VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1SPIG16
-4-,.
4
/ /11/1/0
in~HIGHLIGHTS
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
I
SPRING 1966
:.Z4*
-IGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 13, NO. 1 SPRING, 1966
SUGAR - NEW CROP FOR ALABAMA - Sorghum Canes
Show Promise as Sugar Crop____ 3
EGG BREAKAGE DETERMINED BY SIMPLE TEST -Shell
Strength Measured by Simple Test 4
HYBRID VETCH RESEEDS WELL IN SUMMER GRASS- New
Crop, May Fill Big Alabama Need 5
MANAGING SORGHUM-SUDAN HYBRIDS FOR DAIRY PASTURE
- Systems Compared in Black Belt Tests. 6
USE OF POULTRY MANURE INFLUENCED BY RAINFALL -
Time of Rain Affects Efficiency 7
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE FIELD STATION - Facility for
Specialized Research Program .8-9
THE ALABAMA SLAUGHTER CATTLE INDUSTRY - Move-
ment of People has Affected Slaughter Meat Industry_10
IMPORTANCE OF DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES - Best Dis-
ease Control is Resistant Varieties 11
PLANTING TIME AFFECTS PERFORMANCE OF SOYBEANS -
Date Considered in Variety Selection 12
ATTITUDES OF RURAL ADULTS - Affect Success of Social
and Economic Development Programs 13
MINIMUM TILLAGE FOR APPLE AND PEACH PRODUCTION -
Herbicide Use Saves Time and Money 14
INDEX TO ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agri-
cultural Research During 1965 .................... 15
Do SUPPLEMENTS INCREASE USE OF COASTAL BY STEERS?
- Various Supplements Fed Steers on Coastal ....... 16
Ot CoW'CO The past 5 years have seen a major face lifting at
the Ornamental Horticulture Field Station, which has made it into
a well equipped facility for specialized research on important nursery
problems. The cover photograph was made from the lower of three
bench leveled areas that are covered with greenhouses and service
buildings. In the foreground is a new type greenhouse, covered
with a semirigid plastic, that is being tested at the Station in a con-
tinuing study 'of greenhouse design. At right on the next higher level
is a service building that was recently completed. Details of work
at the unit are described in the story on pages 8-9.
E. V. SMITH -
BEN T. LANHAM, JR._
CHAS. F. SIMMONS --
KENNETH B. RoY
E. L. McGRAW--
R. E. STEVENSON ...
Director
-Associate Director
-Assistant Director
---- Editor
Associate Editor
-- Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T.
LANHAM, JR.; J. L. TURNER, Instructor
of Horticulture; R. R. HARRIS, Associate
Professor of Animal Science; H. T. ROG-
ERS, Agronomy and Soils Department
Head; AND KENNETH B. ROY.
ezw aad 7imel
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 344. Effect of Deep Turning and Non-
Dirting Cultivation on Bunch and Runner
Peanuts.
Bul. 346. Effect of Seed Size on Vigor and
Yield of Runner Peanuts.
Bul. 347. Coastal Bermuda Pastures Com-
pared with Other Forages for Dairy Cows.
Bul. 362. Response of Planted Loblolly
Pine Following Various Conversion Methods.
Bul. 363. Forage Systems Compared for
High Producing Cows.
Bul. 364. Homemaker Response to Poultry
Promotion.
Cir. 136. Nitrogen for Dallisgrass Pastures
in the Black Belt.
Cir. 149. Crop Varieties for Alabama-
Field, Forage, Turf.
Leaf. 68. Spider Mites on Cotton in Ala-
bama.
Prog. Rept. 87. Summer Annual Grasses.
Prog. Rept. 88. Effect of Several Insecti-
cides and Application Schedules on Cotton
Insect Control.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
~ ~UaTL;eTIY l~e13~~1; ~r
I\C3~QILII II
This' 1ix i 1)1 bi" its i tifwhedi s it xmilltti. He( 'ilit It
"("(1 ix i 1111 il I(I ti tc I I t I I' , i r i c t )l I i (~ I 4(4 bl ,11 I ,oix ll 4(1
t ill I~ t' p 1(d dti IxsiofxIiitits ill Id pxi Lx till(' foioiii ,ixl'd l
\\ 1A ( I( ) c~ itI ( I f or s II 'u )I )(I of t hi.tx I S I ar I ) f '
I )t I I I I II I il I ito t I it, sI1( \\ I I \ I( 1(11 )\ ll \ I ,I
of S I N \li( 'tit S.s
tiIll (' 1,111 Sllhtii to (4 i (Ix il li 1)1 I ( 0h 141 ~ l it4 15.2 t'l t
Possibility of growing sorghum cane for sugar production is show-
ing promise at the Gulf Coast Substation. Shown here is a new
variety, named Rio, that has performed well in the tests. It makes
high yields of cane, and sugar content is satisfactory.
