in exposed location along inti. rtoti lhigh a
r -. ,rotron of mcioth sumac on roadside shows promise ot this native shrub
,:-aniooor croton Croton elobarrirnis is native. only to Alabama.
NATIVE PLANTS PROMISING
FOR ROADSIDE LANDSCAPING
HENRY P. ORR and HARRISON BRYCE
Deporfm e n of Hortiulture
rFit ii FFI l i i~ s n Fi i S I I F
'i111 sIlli ld twi ill riiildsiil 1 11111
\I I r Ii II ~I IS S~ iF 155( 1 it F ss IIII I lI l I
Ii Fs I ( r . \ Ir i , I rI s(- ir( I i t - l_, i I III
Fto I ~I I I It( ii I I tI ( ', h I I (~i~r iis 1r(iir
stirI~~~ 1i its 1 )tFt iir I Iri Ii I t
t Si ti i I s I is I )( i i Ii I (- \F
F I Ir Lirir it 111S tit t I I I iI iii I ss) it1 1 1i
tF so Fr F Ii I It It I FI I F is 1i ) 0( 1itir ii
I IIIiIk , I Ii r I I I i oi Ii I i I r F i F
Ii Ai I F wF F iI Ir IF Ii si s I Is i
nit is Sl t I11i ( 1 d IIIi )
F sn 1 t I FI I ili t 1 t, Ii F s I Ft F ,I I i I
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IFi it I i ssr ii i I F F h n sI 1 Fs F
t ii iti IIsI K 1
Fnit it iit i I ii~~ Fi II 1 r its sI tI t ir~ n
V Inrs tli\ I t(i i trr I I I tI I InStiur 1 1 ' t
F1 r i i I s ki Ii Ir Ii rF Ir Ii F r1 k i F F i
Fir (SI i r iF iiii r i F )
FIr r i rI I II II I liti FrI iF_ \ Imn F (rin n I I I I I
Ii sIr oIr ( i (r mt I i ~ sii AlI IIIi hI I
Ii ti lii i ki iiili ~ 51i ti i ri
Fi I(rri nun Iu~ sss I r 'I iii F
F I d
tFt~r tr nutii iiFF li ISrt
F Ii itu Iil, sI F Ir FII 'Iitri i I
* F i i I i l s o Is i v 1 sir Fr I F IF
F~ ~~ ~ t nS r~ 
5
i iil r Fi
r~ ~~ ~~~~~N ; I ii Ii F inI rIs iiir t Fi(i iri
Ii it iF IF isii It i 1 li Fr1 r Fri F ss FiI
tiri )((1 F mdliirrl ritili irForiF
(I 'I rI\ s i 11'-'t w Ii F lit \s tFI lii Ii ss ist sit is-
1,1nis ill 11w Firit 
1
r
5  
ll(,m a
s)~ i i Iii i Sr lii F i I iF F111iti iii ii
FIl Ii iir a urns I( Irr rF i~~c riri d
list ur(.is,
Iki i iT111(iiuF srji i m l du lsi
it p (w iF rirtisi irs F lnluiuF
Slur sil FS~iit i lli SF1N Ilmw Fuirt1
S I F I F, I
3 
k iru I i ll r i ii iii~ l Fi 1F1Fi
r 'In(.( it rrr \ rsrF limd I( _k Ii icom-
F ii si it lls I)('( F i s s F il I N( (m
Sisiu Iil5 s )r is nu i i i iii () )k
IFu Ii i Fi(rlississ ( II it Frrii Frrrkrr
I~ ~ Si F iF iii I ]( is r i sr r tnF st i
F Ir i lIi Fir Fr I Ih I i F w l I F- lr 1] i ts ks 
1
F Fs I l
str k iiri I )i rt tr-issrt S \\ rFuh
s it )F N\ ii F si Ii Ii s I .F .ri i
Upper left-
uiipper right-
io., , rignIt
RECENT DRAMATIC INCREASES in soy-
bean production in Alabama have raised
questions about the adequacy of market-
ing facilities.
To help answer these questions a state-
wide survey of grain marketing facility
needs was made in 1965 by the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. Results indicated that the existing
market structure in northern and south-
ern Alabama could be expanded to meet
increased needs but that new facilities
would be needed to accommodate in-
creased soybean production in central
Alabama.
Shifts in Production
A more detailed study is now being
conducted in 14 Black Belt counties that
have experienced the greatest propor-
tional increase in soybean production in
recent years. State production increased
from 4.5 to 12.9 million bu. from 1964
to 1967 but central Alabama's produc-
tion rose from 197,100 to 3,349,000 bu.
to account for 26% of the total, see map.
Markets
In 1964, approximately three-fourths
of the State's soybean production was
from southern Alabama - the majority
being marketed at local elevators that
shipped to ports on the Gulf of Mexico.
Northern Alabama produced 23% of the
total, marketed primarily at local eleva-
tors to be shipped to a State processing
plant.
Since 1964 an additional processing
plant has been built in Georgia with
another to be completed soon. Because
of this indications are that additional
Alabama produced beans will be shipped
to Georgia. Preliminary results of the
intensive study in the Black Belt indi-
cate that a majority of the 1967 crop
from this area was shipped to Mobile
for export. More than three-fourths of
central Alabama's 1967 production was
shipped to Mobile.
Transportation
The structure of the Alabama grain
market, which also normally handles soy-
beans, is equipped primarily to receive
large volumes of feed grains from Mid-
western States by water and rail. The
exception to this has been local elevators,
in the Gulf Coast area of the State,
where locally produced soybeans, wheat,
and corn were received from farmers.
