VOLUME 15, NO. 1
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL
AUBURN
EXPERIMENT STATION
UNIVERSITY
LITTLE RIVER CANYON ..
One of many Alabama
tourist attractions
SPRING 1968
HIGHLIGHlTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 15, NO. 1 SPRING 1968
TOURISM-RECREATION POTENTIAL - A Summary of Re-
search in Four Northeastern Alabama Counties 3
OVER A TON PER AcRE--Research Has Made High
Yields of Channel Catfish a Reality 4
USING HIGH MOISTURE CORN IN STEER GROWING RATIONS
- Gave Satisfactory Results in Trials 5
COMPUTERIZED RECORD, SYSTEMS - What They Are and
Can Do For the Farmer-........ 6-
TOMATO VARIETY STATUS - GOOD BUT GETTING BETTER -
Better Varieties Likely from Breeding Programs 7
SOURCES OF ZINC FOR PLANTS- More Than One Material
Available, but Response Differs 8
NEW FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF PECAN SCAB IN ALA-
BAMA- Gives Findings in Two Counties 9
OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES- Live
Over in Several Different Stages 10
VARIATION OF WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEETGUM -
Wood Variation for Production Basis Studied 11
DIRECT-CUT VS. WILTED SORGHUM-SUDAN SILAGE - Equal
Results Obtained when Fed to Dairy Cows 12
MID-SUMMER ESTABLISHMENT OF COASTAL BERMUDA-
GRASS - Clippings or Sprigs Good Planting Material .13
PRE-PLANT HERBICIDES FOR SWEETPOTATOES - Give Prom-
ising Research Results for Weed Control
HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INDEX - Ar-
ticles Published in 1967 Listed -
DELAYING MATURITY OF BROILER BREEDERs - Owners
Can Gain in Several Ways -
14
[5
[6
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH ......
R. D. ROUSE
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
T. E. CORLEY ....
KENNETH B. Roy.
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON -
Director
Associate Director
_Assistant Director
_Assistant Director
-- Editor
--Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; W. T. DUMAS,
Associate Professor of Agricultural Engi-
neering; AND KENNETH B. ROY.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Cir. 152. Spacing and Rates of Nitrogen for
Corn reports results that emphasize impor-
tance of close spacing and high nitrogen
rate for top corn yields.
Cir. 155. Crop Varieties for Alabama-
Field, Forage, Turf lists varieties that have
performed best at several test locations in
each area of the State.
Cir. 158. Tourism-Recreation Potential in
Cherokee, DeKalb, Jackson, and Marshall
Counties Alabama identifies the many nat-
ural attractions of the area and suggests im-
provements that may be practical.
Cir. 159. Egg Industry Adjustments in an
8-County Area of Northern Alabama con-
trasts status of the egg industry in 1958 and
1966 in the northern Alabama study region.
Leaf. 76. Effect of Management on Yield
and Quality of Sudax Sorghum-Sudan Hy-
brid and Gahi-1 Pearlmillet covers effect
of seeding rate, stage of maturity, and nitro-
gen on the summer annuals.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
II I ~ I
t/'
Ife fa &am0 0
Fishing on Guntersville Lake and 
scene in-
side Guntersville Caverns located 9 mniles
south of Guntersville, Marshall County.
Allc-ricail seelimCal beconmig ill me lI 
Ilt
iii Aliabamla is toli 511io-cI Catioll.,
III cerl tin aritCs andlc CCII wh ole states,
0111 isI )receatloll lfids stimul iia ted ai
leetlive utlilization of fpli\sieal 11.51111ICC!
of afti-e a's recreationl apo
1
tentiali mas
wiltblite lt XI 141l Caeilr CedlIlllCe hllec
fits thii fla lCop1itraldi efforlts ili IldICI
ilti5. SiIwcesst i venltulres iii this field
Me partl , dependenCt 1u1on1 such factors
asts ilviiahjlit\ (If icCIeat loil r esources,
(flldfitX (of existilig attlractionls, floteltial
Il li CI elolt to determ11ie tlIese fac-
tolls, dt stildX 'Aias made ill (Cerokee. Dc-
Alabamall~. TlhC 4-cut ar111( eit is I icli
en~doweS d \\A se1 5Iic itild Ilittliril attliaC
timis ilcildili1 Lakes, 1401es 1 c it dX (,
watelCIfalls, ilrl lelollgieal sites, ilold( gdmCl
preserves C. The giiCtst lesollrc-c of tlle
dll Cd 15 its itblilliimt 'A itel Suly,~ the
bIlls IC li 141Celii'1t fo1 mo1(st outdoor1) 1 eled-
tioli, 'At Guln(I~tersv ille .Lake be~ing theC
Ildjoll attratetioii (If te dIied. Fourl 
cit IN
OrI ilrls II, t 5(1II il ii stteh park s, Hus-
Sell ('as\ C \ltioIIlll \1l illCelt, 'ill
\ imitC flCsoit, tiwik's Pocket, an~d theC
t\\ l)1arge Ieevor Ccomb115(1111ine to Illlk C
XCIX aip)C.l ii r ereatil jaittractionl 
s.
Otliei alttractionslicluldeC fisbuig camlps,
CI Cef Iisite 1o1- su1CCess adli neCCCssdI "
fill C\xtCniv iXC 111isill rCele(,ti(II 1 1) 1111(
timl~ld effot Thu Iils, ill) effort \\a a de,1'
ICCIed at I Iilet 1111iS wer ClC14XIveId al opor-
tui vit to 1late echII fitilt \. ( (IonijinCd
TOURISM-RECREATION POTENTIAL
in Four Northeastern Alabama 
Counties
LS. DRISCOLL, Department of Agriculturl Economics and Rural Sociology
themi good1(, sCe tdibiC. loi 15idlllll at-
tract ion I itil igs rioi gel 111om aibouti 4",7
lent rI tillg.
As ii Cliek o11 thle Iratinlgs 'iX CII, I CsiIolld
('I Its \\er aIC.skedl if tl)C \7 would( I CCiI-
hio I I lid Aiollta arl C I i ilded. 11 le
poxillitY o(f' thl ar ge 111a 1)1111)11)1 tioii
that possesse's high~er 111,11 avXeraige il-
comecs .11 c hig1 I )111Iit Xadds tol greater
c(,ltI ibu~tilmg to i 4reitter 10,11ket llrC theC
5 111.911 liglX aNs that clellinliI the
RHSil(.s (Gisv IN ) Its ' x PA 1IiONS 1I Ii [IOIIN Al ill~d IIN.S 
VIlII. ) 'NOiIIIII STRIN
I ll. II (4CoNr-% XIII , X IS, JI.NI. SEPTIL IIIII, t966i
Alithilina
N Illtilll istrI) l-ril
I' 01(1911 clililIiis
To(I \ 51
NI. Pct. of
721 42.2
7085 11.4
142 8..
72 4.2
54 .2
12 .
- ating of1 attracljtion 
5N \sitlll
Exec I - Goo I' ah c- U Poo N o
P0. P0. P0t. P0t. )'et. PcI.
2.5 18.1 5.6
ne S S tio I Ccl mn the))CI f(li failitX byX a11)1(1
97%r of tflC lespolelits illdicatiel ap]
Populaitionii i tlii 51) mile iiciius
if' tiiC cCnter of' thle it1i cd lui(des ilwal I
etel is ctellcded to 100( ieiis ,inlltliciI1
v >ilil -lloie jotlttlo
Russell Cove, an outstanding archeological site located 
at Bridgeport Jackson County, right,
and Desoto Falls, Desota State Park near Fort Payne, left.
.9 .6 2.3
AppI OiitlCI 40% o (f all eavt' Xisil-
1111 1respon dentIs 1repoirteid their Xvisits IC-
Hladlsidc' sigls XXi ClCseilld w ithi 111)iit
faplis 1 of- mlgaiie -O CS and1 c otlhCer, ill-
cicliiia1 IiIps all iclv5el gu(ides, 50/c
D)iflel lcCS il d11, Atitt r reflCet('d 1w
I '.iclelcecl byX thei hlighl linlfil of Xvisits
iesltiog from~ flielics' lecooinienldaljiois
1 14.11 cifisS of locIltioli. Th flefcl of road-(
'IC iiis 'Itisil14 %\ as fili lfor. lttllc-
iIIIs iIcited lill 1)flilalJ(hi as.
I -actiolls ilis) svllied X ithl locaItiion lrclit
troiIlilgC XX is thle grelitist siill 41 soulrce
Of celstinecrs s itfi Loulisl~ina, Msisisip-
)RlS(SC fillo15wing ill (hat illrderl. Ill termIls
ofI paltl 11 ige, tilt NI idccstc'ri it rea ii 1
seildIIi tol (t( SoutIIeiC iril C.
Over A T on of Channel
Catfish per Acre
E. E. PRATHER
Dept. of Zoology-Entomology
Is NitX 
to151i. titc iteii 
11110 Itcitas 
lit tolls atl 
cliati
tie
1 
catfish pit acte fi ll titt Tidtis. mesacl cticcci thods
itc
1
tt prtetl ls Io\ iits takc sitih litgh ii 'c'cs ait i',tllt
Loi ig citsice i ic itf thii moist X allialate stt cittn fishes.
the clhiai ic' catfish lhis ltcctlc all itt1) tttttt spl fish ill
pontdls. Its (cicI cottisl5i (lit. Iedi per lit. ssciglit gTiti.
giit0d flaiX it, diesitrablie siz, lack ofi hiatrd biti s, il Spot
itf eatehlitig hi~iXc cotribuiteid to its t ise ill it ipiili i\.
It x as illoce' teliccl that chall tii catfish sptiXXtiiid otil] ill
I ttllit,\i de XX1t'. Ill I ('(('Iit vc(itl S I i'si'itcii i-c ilicil lii' \ iliii-
ttf the( ciiitlitii 1 eat ats at 
1
)otl fish. iltetisis i I ciai(' its
spa\%X o itig. fitwig ii 1 
1
)t t(ittiiit spicic's citittliti itits, sup-
1lelitiitd l eeds, 11 aiicll ite~t an "I (liscalse citlitio ]it ha s ildiih
i esults sh\iiiX u thait catfish pitii.Is ale potteitiiils p)iifitiht
cntet i isies.
(iiX ters XX iltiw tio prouct itIttci' iii insiiti catches of chaliloci cat-
fish tmtlst flio\t\ essetutial steps itt mltiittlilt itt tli
ptttid. II igi I5ilis firtot citfisli pill is" itistil i citi idlelalti
ittlxih it( iIXXd ills XX ill it 14tto itict itclessall eist littId
stock amicd i ti4c their piics lot- ttimottttt caitfish It()
diictiouu
IPoitd 1icuill Itictits tuti ciai iii catfish ic abouiut tlh' sititt
ats thocse fur hissItlitigill ciuttthiitttuutis, suichl is saltisl~ictol\
\% itet sliltI id(cittte citX soilsuuil tot kccp sci'ptig tii
ittiltitt., atuul itilc ss atet slii. It is esseiittil tilt a t (Iait
p~ipe Iti F) s uu' Xccss \% al titlst ibc dicit t ii stci
catfish s ill (cdxic potilis ssithi i cit i \ C1s 6 etfosat spill itss a\
dltiulitiepthl of 112, it. aitd ilt\itttltttt it' 6 to 7 ft. ant
gioci tass I ditiill Ipi-ouctiiti I Ilic lids lie tuit igi' silt(
ic'ssflls l tii pro ii' fititils\ fishitng Itm catfish.
