VOLUME 14, NO. 2
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
~it~
COCCIDIOSIS.
control drug tested,
see story on page 5
w
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
SUMMER 1967
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 14, NO. 2 SUMMER 1967
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON TOMATO PRODUCTION -
Increases Marketable Fruit Yields
CONTROLLING WOLFTAIL IN PASTURES- Describes Effec-
tive Treatments Against Troublesome Pest
A NEw DRUG FOR CONTROLLING COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS
- Named Bonaid Found Effective in Tests
BREEDING SOUTHERN PEAS FOR MACHINE HARVEST-New
Lines May Reduce Field Labor Costs
RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE RECORDS TO SALE PRICE
OF TESTED BULLS - Buyers Consider Records .......
3
4
5
6
7
ALABAMA'S FEED GRAIN DEFICIT SITUATION- Produce or
Buy is the Economic Question 8
HIGH INTEREST RATE PAID ON DURABLE GOODS- Reports
Findings from a Study in Four Alabama Counties- 9
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER AND COWPEA CURCULIO CON-
TROL- Outlined for Southern Field Peas 10
EVALUATION OF UREA-CONTAINING SILAGES -Shows
Urea as Substitute for Protein in Some Rations ...... 11
HIGH HUMIDITY DURING BOLL OPENING LOWERS QUALITY
OF COTTONSEED - Results in Poor Planting Seed .12
EFFECTS OF FEEDING INSECTICIDE-SALT-MINERAL MIX-
TURE TO STEERS- Little Value for Horn Fly Control .. 13
HERBICIDES AFFECT GROWTH OF ROOT DISEASE- Com-
pounds That Slow Down Fungus an Added Benefit .14
ARE ALABAMA MILK SUPPLIES ADEQUATE TO MEET DE-
MAND?- Not At Present and Are Not Likely To Be 15
SCARIFICATION AIDs NATURAL PINE REGENERATION- Es-
pecially in Upland Bottoms 16
E. V. SMITH
R. D. ROUSE
CHAS. F. SIMMONS
T. E. CORLEY
KENNETHB. BROY-
E. L. McGRAW
R. E. STEVENSON--
Director
Associate Director
Assistant Director
Assistant Director
--------------E d itor
Associate Editor
_Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology; J.
L. TURNER, Instructor in Horticulture;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; AND KENNETH
B. Roy.
ltea4a7 7eme4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 358. Costs of Packing Fresh Peaches
in Chilton County, Ala., presents detailed
cost data from packing sheds using both
crates and baskets.
Bul. 371. Size Adjustments of Alabama
Grade A Milk Producers relates how pro-
ducer numbers and size of operations have
changed since 1959.
Cir. 151. Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid vs. John-
songrass Pasture for Dairy Cows compares
the two summer forages, giving results
learned in Black Belt Substation tests.
Prog. Rept. 84. Rainfall Distribution in
Alabama presents seasonal rainfall patterns
for five areas of Alabama based on records
from 150 stations.
Prog. Rept. 88. Effect of Several Insecti-
cides and Application Schedules on Cotton
Insect Control gives comparative results
with different insecticides in Wiregrass Sub-
station trials.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
II I
0A ,~,
% " ~- *4
11+ 1I:
~;r
No rn ure 6 ons 
0
\eilrs, 1ar-. tmo80m11itx of inonir 1119(ooilitei XXitlil littel an
dxijialie I il~ it ,teo olali11. Ontc iails to] \(Ytl)lc 1)1()
tIlictt iol.
ili 1 962 aoit 1 96:1. 'I'll( illlll i a~ t- llects XX(iI I tiI(1ied ill
tll19X x ciirx aod( lisi l eflectx iti N 64, 1965, iild 1966~.
Tltiilx XCI lsd ild ildI ilc ?41X iIll tilc talei.
lIcsxillts xio\\ tfiat lily \41 l X 1( 11 li'(, of itiiikiatit- to-
:3 il iii tall iex p ce from hi lii 181111 X a ii xxlict 10 it (d iot xjli
klldlofIC ot11181 iltl)lic Iicd increases4Iilld~ ii 1181191 111(111
i l I(IXII 1 tli i cxjlldI fol. iif k dill of o irem the X I
3 iCC 6 tol of broiler1181111.1) l itl iX \\tslsi st 119 CX9 1 it ll t 9 (T-
I itlX d i lilcalit. r \itl 11111)111 rttt dilitreoicc XX aX 01)t \ijlds
of (1 we11CIillIllaI IIliXCI di 11111 X 1(13 1)1total (iC XX hiltoo(
EFRiCI" of*PI l 11111R MAI TF oH
F I i 1 1111 
1 1 
11 1 
1 1 
,1 11 
1
W A. JOHNSON noo L. M. WARE
Department of Horicuture
p~lied1 at thle ")-til I itt, 67 XX o app1 
1
l~ied~ iltlhc 6-tiit i Iatc
1111d 4-4 lbi. 1)e91 aIcrI at tile 9-hti I iti-. Tlhii adi 
iiiii i ai t-
tledisx f)Cl tll 1111 ill- he3 x (ixr ofl relil1 
llictx X i-irC
1.5 bu. fi(111 (ft :3t tlol (,,1- 19 111111 6-o t ll 
(, it o id 26 b11.
peri 1e ( fl Ill tc I C-Itt rat. 11c ilI iut1 j ilt 1
To dex term(5 in llt, ii of'~11 111ionile1 i iii11 ill 111,1111111' 
tI (-i
1111911of ISfluitx 611 kC1ill
4 
ofldt r iiip a tt19xtxt' allotiX of Ialii
11111191 tli he \%(ire tcolllctedi. 1966 x hill)i XX ote testI~l~I i
(ill) airI conitijIld r(ollm it 72 V'. t :3 'a i(kx A\(i 1141 losxs
tl) ripe1 tolliatttex fron11 theC Ilitldir 11Civi ltit lit \\it ax .71, It
thie CicI oft 2 XX ilk., ill 1 1.6"; afterl :3 XX (tkx dxs coiid
XX ithI 7.5 andl 2(6.6(y, tflr (19 1(llil11 t th no11(1oi Ft. I l
till-( 1411919( fruit, (111 rexpctiXc lose Iiixx9 XXI 0.3 111(1 
4 5 3
.:
11)1i (tro\ill theloIC faClllt o 11f 1 xll\jidI t XX d i lllc-ill keep-91
ctrl\t o theIx II II 111 tll of I 96 ltixc po ii cil ic x tad i-t-
1
t's
)i eldx 1)11 iCI C
Ntil ketth
1
X wtlix
Brood's Hatt, ip3i
\L~i IIt In
1 96 1 1 965'
No. Tiolls Bll Pct. Bil. 111. It. 1311.
1111~l 0 0I 671Io, 67 51w1 4451f 60! 11 :388 9951i
)l 5 :3 981(81, -10.11 551 ii W) It h 385 14 411.
5 6 1(17: 11 75.6a 5 tll) 7 51 456i 1 12i~t
.5 9 1016 tifl) 7 I.
6
.i MT i 816.~ 466 1 1 ,7(
1112 6 98 lili) 69 )Iit ) 6it. ?I~ilt :398 
1-1(
Ii (iii 800) T --.:.l 3 1 w91 72 71i 
101 T 11
1964 1 Wi5-
1311. 1311.
l)2
1
9i I 0~66a
8 4 .Zil, 97- T a
I"~
I-i
1
3
t
tlt
llIt.
Bit
lIIt,
F11-1-1 ( [,, m Kl\l)i, -\I) li, Ivs ol.. Pot I,] It) \1,\\l lot. o\ Plkoi)l ( I lo\ ol To\l \ 
lot S
I)ollltl\ Ilialillic treiltilicilts
Act
N. - "- 't~'
'I'
xxx
-C'
I'
xx
CONTROLLING
WOLFTAIL in
PASTURES
EARL R. BURNS and G. A. BUCHANAN
Dept. o) Agronomy and Soils
xx R t't'114 ii I 66 3,] Coa ta 'iii ti l itt i ll
ii) (, x til 11 ilt cil iti. til le CM I i N .1
1141 l ex c it xx tAl t~d o i tttil.i, lt(I l ii lx
11(tt 1 c \ i l iii " li) loilxI'.
(It'\\tI oet it ( ,It iii de I (i e siip iit't \ll NIf,It i
4,lx e 1 l1v it rfmtt iI wio. l'i it 1111 liii I 2 ii
Ilii i )l ef 'III't i \lt i i tilt Iv l re-t
oI~ il I' \1 l Iitt .1l I w xoi 1411 illil
t'alitxli I llI NO' toi ill coli)111 NIl,iiii
I 'i'
1
li' im s i ill .1lltif t t o i Al 1 ix! t xl t I le
i(fo lx ,itill jt',l (trlx it w oI l ' L.,i tttt
I tilt lx xx('i I liI iltill (it t x tl! t ill tixx t
tIi l[tm i itthleto exix extiviixeix wdt
xxiitll til 4 f I) xl il i tei Iii \Ia ix it ti.
II Ilk pbithk hex l
1
1
1
lpol xxaibi so1llx ti(
tid iix II1tIjl' i ll of At XII 1(114 :),fli
2h ii)ll a iiiitiolleaillitl tt i)Si it
t Io l (\l ii Ii i l e t lt t \w11 x t ll ii xxi i tt
ito 'S iii 
l e x i, t
t 
e tl oi l i 
l) N \\ , it 
o l)
X id. it il xx x reu t s \\ eviiiet lixe ivix
ei i tll x x t s p h itit itt \i Ii it. xx id
I1 lxx xxAl ill It (It \ 1 tI hx A - \cIi i ti tI \\ ofItilx
coi 2 t 1) \ lel ititi .) 