The proximity of this area to the export
elevator at Mobile made it feasible to
depend largely on truck transportation.
The greater distance from central Ala-
bama elevators to processing plants and
central markets makes them dependent
on water and rail transportation that
afford lower rates with larger volume
shipments.
In 1967 about 55% of the central
Alabama soybeans were shipped by
water, more than 36% by rail, and 9%
by truck. More than three-fourths of
the beans went to Mobile for export and
a fourth went primarily to processing
plants in northern Alabama and Georgia.
The major facilities that have been
built in the central Alabama area since
1964 have access to water transporta-
tion. This indicates that the export mar-
ket at Mobile will continue to be an
important market for soybeans produced
in the area because these waterways
are not connected with other major
markets. However, with increased vol-
umes to be shipped more competitive
rail rates (using large capacity cars and
multi-car shipments) can be obtained, in-
creasing the possibility of shipping to
processing plants in Georgia and north-
ern Alabama.
MARKETING FACILITIES for
ALABAMA 
SOYBEANS
JAMES R. HURST, Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
This map shows soybean production by
sections in 1964 and 1967. Production in
number of bushels is given.
Outlook
In 1964 Alabama produced about one-
fourth of its soybean needs and more
than one-half in 1967, yet a majority of
soybeans was shipped out of the State
and soybean meal was shipped into the
State. This has raised the question of
the feasibility of more processing ca-
pacity within the State.
The probability of locating more proc-
essing capacity in the State is enhanced
by the poultry producing area of north-
ern Alabama where soybean meal utiliza-
tion is high. If world and domestic
prices remain the same, the accessibility
of the Port of Mobile to central and
southern Alabama will continue to make
the export market a major competitor
for the majority of beans produced in
this area.
Alabama soybean producers have a
competitive advantage in marketing by
being near large export facilities and
areas of high domestic utilization. Local
elevators indicated ability to handle pro-
jected increases in production with in-
creased turnover and moderate increases
in capacity in the Black Belt study area.
The marketing structure has generally
kept pace with increases in production
and should continue to do so with ade-
quate on-farm storage, length of harvest
season, and available railroad cars and
barges.
EFFECT of CONTINUOUS FEEDING
of AFLATOXIN to CHICKENS
G. J. COTTIER andl C. H. MOORE, Diept. ot Poultriy Scienrce
U L. DIENER oand N. D. DAVtS, Dept. of Botanly oiid Plati Patologcy
IllI 1 ItI \'II\(. I lillil'I \ (dIi Iii iiil 1\
h i \\ 1 t 1 1 ki 1 t I > I ur
Frlsitili iiI it t -\ It )Inut (It .jiF I, Iiid
)I i .111 F Ii i li I s * I I I I )I \ i -\( t( )i \i 'I II
Tested at Auburn
Ft iii I iix l 'I it \ t 
1
11iii 111 t l i t t s
lo t Fxi w p ) Pil I\ >ti tti 4 htut xI k k
F Ii F FIt I I\ I ( lid I ( I F tI It I I I I l I l l
Frul (Iit1 4)I ,I I - 1 1 2 F 1i k i 1, til
F%(( IFI I i \ ~ r iiji ,taii t or t Fid I)I I \ ki
I is I li ') \ ( t , I I F Itt I i - (I I
Fl lo I I 4 /r I// (I FI F F , t o ((k , it I 4 I 15 To-
tlit c IIF %iFFI I i t F l i (11t11 Iwo~ I I It
FLt I t I i . )(Ill I or F l t F it 1 A\tt i )I I
it I(I rItd FoI it IF Ii ll Itii ]11(( '-Ii (i ll),
tclit ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t id iStI) :))) ti I 'IIl
I ,))I t~ t, ' I IT( l l tl 21l \sk I s sk
/l It I' l
tIllo pc1v11 \ t \\ (Lit Iic i t c \2 i
Ilt I t F ) t xx I I I i F\( I( T I t t iIlI F Ii l Ill\ IFI
Iitil itt 1I 1' i ill I ,, it _1 /i hF
Affected Broiler Weights
Atn oitiu\ i lt ( iF F liii , xcliiiit1 ' 11 I'.)\
Fit i ' l~ 1 ll mio 1 ' till (I (- Flt ii ' ii tl' F Al2
F il~ l iii ti ll )( )I F i't F x F 5 I ll ( 1. 1 i
it 2 1 xx ' I5'r tI )~F~Ii iiti'F\ 1
Ii it i i t I - I F tI F o_1 F it I ' I( t F I II
Iit lI I xI ii FI it Fix )I I~ it t F) Ii ti t.ill
(i -i I t 1 F FI Ixit \ II I li F I i> I I Ir
Ili(t lII I I\
\1(i iti l i l 1 I Ft( i Ii kr,> (il t I( m d
( I F ' il illi it Ix, IF> it F~ ilxr
i F Is F ir , I IF)II)IT t 
1
it 1ii 1 F i liir. Ii
(-'t 1( \ oFil'ld llI I l ill I lI t~il , (
t4 lxx 11 2 lii~j ( i~ 1- F- ]l 2 Ft Ill tlt F i f F T'\ I11
Ft I rIlliF \Fiu t~ I i t ' Iii (1. :5. I t~ui 1i
(i \ is l_, I i t( - FII r i till F _2 ' I I I \
t 1wi Ii ToF Ii I t . 1 1111 1l 1 i in F
t Ii'tiit I i l I I() I IIitIII F r I rI
Egg Production Lowered
iii xiii I> 11 ' iii tl F ill,,, at I. ltt iti. Il
Fill, \\i j, th ~ x it k l lro
2
I illl F" I li
F ITT iiF I 11 Too i ti~ F i Fur \\1>~ 11111l
Shanks from 6-weck-old broilers show ef-
feeCts of aflato0xin in feed. Shank at bottom
is from bird that was on the high level of
aflatoxi I and shank at top is from bird
that was in control group.