4
licsial-cli ilt AiiiitI h l 111ids Siio\% I i thIIat Iiti \iiili IIIIoatci \% its
oiitidil Xsit:,000( cittiisl. L,000( lttlleadi iilloXX, ilii
5J 1 Ingeilolith i ss \%Xr sl''tocked peir1( ac (ui 1114XXitte
Success of, this ciiitiltitittit dIep)ends hligel oil ibsetice of
otlici speies~t tha~t XX ittilcitc ilea Nt X11ili stocked catfish in
f ((111114 wier tei( 'o pelteifihlec)ragslio:3lt
it starc(h }iid tnil addtial etil) ( izer i amnillt ol
Iced is t educed tite iicxt X eartas fish ate eimglit.
Pi ii o\XXnet titlst lie cottstdnti\ alei t to potssiblte fisi
hisses caus~edb. lt\iiasitis itt ((XX oi\ Yet Ili cit itt ltittlis ill tii',
X itt It eatutei t ott fitiget hugl(s below11 stoekitig is imruiitiiit
(eais. 'I'liicl'oi('. iiei(ticiit 1)01( ilisptectiittloi- sick oti deadi
fish is a tlist-: occaitonal 1)011( tieittinettt ia liv e iiece.sstii 'v
I lea'\ , vleedling ealises j"itllutioo" ill 1)111( 5Xitci XXitli liss-
icl olx gi eti i'ttitiis that ii cautsce cisti-ess ort cx eli
1ihi ouf fish. Dils fecdlti ill exscess of1:3 11). pcr aete
is chit I gt iits ill p)ondis that liaX little XX atet exchatnge oiii il
11((1tiil tical aei atiii. Aiiitii' socitcc of' tioittili is exeessiX
all':i "bloolms" that idet ease light 
1
)etietrattitlii 111( lower('
1 \X gel coltcetr9atiin ill (leepe w' ater. TIlecse itt av be salfe1
coi llrlici by peioici ti eattuletts witth :" l1). of' Cotpper Sul-
late 1per stitface acte
IFotttiii. eatfishi fitugel hugs stocked is Iehi ats iil fll
acol toti schedile treachied l ha estaitle size of ((.7 li).
bX ()ctohet S iii iii g at gewd (0.7 11). bv August
XX licti fishing begati. Ill tests att Aotltit \dwr XXli e tiltet ofi
isliermeti XX\atsinit litiiteci, tltex caught :2.655 lb. of caitfishi
itcl :3011li. of bass ili It)l1 initlis of fishitig. (See tabli.)
iiii i tIt(e pci iod I,09 people pet acte 1' s
1 
ccl ati c oiiglit
ti
1 
(li te catfish stocked. The eatfishi spis' ted the secoid
sutillte btut iiot eioigli \ 1)111 escaedii bass ptedatioti tit
tttatiltiatti satisfaetitis fishing. Silie c ieX fish X t left di tit
ieaX -v fishitng, the pwid1( XXias driaineci antd~ restockedl. PiiIicls
that airc liglitX fishied sitililc prosvide toil fisliihi t XI'X sevril
PVsels. IlIN; lAN1 Al''lCIAI M A(l11
Y ' s at nditi
1Itoit it
FIttL 19661
(IOlctii (25 c lust i
Spjri ii.-stuiier. 1967
Mih (i t15) opiwdi
.\pt ii
.\it\ i
,it s t
' tidw T II~
Ti) FA 1
Fislinswi
Pctm sitI)i
an atiti i pcii r icico
(:halinl catfish
cauittil
No 1 ).
1.1)96 2,518- 2.655
STtal is 85' ittf eliaiich catfish stociked.
O Hi t i t11,i (.1I. cani be xtoiccf at 
2
,5-30% iioitiic
xx ithi ijiiiiimiitijetit losses if soaeis 
oxgnftee o
I eals so. If proper! s h an dled, thc grain s 
mi ine out of stol1
alge xx itl it bri)1ght color ani d 5castN odor.
Feedinig high moisture graitis \\as first piracticed 
hx fannielt
feeders with at sinall size oper ationi \\]ho xx aiitecl 
to cotisers c
all tile feed niutrients they produiced. \ 
o\\ tile practicel is
s1preading to some of the naitionis lbig 
feecdiing opeliitioirx
The idea is not tiess, heinig used at least 
20 y ears ago im
the Nlidxsest.
Tests sexeti ay ears ago at Iowa 
State and Purdue ill
,ersities xx itli corni andc at Te'sas A & 
NI with milo xlioxx(
that leecding x aloe of tI ese gfratiis m ax be improved 
8i-Ill
\xith the O'ssgen-frec feitietiatioti process. 
Ili addiition to
iu)i)ros itig feeding s loie, other ittiflot taut 
,iixaliaex iiicliidl
loss red gTrain loss dot io lharvs t aid more 
efficien t use of
I ahot a i cI equipmfenlt lby earls Iharvest.
toi the fall] oit t965, a sealed ltit stiructure 
xx ax er ected
at the Teiitiessee Valles, Suibstationi sio 
that high mloisture
shelled corti1 HIM l) could he cx aluated iii 
cattle titiftiiti
research. Corii %\ as harvxesxted with at 
convieniiti onia! pickel
xlieller at mtoistur e cotiteiit of 28-:30%/ anid 
xxit asxtoredl i
w5hole ker nel cohri ili the sealed ]iit. 
Whtlen remos ci li
feedin Ig it xxits cimOped xx i t ita 
cci u o cicial i ollIcr-critn peli
Stic1h coil ii st lie pie patred fresh for t cccl 
g sin cc it spoils
rapi)dly ill w5 attn ssea tI ir.
Adlditionaol con ifrom1 the saitme atrea 
xxit axputt illiil etal
grain ill i ilid dried b\ arti 6 c-ial h eat to about I 4% 
moi istuire.
:oniit io ii a sn appled coni t(ear andc hustk 
) serv ed as the
cotittil feed iii all fecilitig tirials.
Ili 19(5-6(6 andic 19656-67 exlpcrimeiais, 
cotn or iii x~ti mt
silatge xxias fed ixs the tmajor etierg N source for gross 
it g xtmtkcr
steer- calves. A xstpplieent ouf, 1.5 
11t. cotton seed meal atnd(
2 11). of grountd sniaped corit ita 
fed daily iii additioti to
a it il feedc of sf1lage.) tried or Ihigh 
itutire ci tit re
1
)lacdf
tI e stia)pled cotrniO oi li 'l 55ui \vigl 
t Ilais xfoir S(tt t )ico thc
treattmetits. The trials lalstedc 128 
clas. xxith 12 calvs oii
each test rat ioi ch yeat.
(lort silitge fed iii 196.5 xx as e'scellenit, 
cotititit g 44( ,
gri t i otil (It 5 nitter hasis, 1)u t that Icc1 the f6 d hiiig 
y eat
\\its oiil] in Ileioct c (21% giiii 
). Eveti sot, aiiiiial Iterlottit
lit ce dlata ss crc nt d ciastical 
cdifferenit hetss cii seats. Thc
Sor-gl icito si1lage ctinitainecl al ocit 
47 73 head btf' scars itil
\\-it cotnsidieredl execlIitnt. A miu itm -gross iiia g.l'glg t
coiitetl IM iic hot age v ariety s NK :31)0) 
xx ixs tlic xorgliitio
PtR i HIit x's( I- OtF S[iiiKill CAil si, 
ONs StiAl xi' xxiiit S'ssi'i'i
,St it :i iii, OH llII ii Itsiii COo'sN.cs 's LSEF N 
xi.Fi
Sc is istu'sN 1965-6(6 -\ i1 ii xii-
Recstilt, Its list rationt
giiixxl Miaid P X( .- T \\ sx c iti c loi co silage,(. ,kiI silag es
Datai ill Olii tifde sli\tihafi, it' ill flux 
fitits stuiesx
cattle fe'd ciiiit silage, gaited filistl tilt itoe getl i
sot gliii sili (1(62 xs, I,5 1.5. dili 
'Ihiis xx\,ixs true
cx (,IIIIIoIr] I t I i t th sil( If 11in sililge fidlili i 
cittitelti tf IT",
aIx cx fed silppci cittit guttiled the fas~test, 
1.7 I l.
clails xx filis those led ii tificiall dited 
ori high) ticis-
tttrc coi1 iiiu le gt il , the rate of 1.652 
l1). these textits
itliciate thiai 11MN corit x\%as itilizccf tioi 
elf icieltl pet.
hullt of ilix iiaitei. 1'lle II NI coitt ax 
et ig~cc T:i- itil the
dliecc ciii1 ii ,iti ( 1 cli Iliatlil ix fcif.
Assitliliiiig that feed iciuoliilxs fiti 7Y 
itf total cot of
fit tificiil~ ig lc tfici costsx ill I fiexe 
tests iuw ii l ft mu
.SP1A.48 to 8522.05 lpcW 100)11). I lits gyiitx 
hiiio stocker
caifxvcx ciili he pirofitabhle for Xlitiiiia cilttleitic 
if foriages
ate- ulsed to iliiliii iill it i ii~e
Basedi ott ililiigx reporited, stilppecl citi i 
is jpiifci i c
xxhl is ailif di' ( ,itile pcrililtice 
xx as the siliuc ()t
cliedi ort lii g i lii titlu- e l c ciiii i. olIii 
cli rv uiltt
xxix lilili/ill shllill ol (it eifiiieit frilltt 
II NI citit i. 'I llii
are prjIt hf ixxitctjilc(d xx illi ficicli thit' 
peishiiltll' high
i.till coititi sticl a it 
1  
xfatspilagec libit Itltic aili lto
hail S ext cii cal eats ax eiiiti'iciilx, i .fsitiltitjes.
Using High Moisture Corn
in Steer Growing Rations
R. R. HARRIS, Dept. of Animalr Science
JK. BOSECK, Tennessee Valley Substation
W B. ANTHONY, Dept. oi Aninial Science
I'it1 irmliic Sirghctoul Con in
fco i \1ci 
mo Stiapi
Intiad st, lbt.
Final ht.,,1lb.