1 
i '.(Iit I l I t lpeo it'f
ht ditlxit \\ tillt dIn x xxi ix xx) ill( o t l xxixd
txs Illerlii " app)Itiedttt'ix M I iI iixx Ix t
tt i itixx ii l ( ~ lx faiI ile t o i i iiit
xii\ t' xx i bl i uee lt x xx illthitix (ix ut'
1 
iii
('tIl' I till ito l(t l~ l I i ( i ix p l itl' , ofiii
NI \I A t/'i i li it oal iltltii.ilii I D liii
How 2,4-D controls woiftail is illustrated
here. Dallisgrass is reestablishing on plot
treated twice with 3 lb. per acre active
2,4-D per opplication (right). Untreoted
plot (left) had dense stand of wolftail.
ftilI 1( 1' 1)eik 41o\\ ill xe of theI
pii \\ from0 Itt)xex kile 2.4 I)mcs h
1 
-
plied otile tof txx(. li' ar lot 2 to :1
c-ars. ']If litlitixelx lo\\ (Ox! of 2,4-1)
I oN ik, tt i XX to t t li controli mth d
I Iii Ii
1a(11).
it( tix (
2, 4-1) aiiiic
I N
N N!
15.0
-5
15.0
6
6
N ISN I A
6 N I
XX olit itl pjiltd
Spc 2) iiii i It.
11 )1o Ii-
111 it il f11I
\ oi. No.
\it\
\lIII
ix\- Xii''.
9t0 11
115 lix
0I
36
I.)
12
I1,. 1501
It I' I AIiltit x C IAit ''ill it5 xx urI t ) ti ' il
\1ii 1w of liiilt kt1111 111111 bI 1 (d
S3P3 LB~
xx
-4
I I
x ia it(,\ Nwii t ill tiic jpiiilti.
ii itluuxrxtl-\ euiuitc'x i .c(citlx 
tit've'iipcdc
clir oi -i tiicoi til i ofi 
ccciisis' ill
chit kei I'.
tri\ iii I, )htis, prgc' iiiti ti'eic 
iii fit
ersti
11  
e thu clra i drig's o11 tiit( ilullkit.
Bluuil iia C ahi ciixditiiict 
atix IIlti~cx
i'fi(cetiv c' il~illst tiic fkx 
leas'it pathiiieuiic
x)etuic ' ceoccidua tiili 
dl lligx CII1I ieitix
iiiictoiic to the host, aii 
(3) ill field
trials, fils cix ed tis tiiliiliolcid 
ouiaiix-
iccitc \\ecigiilt 141111', allti 
Iceti ccox ~clioiii
iiioxt xx itl'i uiscc Cot 
eidtilttic iii.i igx.
Agicultual Exeit tu - tiiii 
ii 1 iii c'i it
the tiihig iiot ccii ix )1e 
cl tc'i i iil ii'
I109 the effects iof se\x 
c' if if ectioi u
causcec lix- eacii of tue( huie 
spcies ofi
tot ehulia that infIct chl 
iitk sl bilt xx ix
IiuigIilx cffectixe iii biockillt 
tiic, life, cxuc e
of iiiuit xpectiex. Tis' 
ixt ix illipol tault
xx ieU it is fed I c'ieatc'cli 
tii bileri flock
oil1 tie
1 
xlilic' fi Oi. I Thi ( ix c'x 
ilIce
that tilt 1)1ixsites iiaxe deveIlopedl 
',uiiii
rxl',tillcc toi tie miost comiiiiili 
It,(
drugsi it[ tiiiiil i rc io ime.~~~ 
i i t i, I
b\i t Iw iii .N 'x ( 1i xxi I IlI I liii. 11 
( io Ii i mii i i s i
Iiio c1cd \\ iti l
S1.H0M 0 F. mi i Wiiila
15000 t ll)) I lx hhull
15.00-1.111 i (iiiii
11)11 V. maii illmi
15.0111 V. inaii I/l
I3 0011 '. ti iii 'lii
3.000'i ii', at i
8 su ei'
tiiiii , pli i -
ii i tc dli
64.0
16.2
12. 6
tI-.Is
Iec'xiilt', of it trial to illustraite 
its,I-f
(,tIx tless' ill lilockiii1g eoeecidial 
dcex clop-
ilictt of h\x e specties iintlix icilalx 
ioci
c'itflit c ioihiijecla iic'masuiii 
eci b_\ oot x
oultpuit al t iiniariieci iln 
Table 1.TIi
drii 11)4cxilted il 950 7 o. 
-1 better leciictii-
p] oilct ioll.
\hl thle (11.1w) \\ itx -ilovx cI 
loin the(
ittiiiii tiit( pitiite tc' oliltilliedi 
dcx ciop-
moim .iii iIi fect eci c-iii ck 
cii passedt
iloc \ xt', of li)('etixe 
specei li thleir
cii cppiiig a i oiigii thex 
hald beeci
iIlltiiltid at tiie hie of diog 
i eloix a.
\llclixcl
1
)j ('\,llijillatjoli of intex 
tjii a
Iiii't tjxxiicx alt tile liiai site 
oif iiifc'etjoii
liii eitei of titc' spccit' ' aeci 
tiei ed iih
(li it( joiiilits tievelopioeiit 
of tiji first
liiicl lll'sl ',tagc of, the 
parasite' Icii
/olii\ ), foit tiii' ilole ot attiii 
I is ilt
flivc ,eii kioxx it. -Fie i ectix c' tau(
i uh in doliiiiii t iii the ii itecteci 
Ce
1
ith itLI~i
aiiui low , t i the drig is 
piresenit iii tlic(
riltioii. lTeu 114(1e hbt
1
ds it' fed tI is'
(Ii les (.iito iuixtiiui-( is oifetu 
c'liicx xaftl
(111i i i i4 (iiO iil 1iii til su~ch I 
i o ii i xiii
thl c i's ijo i lap)'c. Thlc 
iltiiiatt' dii'api
wialioc c iof iceiafpxc is lbeicx 
et to uicii
I otuu ixe of till coiiiti i oi', liii 
iiul xii ii
ilit of4i thec epithliall cc'il 
fillihig the dlig", x
sitj/c. A 1',\\ofi tue pal aittex 
iiiic'ro4
Itact tis iiccii ill'ssoldlo 
iii scit ui it
1 )1 ( ,t l
1)5.0
0ii. 0
hir w-i, i4 tiii
i ll
69.7T
01.5
1. 1
(i I
2). 9
:3.0)
.6
Wic pheut10i n It 4 3'. mxxi 
, 2W XX (i of,c 1ii,ii~cl 
E', iiitcctcii Fci xl11icli i
(It ft,]/i I i ill illi ll io 
c io o 'il) i 1111 w t iva iwn . i,111i. 
1.~ ii i ~ 1 /uc.ii
tOi(x\st', vt toti aii 24-hiiiii 
piuuiic S dalix uftiu iiuciw 
i ill i'' of )--201
for
Ioiiti11ollig Coccidiosis
S. A. EDGAR and C. FLANAGAN
Deportment of Poultry Science
liickihit4 moslt xsptcies sol cllinliet'ix tiic'i e
tilt' litlci xxI\\ iitx o ,\ti 
iht xx mud pi-m~ide
l
3
Iiioilitl' xxixiisiiiix 
elteetix c ili
I mo il , fl i x iiii sp c i e s 
o c c rre ill p-' ii tx c ii
'ii liq (ui 'xte i 
t;)ux tlitl xoc', in
l it , AM)i Oli .] 
l( i" iii Iimii
(s iiA I ilii I il iiii I ol,of
AXxIa'il it iii iil'i
\I ti
1  
tio lt 
M .
1b). IIb.
I1 hti. .O)83 3.6t1 
234
Diii' A-X ILI \lx, aii 
3. 13 2.48
Dlu hi'' 13 i I (
1
;,\s
11(119, 3.40 2.28
0.i00 I 1(825' :)109 2.22
D] I 1g (C .Ct 
2.20
I-iiiy I0,111823' :3. 
3] 2.30
t~~icu' C 1 2.30)
Mi oi'iii zt i' I indI 2 
fe l iii ,s li A
I Iti B i r i i lii , Iit I ilt 
tlol.
Iit lii iili o iiscoX it l. 1 (' 
ii c xxliii ill
\ iit , TIi it 1-6:3 clax x 
2-62.
)-3 ZI l 1-iit 4 :.3,l10t tii 6.0t0o 
turd, per
hli ii' tx icivrci 141l'it'l. xxeuiFiltx 
and in11 t
xliicd thhi luu llickx ted 
c'fec'iie druigs.
filherxe a \ ii i x \xis x 
cieiice ofi the
iolll Of' lit I ii. l
3
1'flcxc'ititixc irdsi' til
h11ill i iliiti' .1 i xiii scificii 
ditlihi till'
cxiii' c ll cicici iiio oi. 
luiclso
, lii, it f litsI 
bucci i x \i nx 
thalt lii 
liiii
Lc is i lritI si xitcti 
1111 tlo-ititilt
eilc'ctx iwaiiixt i]] xspeciesxo 
ciieicki'ii
ecl ic uh ul xiciic cixe xx ide 
lic
s~i , i i t i i
I xiii I t. St [)'I'II SSIl\ iii )o t ) 
sI 'ii (,ii Iii lii I\ Gito I 1iii] \I 
I::1:1i I ( I, Ix li
l~i Licuii xIi I \l' FIXi '7. I 
Xc I\[ T - ,A i r t ixi\c[ii, Xt A I IcI i 
t')i6
B~reedingj
SOUTH ERN
PEAS
for
MACHINE
HARVEST
SAM T. JONES
Deportment of Horticulture
_.oi ll li IN i'ivs ax lsol kuiioi its fijeld
fleas, slilitlil 
ifieltd 
peas, alit 
tos ptas
has retci itlx h, eilt %l beom an important Cropf
ill the Slliitli'1 St ti's.
lltxt'ti i 1 950t ati t 960,. the fr ozen
1.Ellis xs is fiiliixx( e\ fire fiitelireas'
of 56' in N11161 to 19(5. -Ilie lattt'l
11( lcia ' XXas oil]X ill pairt oiffst't l)iX
slighIt detcrea~ste ill tile tcannedt pack. A
till pea~s is fprIeilct ed fI) li limst procet551ssr.
t hissex ti , tiilt'u t'Nfalixill iIll the p~rie-
essedl pack is pietsi'itl lieuig lliitedf bv
PES, ... 1950-65'
Year ill] 
size 
1 
is f it
19.30 --- 1,82:3 (000t 1 ,280),tt0
1955 2 t71,000 10,227,0)t
11 t 1973,t000 16 678-0)10
965 t, 749,000t 26,0:37.,(1(
1
1 
ISTSll Aliiaila.o Iiti Caiii''Freil
6
This type of concentrated set of pods is es- xx efl xx 
ith availabile ii atlierx, buit p1ro-
sential for machine harvest. 
iii ti's vijelts Iosx c thli (desir able 
1111(112
ii IX ill prloigress to cleteiloili planit popt1-
Loitions', roxx 5)acili g. idl iii letilizatiool
iiethiods lot- iiii.reasiiig x jelds of the ex-
iiitifliceeit m oarket souppies of th 'ii a\\ triem e 1bush tx ptIIc loii hiarvest 
b\ oince-
1)rdi iot. Cost of lauid liaixestilig anld oXver methods.