\idli iF tiitlx i ll li kit
1 
)l ]('( ('tlIt\tiw
iiitki t> lii ill ( Ili( kll'. fed1 Axiii i 1i
l~> xxii i lii l Fi ii h i
1
.
1
~ ill 11i
t1i( - 1 )I t I m I I( , ) it I ) iii F ( I it I 111 k I,
\iit(' ii~t~ ill t t Ftl t F> il ill itilit Ilii
Broilers at 9 weeks showing effects of afla-
toxin. Bird at left received high level, and
bird at right was in control group.
%~ ~t~j 
1~
7i
V
itt.
EFFICIENT GROWTH
MADE BY CALVES ON
RYE-RYEGRASS PASTURES
R. R. HARRIS, Dept.o Animal Science
J. K. BOSECK, 
T
ennessce Valley Substation
W, B. ANTHONY, Dept. of Animal Science
to it( illi t 1it i ltc k ,ux t.il ii ii 1() l t .1 l ii iiiiii
I t
,X \ xxi, It I iii i I i l ,i I )i Ii (i it i I I -i II ( I II It
j )l )I Ii Ii l I It I( I I I ix t tI I I i Ii Ii tit I i Ii Ii I X i i i I( 1
it I i Ilki 11i1i i ll/ti I I I I I i It I t ( I I'I X \i lii t
iiil i w ( (I) \ ;, tu lxi IcI .txtk il \l~t (it i
\ I I 1( le i ii it it I Xli it lilt 1 1 t ()1 10 - 10 t 1 I Iti it (, it ilii
wtuttittiluti i 1'' M ;I I5 It. tipt ) id ' il1) (.( t ill
\\1lu t> u iit', m I( I ( I ii t, ill 5 i.1 iii(
dal'i Ill
(d 162 (lit\, Iwi
(lit%, Ilm l tll(.\ \\(,I(. (111 111(1 Il'id to h r It'd .
hillil (of 1(.(.(l 11111,,t 1w I)Ii,0d(.d 
Iw
- tt(lt. ( '11111(fl (()i1tillim il k . ( ()Ill
't1I)p 1rI1w I1h .(I i h it th is 
loilt It,[
.1 1 '11.11(h-d IwjI Tlll\tlll t, 
111 1w lwd.
I 1w 1,-,t ik ''(11wd Ill I\ (.1 (J 
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C 11\(.i, \oit w (oil t(',,t p isttllv )l olil\,, ])lit
illid did tl()t tivt iIIIN 11,11.\ (.,itt-d leed.
Can Herbicides Be Used Safely Every Year?.
A E. HILIBOI) -rd G. A. BJUCHANAN, Dr,,rmrrrrr. r A r.,o y ud Soi s
1 1 M l Jr , ft I i 1( lit\.JJ i't(\ 11,1\(' 1)1() \\iJd rJ(JJJ
( IIi I ,r I r~ Jr I Jr . I I t I t I r I I rr I tJ rr IJ I )]I fill] Ir'.r 1 11 (1
Jr , ()\ .J' t r I I ii Jr r ', I JIJ I I Jr I~' ( .'. J rJ . .1 . iJ
Jr 1r J Jil J 'J Jr J t r ' t. it Jr Ir I rJ ( J rJ r' r J i J r
S ~ ~ ~ ~ ( Jr Jr ir rJ Jrr JJ r J I'J1 r' r I J I I M 2.~ Jr1J IJJ
I~rtii\r \~~rr rrr I\ Jr J.4 r ') Irr1lr',J trrr II , l I II II
,(,11 lilicr ,r"( \ rrrrr(kr \ mirrrrtirrrr Srll .Jliltrrrrr I rr'. ilh.
' I( ) t I fr I ,r\ Jr Jrr I *rJ ( ''r r J r ' .1 11 1r t I t r I
\ Irri ( -'J r I t rI'rlrrr( i''t \rJ'iJ )JJJJJ'r r\J \ (r-ir i\tlIr
kr Jr JI Jr I r Jr',t JJ I JI I i fl I I IJ I k t IJ Jr r 2 Jr Jr Jr i rr t )I Jr J l I(J
I\ .I Ir I Ir it I J I IJ'JI III IJJ JJJ '. r I i l IrJJ i ll
J J r I I I Ir 1 I(r I s ill Jr I rI I I Jr ),I( I('. It 1 1 '. 1 1 1J -1 1 I JJ
IJ(J I.J mr IJ' IJJJJJJ' Irr rrr (ttrr I r rJJI rrI I )I I I
I.JJr,/ Jr Jr I( Jrl -r I) ~ I Jr r r,rr Ir i's( Jr I Jr I I J ' Jr
Ir ir I r ilJ t JrJ
I'IJ~J. (rI tI Ii -kt I' J II JrI i rl, tI I .5 J11r
I J -I JI it as Ir si' rJ . ) I I J J, I ' ('J lJ t, (. I' ) JJ I Jr i( t Jr Jr I I
',mr I Jr ,I .r I' IJl rx\ Ail ri op I r I or, .r Ii It( r ir I m I I )r. I Jr J ( I\ r IJ
It( ) ~I I I i' I' rr[ Iirir ki'' )rI11 \Jr' r\r irir I .rr
I I '-) _r I Jr ') \ J JI I I2 r4 ) I\ ( Jr I t . , (. 'Jr J t J\ I J i,J JrI t t IJ
Jo t -tr rr I I Jr r Ii I I J I ti 'J Jr J r I rs ( I I ''. I n i r I )r l i Ir 'r t.~ I ( 1
I rr Ii t it)lIJ
CJ' C
Jr
Growth of oats in sail samples from herbicide persistence plots are
shown as averages of three sail typos in the 1964 experiment,
I
iJ~g
C.