Gilin/ge d,1)
C~orni
Feed, csst. gain, Il.
silag 
1
Cittli i xi til I
coti i
litil ccist/cxxt. g
45 6
652
19 6
1 .5:3
.54
67.:3
219
1.71
4,181 .3,97:3
192 192
254 25-1
2,142
98
1:31I
1I81f5
88
1(6
sililie a
456
664
2085
1 (2
COi i
I I\I
455
66(2
20iT
1.0t
3,01 :3,98,1
192 192t
25-1 25-1
1,886
92
1222 122
S16.54 'sf13.86 S 15.:38 
$'15. 12
Corn harvested at high moisture content was stored in this air-
tight bin for use in feeding trials for growing stocker steers.
M ODERN MANAGEMENT of a success-
ful farm or any other business requires
knowledge of an increasing amount of
data as the business expands.
Farm business size in the South is be-
ginning to grow rapidly. According to
the latest census data for 10 Southern
States, there were 20% fewer farms in
the South in 1964 than in 1959, but
commercial farms with more than 5,000
dollars gross sales had increased in num-
ber. Farms with more than 20,000 dol-
lars gross sales almost doubled in num-
ber. Management efficiency will be en-
hanced if increased amounts of data
resulting from larger businesses can be
speedily summarized into a form suit-
able for decision-making. Electronic
record keeping is one answer to improv-
ing management skills.
A survey of all known central record
keeping programs conducted in fall, 1966
gave the following results: Eighteen re-
plies were received from 26 programs.
Thirteen programs responding were un-
der the direction of various university
personnel and five were directed by pri-
vate enterprise. Most prominent of the
private groups were programs now un-
der the direction of the Farm Bureau
anl th- F-arm TnJornal Thi lar 
n-rn-
This is a sample of scan sheet used in the
project as an automated input device.
the farm, (4) general farm management
analysis, and (5) research and educa-
tion. Commercial services tended to be
highly oriented to tax filing, whereas the
university-related programs tended to be
management analysis-research oriented.
The oldest programs were university re-
lated; three in the survey were more
than 35 years old. New programs were
closely related to availability of compu-
ters. Ten new programs, of less than 5
years, began as computerized systems.
Complete systems covering all five
service categories tend to be costly. The
Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology, Auburn University
Agricultural Experiment Station, estab-
lished a research project, Elec-Com, in
March 1966 with the objective of study-
ing cost reductions in a completely auto-
mated management information system.
To accomplish this objective two factors
ELEC-COM RECORD SHEET
O 4 2: 4:: :47: :-57 ::6 -
: : :4r : 1:: :-2:: NEW :5: :: -: :
S : - :: l ::4 : 3: - 3 3
: .: 2 -: f-ew 4:6- 3- ::-: t
-5 3 4- : - : :-
4--
O: :1: 3 4:: : - 7::e -: :: :
gap :- :: ::g=: ::?: : :
ZZ w ago ::I:- :Z les: , : :
S -
4 3 7
S :::- 5: :- G- : ::
0 : 3--: ::6-: ::7: 3
z 1 
2: 3- -3: :--4: 
:: a: 3 :
S :::-- - -:7- 3: :
4 : 3 ::5:: ::4 : 6 3:7 :8:
COMPUTERIZED RECORD SYSTEMS
What They Are and Can Do
BILL R. MILLER and VICTOR M. YELLEN
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
....U ... ...... X-a . . . . .1".1U 18 L I U- m ust be m inim ized : (1) cost of con-
grams were university relate d, up to must be 
minimized: (1) cost of con-
1,367 farmers 
in Michigan, 
but some 
verting cooperator 
records to an 
input
that ct
private groups were 
forecasting 2,000 that 
can be digested by electronic 
data
cooperators in 1968. 
One important in- processing 
equipment, and (2) cost 
of
terested private group 
was banks. The a 
professional and clerical 
staff. One
American Bankers Association 
has esti- answer to 
factor one is automated 
input.
mated that 100 banks 
are now offering This 
automation is least time 
consuming
some type of computer 
service. Several when 
using either an optical 
reader,
banks were participating 
in university voice 
interpreter, or an optical 
scanner.
and private programs 
included in the An 
IBM 1232 optical scanner 
as an in-
survey. Services offered 
by programs put conversion 
device and a tape 
ori-
surveyed were in five 
categories: (1) ented 
IBM 7040-1401 data processing
tax records, (2) tax 
filing service, (3) 
system were used as 
an approach to
cost and return for 
each enterprise on minimizing 
factor one. The second 
fac-
tor, reducing the cost of professional
ERRORS IN THE USE OF ELEC-COM BY TYPE and clerical staff, is closely associated
AND NUMBER FOR 7,300 TRANSACTIONS, with type of code system, the person
MARCH, 1967 doing the coding, and where it is done.
Field in Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 The chart is of 
a scan sheet used
error errors errors errors' in the project as an automated input
Social Security 
device. As an example of 
its use, the co-
number----- 426 37 NA operator filled 
in his social security num-
Date --------- 431 2 NA ber, 123456789, the date, December 5
Account code- 47 94 (12/05), the account number, 
(0001),
or Amout .
7 8 as looked 
up previously in 
a code book
Cash value .... - 8 1 supplied to 
the farmer, and the number
Total errors---- 857' 993 104 of cwt. of fertilizer bought. 
He had to
Total trans- convert 1 ton to 20 cwt. since 
the code
actions----- 831 94 104 book specified this to be the units used
' Seventeen of the transaction 
errors were with this cotton 
fertilizer transaction.
returned by cooperators and the remaining He was not required to code cotton 
as
were estimated by system personnel by an enterprise and was not required to
means of a questionnaire. code the transaction 
as buy or sell as
SUnchecked by the computer. 
this information was coded in the 
com-
SMore than one error of type one or typeuter as a part of the account number.
two can occur per transaction. puter as a part of the account number.
He recorded the cash value ($40.27) of
the fertilizer and the transaction record
was completed. Every month the coop-
erator mailed his scan sheets to Auburn.
The costs per transaction of this means
of input to the computer have been
found to be very low in comparison to
other methods.
The table contains an analysis of the
errors observed in using the system.
Errors were divided into three types:
(1) Type one errors were correctable
by the system and comprised 11.4% of
the year's total record entries, (2) type
two errors were uncorrectable by the
system and comprised 1.3% of total en-
tries and, (3) a total of 1.4% type
three errors was undetectable by the
system as determined by an analysis at
the end of the year. Errors of omission
were perhaps the most substantial as a
majority of the 30 cooperators obtaining
year-end summaries had records that
were incomplete.
Most farmers used records only for
tax purposes although a few used them
for management decision. As an ex-
ample, several farmers kept detailed
records of labor use on various jobs in
their broiler enterprise. One set of rec-
ords showed a cooperator that the $417
per year he was spending for labor for
sweeping out broiler houses was more
than enough to justify purchase of a
sweeper attachment for his tractor.
Il Xuof (. tcriila' is't 1400(
(I(lit llt',i' C liptoav t1111oXX Xs NilCtif',
do ll 'tIitaill it11)l to (olIIrrOWX C ICX
Des~pite te llll1iil( of oldlilesX til
ilre ietllli iii IX threeC k1 (iX of toillit((
varie(tiCes. ( LztXfitaZtiolo of tolilalto tX -\ p
iX h\ thet IIIIIIhl I 01' l~ tIC' 1oe betXX (Ill
flou Cl trussesX ditli tihe XtIIIl
T\ jitC' IX li Tall~t IXo\ it w 4 fltetfii l fate
1101 e lio(C lit\ el XX CI \,er d.ustelsX
literitilla on.I)S llt til e X loIH a.X t one'
timel.)
dtei X iiit \ 'I iei \\ l Lth t lini fIl l
ttlllIot( tX 11eX tii ,(Il fowerXCI t1 
Is-
Sel prj)C llr .3 I XX (-If (Itllse th lil l alt toI
tliX. XX it 1 lil ~its l)Id' 11(1 fflXX\ el- (lhlsttl
t vXr nod (%1 ig. .
V aritie ot', (T i~p I p) iduce he(st (oI
till] stakt, those (ot t\ vi 2 oil shotII
stakes o01 lit kef. ill iX t\ pe X) x 0 it
((111 titei f tit sett (It tXp 2) and :3 X -
I leti(X fX lilillX i tl it((f XX it] I 11101 
(
eoIiei('ss \ irit i', pi(ll red I fo process-X
i lt Itel Xdlft, XiOiT fl'
TItX I( i d ittlI \it i iiit X o l ]fi '3
XX ii I\ eot1 f i I dl ( I fl~t X it i it i 3:Ii
20 t I 3) f i ll f1itt aw 1 ~t lit (f(, smo th t ick
ttl Ie( i r I )1(1 I I IXI e fI l flaXt II i I Ii I
C .o r c ( I ) r X XX i i ld exeill ittt
11
i
1  
ill-
terhal it dl ii 1 ) t uprl o ftC', o- It I Itit I I
i ft (5i() dl 1to( v f(i to fl i tiliX.iw \\ iit
ri
4
t~ilt(ICX ilt iI I ifi, n thll f-i
Illld h tI iid itI IC XX 11(11 1 Xt itI X 'l ai \ti\
Dift t ,nt t0nl(00 IrpCo ar shlown here: 1-tall, 
indeterminate [l-- n ttd to
semideterminote variety of intermediate height. 3-dwarf determinate 
tyoe having flower
clusters at every node; 4-jointed (left) and jointless; 5-extreme 
catfacing.
Nlielii ii Iredliii ti etImthii 
e illteile
24ik \ iaficfe 3 tlodl, 4 dli, dillitd
N I 1(11 doi l 11(Ni i e iie i i iti ltII.i e
ktet X I 24let fi rst t\f5 ii Oilt',tini 24te
IXilll XX fildin varietie iha 2 ',dl fi ill,
tI 197Xiitiak rii',at ,I\\~ I aIn ligd
iso iti Ilil lil SiLI, pri (4. (" ill'ill,lk,
frilitlttX mill 4C it l \lt i I i ll ( 14((11
i 4, i i ki e (i \li o Xi 3 toi 4 liii XX c ri t
thiflilig F Noka l iII I l( (i IItIfo
XiiiI)Cil 11
11
ti to alfetl th',e smootdesi2f
ket 2. illI Itf- I('I I XX TI loist ea l 24lii
hadX 114 6S"(' X is li 1%bi III(i1111 ac (i I I ii
Tomato Variety Status-
Good but Getting Better
WALTER H. GREENLEAF end SAM T. JONES
Department of Horticulture
Zinc deficiency in corn usually shows up as spots in field tleft), with stalks hovinq dark
cross lines inside (center). Effect of zinc application to deficient field is illustrated at
right. Larger corn at left got zinc, that at right same fertilizer without zinc.
Sources of Zinc
for Plants
JOHN 1. WEAR, D. L. HARTZOG, and
E. M. EVANS, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
Z ItNC 
15, i(Lt LMiENLL 
iL' t)'lLI e 
It1 o 1l
sLIIILIX Sttils \\itli Il I ofl 6.) oi htighiei (L
\\,]tllt tlie sil is to bte litneci. lTese
ICII Mti]i)Ct i (Iat iti is, iii eIffect Ifor It) vaLiis,
resitlttei frottt ct'NtisiX C fieldi Laid greenI-
house5F t'expeimnitts.