Libor shor tage haXve limlitedi grow5ers, ill-
tel est. N ii s diseases of' soiltbern pea ale
b~ecomiing ll illeasilig pr1ob~leml ats plaiit-
it 1961 1)1 bredinog pr oject \x ax legit i fg (dites are hegin111111g to be scheduiled
I )\ Aubtliiii Uion eisit " Agiioltiiral Ex- from1 earlx to late ili tile sam~le 
aiea.
peill liit Statioii. Its pinciiipal objiec tivet Plaiitiings imade lte il tile 
seuisoli mia
\\its (ICX opmi of)1 sout i Xiitiheri pe P v O ie I icolil Iieav ilv infiectedl. 
The i roses
ties foi lilecllalieal auNs tt Simiilai pro- ale triisinittet b\x inisects tliroil 
idi xo-
gilll 5 got llll(ICI Xx, aXit othier Sotheliast- cesslxc crps rlO5 esoltinig ill at disease 
bild-t
en iState Experi11meint Sta~tionsli. Perftorm 11 l). At Ilast thrlie Xvilluses ale kiii 
ix i to
,hie of soimle iiewX I l\ ilisetl vaietie's lie iii Al illli 1,, 1basedl 
oil at su0 e o X(f
ii.i d bireediing lilies alt' giXel ('ili Tle( 2. soiitlil i flea fieldls miiade 
last suiiiiiiei
\\ll on1ce-ve (I ' olilos ale li51(1. i('lds b\x g'i adiiate stiideints ill the ilepartilielits,
ar e loxx cr thiani XMien thiree'O 1001 Cnr hlaid of lBotai i aid Plaiit Pathloi aiid tHoi
fiai xests ale miade. tjililtilre.1 Souirces of resistaliecc to these
xiri ses ire kiioixx i alit attemp 
1
ts are be-
i)ioiig tihe 2 t'ai per iod 1 965-16 1 
ilg Iillde toi intorpora :te' iesistance inito
atua ii i eldis ofi greeni peas1 ili the litill pliimli 
lieediiig lilies foir lllachllil
(Iftaiilied ait olue hl Xtst 
valrie'd 1111111 liaix'st.
I ,356 to 3,386 11). lot tie IC (1 lii t\ pes'
1,12() to 4t,006 ii- hlackex \e t \ fl
1 5  
aiid Rlesistanice tol (1155pea clIrcllijo is alsol
I1.396 to :3,762 of ciox di t pi's. AIl hlell Ig souight. Ill preifllililil\ I 966 texts,
IBlaikey e proliweld the lairgest xiiigle liiii i exixtaiI e to tlit' jliSt'tt
2
. For 
t
'iai-i
iest x icids for clm\X\(1er iief blaikex e ,oi Knull e Pulehft' w11 Xas taiiiaigtd
t(\ pes', the Ilalit tx])(- ill each li ets( 11111) 4.'3/ aiiwl :\lit. 8 iiiilv 6%3.
hllfits lltilhllil liarsestilig. f'I'lll bct't-
tr-itetf set huavt 11-i at least 1111tliallX textiie t'alld tlist(' prociessinig, aiit other
aeliit'X d if) slti v arieties axs Mississippi jii1alitx\ fatorsii 5 illist lht tleter'l lleitd lie-
Sifx el, Flu icreall, I)ixiN leCalli, ai 111 ble( aill Ilie is conidered'l'. Precededt'i fIX
fleediing huies Alit. 91-6-7 aind 91-6-4. l'litl tt'Xtilig, oill\ thiost' lilies I ('ardel
iifite-iix(ei liarvs t iiethiiids, lhis beteni 511f1(T ill o u ll filtlt'e, such ats suiitalel
l~ell'cd to a it'latix elx high degiet ill fi- iinieliiie hiairvext, \\ill lit relt'as'd.
briettlilig line \fa. 91-7, S2,7 ofI its [pids ~ ~ 1 . I i~~is~s
X" ti re ad\ fi-ir a iiugle luau xest. 
lliisx_ - '~c diroli\ of R.ill 'iTlid,. 
iiiaiftka
Cxl t' V5ill\, l ess Iila\ 
still lie at pIl lileml 
iiit ofB1111Pln.itlO~ 
,an h
ellt'it liiih tx ~e tha~t 
taii lbe laiauufl 1)ip T 
u"sts ciiiiliied -1;i T .uuDon 
aiid
IIsupis t. of hullS1:ltllolo
Var jets
Alat. 91-6-7
Alat. 917 7
Alit. 91-6-4
Alat. 99-55
FPriurcss Xiii
Al.8
Ala. 201-2-:)
MXiss. Silse __r
Y ieldl perle tPoirtioni
1965 1966 ;it onei
Clanton _-Ci 111111 Oll Ci illnian 
Aubu~rn li I. ext
Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Pct.
.3,584
2,47
:3,069
2,0)39
1881
3,386
2,831
2,480
2,851
2,042
:3,447
:3,212
3.326
4.,006
1.39(6
1,1201
1,3.56
1,368
2,2 61
2,024
2,152
*3.1)49
Kiold
lof pea
Crowxder
46 Blace'
82 Crea11
Blackce
Blacikt-ye
--- Blat kex e
4 7 Creamn
44 Creaml
Crleam
61,1 ke-ye
film e'
653 Crowd ier
relationship of
PERFORMANCE 
RECORDS to
SALE PRICE of
TESTED BULLS
TROY B. PATTERSON and JOHN A 'A GJR
D,- ,,_ (A m 1 - -
I LIII )Il1t N( TI x liNt, of b)eef9 
cattle'
itsx 1)1(,[111 ill Alabamoa it tilt' 
fall of
19.51. Sexel ('ilvede!s xtl f1(1 li 
Atlbilvii
tioit (-onslxi( eti 21 bull1 caixes to tile 
test.
liecoi dx ,]to\\ thatt 21) bu1lkx 191llIct'tt
tllis fitrst ttest, ililkill(y all 
atxcrw c'.(1 lalix
(ilaill ( X;) of LSO1 11). 
1311l1. front tis
tt'xt \\er n91 ot soldit a uclltion. 
He(4ltitil
c'.0.1 pt' e lalimo(' text.
Ill tilt( xllil('1
1
1t't 15'1 (,ll pet I (1 1(
1952-.5:3 to 1966-67 iliciluxix c 1,1010 
boils
iixihc ill( II titlo\ co01119911111(T 
I ('latioll-
Minimum Requirements Added
Durl~ilt'llt'llx \lot of1111', (' e 1(4 
ill tet
13e(4illllll(r 01 xthifie 196ff61 
test, 10110i
11)11111( (olIln)111 o1 
s(1(1 (t1)1 CS ) 1111(
xx li(4ilt per dll\ of, iwt 
DA I) CIAtlt\
lv'I01 I tt l it' lII\\ es 
I til t'd Efec li ofx1(
I19xlllts:
19153-159 190-67
\I)(, ill. 2.21 
2.4.5
"A 11).
1  
2.05 2.28
CS, 11.9) 
12.7
Pt ict. dlll 407 
19 58S.45
('f1ice.
Not oiilx \\ ixs WI DA: t1it're 
l froom
2.01.5 to 2.2S 11). at(( end)o 
test, but1 thext
select blls (rainled about1011.2 i1). perl 
iax
fi aster wxhilte otil text. There1 \\it 
ax 10axet -
xx dx e'lct'1lst'of xi1191 ilax 'Ixdc 
i S ix1
xx etc excluditedt.
''h ift h ll et ill sit' 1)r it' of 
81S1.26
COIt telt1x0tii ftl1111t1 l t itt' til e (' 
tiltc,111. ii
p 1roducerItt 'itii 1(4r cp111(41 c .111 1)(41 
I f
bfl ctt e lx o i c ol Attltt l 411111 
I (ildi fi 'Il
xx d(iiijti't t29.59 lo~t'r l)d 1 it. 11). it
1
-
tti VII) illt B\ t99 hloe 
thodit
lb. \i)G. ha~d W\ DA of 2.28 
Ill., (4(81111
12.7, itod so1 ldt flit "1.588 1.5.
'x\peted xt'intg prc 1('r flt 
iffet (lit
Iuc-I (m ,Ii I'1:)B li \%1 II I fu DtI 1,p.1 
1(1' I II lNA C PixL~
2.1) 2.5 :3.0 2f .5 
:3.1) 2.1) 2..5 :3.0
21011)9
2.75 11).