it" ? /
Soyb ,ans, cotton, and corn in tim 'se plots at the Tenricssec Valley
Substation arc used in determining herbicide persistence.
I ,ol A( !11 , , h r Jr 1("ri rrrrrrt ilJr 1 " l
c\(. iJrr rr1 \rrrlhrr l(rIiJIJI rit tIiit IIJIm\ t(,;I rrr I
fil] \\ r 1)( P \ a r. i, r 'r , i jt irm -h I l i \\(I( t( Ir J mmr r JJr i ll
Jr" rJ I 2, il I rr J )I Jrr r ( i t I Jr (Jr t I i t I I I , l ' Jr il 'I I r ~i I Jr
J\i Jr i I rJ rJJJ r I I Jr I I I ~ to Jr . fJt J JJ ~ ~ '~
lIJJJJ. I)I() 1 ( . 1JJJIJ\IJIJIr (J~' Jr if'trr'r \J .rI'I, \ 'r' Irrr \-
I I IJ r J J I to Jt( ( i J ' I 2 . J I r I I r r r J J I Jr I I I Jr r ' I I'J Jrr
Fitt Irr~ \\ .r t Irrrirrr Inin "I Ir'J r
Ir' (J I mm IJ I I~ I, Jr JIi Jr ui 1 I )JI JI ./ Jl Ji J I in I r r IF (r ,
',JIt III(, I' Ir'JJ( rn Ir\ iri ('J Ir rrrrrl trJ I itJtr~ \\ JIrII
r~~ I Ir' I r',I I Irrri t rr I rIi I I I rr -I I I \rr ri .irn I rr o, ()Ir I IIr
I J Jr J . 'J', \ Jr I Jr Jr I Jr .r) I' r I it Jr r', I I r I J i i Ir I'Jr i I IJ
(in J I J I IJ.J .I I I i' r''J ri'JJn ( r JJ 'rr
'ml~~~~ ~ ~ Jr/ ' n I rI IJr Jr r r rrJ J. , J I J J', I I J( I I r J rJ I '( '11
I r''I I IrrI' II ',J t/Jr J IJ I JJrJJ I'rJrr Jr r'r1 JJ 1tIII i\ I I I I '
Jr r'J t JI~r tJJ I Ii IJrJ~ Jr i r t' rt nin rrr
J~rrrI I tr 1i 'J Jr I Ir Jr Inr' IJJJ I~~r Im r IIJJ rJi/ I '
Ir I I I rrJ r ' r Ir (J I Jr t l Jr Jr I I .i Jr I, ' r'rr r r i( I
o r r C'r
'r IC P')
0r1rJ 1 a
EUSIFORM RUST in
SOUTHERN PINES
TERRY C. DAVIS and JAMES GOGGANS
Depariiiiit of Fe, cstry
iii tiN pilit x(iil(' 11 x I' ill tttx
lilt \i u I f I it I t "'I t flit~ o\ elt i t I ii
('Iii l ii tl IIi l. i I ' i u '
Ii I ll l )I ai il 1 1 1Nil I i m pI c i I ( i ll Iii ki i
clst hilt 'I i T(l ;111 1x I il ii x ii111 ix mli
iii d iii~y iii J( I \x tp l(" Th Ii iii lii 111 2 I ill
]) iitT( x c di I l ii l Ii tI )
1  
) 'xtx ) I I ii ii
I ii i i t i ii it i I ii of i( lii ii It I
'itI il Iii 111i I liii ('\I It Ii I t t I I Ic ~ T
II o l I Iil I T oI i f l illx li I i t
lii xl iiit ii lo, I I ii t i i' 1 ITT I t I f
Ifl(t 1111 x . 'I i i t Toi li iii it 1i ii t
")(I I ( I I i xit iil ii i , t I t()IIill I xi l i l ii I I
kinfl it(. tfitu tii1 1u xx itlifut toiiuti i
"I l I x xx lot 1m hil l to d ft LIT1 I I lii '-'( . i
xI Ii flIit I Ix xI I t. l h ( 1' 111 tl 1i 1 1\ li li i t l.
uIx I t il t ii ii I ii iifit I ~ toit c\ II( 1 d ic
I111 I xt((ti I I t x\ I ll ii 'tt ( I I I ( I I ti~ I . I I I
Ii it lxi lii ii l it to111 I ili (it I I1111
xi
S
~
Spindle-shaped gall on the main si
labially pine seedling infected with
rust.