Zil uft It%\' its aLi pLliledl w~it ti Ile fet-
Btecauste ttf stitrog intecrest ii tthei
source ot z'(L inlit, tie ('ttl iecom iedat itt 0 XXis
t'llaii((c tn :3 lit. (LI hitit XXitlitoit iefer-
(iCoCe to ti e ('Liriei' comiiipouniid.
Sttnre's of ili it fttt agicuiituirail tcropJs
(I ) Agr-itnitural gi LdtI (LI hiIt stillfLtt'
/nit'c, is tile intst ssiek u((X isted Sonite.
It is i eatl Isotlubile inl XX it t' it Ina\i
('ike" Ifertilizer if Stored't Ifit sev eral
(2) Zii e oxitle, it fit it' \\ bite 
1
)oXX clet
soLlublle inl ss iter inid tioes (1(L caike Ict
tili~ei. It is tlitlit'ilt tot nil. \X ith et -tili-
hti becauseiX tof its fiintiniss.
(:3) Zii t EDTA' is Li t'lliCittI foriti
t'ottiiiiiia Labou~t 14% zintc. It ixesNC well
(41 Zitit suilfitdt (or s~lilerite. ('(Lii-
tLaitIng abouitt 60%Y zhut', is aLillitst ill-
solutile inl ssatert. This itLLteil is titl
iililbt' toL plani ts ssIici first alied (t to
SoilsX. LalL(iaLttot te'sts Lit Auburn iiii to\\iL
sottli' ofI tilL' i sullthl sitifide tit XihLbILc
;t't'ti liLct 5stuitei's X\ ithI tilt fi(Ll]
8
TIXiII C. I. LI.Nt VI. tKI1 I' Soitcnr X
LATS Is 'Iit A.i'i'tit AI[S LION , LI 'ii.'
ZINC SOt1E L(F5IN (;It FN-
111)1.SFIF TEST
Ztitc soti e.'
anti riit('
per :it'i
Zinc stillite
:1.5 lb).
5.0)1lb.
10.0t lb.-_
Zin~c Oxide
:3.5 11).
5.0)ii.
10.tt l1).
Zinc .'ltclate
1 li).
2 lb).
4 11)t
Zinc Sulfide
tt00 11).
500t IlL.
1,tt00t l1).
NIt'
1 rx sweight,
pi'r po(t, tratini per 
pot
14.7 99
18.6 t22
:32.6c 2tt5
14.5 94
17 .2 tt1
25.8 173
tW, -71
12.6 81
15.6i 95
12.2 7:3
18At tt08
22.2 1t-34
ltt.8 72
sailit to dterinie itihitiXe upilta~ke oLI
hut' b~ l ants Sor'ghiumlt it goodL iiitit
('itol' ILILi t, \\,i5ts X' Iy,)v fti 4 XX ceks wXithi
thiree raites of /int'. Othiei ftirtilizers wereii
Laddedt Lit.'t'(i i g to t il test iresult.
A'lthiouigh not diffeirencets ill giiiss tli (LI
pimi~ts Nvr bt a in~ etd, Ilargt' tlilleei'ices
il z1 it' up 
1
taike- XXi noC tedi't Ifo it- Cm
tILtri iltXts Tihl I. Ziu iltakt \X dX
Io\\ \\hI eli t) zNli \it,; appX l Iied atd itit
tilt' IoXXCs e lte of Ziiit ('ielitte anid s itli
the zinc sulfide treLattiit. ~The 5-1lb. rate
of sitfate andl oxide iid thle 4-lit. rtte
(LI eielate gas Ce Sim~tilar result1s. A 500-
l1). talte (oI hiLt' Sulfidle \\ias requ(iredc~ tn
equpal up~taketfon 5iL ). olL (Line siillate.
As it reCsult (LI th I ( r~Neviii 1(1se test, i
ni je-tinte aplicaI~ Lt ion of oss rtate ( ' /itl
Su11late aLiLd oxidle \\ as (Lmit lrIed wiith ita
lar ger rate (LI tile Snlfide ill field tests.
Biltes XX cie lL'edl oil tile(, (cInhlil5(i
test I (so lts. Tllt(, first s eii tests wer ( itl
'Norfolk loLliI(Lv sLini ( i 11 6'.2 neari Ai-
l)Irt I iii ci s tre fertilizied ieeoi( y tog
Soil tetst I e(Ltnimiteli tio ILs.
AeirLge , vids for tite .3-\ctt peiod
show it sila
1 
inerease It- ali sourcees (LI
zinc, Table 2. Planits aials d aLlLt thie
.3-ft. staige slitISSed modea~te L critt l 's
il iic cotenLietta tion~i frIt ZLincht sultalte
iiti theF (oxidet aoid it Ilrge utat~ke Irnt
tlt(' Sulifid appl1))1ied 2 yetars bLLefo(ire. The
lar ge up
1
take frint incit snlfide (Iloll tless
suiii Lte fo(rmI.
Retsiilts Itit thtese Studies tndicate
that Ahii snil Lat( aL ci oxl' ide itv t g((Li
('t'(I iicl Sourcest' of, (LIc fi obu field tirops.
spilit' itt ( hut' XSulfideL') 115(11 all i 1
I imiie uIst'. I Io\\tcI'r it nIIit\ ha' 1),;s
ni il 2. B$Fli'sI,\ s, of. (il Nil\1 ti m ( \i I I \tIo IPI l \ \I I tii \ I , I l I"S
OF I /(N IN XA '))I H 1 11,I At i s~' LXI IX t iNh
Zhu illit I lt hi
hut' o((i, 3 III
/i ll( sutllil'.
1 %t5 1966 
19 T ca
a\('
'/Iti iiil o lit l i
3it , i ll ilit"
I9W5
B311. 13ii 1
3
ii1 . 31 p tI )1
52.6 $2.. 'i I. 19"' 2~ T.
5t t, 6 15.9 66. 5 6.7 ;5).9
(it ) 15,T 7 9 1 55,:i $ 1 .
"92
M2.5
w(1 IT .2 G'i S). 5 39 6I It0t12.1
New r
ISEASES airet',I fi re(Iiilnt Iv a iitii icTf w
tor ill the prodctitloll of p)eallN., thie most
juN t'Xtilfiltills of, NIwijiil t(,\\ f illgi-
citfeN 1(11lj iotro ofI peii ll d)'t ise~ases hiX I
s itX A(,i jelltili al Lf elr iIIIellt t Stattiot I
,iiie 1961. Peei I Scab. at f iliig iiN fI
caw. liaN ]oil(, bieenii amlajor factoi inl
hRi procftict io ii of Sl ccc',', Schl uv, -\lit
hlil) alit
1 
othci ',c'ii) NIimccitile ai itie',.
111 1966 thet Stiliii t vi it vX \\it attacked
b\X ilt XX i ace of tlt( Scabf fuiiilNmdi it
is ~X 01CO lideci'icd Nle('
1
tible.
W\itih the die\ c'iopiii' wit ofi elfliceliit iil-
of pe't-ii olchil(I for discatse aid ins'ect
ciiitio has iliNlecille at tiidiai d practic
inl Alabam~oa. Siiiiltimoils (cleN eimii t
oif, Iii~flil\ eflec tiX f ill)igic-itis li d ii iec-
fcXX ci ofl-vtals Noif lo\\ N lidiN.
\iII, Mobdile, .\ltahiga, mid \Ittiome
comuitiesN 1961- i) o967 iii a:3-\\-('(k- Schlil-
tile fio iiiilte April to cairl\ Septi'iihei.
fi dridce B rei('st ii i ripiiteiivitiii ace-
tatte ) clildi ) prey (dilill t) weire applied
XX itil johin Betati Aiifliatt sprit 'iN.r Iliii
rileie uinibliiXXCI, tir Johnul liim fiX
drailIie spilveri '.fictidC Xetapld
iDiti \Xc'ic takenl fiii .3 tot 6 itfilecatedi
siiiglt tic ('plts pci ti-catuiicit edei \eair
iitetX ii AuisIt 25 aid September 4.
Scai data XX i t ciillcted tlsiil 50i giecli
Iinits Iim t iwha tie( cc liltie siiick-Npiit.
hiicidc ic' ii fccill I iseXcsC, filitit.
iilaik IX l) Nix its XX i ai tiii tililit Alit-
iti from 1964- 17. Pec iiNal t XX a X
cpfiih iiXtiltic iii 1965, awl \\ itsX icesliac
til Stuarit ptcims il ic966-67 fill thei first
tiiii ill Alabamalii~. IlteliltN cit 4 Xcii N
Xp-iii ofi11 i SiuccessX f)(i IX i til ill
URBAN L. DIENER and
A. J. LATHAM, Dept. of Botany
and Ptant Pathotogy
FRANK GARRETT, Dept. of
Agriculture and Industries
CitiiitX Stireet Oid ciliid ) Xitli il('X I111
i.Yiciclt. alt' gix cii iii Ttle I1. Nciii of
these :3 t liil \\asX I tiscti ctmmeiic al-
IX for pecil Xi)Ii axlug' ill 1N61. 13u istal,
" pi-cxiian Dttt XX\erel ill igiliX cf-
itctX c ft Scab ctiiititii XX ieu appliedc
til t :3 XX cck Xclwdtillc'. Poi-iXI lii Pai ,itte
C , Kticiclc 101, antd 1 1)22 5 ('it\(c iiia Ic'
i1
1
itteco(ill ti ii it icil Xcait iiilllost ot
thesed t'Nfii ililtN. Fi cli tiit''e dalta it
Stitut ipccim i Iccs lt Xcaii citrtit XXecut
Nimilar to till Ni rfi)re itcfor SlitccNN Nat-
i etX\ . Excclic it Scaib tiiiitil %-i X ts oi-
ttii'i lin 1966i ioc 19671 li \iliitciivucv
11111~ it XX \lii'i LewXXiX pcdi tid'CN wXcie
X,I~t~Xccl XX itfi at II lii IC aic itSt-il0XXCi'
iti a 4-XX cc'k scilc'iiie. ItcNapplied
XXct fi ciii1.4-0)., 1i). foti hDitt'u and
fliestii mcidi 1.7 11). finr ( N huNT Ic'Nte
%r ltitii\\ I I I iiim IX-i IN Miiu IlI m \1 (66i67)
tCi plcu
Buvt acli
L )iit\ (-
102 hit Cw3o 2113'Ii 1.2a\
2 1 _). 1 1) S . ( 15 t . 0.