:3.510 11),
.S:;I: S519t) T5 725
511I 717 92:3
7118 9 15 1,121
11)11)11111191' I f txicti I t iillix xxI flli I
tit i tet x Ter. '[1ilit llsx (4\iilil( b1(11
tx 't it xt19ti xx c ,Ix (Isiat x llo igher110.
Buyes Cosid e Recorail l
tillni ix of iltlii Ilit' ttil'tllll\ltxill
5t15t 11). ill14 (fit sffit :3.f 11).11' fi t 
.i
8 (6t5 8 821
I M10 1.11
S5 711 8 WT1
9091 Ill15
I1107 1.:3)1:3
oix eli iti thle talel. 'I'l iii I t t'. 
it 11111
111111 (:,S of 12 xx ul be111 exp cte t'
1 
1 t o't bli 0 g1(
oSf 1.:3 i). These1 (xece S rce 
ilr 1 ixx C o i -
flt xat ittf boi e 3 xt 'ls 'Ille 
l 't
Fro lt iit i't li i ill]( ito\i l x 
it st ill-
pollt) It i)[ii(4%ilt ? 111 I lx lc 
recordt x a
2f.7 11. \h). 2.6 lb). W 
0A and. 11(S
ofII I col14. l e\oltls ~ ra 
ilc
1,a ), a FEED
SITUATION
JAMES R. HURST, Dept. of Ajriculturat
Economics and Rural Sociogy
II t II I XI tI ill lix Istolk III d poltrv' proII ti i hasli
11111 N5:3X3X Most 1011 11, Ijsi 11111titil ritltI 0 il l ino 1111011 Iciii
liii i i (1 tl 110( iise o aIi 1.141' i resot.urces.1(11 111 .11 l~l
\ ii 14t ill feed1 itl (Ifai 1111li tiikI ll \\ i
t 
u 14111111 ii ('((II
[IXlrac i l feed 13 i,itlle (IX ('I .)tt I ii
t  
tilo fed guicll XXI! 1)
Io\XIIII' I []ail di itsl . Ill I95: Ice t ,rin p111)1 Io(IN. X ii 1) ii II
equaled ot lol Tabl XXI X h defict iiicwasc toI [1)75
Bo1-4cl ( I 6U60
541 3)' 5:3 )~.54 1
,S 6, 6 5 5 1,30()
106t458( 5t f120()
:35,:346
55. 176
t 1tt']! t itoX. orii f e d giii\asld t
stock, 'fooiX milk co\\sX mdl inodt i)114." 500c 
chart.)
tIll O~166ioiti' Odi l iik 2 broilers 001)1101111(1 for1 taboutlI
56l"ti ofX 1fe 1d (iaiX0 titilai i t i si e ht potitX
tiio ll0l pdi tio lliliX d c 1(1 Xili[)[) pill114 i t illi11llod Os
pIt IX rom'i the 114 toii Belt))I tecl s of11 II illitl)l1. XXupplli 1f
lofl
t  
t\oliijX 0h IX ll i dlI~i)1Ilt.1t1C01 Ol i 11111Otlt ilC01I1 X Olt
1111 'tiO i14li\O nJI ,d d Ot so l l i \ l.111 il ll 101111(10 u ll tit114
Iho 01 t 141del X loiiX ii ( 2) diXor 10(11100 l ('1141' r b\ 1114
('101 iX dla dtt itl leiotjoii ll (I Io\Ctt 11010 orI X liil XX 0 iidX 0
d(I ltli1o X I ('1' ti lt 11(0
XX o loll1( I (11ics d Xl\ ; I( XtllIlto A llmdli~iii fro t I 11140 1(11(1o
ilIil-l, litlok and 1IlltX 1)1100 rscs Larg s '~ti~l ize O~l
prI ills ha ad it feasibleI1)1111(111 to ll l tillI 1.11)11' aiol ll
I on
4 0 -
953
1966
1975
\l~ \IIX 1954-65
YI (I s
I II t)65
Act ca-0
Acr.s ( 00
1t 169
L.1:38
1836
2,172
1.6 1:)
41 47J.9
:30 13 14t0
27 N5 T72
22 1 6 94
21, 
46,0 1tt
Feed grain utilization by class of livestock, Alabama 1953, 1966,
and 1975. -inctudes horses, mules, sheep, ond other miscellane-
ous grain-consuming animals.
SL I ~ th Vx Fi dil ieii lits t ll d tt\\id)] du td(Vti [ I h "is
tli(,iid" i it lli di rate. iiiiiiliti ofb ll1 j 
i l\ iit lt d iii x lee
\ei i x wiex tdltlelrx te be\iiiiii eii ti i t cieiitii 
d
Ixitiisieiito Sthiti iiix tx pol iiiti(, u ir oti 
xtiiittiiiC dulls
Be i'iitiii x, flrexx xliiid lat o uidlitee~ isix tel iioui
xcix iitls xtiiieii (iMetled t'r .,iluoiit lll 
Iolol)C i bor iii
cxliet uiis thttlt. ii is)( refi lee pietlitd p 
iii r oirc' lessci
tid it kuiixx iii cu\ll i i i' tuil c'u' of itlii ts cieit 
. \ Iiek
di c l d i ilg si ,I iit iie lcd jix I tl itei tt l iilleiii iixx uue xliii)
xiiic tt ii le'W( uex1i1iltx 1". xx i uiiilt\ t ) i l Idrth( piil i1-i e t
ii xe ili tii i Sitio ext n i ote i i ii ic s it siltle a
hiiiiiihwl liitit't d-utes x tliltt ii .tui ixii
Oiuxft xxm bl i tuems iuit, mul~it iid it euii bx t e t' iiix i. ll ii
tl iac c t l I reei ii xx , \\ii ii x , l miitcli , radI ios t iiii l,i uioi i
sx xtc ii. stere rii coiix x: cs 
,ailoth l ad b cl1[
Ito. oii ~i)Zil ii'il - I 110. 01\
Iiitercxt eliii( its dx lfiiiel ixs total iiiiiiiiit 
iii iiiiuex Ii
p ii miii i thli pi iii phl Iiii ice tcli tcx ol life' 
mdl
liiipc'utxx tew xihti dctec li i totid FCpd\ iiiei 
it xx]tl thie
xx c ki iixxii. Seu xicc iie o i i iii it c lii uex xxi 
in it xiilitt ti'i
I itti ext litt' c ilt'iiitcdt ill tliixs x \\ix t i c icwed 
41'/( imi iill
oilite il t~ wiiiix 29 c sacc plei~i' idtc'x. 'I oli iuraeslu i ofi til
Ii iti s to xexte ifcajul~ rates 6 idtioui.ielstoi
thel'O tiif0t'Ft'ul \\as ei'txpci iuted I)\i~ 47lift 
1  
iiie i att'x
id o il 2W2'( expete high r 35 tes toe 41%iti 
li cixiii i
Lint es i ll ciithe' altr1e hucuit t tos lii' \e i ci otft 
their~
High Interest Rate
Paid on Durable Goods
BILL R. MILLER, Dept. of Aogricutur-al
Economits and Rurat Sociology
ii. ht'11 itt ic'xiuit uIulix leit' , ii iti'ui t laute of :35 ii 
to '
pluicec' iite ilscoun t iii ha i l mus i iiit 
lit ki oilixi it till ti -
"lei r iii ic, xito kx li ii i liai o iii i t 
tlit ' cd t tliu l iiitull'
ix i l it' iiit r liilili bciii 'ti ix, piiu 
iixtr'xt il-li'
i
t 
ie ), m l'ii iuiik o upix it pi i ii mit ie ipiu't'it 
ill tihei eit 5%
de\~ri~t e l ui t the'u stuu th x\. App iablito ltit 
ut'u 'xiit thell
xluit'litli cxik i r af' oih litii i\los the tiiiul 
1  
iici li ix id litluuxs
tit,txiiii iii 
6
u t ira ,t tu'iuk li io' iiiuiii't iuc
iiT ihe'i ( ill ii o\I oittui i l ti
1 
it' cti li t i.$ 1is bii rruii cdl Si ii0
\ii i chili eitlittet810 huiid flue xt oiits 
c'iost'.~ k
,EST
8%
NTEREST
RATE
20
POINT A
r
Pt/
0
Control of Lesser Cornstalk 
Borer and
Cowpea Curculio on Southern Field 
Peas
MAX H. BASS and T. DON CANERDAY
Deportment of Zoology-Entomotfogy
tii t ins~ect pcs't'i. the (o%\ pea~ 1('11110li
iild thlessc cornI 1)1stalk 1)11112.
11h i12 pe curcXXi )daII( m11)( 11)ages the de (1-
veloping p~eas ilL the 1pod( andL thel lesser
1201ILstailk loriL~ (lestroX 5 vs seedlin~g peas(.
Biology
IILC CO\XX i f)I'I C III(11 is s(L\IiX at like
tl)e 1)o)11 XX (IXi]. It is i1 smll,1 blaLck XI teevil
w5ithL lioitllarts at thle end1( of ;a Ilng
sn~out. 'Ill(, i(11t k'lirtale \ve',il uses2 its
siLolit to) cat thrlough~l the hill]1 of the pea2u
pod aniLt la \s ill ('gg linside thle 
pe 1)21 LI,
Ina seed'(. (;L n podsi lall gloss IL to n118
ture. are1 mos15 t ot(iL aLttaLcked. EacIh fe-
1118k' X wccXi 1 IlilalX, lass a1b1u1 10 eggs('34,
The e(g( ba~tches' iii or 4 (lavs and1
if the li115 I is I Lot (Ill 1(dX ssithin Lt pea12
seed it illIkI's its \\it\ tol onlie and( boLres
Iisie. Telav I (IX8 122d for ap
1
)
1
)I0\iat('l5
1:3 dih.s ins'ideI tIhe pea. At tIhe eiLiI of
this per21iod( tIhe lira emer112ges5 111) the
pea8 Seed'(I cuts its \\it out thrbough the
hlull MLid~ (1101), t1o thle groundL( XXIere it
bores fiitol tIhe soil Iin
1  
pupa)~te's. Thle
a~dult cil(I'Igcs fIIILL) tile IIipalI cell1 ill tile
so1 ill lLakI's its XXit\ tol the( Surface
some)1 1 8 (I~laS1(terI. 1111 55 ilL t1 is pa1~sedl
ill tile (((hlt stagfe.