c 1\1 itlo t 6 i oi i lii xxd it h i x t I lii
xx 
1 
k i c I cii 1 ( i\ c .it l I )I Ii I fii i xxIt
l ii i ii ti t ll ix1 i t tt i xI c cktf I Ti
qi ii Ii i Ii N i l u I I I I1111 I .i i( (i li I iii
mi mi il I~ II I ' i ~l 1 1 il I ii i lii it t I if 11 1 111
I i If i I 
ii it. (, i I I 
i lx tI, i i it iii 
-Ic it I tl 
lx i 'I
til Ii Ill Ii Ix Ii N i i I I 1 111 ('1 Yll oIiii
)I ii i it 11 I xii xx i l Iii I xi tI i ' I I 'x
;t1( 1 11 .If lIi x tIii s ill Ix f~ 111 \ .I Ii ii )itcidi
t'wl iiNiit ii x k ttm ci AIii' 15 i'ii i i lh iii
ilIi i'l iiiit Ii 'x I )( i I ' il'Nici \i l t i tli
Itit I x l ui xt Il)I T11 -\ I I iI )iI , t iii
%N.1, pl.ollied 1111tialIN to dis-
m -f I I o o I I it );I l It 
-I I
of 11( 1 h I I I f eut iol I. I i( .(,it I Im, I % (.1
1,11 '_'c p'l (voko-'c of all 'I'] ollp di(m cd
11)m l I tht. S'lilic Illlo llllt ( d I to .1 -( I It, 
Spo t-
it I" 1()Ilo%\ ill',' illocilliltioll, tht. 
cpcri-
HICTIt \\it,, chall("ed to climill;1W
(),I Ill e bitsk (J fill] loTolithoo.
\L111\ of the Spotted lwcdlc , lw( i1flit.
I crotic ill]d %\ eve died. Ill ()tll(.l ca'ws,
)ot s ( lilt k( I w d it I I( I f i I i i tI I \ ( I I ii I )I )( -at ( ( I .
'I'lic d\iTw iold -dic(ldillo, oI di"cirsed
licedIcS Illit\ bc a Illechimkill of lc ist-
itllcc alld the (1kalycillimcc of oce(th,
pots tlso Toil \ he i11di(;itic of a le,,i t-
IIII(V fllccll iliimli.
sccdlill'_' floill fi\q, ool(c
lc , illl(.(tio Il t1w o Ilm -I\ ,lti(,Il I)(--
liod th,111 did Hit. otllcl . Thu dillcicilt
pt lceotit'_Ic that ()(, tmcd
,iflef \.tliolls tiloc ilitcl\als k iliti-Ilm -wd
t ( ) I I I ( I I ( i I I t I I , t ( I ( , I i I I I t ( ifo o I I I I t ( ) I
(illic k I I I I I Im i I I I I I I I I i I I i o 11 to
t I k ( - I ) I , i ( ( \ i I I ,, I i ( I ( ( . A ( I ( I I
iollal Ti;ltll) ill illl(,( tiolr po"'Sild o(vill I cd
tlalj plalllcd dillill'-,
d I ')(i TI, i I ld mmic ( )f 1 1(1( li-
I io ll;ll it if c c t io l 1 Ill o f );il)l\ 114, 1 (-11(-( t ('( I
ill tI 1( 1 i st d I it I I I I o f I I Ic t I 1 )1( -. 'I lic
Oct 1( c of I I is tlld\ ilild I lit , ( \pel i-
clwc -"IiTl(,( I I n )III ( I of
ohscr\ ;Itjoll leml I If( - mithol s to
I I I I I (, t I I i I t lic ld I I i I I (-' (d i
i I I I I I ill ; I I i I o f I I I (-' I I I I I"t I I w j( 1( l w c
Ill't\ i(,Id iflon. \ idliahIc I 'NI 11 ( S thilli
. it t III( :it] ill( )( lil'it it )I I , 0 (q \ oillo" mvd-
I I I I The I -, I I I t " " I I ,, t Of it ( -( ) I I i ( I c I -
,il)i(. \ i I I I i I t I I ill I ( ,, I " t I I I ( - to I il ifo l Ill
I 1J."I I ( w, Ill ill cudlilll_'s I I ( )III dillcr-
tem of a
fusiform
I f 1[ 1) 1,( )[it ()II,) 1,1\ 1 S o I I'l 1\ ,,,
I tio\i IS [)I t , 'I'm I I \\I) 15 \1()\ I if,
Foil,(m [\(. 1\(" I I k I To\
I. 2,51I
It 26)11
I 25
1 27
t. N66 i~iii liii'
20j 1t Ii 1
2 25)6( 51 19I
-152 1 S IT
6 .5.5 15 I
6 .47.2 27 i
2 t8.i) 11 2
5i 13 t 21
6i 26. ft1 3
1 2 .6 I5 5
1f5 21) 7
I 1 12 :3
h I (i.() I I
' 57.2 It 14I
; 2.2 II 6i
0I 3416 18 I
2 h 21
A x ]) I i I I i i t , ' \ (IixI I I Ip ) I lxt t '
il lit I ()J o I- F F i, 
5  
Flo l t to Ilw
Sii t t xi xI ti iji it illt',l Ii .
t. ii i xhi
t t I I xt jI x i i iiL I tI ' - I I
iiii Iii tllii ii 2 I ,ii i
1 
, Ik t it .I Ft
F k
1 
)t' f I aFF iii s t xiii i F i i
S I F i i i i l ( , s i I i I il t i ii 1 1
Three types of promotion
were used in introducing
lhe pasteurized -refriger-
ated peach in a number
of selected choin stores.