2 0.:2 51, 66i.9 27-1.6( 5.5
3. 1t ( I 1.2 85.8
ijtlcwil that u'2 1i). IN, tilt. 111110011111(,I
fectiv IXc li sa gc of 1)11i tli it a lAX(v
Nciiecllcc [lie iiiici ltts 'N iXv be ittter
lic.XiIN oif 2 x citi N Xi ii 1) of' Stic c INN
glitcim oi~c~ i l iii XX\c IX olttciiiil'Mobile
(dOfCil disile cXX troii ~i Xdl %\sotil ce ilt
commeriti ciil mtiitiiil XX\it, obita~inedl tilN
XX itli ( X fii(N clod the ighert' rates iif w3
[XLi t. St XINiABtN 01i iiLii Y(I XBi COii hll, OF StA 0iiti SUCi S t LA- INN f'FXN u 'NI1
thu, APIi 1i XiIINNS Ai TI11111ii\\FE INilIX XIX IN BII\i\ iiXvi N ('o~' hff16467)
Iiattu pti i (b Sca iiifii Itl.tOini 
lt ,i i~k
I )ott~ 0 . 3 05I 95.7 1 .5 0.2
I )lit,1 0.2 .16 S9.2 10(.2 6(1
t li 1pliN\Id 1 2.6 4 i.5 112 -)8.:
SStai llind\ 0i. noi will): L. tiacto 10 ( 2, 1 125'/r: :3, 26i 50r: 4, 51 -100(t,'
bl\iiXi leaf Sptt XX I icIk XXas le CXcud t ill
this i criai c. IDitcr cuntitlldli Xotitt imotld
ill most C'Xiicli iicilts. 'f'lit' adicitiiili cit 2
ii). Nillhil Sf 8 90)) lilt) gail. tof spi ap-l~
Ii i Nt'X ii ii~ra Iliitstciatii Sli; IX gaX t'
tiellt' auciiiol toft 1oii \ XXilisi C.
'fl Iit iiic(ti tticatX citXlini\lug iiki dis ra
til ii Xi cX c cpoiitil i iic \\iiaiiicii
fi'Th e (ii costs~ii o X s cill Ill('I i l trachil
tor iillct liltiXI Ctft'CiXtiXll XXd itf i.8 i
peti cide liiihXclci it itt Ijuti cii , mllre
tills and 1.1li h 11)1 gate. of (N piN dc.i
M:1I ilt i c c'k ti (liii l sci April li
mi'pti'iiltt'diuii tos e iii'ke i t .3 Nt'1)i.
9
Full"'i( ill(.
THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE continues
to be the chief nematode pest of many
kinds of plants in the Southeastern
States. This is why there is so much
interest in all aspects of its life history
in seeking ways for its detection and
control.
As an example, the purpose of a new
service available from the Nematode
Analysis Laboratory at Auburn Universi-
ty is to provide control recommendations
based on analysis of soil samples usually
collected in the fall and winter months
prior to spring planting. Accuracy of
diagnosis depends upon an understand-
ing of how the nematodes can overwin-
ter, namely: stages of life cycle, their
depths in the soil, and anticipated mor-
tality rates from surrounding causes. This
information is particularly important
when concerned with production of an-
nual host plants since such plants do
not provide living roots to harbor the
nematodes during winter such as occurs
with perennial hosts.
Editor's Note: See your County Extension
Chairman for complete information about
this service, instructions, and for mailing
containers.
At Auburn investigations of root-knot
nematode overwintering have been con-
ducted 2 years in a field where the
ground was left bare following harvest
until spring planting. The findings have
been useful although they have not been
entirely as expected.
Series of soil samples at various depths
were made at intervals during winter up
to planting time in a set of field plots
providing uniform soil and root-knot dis-
ease conditions. The soil is a sandy loam
overlying a hardpan at about a 24-in.
depth.
In the past only the infective larval
10
stage and males of root-knot nematodes
could be found in soils assayed, and
even though survival in other life history
stages was indicated, details could not
be obtained. Use of a recently developed
soil processing technique in connection
with standard processes enabled detec-
tion of all stages of the nematode in this
study.
IUnder conditions 
that prevailed 
in the
field at Auburn, the cotton root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne incognita acrita)
survived the winter at all depths down
to the hardpan. Infection of test plants
occurred, with larvae hatched and al-
ready free in the soil and with other
larvae subsequently hatching from eggs.
The eggs remained together within the
gelatinous matrix-the whole structure
called the egg mass. Size of the egg
mass was found not to be a reliable
guide to the quantity of eggs contained.
Hatching was not induced by soaking
in water for as long as 10 days, after
which fungi frequently became apparent
on the egg mass under laboratory condi-
tions. If the eggs were released by dis-
Overwinter Survival of
Root-Knot Nematodes
E. J. CAIRNS
Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology
W. A. JOHNSON
Dept. of Horticulture
OVERWINTERING STAGES
rupting the matrix, some hatching oc-
curred. Perhaps in the field hatching is
regulated by factors in addition to mois-
ture, as is known for some of the cyst-
nematodes that are closely related to
the root-knot species.
It was surprising to discover that liv-
ing females persisted for such a length
of time in dead and decaying fragments
of roots, and in a few cases they con-
tained or produced viable eggs from
which larvae hatched and infected test
plants.
Another surprise was the survival of
infective larvae and egg masses in the
upper inch of soil. The greatest quan-
tity of males, larvae, and egg masses
was distributed in the upper 12 in. with
the top 6-in. layer generally contain-
ing the greater quantity. Numbers were
reduced at depths below 12 in., with
only a few specimens being found at
the hardpan and none below.
The results of a current parallel study
in Oklahoma indicate overwintering sur-
vival is only at the lower depths. Thus,
climatic differences may be important
in determining depth at which soil sam-
pling must be done during late fall and
winter months to detect this nematode.
The actual importance of this under
Alabama conditions is being checked in
locations ranging from north to south.
The results of the overwintering study
indicate that success of early planting
as a means to escape severe root-knot
disease development may depend on fac-
tors influencing hatching as well as dis-
tribution of surviving nematodes.
An immediate practical value of find-
ings to date is confirmation that when
soil samples are assayed for both larvae
and egg masses a closer relationship re-
sults between the analysis and root-knot
disease prediction. The question of how
deep to take the samples in different
climatic areas now has to be answered.
S WEETGUM is one of the most impor-
tant southern hardwoods. It is currently
receiving the attention of research for-
esters who, are studying ways to develop
and grow trees having higher growth
rates and better quality wood. Knowl-
edge of variation existing in wood is
basic to the production of better trees.
Samples for studying wood character-
istics were collected from 5 trees in each
of 87 plots located in Alabama, see
figure. Two 10-mm. cores consisting of
wood extending from the pith to the
bark were removed from each tree at
breast height (4.5 ft.). Variables meas-
ured were: diameter, total age, percen-
tage of colored heartwood based on years
as well as inches, length of each of the
first four 10-year growth intervals from
the pith, and the specific gravity of
each of these intervals.
To determine whether broad meas-
ures of environment were significant
sources of variation in the wood vari-
ables, analyses were made so that dif-
ferences between degrees of latitude,
physiographic regions, and rainfall areas
were tested. These classifications are de-
lineated in the figure and means of the
variables are presented in the table.
Generally, these broad categories ac-
counted for only a small portion of the
total variation in any given wood charac-
teristic. But specific gravity and growth
Plot locations, physiographic regions, rain- o 0 0
fall areas, and latitudes included in the
study of wood variation in sweetgum in Ala- 
10
bama. 0
0s 0. 0 o
0 0 . o
rate of wood formed during the first - o o
20 years growth 
from the pith 
at breast 
o0 0
height can be expected to vary with the
broad measures of environment studied.
While radial growth rate 
decreased, spe- 
0
cific gravity increased 
from the southern
to the northern portion of the state. 
o
Specific gravity and growth rate of wood a o
21-40 years from the pith and the pro-"0
portion of colored heartwood do not vary . o
to any degree between the broad meas-0
ures of environment.REGION
Correlations between all possible 
com-LatitudeLine
binations of all variables 
were calculated. 
R..... A. Boday
There was only a low 
correlation be-0o 
... a
tween specific gravity and growth rate, .
VARIATION of WOOD CHARACTERISTIKCS
of SWEETGUM
A. GENE HUNTER and JAMES F. GOGGANS
Department of Forestry
indicating that growth rate had little in-
fluence on specific gravity.
MEAN VALUES OF VARIABLES STUDIED IN SwEETGUM AVERAGING
46 YEARS OF AGE IN ALABAMA
Colored Colored
Classification heart- heart-
of data wood wood
years inches
Length of intervals Specific gravity of intervals
0-10 : 11-20 21-30 : 31-40 : 0-10 : 11-20 : 21-30 31-40
Pct. Pct. In. In. In. In.
Latitudes
320
33 
- ......
340
35-
Physiographic
Regions
18.4
18.1
18.9
20.7
25.1
19.4
20.4
17.5
16.2
20.8
2.20
2.23
2.07
1.65
1.68
1.93
1.99
1.98
1.66
1.69
1.39
1.42
1.48
1.30
1.28
1.18
1.02
1.07
1.07
1.06
.463
.474
.473
.482
.482
.477
.491
.488
.494
.502
.484
.490
.489
.492
.500
.483
.492
.489
.489
.501
In sweetgum a definite zone of juve-
nile wood or core wood was found with-
in the first 10 annual rings from the
pith. But the small difference between
juvenile and mature wood is probably
not important enough to justify any
change in current industrial procurement
practices or usage of sweetgum.
Relationships between the percentages
of colored heartwood and other vari-
ables appeared to be of little value in
accounting for the variation in percen-
tage of colored heartwood. But 10% of
the trees sampled were 36 years of age
or older at breast height and showed
no colored heartwood formation.
Undulating Of the total variation found for any
Coastal Plain 15.0 17.1 2.50 2.13 1.56 1.18 .462 .473 .483 .483 single variable measured, most was a
Hilly result of variation 
between plots and
Coastal Plain 19.1 19.1 2.02 1.88 1.39 1.07 .469 .487 .488 .488 between trees within 
plots. Variation
Piedmont------ 18.0 18.1 2.38 2.13 1.49 1.05 .474 .489 .488 .498 between trees within plots interests the
Ridge and 
forest geneticist using individual tree se-
Valley-------- 21.5 18.4 1.76 1.72 1.31 1.06 .483 .496 .494 .491 lection, for this variation can indicate
Rainfall Areas 
the presence of important amounts of
Southeastern genetic variation. 
The large between-
Alabama...... 20.9 22.1 2.08 1.86 1.36 1.09 .470 .489 .490 .488 tree variation found in specific gravity
Southwestern and percentage 
of colored heartwood
Alabama ------------ 16.0 16.7 2.30 2.09 1.49 1.11 .470 .483 .487 .490 suggests that enough genetic variation
Northern exists in sweetgum 
to warrant improve-
Alabama...... 20.8 17.7 1.79 1.75 1.34 1.06 .479 .492 .490 .490 ment in these characteristics 
through
Mean (-)------ 19.4 18.5 2.03 1.88 1.39 1.08 .473 .489 .490 .490 breeding programs.