Ill (LdltitilL to depo)sitinlg eggs ss itlijo
the pcitsL mid( thusI cauIsing thlen to be
.. W11115 i)(i 
l1lfilt fol' 1liIILI 
ollslllmp-
tioli. thle ilL(Ilt aIlo feeds bs ilt'(IILX of
its lIIIIg snoul~t o(il pea. Seed(. 'This causes12
tlilnl to be1 defo IrmeId alld( cds\(rlell.
-I '(5( 120111 contalk bo rer is pimIarisy
i1 p~est ofI cIrIL. bu1t frequently aittacks
sou~thernI fieldI peas8 and it nLIumb~er of o~ther
cro ps.
'1111 insect IlsersI ilters iLs it larva( or
ppa1 i tIe (2soil. Ini Lem 21)erges (1s aL Iadu11 t
mo11th ill tIhe sp)iIng . Peais fplaLItedt il
581Lcl\ soils ilL jun~e s1221m to be tile 1111(11
egg o)1L t11e stemi of the 5121'(liI g pea'i planIt
ss\here t111 larvn5a batch~es and1( bores12 in to
bores2 111) and1( down1 (insid~e the Steil] t('11115
fall Iove1r and (lite. 11he laIrva 11as 1151(111
I"1 I ' NA5 ON PLols11 1 THElIL N5111
N siRIOUS INSE I RI IDEIS
Diaz1/111 LI
C .lithiL IIl
CLXi iliLI'1
EndosIlXfIaiL
A\iiL1t 
Daaoge
I I'(lIctionl
0
1.253 Ex 12
0.5 EC 2t0
0.5 EC 6 1
4.0 iEU 7:3
2.0 \\I)' 76
0.5 E 84
See cx 'IILoI restrictionIls o111 use1.
*NIot labld hI for 115( oiL l)('(L.
rl)ItIilreI by tile thie thle planlt (lies and(
it thenI iIIes its XX(1 (oit ofI thle swithe'red1
sternL and pupa11)(tes ilL thel soil.
Infeits taItillnsI of' lesser cor nsLta (lk 1borers
,wh1eli thll' Occur11 they inavI reduI1ce2 the
pea2( st(11L(I by 3t0 to .50lc. 'Lesser corn-
stal~k bolrer d11(11age is somimues inis-
talken fLor o)1n1 of sesverall seedlin g diseases
thaIt 1)l1( I (stIlt ii) similar standt losses.
Positive pr1oof of damrage Ibs this insXect
caIl 1)e ob1ta~ined by' examiig da(malgedl
1p1lnts forl the1 presee51 1 (If thelt' (1 sa inl
the stein or for thle pr'esenLce If' thle exit
1ho1e if the larva has (lrelt.s left the
stem).
Control
sits Agriculturl Expeim~lent Staltionl 05-
ing 14 vairieties of peas, 36% of the seed
Ali;
The life cycle of the cowpea curculio may
start inside a pea as shown at left. The
larva remains there for about 13 days when
it bores through the hull and drops to the
ground and bores into the soil and pupates.
The adult emerges from the soil in about 18
days. (From Station Bul. 246.)
dXe '(amlaged b)5 tlit 0,\\ fla Cjli Chlli)
\\]el 11121 conro 12111111 1.sille 15 cr us11 ed.
s%%it it a iLllll)1r of, intt1 lls. TalIe 1.
Thlis tale)( prset (~solts of it ts' piec1l
recCi~t ('\pCIiment and( jiLii(hi('X some 11)8
terijals that cann1 ot be1 1 (c011lil12 (ed tI01
1151' ()It ])('its Since1 t1IC,\ (LXI'c ill) uode(1
that (-,Li be used, caI'1arX 1 2 lb) .ic)
t0\.Iphel (:3 lb) aerc1) or ruti~tlon (31
11)..8(11') giv e satisizictor\ resulIIts. 011c2
aI)Ilio,'itioIll Should( be( IIll' at first blooml
811(1 1cpc)(t'( 2-3 times itt .5-7di , \ jiiter-
\ ills. Glitlion Shlolll ot beI ap
1
plied(
%\ itilill -, (1855 ofI hildIXst. 11(12112 1s III)
its it du(st (11(15 1111 Lnlt XX jthl 7 das s of
hiarveist.
(Iont'oI of the le2sser ((111511k borer is
jiiitiaLted( 1)efo1re viXil iu o135(f (itll).LgI
0occu1r. 1Tab1e 2 OiX (' the( r esults of i
this ii sect and( ilIll(112X Sonic illIX1ctj1jd('s
peas1 becaluse of rei('51iI( plem(ls. 101
Insec'Lticidles Should be( a1)I)icd'(l III hand(
di rectd ov Ier t 1e1 rX\\. 01 m nat erials thIat8
call beI used2(, carI)bI \1 (2 lb) acre),
glltIbioll (1 111. acre1) orI dillol 1 (1 I
'I'Aili~i 2. l'ElL ((NI SIAM) H110(A O B)INO
ILiSSi , 0o"i R SL' ItLmliii \I 1111n TiiE Xi
MEII N 11 MLI kll LI)Isl II11)1n
TiviCltilicilt 
.\Ihioilllt Stn
Di svst0I
0  
I ECU :31
I'liI ate, I IC 24
111(180', I 1.( 20t
Cill-II X I Wi P- 19
I 0Xapi'111 :2 KC. 1s
Ii/illoll ----- I IC 15
I li'ptaohlor ------- I E'( ' 14
(;1thioLl I1 12
Critrl I ---- 2 \VP I' I
End rii iI' I LU: 8
,N ot li'1(1e 
forl 115' under1 
conditionis
dfescribedII(I i aticle.
E1Ii1LiiiabL I c(Iil((tra~tc.
Beef steers at the Lower Coastal Plain Sub-
station fed urea-containing silage are shown
in the feedlot.
U t ACAN Bi SI. sVIl CI I F 101- I)lO iit'
these( aliimlds uist' tile ill tod ti akce i
o\%1 [I1 poteill. Sinc IC'i(11c dfoes hot con-I
taili eclicli- . 501111 sourice of leaii it\ ail-
i)Ii' elleri4\ Inl st be pi dhed oi' tll(
tral is or lilatioll to plot(ills %iiill t IIccul
Sti tfi is tiit' iCltiCl I dl)olI)\(IIiatt' or '011111.
of' (le!g 'g\ till this purpoi)se adi it is lISnllS
supp)lIiedi ill all 1lllilliaiis dliet ill the foriil
of coin, Ii. ilo, 0! 51)1111 otheci l 4 dTill
'I'lle, recenit practice Of ildI(il 114II (a to
iylatel jab, to be enIsiledi has iefxe ed liomfic
puibielit S Te ig loIst 101 till ili on
use of urtea w5ithi crop
1
s that atie to he
f''Iiie i1adeinvII 'i
t 
pesenl avilalek
coim~~ercialIS conltainls 4.5% iftro('Ii. Its
6.2.5), One pound
1 
of iii('i is cqfiiS~iciit
to 2.,SI lb). o
1
f proite'in prid ~ed a reitdiI\
ailable( sourhce ofI e)11(114 is prtest'it toI
Caulise 111 difl 11111111) Il libal actionIl.
vaieIts, thiuS the( piloteili elfIliS Ient (If
\Nt'M'1 Pt III Ill\lA\: SN IfAI s SOIIti~l I
St lIs 5 lION. 1966
Gaill, 1I).
Dais
A.fI).., 11).
tFttil pe'r stir 1). 
Sillglili Silage9
Ear or l
1)afls feedi, lb).
Soi Ilitlifi '.ilaIC
Ear cilCrl
Fecti ess t. i.i~.Ii
Sllrghillm siliage
Ear c-orn
Fee C(t Cist/oCSSt. i ili
(4iiip If
\t'-:300 +
1tt) 1t)
((1111 1)(r
toll
Groupl~ IV
N K _300t
toot0 ) 
C(Al111
II) 1I). tiic i
urea C addtf(ed to till' gren-cflopfped lini
tt'iial \\ iiSll , f\ loss 'SI'! tile addlCitionI
o~f t0 11). ilf I1ll p er1 tll o (f CllsileI lia111-
teril 01ss li IIsultl A focritse the ptrotefin
citelit b\S dabout 4. 7 5': (I- baisS
Fill xmpe '\iti~i' f Colli silaigt fs 8,/- CIriCIC
prote'in (D ha1 l~sis 0, theC aditi~ii oIf I1)
eniled' 55ul IIic r ~eaise tilC t III cr l irtC'fli
C Iltctiit tii fib iitt I12.75', (i-I bsIllis.
Experimental Results
perf toil Sowin (~ii N Ks -:3t0 15 \%is 1151II
592 592 1966 oII ilC h 1155c CoastaIl~t Plin Isiub-
8541 863 tlfii :td'i 1115 1 t~CC i li
249 271 
sailG idlal 
\ssoe l 
ol
52 152 ciet C'tit up5r' 1ighit 
sfliis of abouIIt 5otil
1.64 1.78 
l C Cl (ro) sIuffered' 
frotii tfrotgl It
bttpoduiced 1 4.5 tonis of 141 ell s \ef14lt
5, 166 5,075 per' actre thai~t \%s 
1 a.52% (its\ niIattt'l
228 152 at tfhie oIf ('Iifii4 Th e tit s[ntter ilf
(608 6005 the sflage Coiltalfii 48.15% ileadti tiC
stalk S\-i1s shi 1te'l 1) C'C hsi ~ck of'I tistiulie
:34.0 :3.4 tihts icreasing tile p
10
1
101
tfoli (If 141afli
1.5 1tt or head.