Those used included the
51* off, trading stomps,
ond poster with free rec-
ipe folders.
-j
(J
- Air 1(1
Effects of ADVERTISING
Pasteurized-Refrigerated PEACHES
BILL R. MILLER ant CHARLES ESTRAIN
tDep~oi iniei ot Agicultiural Eccifoii oit u Rural Sociology
xxiii .attaii w i ll i .ix
cs ilt t dh , till I
I f I :I I ilI
\\l 14 Ii ofi i 1 )\
Ci Ii u, xIl ll Ix it -
1 1 -I I I fk I i ll . t i
t i i tu (m '\ llt h
p ill l , 11 1 (1 1
I m i 1 If liil 2tl\ (-
ll ~ I I ) I ; I II,1 l .
ofI i, lo I f((It) 1
"I c1c1 1 1111 I ,( (
liii li Il j fit il' It i Ijli I. FFIiii I il
( '(I iti i I iii~I lii
Ixl I IiF ,i F I F i i xt .il~ 
ii F di Ix i tll Ii Ix ~ t Ix i tI
)il ml I Ix tl i if I 1i 11111).i 
If I 11 i it I5 it k lIIi I x it I I
ti I4 t , Ii . I \d \ li I 
I Ifi I4 p ii )I~ i. )I i t xi xll, 1. lxi I 
itI
F c 111 p]t 
cii. il x i . iFiix it 
1 
il l i ii c lo ). I 114 o ll i i f
d ii ii lli t 1111 )11 
1 t l I I I( it ) IIi I) I it x ill I k i f t i 11( ,111
Ax I I i l it(xi i fII- I if F 
ix li Im i k( 11 Fu i ii (d 'x- l ( F)illo 
it I
I t ii i i i 
i t 1
Ii Fix. . F i ix 
t Fix 1 11 1 1 u xxT it i I i Ixx III)
FfIJ II ( i IF 
1  
, i iit i Ii hull .
1  
xxi 1~i i F
N It xx F It Ii I li F l 
lit p1 a) I i t 1111 li iI
1111i xl Fll add tina . T .1F It 11
f 1 611111 il i ii i t M xi lii .li itii lil l i t 
I l I it t t I i ' i I ii iill I x il )I I 11 x f I- %(
I ( I it x Ill i , F i t xl Tii ti F T I ) 1,1111: i t itt) Ifll
I (I Ix IIIitF .u ill itx 1. it 1 ilc l I i F -t I 'tII I
i ill 1 4 o x cii Fi x ii xIII c (i I iix ixN I x ( IIII 11()
C(YSi I I I it \ 1. W~i i Ii' k ( II) ''. '(I ,1 ill ti I Iix I i t I I I'-
I1 i Fil 1iii \%Ih ik ill I F i lx i (' ipai ill
l i 14 o i ox Fll ofif'F )Fi i t 1 i I
Ia i I i F r_ t Iit ill i''.' c (o t \ ii pl )-
Ii Fxo iii lt 1 .\ il( F ii Il t I l ii111 till . II 1\\ 111
it 11 ' ) F l i t i i t I t A I I t("t I Ix I xx 1t it.l
l Ii \k x i1\ ii t iiix ix i I 14111 l mid fl I it( I-
xt i I I FI iF t Ii tIx IxI" i i et i " t i' Iw
Ii )Ij If t 111 i( )1 1.1 F 1 I('\ l i t ill 
1
F il ildI ( i
Ii i lxI I oi 1 u I li Ix t I Iiii
I F
I
/
NI
Thorough cleaning of all equipment immccdiatcly following milking helps reduce thL in-
cidence of psychrophilic bacteria in the raw milk.
1"1171
R. Y. CANNON nid D, D ROY, Dtopt .1' Doiiy Sci-,u
11111111l l i id iii ( ii iitw t 11 *t li( '[w ]
ililt'lloll i lll j , t i/il m ilillilit
I i I 1 1 11 1) I I I II I illt I ' I ) I i i t4 I I N t( l iI
it I I ii It k 11I,1 IIr I t((I _' ('
IN ut 1111111 I it t) I t11 x , I Ii t ( 1111 I i I t)I II
\\ i t IN I I I -\ I (I Ii 111 i i( i i (it ] 11 _ii N I
(,I N il 111. i 11 11111 t I iN ; il I li
Ii IX 1 11111 N I IN i tii ( Illii 111 1 I;II NI liii(.(
til 1 11111I ()\(.]j 11,111 (ltiiit peio \\tIilN
11111 1,11 1111 tl. ii 11,1 1 .11 (11 i Ii ll t.