11
Direct-Cut vs. Wilted Sorghum-Sudan 
Silage for Dairy Cows
JA. LITTLE, G. H. ROLLINS, and G. E. HAWKINS, Deportment of Dairy Science
LA. SMITH anid H. W. GRIMES, Block Bel Substation
iiiiiui ii~ r xix IS ix nriiiiii iii i n~ l i txtc cotea xIig il t
ccx x tcrii t c i ge ii ici ases prol ems x 
f ii h andiliing,
seepage. anid xilo piresures, 111(1 '~ciuiaiix re'xltx ili ll-
pr'edic't able fecrii'li t at (oil .
Oile iplitalli toi ox c oililig pi iiliii x iih fiighiililoix-
tine silaige is to xxilt the forage biefoiie etisiliuig. Tis pro-
t'tiiire xx\is ex ai ated( iii -x ear texts x athIle B(1lick Belt
Silixstatioi, \lauiou ftiiictiiii. AX itiliexcltitix t xuridiin-
xlidiaii lix li id(l ticKalli SX- I I ax ixiiit( tliictct 
'it and
xxilitedh tii ('1)111pare for age pireserv ation i.' cia icaii ciompioixitioin.
xilage i ake, i idi milk pr1oducitioni.
Forageits xx a iixextell ill tue p)rc-f calf xtagc each x t'ai
aili 42 tdiys after xeediiig. Ntaijxx iited foirage xx\as 
tiiict-
('lit xx itii a foragt ill
1
rxesteir. Tiiat toi iie xx ited xxax('its xx iti
a1 iuoxx 11 ctiilditiicd xxitli at xtenil-l'i ckiiig, iiaciiu, iiiti
iloxx ef to xx-lit iii tlie xxx .tii abotit 24 hoiii xbieftore 
liii
xx iiitiroxx d ainid ciiopped. Aul foragex xx\cue eniixied iii 1 5-tiii
cehperiiicu l tx p1' ttixxer silox.
Dilelt -('lt or xxwiltedf xii ag(x xxl fet tid ax thle oiiiii fill a(
to iactaltiiig daifix l'iixx ill 6-xxeek fee~diug tialis 
eacfi xii
rate of 1 lb. for (eacii 3 Uii. of 1CM (4% fat colrrectedll, 
n1
proue i')(t('' il lx \ iiiiing ai prii ii ,r per iodx thiiat 
pr'c.edeid
eachl fi't'diuig trial.
MIoixtuire' iiteiit tof' dilect-clit siiagex fe't tin lg tile fiii
tl'xtx axveiagt't 828..T, ax colmpar ed xx ith 66.4/, for xx 
iltimi
siiages. Differeiices iiiliomostuire 'onttent sfioxxc 
i p iii xtiii
.1 ge capaci1(1tyN of I' xi iloxs. Appiroximia tely 20'7 
niore f iiia'(
iii'x\ miattt xx\ax stiiretf per xilo xx l xxilted.
F'oirigie pr'eervationlit ii (e silo xxas simiilar 
for both tre'at-
Different appearance of wilted (left) and direct-cut-sorghum-
sudlan is illustrated by these two samples of the test silages.
I(11(5, xx itli oo s.ikwe iigl(cloict aix i.giiig YU and 78.71
b_\ \\hc 11(1(lixiletI dfi inatti'iwa xxll'ost.
Nso xi'ic).ge losses' OCICii i cci fi'oio \\ iitt-' sihiiet' blt diirect-
cult toiar .it'dxeiagt'tl loxiig~ :3.5% oit toltal eiixiii'il tlix mattei
Jlx xICT'lpgt. Iii addfitioi. setpage c'iealtedan ii licdxaiit, fold
xlici'ilii odoir ill \ ic.iiiit\ of, the silosx. Ave (rage lossesx fro
lpoilage aiid teri'iicitatioii x tie Iliglici (or- tiht XX iltt't ( tat-
miiit tliaii f'or dii'i'(t ('lt silage, bult (bicieii.cx vlied allillg
D~ata ill tile tallt silo\\ that ax ci .igt dlliical (ililiplxi-
fibe ci hut of iri tct ilr \\ag' xas liigiici tiiaii thaut of
clii iespoiiinig xx iittd xiiLigi' ceh xca'. Th'is 
1
iitiiuii ire-
xi iltcd houuii loss ofi soillt solile nuitrieiits ii st'epligt ii oi
iii tll di'('t ('lt foiages fpiiiiaibi\ hi11 liii SoilclIitaili il t ioi i at
Iiurt' es Tota ag d igestilglitri iilt olxxlito diict'i. tsi
Siiagc cotuiiiiptiiiui ))x ('1o\\ s oii boithi iatitil Is wxas loxx . Il-
take tif xx ilted liii agfe (fiN, matter pei cwxt. averIagedl 14.4%
"rIeatei thiaii lt diiect-('lt xilag(. 
Nix ertliuliss, cto\xx con-ii
slimedf about tile, xie tital duixetilli fotiiirg 1iutuii'its iajix
froll each of tit' xliagres.
Daily F( A productioni pci (-ox% xxI, ab loutl ciflal oil (lilct-
tit aiid xx ilted xiluigts, as xiioxx o in tlie talble. Pcrsixteljil. xoti
1
)rodlictii w xax io\x foir ci\% ixxxed( cdcli f~ra gi'.
Besults ot the Black Belt xtticx iiiducatc that hia titilg
tiairv ctixxs p'rftii equalix xxcii oii tii lt ('lt iii xx ilted
xt1,rgbtbo) sldaiixiac iiixxre cx er,~cI 10gbl I)iiitii'iiig I'ilxx do it
iot miniitaiii a xlitisfto ii x ie lcei of ilk pliothlctioli xx ell
citiuci foiNll of xiii gliiii-xilitll Siiage ix the iiuiix forageV.
W\iltiiig hefor i'tiixiio t'iitiatix si'c(1)agi' Midf ilicicaxex
dix illittil xttfl'.gt ('aipa(itx o tilois. Ouil the ttici iuaiid.
ttiiial i li( aiit l iill iit ail Ii ill caxex ciaiiccx of xx iathl'
t:auo age.
Siiice ('uoxx x pci f iimcd ci~iiaix \x\(T oii tit( txx i siiagex.
faiitiii xoithiei (hll lloti itioiiai xsitoiid he' the Iasix fior t'liliiiiig
I iutxx tli iliccl ci it ii ll \\xii till( g mithii ds.
SiLwiua IY )\ b11
I'i I. J'ict,
t)ui r uit 9. 4 1. T
-is i
Al t'xx t. FV 
ri sclist
ilai IiC
P'ct. P0.I
7A 55I
1).1 52.6
Lb 1. Lb. Pcit.
.32~ :12. 82.9
1.t 2.:3 8:3.8
Coillpositio
'Ml, (11\ illattcl CP, urildc ploteill: CF, (.111de fibt.l: Iild
TI)N, total digcstibic lititricilts.
C O-Xxl L BUl' ie(\i( I) XI1ASS' (all bie estalishe 
il II)11(1Iid-ile
troml miature 0 re c~0l lipp)ingii s 1 1eadih115 its 
010i pilallto
U.se of tis productivelo f\ 0 0 ae tirop Ihas ) pob al 1 
( \ I I
lim ite b'i i the necliot of' N li m vege 0('tativ ma 1 dterials 
I spi Igx
for estab~ilihent. Plaiitiiig green elippimgx 
offlers all addIi
tionial metotd that ilav 1be bettei- suitedl to some1 1,110 
ill i
tiolis than) 5111iia plantinig. (.iel 00t ippllas are( ealsilv 1)111)1('
I sio~ usua 05,1fari inii 11erv
P lailtillg C oastal ('lii)1ili.r \\'axits pobialy 
first tie ()i i
fieold tsi sx ill Alabli iiil sex oral \ ears ago( at tile U 
pperF Cit), ll
Plailn Subs~tationl, \\ iifielti. Sincee thenl iluuelotx 
groxxIi
h1ave0x uct's lul lx estal li C 10( oaxstIIl by spreadhin g it-exi i
ciut clippingx oil lieplarel hold anid diskilng 
ilto) tie soil.
A i citical comiparisonl of t11e clippingl mlethlod wxithi plaitim-
xpr igs \\-iaxineeded, anld tour tests wer 01 otaliliedi 
iix 23
196:3, jukx 17, 1961, and August 5, 196.5, at the Loxxe
Coastal Plainl Suilstatlllll, (Camdenl; Midt tulY 
11, 1963, at till
P1l1ant Breeding U~nit, lallaxxee. These testx comuparedI ('1)1
xei itionaIl sprigginig, Ii xk ill g ill xl 11i gx andi tiskinIg 
ill grol
clippillgs.
AllI texts wer o10 s)11 x 11151oilll soils th at had been 
1i leh
allt fertilizedi a11co01dingl to xol text recoimmend (ationsx 
ail1
tilled( to p)rov ide at goodt steedbed. Planltin~gs weroe made11 
whe1n1
xoiil moixstiure \\ias go od, uim il Irexilikx dug 
xpriu gx d fr 11 Iesh
ciippf)igx cutlit ita sickle-hai- mower. Clippiligs we re 
froml
,"raxx that wxax 8 we teks ol1( ori older, xs) tha~t eatch stein
pini)gs from1 yn11g gralss conin II1 fewx itox aiid( 
are to)o
telldei for Ilse ats p lal itill g ma ,terial.
Raltes (if xprigs uixed wxeire I per sxq. ft.. I for 
eachl 2 stl
it., and I pei 4 sq. ft. (tile usual sprigging rate). 
Spiigs
in1g. Gree ecu lipp~inlgs at ritt'x (if 5,20)0, 2,600 ,Illd 
1,391) li).
per ac(re' xxere spread aind dixked inlto the soil. Thlese 
rates
xxere c 0111:1 to 1, 12, Mid1 ' 4 tOil Of t aV per 
acire, aild well'
comlparab le ill xvalut' to tcost of' tile tillee( raltex of spiigs.
After plantinlg, tile test ar1e1ax \\i,, tcltipat'ke1 
an1d ii-
tormixy ti eitted xxithit ahlerbiide to (hilol 
xw eedx. Evlx tia-
EFi~iiu oI AIE ANDl N11,i111hl)01O PLAi.NGl ON YlIA-i 
A NI,
Si xNOl OF COASTxl xi lxll lI~l.15x Lo\\ Ill1 (OAxxl, 1 PSIN
St-li(iAON AN) P1'i \ R1EEDiIN, ['\NI 1961:3-66
('Iippiii gs dIisked ill
5,2011) ).1 1
1,300~ lb./acli
Spr~igs disked iii
4 3,5601 igs acre1(1
1ll,890 T '-s ;t(lV
Sprigs ill rowvs
4:3,56011 i_, l'' l UI
21,7801 xpli s 10 lol
I11.8911 si igx /,lc('
Dri\
Illat II I
ill 1(.