2,t075
91.6
244
S819.14
1,87:3
56. 1
22-4
S 16.7T5
' Baseid lil 
fo111111w 119 
if-es: silage9 
No. 11I,
$9.62 per toll) siI.19i' Nil. IN', S.8t.10 per til.
i:roundl~ ear Iciili, S45~ peI ton: "Atubuirn 6.5''
sfIiat' uo115 xx ftflilt co~rn or tIrea Svas S 6.76
191.olfr )olto. a~sh_, n t
SCS ('Il trea~tmet'sS 55 C'C'isei fii ll I ll-
ttllSf't silagCe utltfliil stili hut Colil
141) oef tIoiltI l. 'h'lledcorC'aill t to of I
silage (Groitp IV lhad it0 11). (if ure (a
ilCfCed per til of grC'eni weCight fin add1i-
Ts o gr1oiupls of sfi.x veiii-IIig bl)(' steels
ea~chi SSer (' lfCetd t sflageSs \%lif]t' Cil
fililC'd to cIII c'let(e- hoot pelts i it po1eIC
tpe litrti. fI'le it'5lage(Ss \etc full fed.
Cattle fin Grou~p 1f r'ce'ive 1.5 I 11)i. of
SI iatfppcd cornl pe h)'Iead~ (fails . Th'Iose ftl
nien'It antd tile samlte qufltif (It corni.
itsedi coIntallin'ed 17.5% u~rea, 57 .5/( (ISMI
12.5% groun It co Crln, and~ 12.5%4 tfCalCfilui
gfive cint the tale.
':attle tha~t r(cC'iv ed ''ille'' sflage
giilit'C sl'ihtl\ faster thiani tliose that
I ec-'fSed thet balsal silatge I 1.78 vs. I1.64
lb.). TheC' also hiadf slfglIitl- ltter' f eedl
conver('sionI and~ thuls thir feed coist per1
cmS .(If galiii \%it .5 ait Cfltiaper
TheiCse (d tlfdcate tha~t thet aditfifn
of lIrctto t ~lcr111 that fs to fit ellilfIet is
1)1rII iil\ it gootd pr)actifc'. IflISS C'veCr,
s1IicC'te Is resttlts are C front at singlC' te'st,
the\ sliollt fbC C'S ililittt'C i fth that fn
mlinCf. Observaitfiotns front1 anth~er test
s itlili thle State still fl prolgretss 550111(1
makim, sflaae ss lie Cilltaills uitt ' Iti
this laittC'r tC'st, tireaIICilitlafiigi sflage ts
If ttrea fs to beC aCdCedt, ft shldt~ hot
be used~ a~t it rate toi exce'edC 22% oft the
d rS -\ atterI. Expret le ifiCietes that
the adiiftfiiin of urlea at it rittC' of albiout
40/ tif the CII- Niontter dcr (ese pidlit-
bilfts of the sfilage ai it CilI set('ictl\
loss imilIfniaIl perfo0111maltce.
EVALUATION of UREA-
CONTAINING SILAGES
R. R. HARRIS and BRADY ANTHONY, Department of Animalt Science
V. L. BROWN, Lower Cooaa Plain Subslotion
Q UACxl x I CF CTONSEE fIorii plaiitiiigy
is laie dcxceteiined bx\x caetlici condi-
tions duiiitg the tiiiie holix aie iipciiiiig.(
lBecenlt Aubitii (xperi ncii ts xlii ix 
thuat
high it lix -e hiiiniditx Ciiiig~ this pet-
rid ix the miii Cdiii tnfi loxx ijiiality
of(itiaii~ seed,. of'teii ait ciliix prloiil
Effects of'x \eitlici ii cottoniseed 
1
llill
itx xxer cicxtcliedi iii the laboi atiirx lii 
dc
Clilrulx conltr olled coiihtiiiiix. \latiii 
C
gTrt'ci ciittoii biillx (Linpo C' d-iuietx 
), 45
to 5(0 dax xs old], xx ie hai x exted at the
crickiiga stagye. Tliese blls~ 
xx c'i
niiiiiit'C i l r acks iii chib~iei xmiid 
ex-
polsCed to cliffeieiit teiiileelatoie, lighlt, 
.iicl(
hiiinidlitx Coiilitiolix dnifi lug 
21 clax
lielatix t' litliiilities ut 61), 70), 81), 90).
aiid I0 , It) x c sed at SO - F . III addi
tiol i ho
11
s x er xxc xC'tpsedC to tell Ii per~ iti ic'x
of 77, 95, iid 1114 F. ait r elatixve 
liii-
tiex iof 6tt 70) 8I0, midC 91)'. 
Effect of
light xxit ,sxtiidiedi ill cliarniu r icrx ic-eix iii
hoot-ciile-, htut Inax he oiilx 
50)) (oti-
cioidlc'x ini a thick stalicl ot ina~tnie 
ciittoti.
Afteri 21 tiax x \s i of ibll exptii-e to 
tesxt
con1dithoixs, tlic seetd cotton xx\ixs giiiiiu'd
Mitt tlie xeedi acid leljiitcd. Sniixcaiic'itlx
seedc xxci e gerlilil iatecl at 68 1,. fori 1-211
linx. Foi c onipa ixolii, uotilhe t xxll 
c c
clieicd at 95 F. to ii seed unoistul 
c' coi-
tent citf ( coidieri e Icd " idea'l 
ctnii -
tiuiiix'') , gTiiuiec, acid cleliiiect, uiiiclgi-
labheledc "check"' iii gi rapt) is.
lielaitix- c' liicitx lhii it pitniunliccul
ceffect oii cuittoiixeecl ljcidit \, t, axxloxx
bx the gr aphis. Geiiiitiiii pei ceiitage
iii c seud iouot gi oxx th diecreedc 
xhli Ii)kl
axs hiitlitv xx ent ilbo\- 6017' ciuliii 
the
21 dty holliipc'iiiiig peifoci. Sceed 
rootx
of, decteioraitedi seed xx i c' 
l oitc'i andic
thiickei thii thoise' oi' iiir cxigoillux 
seed.
Seed root eliingattion dlcci eaxcc i roni 
1 .7
tti t.1 ill. axs rititjx c'liiucitx\ iiicica',ic
trin 60( to 70%~c. Tisx indicicates 
tha~t i
11 ); c inicrease iii hi nn ciit x a I it 
cii idei-
ahble ciifect ol xseed S igor, exvcin thioi~h
gc]i Iiiiaticiii peltCitaigi' xthuxx cd 
lesxx It-
xponise.
, eit'Ign c.
Boll rot iiiccaxedit il inicreaxing lelil-
tix e 1"liiicitx ,. Boll roitx iiccuirred oil .5
to 15% ti, boills att 7M/( loiiniditx , 
oii 2.5
tt 4(1% at 811% hiunicit% an oiuc il 6') to
80I7t xxitli ielatix e liiimiclitx ot 
90) 11)0%.
13olls x 11111ceilb chin at'ci h 1)1 111l rot
xx crc dliscardedt miiid secec xxr ci nolit 
oxeci
ill gYerl ii itioi tesxts.
Seed conitent tf flree [,ittx 
aicixs ix
aiiittieu iiuiatitx iiiclicaitoi .xxitlli 
a high
x ilcie in cittoniseted iliciattig cieteiii
titoli. Ill this x C'\i)Ciliclit ilrec tLittx 
ac iid
ceticiit iii crcecie lilt) icilxa i c'l atix e liii
iniiitx xx cut abioxvc 707( dliiii ug 1)11
Cotton seedc obitii iC'C (1111 bills ex\posedi
to 60',( liniicitx had ai iiiistiiic' ctit''i
of 10. Tiso did huot ,iiit'ct xc'c'l 
x uguli
,ix iiiclicatcc l\x i c'xilts of gc'i iiiatiiiii
iti it seetd rotit cliiiigaticii te1csts.
llaixiiig te'll pci atiii c dliing the' boll
C'\poixll iiricd i n 77 tio 11)4 at
ciii stalit ret)ix u iiliticx haiid littlec ci-
Seed root
elonqotion , inches
2.02
0 1 
- -
\-
00 90 80 70 60 check
Relotive humidity ,per cent
Germination
per cen)
100-
-1
60
41
0 100 90 
80 70 60 
check
Relative humldity, per cent
High Humidity During 
Boll Opening
Lowers Quality of Cottonseed
JM. WOODRUFF' C. S. HOVELAND, and 
F. S. McCA!N
Department a) Agranomy and Soil
Free ftty
acid , per cent
16
1.2'
401
0~ 1---- V
100 90 eo 70 60 check
Relotive humidity, per cent
Seed moisture,
per cent
50
30 j
20-
101
0 l0o 90 80 70 60 check
Reiative humidity, per cent
Effect of relative humidity on percentage germination, 
seed root elongation, percentage
free fatty acid content, and moisture content 
of cottonseed is illustrated by these graphs.
Temperature of 86 F. was used with all 
humidity levels tried in the experiment. 
Check
treatment had seed dried at 95 F. to 7 
%o moisture, considered "ideal conditions."
hiics (sligiitlx dceirscd seedl iiiiiixtIii (
C 1)1itiit adi t \\ol he11( lit- ec')Cted to ta\ 01
seedi (ia~lit v. llnxx er cx e Iiltx of gel-mi-
ililtioll, seed ro(ot etoilgation, and 
free
Litt\ acid tests idc not iiiclicatce iix qiial
11121crixiiiga light iiiteiisitv fri 50 1( to
2,000) iiot caunlk , at 9.5 P. mi~d 80%
rclati\ c lmiiiiiitx did ot dtirectly affect
seedi qidaitx . As Ilight 
he expeccted,
hihrlght iintelixsitx sp)eeded boll open-I
iii,. Uilifede dtm is i-, ian
,it\x iiiecieax(s e ae ii paiii ct Ix 
riin
terniplera to i an icl c ecaxio g hinidiitx
ox tci ieCatin- i c a alsxo atfict 
xeedl
(ilialit\ t)\ 11112 axilig the tiiuie 
cottoiisced
alt- expoised toi higl lliiiitt
III t his x Ial iltili xtlv (1x cut toii 
xcc
qidait , xx \ax ieduced its I e-latixc liniiiitx
i cil axcilbat\ixe (60% (titint boll open-
tuig. Siiice lii itx' iii cotton fields~ 
(itteli
exceeds 70% dw-ii ii tlisx linie 
tis xx otid
cadjix accuiiit toin pnooi (illit\ ciittoiii
xseed o te ii p)1 ti ced inl Ali bdlan) a.