N[ p i IIt N Ilit( 11111\\ill u hi i t
Itt I1 i i i I kiN ii I i itt
1 
i\ I i tii litii
-I I I1 i I I NN i I It
11
1.1 j,11 t(' II I)I Ii
l It .N I ,I/t,(I
t( ti I I i/l tIi
I ilt -10t
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1 '0001
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liiii~l 1\ 11 tt i~N
t I I i til tN
I t~ i t I ,ii I i i I t 1 I I1 I i t
i ilk I i I f i m N k ii I I\(I
I It i ii 2i WN for t o \ ,Iit I -, lIim I i itf ;I
1) I i \ I K ), 1 00 1 1 i I Ii Ii ). i
liii () I( ,tIII Ili I tii I i
NI IN ti A M Xi 11 1 li i ii T 11 'I 1 1 it' I ilil)
11 1. IIi t I i iIIN t it t (l I IN(
I it\\ ill , I i i Ii I i Ii I I I I ii N I i , Ii(
11114 l it.\ I t Ii ('( [(ti ( 
~ll N l ill it i /i lot I I
IN li iii tt iill( I e tll illl IiII I i
() I l11111 -'I 11 )11(
lIi Nd I N it I I 4I 11 i i ill I il , (d i i
I (( Il it _i I 11111 is ii ti l I I t ll I ll
It l I\ IIiI I( 11111 (' 1 i(,l ) 1it I -
iS 1)101
5t2 tttttt
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lilt)0
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tilt
19500iI
1i 9i5t(
I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~N I lit\.("t\I k \\)1I~ I Ii 1N 11 1 111K IN l)1I\III I
"t'lli(I'lld plltc (ouilt 1"\ ( 111 ophilic i )t lilt
WW7_
THE= FALL WEBWORM
Are Infestations Limited by Natural Control?
LACY L. HYCHE. Department of Zoology-Entomology
'1l 111 ii I \ I Si N I i t i \ I i , itl I I e i
1111 IO.11111 fi i t- l ii (_ lt '
I i I T I t I I ti I ii ll l I i It Ii i I i
I Ii I i Ii Ii li I Isi ii t iII I i I i I Is
itt
Tw RacesI II I
()Ii(d I i ll \m is it l Ii I ; Is Ii Ii ii t1111
;II ( I 1 1 ( k S Ili )tI Ii I I \ l lit
i l I iitill I i ' il I ll 1 '1 t, I i 1 \
it, I II Ii i (Ii ill Il ( , 11 I] I iii til i d11 1 i
ilihi (Ii (iit i f iii t i ii i l( \\i I i Iti
I I \ it iiiiiit Illit il I i ) , I [I \ 'c it till
1i ii ( i i i t I i i Ii )Ii it 1, i 1 ( .1 1 i i 11 i i i( I tw
Ill tl ii I i. I I '1\ mi 541 , 11 I I ls it , n
i i 11 til '-I \ it li Iii I )t iii
Ill I L1 I ii ti I i ii h I Iil i Ii Ii I 1 1
ti t11 t- if1 ti I 1111 ti1 1i ii t k -i i1li
t i I i Ist I ii Ii l Ii lI i 11 i i 1 \N i i i
The foil webworm is responsible for the un-
sightly webs formed on many tree branches
during the summer and fall. A. shows the
larvae of the fall webworm, orange race;
B. partial defoliation af host by sinqie web-
warm colony; C. complete defoliation of
large host tree by several webworm colonies;
and D. parasitized larva wvith a cocoon
formed by emerged parasite.
Parasitism and Natural Control
1V ii i i ii 111 i f (It, 1,1 1 ',, l iii -
" il )1,1\ li i tl~ i' lti ii]( iii tll iiit
til ii 111 ii ii ii 111 ttii ( ii \it-
ii ' 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 5i 1( I I t i I I Iii 11 iii
iii ~ ~ ~ t it Ii t1 )I~ I 1111 11 i iti
I. I ii t I 151 I /)I I I I i I I.I I Ii I I51 1 kii i
f1111 It I Li i I I . iLI ti11 I I I ; 1i 1 1 11
lilt it l i t d li i [Iili i I i ii SI I Ii
)II I .1 1 1 ii~ i it I i itii ,I li i t til
1 , 1 t It t I x tI I( tx )IlI t ii ils t t IiC
I c d i i I Iii Ii it ( Ii i tilx t d I it ti 1l it i Ik
I I t 'riit ItI I I \ it 1( , I itt I tilt it ,111I xI tt .11II I
tilll i 1 iS .lil ' l i 4 I ()() -I( t I) I it ll '.1 ix .1
ii1 it'.I l I I (lit~ l 1\ ti t)1 \ I It I' I I I I I I I it
tli I ll iiitkiiii ItIil witi littix i i ( i t
i I I t 11 a II I ti ll I " I~i 11,1 - x )It I I I t I ii T o I I
I 'i i ti -tIiI
t 141111 i I I(11 it!I I I Itt it tit 1 P i
.(ii . t Ilii' i t ',111itti )' it t Ii I t I mI I Itt
ii I t i I t iiii i it i It I tilit I
55 ,I ,( I )I(I(,( ""( (I (II I(,I((Ii Iii Ii Ii t I ; I I I i ii
11 , \ I x,\ Iit I ii I I tt t I (I "I i ;i I (i 11 1i 1 1
til ix1 I IIIiTI, .ll )ii x I Ii it Ii ti t l I IIIit l 141 i It
1  
l i 11txlix t it I tt w i 1 itt 141 I lt it Ii
al 11111 ililt I Ii i I it I' lit I .I1 il it I
xxiii d i it i 1ii ix (I I it I I I () I i ,I! lx t xil ii
Stilt
ill
CULTURAL PRACTICES
INFLUENCE PINE FUNGUS
WALTER D KELLEY and E. A. CURL
Depatment of Botany and Plantt Pottooy
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1
I I 1'1 I i tIi I ti lii 11 I tIt
Price Mapping Determines
Grain for Economical Feeding
RELATIVE PRICES OF SUBSTITUTABLE GRAINS
IDENTIFIES MOST PROFITABLE RATION INGREDIENTS
.M ANUFACTURERS OF poultry and live-
stock feeds continually strive to produce
at lowest possible cost feed balanced for
top feed efficiency. As prices of ingredi-
ents change, adjustments are made in
the combination of ingredients.