Standl
a\ Ill'')
2,852 it 11
2,061t (l 65
1,59-4 c 52
1360( ab1
I 7111
1,5(64
2.,71:3 t
2.37 8 ill)
2,5 tIbc)
I )i x
ill,1 i I t (I,
1))r iiere
1, 1).
Stt(]l
it\ t i90
"('I.
:3,925 at 1001
3, 6 06 ill) 99
:3,736S 1 98
:3,52 1 abh 98
1.3: 
1
(b 90l
4,0017 i
:3,829 i
.31774 it
99
98
97
' Fir.,t him-cst aftei (- titblishinunt \vas oot until t1w fol-
lo\Nill'-' for tIllv(' of tit(' four tests.
Ali\ kw follo\N( (I b% tll(, qtlllt, 1(,tt(,] ill(, (.on-
Si(jered equaL tllo"(, not Iollo\k(4 b\ the silille 1('tt('I* [( pre-
sent diffelvilues resultiligy front the exp(-riniental tlVZttTnC1ltS.
MID-SUMMER ESTABLISHMENT
OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS
C. COOPER KING, JR. Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
R. M. PATTERSON, Research Data Analysis
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
JORDAN LANGFORD, Plant Breeding Unit
Ti tatinlei It difi orei (ox shioxnI ill the tal dtxei e motst evi-
dlew Ittie firs t harv xest aftter estali shment111, xwhith 
xxas niot
1Iiitl tile foil oxwillg sprI g for tille 0 o' lthtie foiur teosts. 
At
tcomiiparabllle ialtt5 a111 thlree meitthod(s xxert' equally effettive
ill estalihinig i1 stild, xxithl (,1 excepltion. At the initer-
Il 'niedate ra,1 sprigs disxked l i'i 0er illfIerioir to 
sprii gs p1 lln'ld
ii) lxx s.
effetct oiIl rormlance at timelt oif first lharvxest. The 
Ilhigh ralte
x\,its suipeirior to tilt in termeildiailt' anlIowx 
Irate's fol aI ll It-
it)g miethodits, excep)t xx]tll sp~rigs xxere planltedi ill rowsx 
tilt
Alixalltilge of' tinig tiie hlighl rate oif pliiltilg 
iilterili
hv forii 11N' eit and1( staill estjimates. Byx tis timiie oilkl the(
p
1 
eteiv oxvercoime its ealiher pol- ieorm011anceU.
Slit' geiiea l0:11ack oi' planiltillg ile0thod ifl i 
i ie aIt'lt till
firs t 1111rve(st xxals also1 evitdent lit setcod itcutting1. 'No differ'i
planltinlg. AXt tihis ralte, silligs pilantedi ill rows 
ioituitet mioiie
illen t we re t'(uailkx teffe(ctive0, pilaiitill g lat thiiis 
50115011 is inolt
preferried oiver spi ilg t'stabilishmiient xxithI sprigs. Deia' 
ti
planI t inIg lowxers toltal piroducitioni du~lrinlg th11 first 
seastonI ail1(
IMo(isxtuie o nOidIlit ions arIe uixull less favorab1 
ll' dIuriniig m11it-
slim il er thanll ill early sprinlg.
Results oif tile studies itdentify thrt'e miajor 
findinlgs:
(1) Coalstal il bruidagrllss cill lie extail i lequa( 
111ly wvell
lli) iid xiii )ei xxe] ml' Iioistur ii s ampl b1011 lis 
kin1g ii glee ii
clippinlgs, dlisking ill sprigs, 01 planltilig 
'spigs ill rxxws,
(2) T1ht' high 11110 (If eachli ethot] prodlutted 
stand~ts lloist
I 11
1
id1X ' is reflected b,. yiteld lat first halrvestx.
(:3) All raIttes studliedl producitetd goodi 
stands(1, 90% oir btte(',
alld Ill e Il0lY weI' x(re 0e1u1a1 fiX time( (if 5000111 
11alrvest.
First hill\est, Sc(-ond harxest
Preplant Herbicides
for Sweetpotatoes
W. A. JOHNSON, H. J. AMLING, and
J. L. Turner, Department of Horticulture
M. H. HOLLINGSWORTH.
North Alabama Horticulture Substation
R ESEARCH WITH HERBICIDES for weed
control in sweetpotatoes in the past has
dealt with post-plant applications.
For these to be effective they have
to be applied on freshly prepared soil
before emergence of weed seedlings. It:
is also necessary that ample moisture be
present for activation. Good weed con-
trol is not always possible from post-
plant applications, especially with vola-
tile type herbicides, under droughty
conditions. During sweetpotato planting
season, April 20 through May 30 at
Auburn, there have been 15 drought
periods ranging from 2-4 weeks during
the last 10 years. During these periods
an average less than 3/ in. of rain fell.
A similar condition existed in most areas
of Alabama.
To offset effects of dry periods and
other difficulties of post-plant applica-
tion, the preplant applications of herbi-
cides are being emphasized, especially
the volative types incorporated into the
soil. Two effective methods of applica-
tion are:
' 
(1) bed over and (2) broad-
cast and bed. Neither method of appli-
cation requires any special equipment.
The bed over method, like the post-
plant application, requires an extra trip
over field for applying the herbicide.
With the broadcast and bed method,
the herbicides can be applied when rows
are bedded by placing spray nozzles
ahead of bedding equipment.
Studies with preplant and post-plant
methods were made in 1962-64 using
Eptam and Vernam at 2,3,4 and 6 lb.
per acre rates on broadcast basis in a
14-in. band for the bed over method.
For broadcast and bedded method, 1.0
..and 1.5 lb. rates were used. In these
:studies yields were equal to the hoed
check. Good to excellent weed control
was obtained from 4 and 6-lb. rates
when the bed over method was used
and from the 1.5 lb. rate using the
broadcast and bedded method. The 1.5-
lb. rate broadcast amounts to approxi-
mately 3 lb. actual in the bedded row
since middles are turned into the row
in bed preparation.
Shown in No. 1 is soil flat broke and disked
early. No. 2 herbicide broadcast width of
row and No. 3 fertilizer applied and row
bedding.
During the past 2 years the broadcast
and bedded method of application has
been used to study rates and effects of
certain herbicides. Results are given in
the table. Highest yields were obtained
from 1.5 lb. per acre of Vernam and
Eptam. When rates were increased above
1.5 lb., yields were slightly depressed
except for the 3-lb. rate of Vernam at
Cullman that produced the highest yield.
At all rates weed control was good to
excellent.
A new herbicide, Ordram, looks prom-
ising in tests. Yields for 2 years study
at rates of 4.0 and 6.0 lb. per acre were
equal or in excess of those from the
hoed check; weed control was excellent.
The predominant weed in these studies
was crabgrass (Digitaria spp.). There
were some pigweed and Florida pusley;
these were satisfactorily controlled by
herbicides used. During 1967 there was
a considerable amount of new grass,
Broadleaf signal grass (Brachiaria platy-
phylla), which is becoming widely
spread. As shown by rating for control
in the table, Vernam at 1.5 and 2.0 lb.
gave fairly good control but Eptam gave
best control. In field tests both Ver-
nam and Eptam gave good control of
nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) and coffeeweed
(Daubentonia texane) in the treated area.
Vernam has label clearance for using
preplant and Eptam and Ordram will
likely have label clearance soon.
EFFECT OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES APPLIED PRE-PLANT BROADCAST 
AND INCORPORATED ON WEED CONTROL
AND ON YIELD OF SwEETPOTATOES
broaderbicides, Total yields at Auburn Per
__broadcast and beddedacre at
Kind Rate/a 
1964 1965 1966 1967 
Cull-
man
1966
Vernam
Vernam ------
Vernam --------
Vernam
Eptam -
Eptam ---------
Eptam ------- --
Eptam .........
Ordram
Ordram
Ordram
Check, hoed
Check, not hoed
Lb. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
1.0 230 617
1.5 275 395 522 531
2.0 658 299 425 483
3.0 324 895 540
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0.
6.0
240 669
245 614 363 543
647 296 508
318 480
227 529
.381 578
596
271 660 
352 472
221 552 127 135
513
532
Weed control rating
1
Crabgrass Broad-
1964 1965 
1966 1967 
leaf
signal
grass
1967
9.6 8.4
9.6
9.4
9.7 8.1
9.7 8.6
9.1
8.9
9.3
9.4
9.0
9.6
9.5
6.9
8.7
9.6
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.0
9.7
10.0
10.0
8.0
7.7
8.7
9.0
9.6
9.7
9.7
9.7
10.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Crab-
grass
Cull-
man
1967
9.4
9.9
9.9
9.8
Vigor,
rating
1966 1967
9.4 9.7
9.0 9.4
8.8 9.5
9.0 9.6
8.4 9.3
8.6 8.9
9.1 10.0
9.8 9.9
9.8
9.5 10.0
'Wee coto aig owe 
oto;1 opeecnrl
Weed control rating: 0 - no weed control; 10 - complete control.
2 Vigor rating: 0- no growth; 10 - excellent growth.
14
1 . _ **CIU VULCIIIIVU IIV111 I LCIIU V ~V ILI
~s~ r rrs~ss usrr
'I
9.9
9.8
H IGHLIGHTS with this issue enters its
15th year of publication. It was estab-
lished in 1954 for the purpose of re-
porting results of research by the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station to Alabama
farm families, agriculturally based busi-
ness, and industry.
Animal Science
CARCASS DIFFERENCES PINPOINTED BY
FEDERAL YIELD GRADING-Huffman and
Collins. Vol. 14, No. 1 1967.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING INSECTICIDE-SALT
MIXTURES TO STEERS-Brown and Hays.
Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
EVALUATION OF UREA-CONTAINING SI-
LAGES-Harris, Anthony, and Brown. Vol.
14, No. 2. 1967.
MANAGEMENT OF BEEF CATTLE IN CON-
FINEMENT-Harris, Anthony, and Brown.
Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE RECORDS
TO SALE PRICE OF TESTED BULLs-Patter-
son and McGuire. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
SELF-FEEDING A FAT-CONTAINING MIX-
TURE TO STEERS GRAZING COASTAL BER-
MUDA-Harris, Anthony, and Brown. Vol.
14, No. 1. 1967.
WORMING COMPOUNDS FOR HOGs-Tucker
and Gissendanner. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Consumer Economics
CONSUMERS NEED MARKETING INFORMA-
TION Too-Hammett. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
HOMEMAKERS' MEAT PREFERENCES FOR
SPECIAL MEALs-Hammett. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
Dairy Science
EIGHT GRADE A HERDS USED IN DAIRY
RESEARCH BY AUBURN EXPERIMENT STA-
TION-Blackstone and Autrey. Vol. 14, No.
1. 1967.
FoR GOOD MILK PRODUCTION FEED HIGH
LEVELS OF CONCENTRATES WITH COASTAL-
Little, Rollins, and Mayton. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
GROUP FEEDING OF CONCENTRATES TO
MILKING DAIRY Cows-Hawkins. Vol. 14,
No. 3. 1967.