-itiCi ciplicatii ig lactorisl thalt
reliitix- c iilniiditv inicreasest ill loxxci 
plilt
iiiiex ix' pillits giiixx talleri lTus, 
xx 11(1
liliiiditx is high, xeed pro ldulced oil 
lioxx('I
holls ciiiil lit expcted~ to lie loxx' till1
ijilailitx thi i sectd fril upperli~l pliiIlti 
Part.
xii ilight to juti i~tit lxx ci lplaw izoniex
alld alloxx illilie atir cii cillaltionl should 
ill-
cirCaxe teinijel atoi, loxx ci relattix, c 
lii
A Iiuii', \mwii iii econoticitti iiitt
liinx shti' i i It xinstuiii c itoi iid
I cst possibl iit i i le appxlid i
illt 14 slillca x 1)t to l t]. t~tt
his ap i ici ttti beell n idpeit
'41111 tiiott cnro ie hiitttol Itt kill
o\Itl ideves x l htie hi lJ~elpO
k~iill it tttItli i-i ttlgii am it cklhix u
bu t Ic iit dii lii t \itsei,l t i l ii Id
thajt could beitt fedthiimit. ittxd ex
Lid paraites boi~hthhe iito tet' an eiix
iffeen suhmtreatmLiet eTri
Sutt lox gtii inlitx sippt de tili
otilcttettitliiix otes cixl( cii ot
h id i e tllt tr t I d l l iii co\ to1111
It 196 -6 xxi p t'ti (I t t ii( S tit CC'
Iaiii j9(j5 tiitiiixt Gunitiinvtst
fe cIt ~ x ii isciie o se l, a
Ia mix txre Ite ie of d, ii lt tel itt
effets of itt h otnItro otx ilLIt
iN itffernt Trxietnts x Tried
P~tt Ttlii il i
19(6 test
Sidt Itilli ,1 tittl
Sltillilet a +8 2'dixlahi
o) illol
Iil th,
i1) el
Jt, ill-
clitrl
ds ill
sed tot
tilt e.
loit-tii
i(i ,iitd
trtiit
e~6~et4 q #ee~1e
I NSECTICI DE-SALT-MI N ERAL
MIXTURES TO STEERS
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Platn Substaion
KIRBY L. HAYS, Dept. o) ZoologyyEntomology
(3t 111) I , I[dll i1itie 11 thiN \. 1tt 
ide)[]
(S e tip 3 xntrlt ]litl filett, iitti ti
bacru be trae I\tl 2%ttltlatthi
STese tri tnitt itx xxrl it usedx'C lttt tile
l1966 text.
xxiii iiottideted tit be tiicittitled.
'I'lit, steers xx it C'I etm4xed toit ca tht
pelto antd xx eighltcldl at egiiitig ntid ci it
itf tie 90-dnx\ tesxt, antd oittte irtt xxiii'
lttx cc titttix. 'Fiic itttie sdlI ititternl
lcd ill 1965 %\,ixsttttt iitttitltite to dec
teiti itg ciiixtfiptiont butt the blttck
I ittm usetd itt 1966 petrmittctd keepin g
Information Obtained
fix colt tnt litt c il te ITe pas tile tt c It orglt ilt i ttldl iii ai d
Gtttip 2 xi- Iatitieta nIiN 
loltti (Coaixtal bet tittii piox Pled 
Lili excesxx to
409' bnckrthltti tr eatedi \xitlt 5%c ttetilt\x gre1 fci otragt itt botht 
19(65 atd 19 966,
eIiidtt eilo])] despite 
titrlontged drought tiiit eachl
141~~~ id.xca'ds test.
Grxtoup titi pit xillt itte 
ilx4 cthii~i Itgt4ll'it 
tev xle hyx 
i
)LI~~t
1
i1,iplae it the plotsx. Aii increas itxC poii
:oinxtid Grtitup 4 xdiat minlli ittiN citiititt1 laitot cid be xeeit '7 dnx x latiir ttid itt
id/ihe l t] liii 2 xxeeks the flies xxetc preCsxent o0il titte
xCli 11lti ti fix popiulatioti\xxits detet itlitued cattle. Ili 2t) to :3( Clix hiti1 itlx popit-
xx C(kl\ lx, it ittthix. This' derx Civexd 
iittiixl xxetc itt ilituiiittollcd titioluetx it
itx7 eittttig, ltt fliex otil i Csiide itt eahidi steers x cepitt ttoxse hliS jg dicxes to
til fxiti , theI) LotilitxtiS 
1
dxtln x1) tile ]btik t itbte v. Animavxls 
thatt itse'lf
PKpti P tti tll lixll Cei'xcso it 0 I))) tr, 
xi de tIie tniik r l tl xit x tt tl-iltedl xxit] 
i 2% /rI dili-
Itllitit ill 19635 
xxerte idlitded 
itlx\ fairi
HA xI it O iF tV, liAlt (;-\I\ itt StLi' FI it 1) 
IECIC IlL'S itxect cotrot~l, Ntit thlt 10(6 
lxuiki ititltit
Ititiiti 5, li )5, ANit Jt \I 16-SLi' It iiii 15, 1966t trea'tmeni'tt tt 5c inetllttx 
iilhr etititled
the c-LdttC' to1 livc il itt.lttitt cotmplCete Itree-
Illl 
''liltils 
n
litrl '~ti itiitt ltx xxta C"lx .ti i tj n
1  
text roso itilmidilniitttt xxl eie 1965-Cit6
pe ix' t'i hhcbok 
xideitl14 tile diiiight 
atnd tx pii of itt age.
Pe i I It 19615, tt \ ix steers x teieix it14 plict it
Lit). LI). 10. LI1). Nit. 1, b. thanine gtled lastet tilit Itilt non-1
476 14 19)) .3)) 131 N2 tretited gtroup. 
[Flei ittlliixx it eax r, tite
47S 1.37 t)5 18.5 1.739 .38.7 
hx thottxe than t ciiuii C iittretetnt I it
476 1661 1101 21)) 1.69 N\
475 144 I t)- 10 1.47 
N( Nit ti eitittt'tt 
prtoved btetter itt poorerC'
59)8 1 19 1 1()_ 1t90 1.64 N C 0.62 litCttxIC'ttxen]ttititiCtult
.5 JO 15S 1,3)118.5 1.7:3 1.7 .51 lie doCe
1 
Chitttt resxu~lt itt inciieatdxCI' \\cilt
581 1:30) 80- 1)65 1. 131 
NC .28 irltlter dotex 
]ltt jiiCte ].xif o~t gitt l.it toi
itid tuidt tti toittiLi caxx C bie expected
Herbicides Affect
Growth of Root
Disease Fungus
R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA, E. A. CURL,
and H. H. FUNDERBURK, JR.
Department of Botany and
Plant Pathology
INCREASED applications of herbicides
to agricultural soils are a part of the
rapid development of weed control in
the past decade. In the United States
alone, more than 300 million lb. of weed
killers are applied per year to about 85
million acres.
This is good because it provides the
farmer with a means of reducing labor
requirements and costs and increasing
yields. However, any soluble organic
material incorporated in field soil affects
behavior of microorganisms present.
While we enjoy the benefits of weed
killers, it is important to know how cer-
tain organisms such as plant-disease fungi
respond to these chemicals.
For 4 years research has been con-
ducted in Auburn's Botany and Plant
Pathology Department to determine ef-
fects of various herbicides on growth
and behavior of several soil-borne plant
parasitic fungi that are common in Ala-
bama soils. One is the Southern Blight
fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii), which causes
root and stem rots in a wide variety of
crop plants. This parasite seems to be
present in all soils of the South where
adequate organic matter is available.
Among the herbicides tested against this
fungus were paraquat and trifluralin
(Treflan), two relatively new but chemi-
cally different compounds. Paraquat, de-
veloped primarily as a nonselective herbi-
cide, is now being used as a post-emer-
gence weed killer in various crops. Tri-
fluralin is used for preemergence weed
control in cotton and soybeans.
These chemicals were first tested for
effect on growth and nutrient uptake by
the Southern Blight fungus in flasks of
nutrient solution. Growth was measured
as total dry weight of matted filament
(mycelium) produced by the fungus
during various time intervals. Amounts
of glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and ni-
trate-nitrogen taken up during these pe-
riods were determined by chemical analy-
ses. Similar experiments were done in
flasks of sterilized, herbicide-treated soil
inoculated with the parasite. Growth in
this case was measured by the amount
of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) produced by
the fungus. In this case only nitrate-
nitrogen in the soil was measured as an
indication of effect on nutrient uptake.
Various concentrations of both herbi-
cides were tested, ranging from 12.5 to
1,000 p.p.m. (part per million) for para-
quat and 6.25 to 100 p.p.m. for tri-
fluralin. The lowest rates (12.5 and
6.25 p.p.m.) are about equal to field
rates of the two compounds. For ex-
ample, the recommended rate for tri-
fluralin is 1 to 3 lb. per acre and incor-
porated in the upper 1 to 3 in. of soil.
The higher rates in these experiments
were used to determine the concentra-
tions necessary to slow down growth of
the fungus.