Most large manufacturers use an elec-
tronic computer and a mathematical
process known as "price mapping" to
determine the most economical combina-
tion with varying prices of substitutable
ingredients. In making a price map,
ranges of price variations are determined
for two feed ingredients that are sub-
stitutes. Computing the cost per pound
of nutrients at all probable ingredient
prices identifies areas of least cost.
Individual farmer-feeders and small
feed mill operators can reduce feed costs
by using the principles of price mapping
without the aid of computers and with-
out complete price mapping of all feed
ingredients. Feed grains account for the
major cost of most feed rations and are
easily substituted, making them subject
to price mapping.
Comparing the cost of various grains
by price mapping must be on the basis
of nutrient content. Total digestible
nutrients (TDN) and crude protein
(CP) are the more important measures
for feed grains and the only ones con-
sidered here.
The table lists TDN and CP content
of the major feed grains and cost per
pound of nutrient at 1961-65 average
market prices. These averages show that
milo was the cheapest source of CP
throughout this period.
JAMES R. HURST and 
o
BILL R. MILLER I1.15 
oOct.
Dept. of Agricultural 
o Nov.
Economics and 
1.10
Rural Sociology
1.05
i.00
1.00 1.05 1.1C
Wide variation in prices of a feed
grain causes changes in relative costs of
TDN and CP. By determining the
"break-even" prices (prices at which
TDN and CP costs are equal for the
two grains), feed manufacturers or farm-
ers can take advantage of price variation
to lower nutrient costs in feeds.
Break-even prices plotted in the graph
indicate prices of corn and milo at which
cost of TDN and CP would be about
equal. TDN would cost the same in corn
priced at $1.23 per bu. as in milo at
$1.12 per bu.
The area of the price map below the
two break-even lines indicates relative
prices for corn and milo at which corn
would be the cheapest source of TDN
and CP. That above the lines shows
prices at which milo would be cheapest
for both nutrients. Between the break-
even lines is an area where milo is the
cheapest source of CP and corn provides
lowest cost TDN.
To illustrate results of price mapping,
monthly average prices of corn and milo
during 1961-65 are plotted. Only 2
months are in the area where milo was
the cheapest source of both TDN and
PRICE AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF MAJOR FEED GRAINS, UNITED STATES, 1961-65
Feed grain Nutrient content Price per bushel Cost per pound
TDN CP Range Average TDN CP
Pct. Pct. Dol. Dol. Dol. Dol.
Corn - 80 8.9 1.07-1.48 1.23 0.028 0.247
Milo .............. 71 11.0 1.02-1.20 1.12 .028 .182
Barley - 78 11.7 1.02-1.38 1.21 .032 .215
Oats -65 11.8 .65- .78 .72 .035 .191
' Per cent TDN and CP taken from unpublished research, Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station.
2 United States Department of Agriculture. 
Feed statistics through 1966. Sta. Bul. No.
410, September 1967.
1.60
1.55
15
1.50
IA5
AO 
1.35
C. 1.25
- Sept.0
- Ap
0 M
I
BUY MILO
0.'
Aug .
ojuly
oJune
o oFeb.
odan.
Dec.
o BUY CORN
0 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60
Milo price per bushel
CP. In the other 10 months corn pro-
vided lower cost TDN, but not CP. Corn
and milo prices tend to increase as the
crop year progresses, but corn prices
go up more. Thus, as corn and milo
prices increase, milo becomes a rela-
tively cheaper source of TDN and CP.
The examples used are simple illus-
trations, and price mapping and balanc-
ing nutritents in feed can be expected
to be more complicated. Complex situa-
tions arise as the number of possible feed
ingredients increase. More than one in-
gredient substitution is usually possible,
making computers increasingly impor-
tant in choosing ingredients.
One example from Auburn research
illustrates changes that can take place
in a ration as a result of price mapping.
The experimental ration satisfied mini-
mum requirements of 10.5% crude pro-
tein, 65% TDN, 0.35% calcium, 0.25%
phosphorus, and 0.15% magnesium.
When price of shelled corn was high,
the ration was made of 28.8% ear corn,
13.9% wheat middlings, 0.8% urea,
51.5% grass hay, and 5.0% fat. As shelled
corn becomes cheaper it can replace not
only ear corn, but other ingredients as
well. One ration formulated by lower-
ing the price of shelled corn while main-
taining a constant price of all other in-
gredients was 56% shelled corn, 37.4%
grass hay, 0.7% urea, 0.1% ground
limestone, and 5.8% wheat bran.
Computer procedures and price map-
ping to minimize feed costs were used
in an informal beef feeding project at
the Lower Coastal Plain Substation in
1966. Preliminary results indicate sav-
ings can be made in least cost rations
formulated by price mapping.
1,1 I)I N ( S YS I \I
W B ANTHONY ndic JOHN P. CUNNtNGHAM, JR. Depar-t -4ii ot Ai uirr Sci'lni
i1 1 t I I I 1 It t I I i I I to I I F I I\ Ix i III
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Mi\i1 I \ AGR'tCULTUR4AL EXPERIMENT 
STATtON
AUBURN UNtVERStTY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E V. Smith, Director
71 PUBLICATION Higqtst of
IAcrcuttuci ke ccrch 8 68 tOM
05 t
POSITAGE PAID
U ' ( FIARTMENT O F AGRICULTL RF
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tit ,iiti) Fr1( il F 2t''
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