LABOR-A PROBLEM ON ALABAMA DAIRY
FARMs-Autrey. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
WHAT CAUSES FAT Loss WHEN COWS
ARE FED PELLETED CONCENTRATES?-Hawk-
ins. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
Farm Economics
ALABAMA'S FEED GRAIN DEFICIT SITUA-
TIoN-Hurst. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
ARE ALABAMA MILK SUPPLIES ADEQUATE
TO MEET DEMAND?-Wilson. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
Early issues were 8-page editions. To
meet demand, the quarterly was doubled
in size and increased to 10,000 copies.
If you do not keep a file of Highlights,
please share your copy with neighbors.
Listed below are the articles published
in last year's four issues.
CHANGING PATTERN OF FARM EXPENSES
-Yeager. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
CONDEMNATION OF BROILERS MEANS Loss
IN VALUE-White. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
HIGH INTEREST RATE PAID ON DURABLE
GOODs-Miller. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
MARKETING AND STORAGE FACILITIES
NEEDED BY STATE SOYBEAN INDUSTRY-
Yeager and Rollo. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
PROPER COTTON HARVESTING PRESERVES
LINT QUALITY-Hurst. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
STATE CONTROL OF MILK PRICES-Wil-
son. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Farm Machinery
FARM MACHINERY SAFETY-Renoll. Vol.
14, No. 3. 1967.
INCORPORATING HERBICIDES GIVES GOOD
RESULTS-Dumas. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
PICKER VERSUS STRIPPER HARVESTING OF
CoTToN-Corley and Kirk. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
Field Crops
ANNUAL GRASS - CLOVER MIXTURES FOR
WINTER GRAzING-Hoveland, Glaze, Rich-
ardson, Langford, and Bertram. Vol. 14,
No. 3. 1967.
BROADCAST SEED FOR BEST SERICEA
STANDS-Patterson, Donnelly, and Gantt.
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
HIGH HUMIDITY DURING BOLL OPENING
LOWERS QUALITY OF COTTONSEED-Wood-
ruff, Hoveland, and McCain. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
SEED GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF LE-
GUMES MAY BE REDUCED BY WEED RESI-
DUES-Bieber and Hoveland. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
SERALA SERICEA AS A GRAZING CROP FOR
BEEF CATTLE-Anthony, Harris, Hoveland,
Mayton, and Boseck. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
SOIL COMPACTION OFTEN LIMITS COTTON
YIELDS IN ALABAMA-Lund. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
SOIL INOCULANTS FAIL TO IMPROVE CROP
PRODUCTIoN-Hilthold and Cope. Vol. 14,
No. 4. 1967.
Fertilization
SOIL CALCIUM AND ROOT GROWTH-
Adams. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
index to Articles Published in
HIGH-ILIGHTS of Agricultural Research
1967
LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1966.
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
15
Forestry
REESTABLISHING FOREST STANDS IN UP-
PER COASTAL PLAIN-Garin. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
RESPONSE OF SLASH PINE TO SLOWLY
AVAILABLE FERTILIZER-Carter and White.
Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
SCARIFICATION AIDS NATURAL PINE RE-
GENERATION IN UPLAND BOTTOMS-Whip-
ple. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
Fruits and Vegetables
ATKINSON, A NEW TOMATO VARIETY--
Greenleaf and McGraw. Vol. 14, No. 1.
1967.
BREEDING SOUTHERN PEAS FOR MACHINE
HARVEST-JoneS. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON TOMA-
TO PRODUCTION-Johnson and Ware. Vol.
14, No. 2. 1967.
Insects and Controls
CONTROL OF LESSER CORNSTALK BORER
AND COWPEA CURCULIO ON SOUTHERN FIELD
PEAS-Bass and Canerday. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
SEX ATTRACTANT FOR INSECTs-Berger.
Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
THE ALFALFA WEEVIL AND ITS CONTROL
-Bass. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
Plant Diseases
COWPEA VIRUSES IN ALABAMA-Harri-
son and Gudauskas. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
HERBICIDES AFFECT GROWTH OF ROOT
DISEASE FUNGUs-Rodriguez-Kabana, Curl,
and Funderburk. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
LAWN GRASS DISEASE CONTROL-Lyle.
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
REACTIONS OF SMALL GRAINS TO Dis-
EASES-Gudauskas. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Poultry Science
A NEW DRUG FOR CONTROLLING COC-
CIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS-Edgar and Flana-
gan. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT-NEW AVE-
NUE TO PREVENTING POULTRY DISEASES-
King. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
Weed Control
CONTROLLING NUTGRASS (NUTSEDGE) IN
LAWNs-Sturkie. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
CONTROLLING WOLFTAIL IN PASTURES-
Burns and Buchanan. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
WHAT IS STATUS OF COTTON WEED CON-
TROL WITH HERBICIDES?-Buchanan. Vol.
14, No. 1. 1967.
Wildlife
DEVELOPMENT OF GOOD QUAIL HABITAT
IN PIEDMONT PINE WooDs-Speake. Vol.
14, No. 4. 1967.
Miscellaneous
ICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK BELT SOILS IN
DEALERS' KNOWLEDGE OF PESTICIDES-
Dunkelberger and Johnson. Vol. 14, No. 1.
How FAT IS FAT?-Prather. Vol. 14,
No. 8. 1967.
INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
I Ill. i 'ii. I iitSm -Ni N it clelit vs iiiatii
ts of his broiler brteders caii itin iii
seN cral w5aNs.
Diiiilfog tlu last 5 \c ars, at setic of'
cpiiiiciits hs Auiihi it Uici-sits .\,i-i
ciiltuiial Lxpe'iiitii Statitn has t't'I I
dlii ssitli bro iflerl. eecleis to a~scei tafii
t'e best iiletiloi' ill Iaisiiig sluch li, cs
ftor till t'ffjuieiics Since brioiler hu'ilt'ir
ill*( kept for it(' pl p-po' (of pris iti
salale chicks, all] tlitr factors ins ilscc
werte iice secot tial
lI is tstii4,atot s ilseiss l il hs s iiaiti'u
sshstuiis tit u aioo lodelt' 
1
ot'cders Its
iiigF suchl it idlexts as h ols s c\ialit, ('cr(2
tire s of itlo ti w ii' t. Iloss us ii. little
resear ch has 
1
i'ti tlit oii pi liltictiti I
ot salale chicks as aiffected hs fviiwft.
tN i(lc'iit tlhat clli ugtatit its itbroiiler
lirtteerssithiti hllit" a lueillofic iil it-
stilts. Io tit istitict', t'ai Is 'gs fIi bi i s
oilI 11111 feed clinig diR, griussi l,, period
wereit simall aid ,Sl 'iltel ililest ,i(id
it stait of, las\, liilsk oii thet( eslict etl
diet thuritig tIt' g (TIs ii ig peiriodl
siluieIless Iced ii [the lilis fog lent ,
,iittl, thin i'tri' s\er mo ' iire elf ititit
Earls c\pc'titittits ailsio dc'iiiiisti attil
that feetd test) ictioi lii diig [it('ltsoi
per'tiod~ \\it's lot itls sile. It \\its ils
shoissi thiat hitrds raisted clIiiii i he [lit]
couild havuse thir iiiiiiits chilaved be hst
bv i isti ictili tle [lit'tlt to T77, iif that
iit iialls eateitifi duim [tic pc't w iol S
to 21 \\ ccks iol ite, or Its sthjtctitig tIt(
lIlt cs [oita dcliiI igw lighIt schelli' uior.
tnlialx t'vseperfeuicucl a tt that time of
t  
car.i
spi itihatched hi',is sbh c'c'cl d chis
~il lighlt resti ictitni tivttun ts tol oltafii
tlic' bc'st ir'sults.
Ill it'strfctiili pli illus, it \\its fiitiocl
tha~t tile ts pi' of' litter il \\ lifuli thei
bfidcs \\ss ( t p '~ laice'd ssas fiilpiltaii sinice it
could culijtiittc to dciursv intake inl
somel( iiistiiicc's. ('atttillabltisiis\\ias ri atc'l
eta lit d till iii - ois it(, i tivi,titv't ts.
Rock striui chicks \\s s wsd. It \\ ats
Itol] Id that cils fig 1riulit I I]i its lis s\ ,tt'
c'stritfcii, fi'i'clfo (i it, illitilligtthe feedI
DELAYING, NAA'' TIlY
BROILER BREEDERS
J. R. HO0W ES- and G. J. COTTIER
Department of Poutriy Science
('iisii'soi\ iii '\t iiilii', 1, .iio ro DFi,_\1 \tsit it% 1\ Iti%\ sss thu imit Pt iiiis 
t
li 67
\li ttI oil ii)lils fog
Iltii'its
2I . ~ ut IoIIIrI ill c't'ilig,
4. Futil t~i tlig -t- l gi tic. (lttit\
. Com in i t iuils, s itiiiis -+
.5(K fit
6. ('orui) ilithitis, \situiosil
0.0 t' incilioii i
Full t tljg (,\s r i t l. ( d iii \
( t it ittil oats -16 7
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION -Highlights of
Agricultural Research 2 68 IOM
T iit [to 
Bodt\
xxail 
t\ 
\ iglrit
iitits 24 %\ ccks
IDa11s
1.5-
164
I6_1
115
5.3
60 1dii
tutu 252
175 5.1 .5 6.
Dilil
fetil
intiki,
dl\
thuiii''
Its
tptt iii
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5.1
4. 9
4.7
5.1
ClIiicks
.,,o.
1015
115
122
1t16
4.6 10t7
5.4 .5:3.6 4.7 92
5.8 58.7 .5.5 1(
POSTAGE PAID
US. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ofi tlttsean oit her tilii steiiis %\,I( etc NItas
e'fficieiit. \\ lie these s N st('tls Il15li-, ]it\(,
pro'ed atcc'ptuulilt 1) ' staiitkit (s ofi bids
cight at 21 55 \% tks and claN s to Ilila
till its tit(, fail1ed t )(iliuic eas Ifiutos
', lal'lc clicks as, thu( 77'( ictshi ctcl dhut.
st I ateci 
that all] 
imethotds 
testei t' 
Irliii
tlec 5 ,ars skip a iiasl ftelitig ('('(iiiT
al teil late claN 5 ) ploe beCI1 st, scc t ale.
(;oss feed itsti ictionl (77/( of [lit1' it'
oils wee'tk ) oi light 1('sti-ictiol it s i)
satisl actoiv I ori I it -lIit at clIi ((id cloI cks
5
pri)1)4 liatcli('( chliciks iiece't both.
Aftter 24 ss i'tks the birds XXer fu' tll
fed it 1 eedillg mawshl Mliplilittiiig the(
feed'( fon l-1as 1)15 ols d dlli w iit4[('I
al i require tc [it( sc'iNices ofi a uuith itioii-
ist. T1 lie tsults 5 tie not tcoiisist'iit. Pit-
li'le int daitv ill alilost 
ust5c'\per
Inl~t)it.