Results showed that all concentrations
of either herbicide in nutrient-solution
culture slowed down fungus growth. This
inhibiting effect increased with increased
concentrations of both. In soil the effect
of paraquat on growth and on nitrate-
nitrogen uptake was similar to that in
the solution culture. For trifluralin, how-
ever, the fungus growth was stimulated
at the two lower concentrations and in-
hibited by higher rates. Effect of tri-
fluralin on nitrate-nitrogen uptake in soil
showed a similar pattern - increased up-
take at lower rates and reduced uptake
at higher treatments.
Although much is to be learned about
influence of herbicides on soil organisms,
these experiments indicate probability of
two opposite effects depending upon
kind of herbicide and rates applied.
Strong slow-down effects on a parasite,
as demonstrated with paraquat, would
be considered an added benefit along
with weed control. Herbicides that stim-
ulate parasite growth at concentrations
near field rates should receive further
study.
(1) Effect of several concentrations of paraquat in soil on growth of Southern Blight fungus
over 22-day period. (2) Relation of growth to nitrate-nitrogen consumed; 
increased rates
interfered with nitrate-nitrogen utilization.
(3) Effect of several concentrations of trifluralin in soil on growth of Southern Blight fungus
over 21-day period. (4) Relation of growth to nitrate-nitrogen consumed; 
lower rates
favored nitrate-nitrogen use and higher ones inhibited nutrient utilization.
14
I___~__ I l;-- I^L
Supply Alternatives
Are ALABAMA MILK SUPPLIES
ADEQUATE To Meet DEMAND?
LOWELL E. WILSON, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
LARGE ADJUSTMENTS have been made
in milk supplies in Alabama, and through-
out the Southeast during the past decade.
Between 1955 and 1966 the number
of Grade A milk producers in the State
declined from about 2,250 to 950, a
58% reduction. Yet, farm sales of Grade
A milk increased about 60%. In 1966,
Alabama producers marketed 662 mil-
lion lb. of Grade A milk. Thus, average
sales per herd in 1966 were more than
four times the 1955 level.
In spite of the large production in-
crease, Alabama is not a self-sufficient
milk producing state, and it is unlikely
to become one. Political boundaries,
such as state borders, do not necessarily
define economic marketing areas. Ala-
bama is made up of several fluid milk
markets, some of which include supply
and distribution areas located in adjoin-
ing states. In 1966, 20.7% of total sup-
plies received by Alabama distributors
Demand Projections
The primary factor affecting the milk
consumption level is population. In-
creases in milk consumption will result
mainly from population growth. To a
lesser extent, income and price changes
also affect milk consumption. In Ala-
bama, population has been projected to
increase 13% between the year 1960
and 1975, or about 8% above the pres-
ent. Based on a study of demand for
products of the fluid milk industry in
the South, consumption estimates were
obtained for Alabama for 1974, Table 1.
Low and high levels of demand were
TABLE 1. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR PROD-
UCTS OF THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY AT
Low AND HIGH LEVELS, ALABAMA 1974
Demand 
Fluid 
Nonfluid
milk milk Total
levels products' products
2
Mit. lb. Mil. lb. Mit. lb.
Low ------ 851.8 168.7 1,020.5
Some milk supply alternatives are
listed in Table 2 that would provide low
and high levels of milk supply adequate
to meet demand for milk products in
1974. It is assumed that average an-
nual production per cow in 1974 will be
11,500 lb. This is a conservative pro-
duction estimate, as production trends
indicate that average production may be
several hundred pounds greater.
Trend in Milk Production
If by the mid 1970's average size of
herd is 150 cows, about 600 herds could
supply low level demand needs and 650
could provide high level demand require-
ments.
The trend in milk production is to-
ward large scale production units. Dairy-
men who are not increasing size of oper-
ation and economic efficiency are leaving
the business. Rising costs, especially
labor, are primary forces causing expan-
sion. Expensive equipment is needed to
replace labor, and, to obtain efficient use
of automated equipment, it is necessary
to increase production per herd. Re-
search at Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station has indicated that a
further decline in number of dairymen
will continue, and size of herd and pro-
duction efficiency will increase for those
remaining. Milk distributors who pur-
chase milk from out-of-state suppliers will
continue to obtain these supplies. It is
likely that a larger proportion of total
milk supplies will originate from pro-
ducers in adjoining states. If milk pro-
ducers adopt production techniques sim-
ilar to those being used in some areas of
the United States, such as southern Flor-
ida and California, it is possible for less
than 400 dairymen to adequately supply
all markets in the State. However, milk
production is not likely to expand be-
yond the amounts needed to serve the
fluid milk market.
TABLE 2. MILK SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES TO
MEET Low AND HIGH DEMAND
LEVELS, ALABAMA 1974
Herds needed in 19741
Cows per
?herd, av. Low level High level
demand demand
No. No. No.
100 887 974
150 591 649
200 444 487
1Average annual production per cow as-
sumed to be 11,500 pounds.
15
P!$-' I' P ' #-1 -c, To, J T,
1
j j t Tle-
SHERMAN WHIPPLE, Department of Forestry
,_. MA LL s51111.m 55 11iori5 arc somile of
thte best timbler gloSS iig~ sites ill ntht-
CIII Aliillnl.
B~ecautse tiles(, sites gel Cialk Iax e
iihe teltilitv ao1( norC fav orable mn i;
till C titat moil~st sorolllditlg lait~tiosed
for timbI ei gross t it thev are readi 5 ii
hit 1ted 1)\ gieatt numb11erts of pi ai it spe
cies, itelitilitii wee ss peciies.~ NIai iif
thesec 55 CCd species gi tow il cdirect coin-
petititi \5 i tI the ior 0iiC (1110Clei ails. iii-
poit iiit itres. It5a ia I i ets~ s
Lohi ii \as ti ie 11 (1it s. (ad ) oilti IC oft~
A.1labamattiiis most v 5alual fo iist steites,
its ti 'vtieliiless tFori both (ill. lile
probtlemtIl ill titese imoiist mid Cl tile sites
is itettitt it f ols stocked sAti o( if (e-
stir ale speccies, iticluitilti 
1
)iii iii x iess
itt sex eie CoIt til
1
ttiti lii fliii tiles irabli
spce.Ti 1prob tllem't is morei t tilS it 1l1
Experiment Conducted
A studi\ \\as liegit iii 1961 at tbe
Fat - ettu Expet itletit Flitrest, aI iIIit of tile
tilmi nit II lsersitv Agricututral Expei
itlet t Stattitli tot test effects oft varieid
ot itibitili pitte 1) it latil iil seeclitg. Tile
stitlsk ssas estatbiislllt oit a 4aci e. ioar-
I o\\ boitttttm are a of' tiI( alluv ial Miatt
4(11 iC sil. Tie ibttt tilant id sC actgei
1:32 tt. iii ss ictit. Pritm tot iegitiliig this
stocked stilt of' mi iixeid species. iiitd-
itu rgied mljlje, sss cetgtin.eilis
1
ti,
Mt id itilfltili 
1
iti. Except fotr a scalttet id
less s elIttss itpllat atid pit it seed trees,
lild \\i sas tiut ill itis I 960t. Lotgs %\ tec'
cra ss let ti actti \\sas occ sit all Is i sed.
treces, swas letft initact.
chre site' preparatiton ttt'atioei ts,re-
plicatedl six tuis, ss etc appl)ied' cliiiwt
AliIgnst 19(61. Trea',tmten ts 55e ts f l
pose5dl. (lot ilc dliskitli ss \itit itlitiet d stoil
Disked area at left shows pine regeneration
5 years after treatment. The check area at
right shows the extent of hardwood seedlings
and sprouts 5 years after cutting overstory
timber.
weedl prepaired ss itt' a hcax s I airml
t\ pe triettil andc galig disk: and ciheek,
till )(( atter itiggitig excep)t toi reloox 41
(d huge tops of tell('( ti ce(s.
Vitatld pim' I ege I Cl itt 511115 ci sig-
iiificailt 541 iatittits l)et\\eCii treatm~tents 4
sears ,ittel estalblisiliilt. lDiskiiig 1e-
sllltedl ill the greatest total tilllilC oIf
set iohtgs, .3,6t ) per ac1re, see talie. Bill]
doiig I esiltcri ill 2,."95 seelings perI
acr11e L11(1 the chleek ilo S9.5 p)Ct acre. Bet-
cause of tilt Ileav 5completititi tht 5
he cli rc aiI ii s es talis
1
hetd. S tt(kill
fat7or5 \ill tile ablIce ot site pIC
1
)itii
291 petI acre, comtiipare w~ itih I,9 f'
(liskilig~ aiidc .562 1(o1 billdozilng)
Oilstrilittioll lit p)tio seedlings ws ex
(cIIl citt o)1il boti pr)1e lmi e( sites lit t poo111
o111 check areas. )bsels atioits iltiCitec1
thlat ill thtchedk mllets Ililt Iegelielatioii
Iccurrledi ill at ilk ill ciinps \\1]lceIn iiiera
1
soil had 1I)CC)11 xpose 1)v sk iddin1g logs.
Tilre wereC strikilig difihliell(s f)teell
tlCeitell 41j(1 llljti~eitetI plots. lIo\\S cx ii It
thd lecws betwe en (liskilig( old boill]
(liil cood 1(1 l Ieaclil, x t sei xed.
S isis ii B \c tic lx xi, C sss
I )Tt I I S I SIt I I I 10ts Ai Ii Fi t1 II S t
Ilii t ci!s
Ft.
Underc' :3
:3 tot 5
ONxt'1 5
TOIi A L
Diskedi
Ntio. No.
1,708 625
1,187 1,06:1)
7WtSt8
3,60tt3 25.:3
I etil bt.'i
Nit. A o.
1,833 2, 165
4518 1,[37
10ilt5
.) 31)7 11,560
(6114 :3,895
41 9758
895 8.686