SUGAR-
NEW CROP FOR
ALABAMA?
CARL S. HOVELAND, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
H. F. YATES, Gulf Coast Substation
J. W, LANGFORD, Plant Breeding Uit
JK. BOSECK. Tennessee Volley Substation
,lliglf Cilopxt'l Fiii14ld II tutu S 't \(Ii fit' dil
1
lwApi
iii i)li I'I t,ixIld 11 xi i x 14 11 i eaii to ,li -s p i i t l l
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iikl'\ ix (4u x t' l'fl'44t \i(i ii Ipol lxi' xx itli tis (ilii.
At plexetit ii'(lt x ori iiii xliirttx like' Hilt is xiiitifi' iiifx
lot- produti on ofi liqu ill x ii.l t (,ol4)11(1it x IIS, l I n, S lt
iii iiiiii) b oxl(i im iloo'xx i ( t'ti iii i ii l'x Ii fo ii 4 litid 4 i 44 itl
,-iif' bii. exp'i(4t toi x iil int- ii tui x (4it x .S ) i ii ld iii xx 1411 I t''
il ' i i 111lo\ ii loi I' il t (lt H ll ii4(liq fll
1 
t lslx 14441 x tiI lll ill
lift xxi i liltar ti ft \ l i ts ll tlid yr po.ito l
Sugar Ill il slig 4. 1)1114141 i l and44 141141xx i r xlI 4it ize-i
i iil iluittw ti I l it' -i cii ps' itl x tfi t iii ttx 14111ii \\' 111( 1 t't't
to i(he ii tll it racxx it's t iill(] 4 0iiib ( for x' tl l ' U Il liiIi xli (4111.
I Lin st ,4 (.lx ll i i'ixtl lit Sp ea ov lixii (x14 i tt it peiot 41 11 ix
t ti atall if. x ti(4ilt thati ifx iii ill ilt it illt x l d 4 i d h1oIl d
I' ill (441 ixI to 114 b i ' c x i ttM x i i the iii ii' (.o i xio ittl I Ibeets
pices hiix t x Il itillwr 111114 l. extl itl o. S6 to11 t5 p .ll'ollxo
Plant Biccdin _ t'iiit, 5 \cill's
Oill ('()i1st Substation, 2 \cilrs
ABOUT 10% of the table eggs produced
never reach the consumer because of
breakage. In Alabama this percentage
represents a yearly loss of more than $6
million. A major part of this loss is
caused by careless egg handling. A minor
portion is the result of physical makeup
of the bird as influenced by breeding,
age, temperature of laying house, and
nutrition.
The producer, egg buyer, and con-
tractor are interested in preventing or re-
ducing breakage loss. But, they must
have a method of determining whether
excessive breakage is caused by sub-
standard handling methods or by the
physiology of the birds.
Laboratory Studies Begun
Laboratory studies were conducted by
Auburn University Agricultural Experi'
ment Station to devise and test methods
of measuring shell strength aimed at de-
termining normal breakage. The results
indicated that the specific gravity
method is to be preferred to crushing,
perforating, bombing with ball bearings,
or rolling eggs down inclines. The speci-
fic gravity technique does not require
destruction of eggs and large samples
can be used economically to obtain bet-
ter evaluation.
For some time it has been known that
eggs with inferior specific gravities have
thin shells, and therefore, have lower
keeping quality and are more subject to
breakage than those with superior grav-
ities. This relationship, however, has
never been clearly described so that it
might be applied to field conditions.
Flock Owners Cooperate
Owners of eight commercial laying
flocks, each separately managed, coop-
erated for a complete laying cycle to
compare egg shell quality evaluated by
both field and laboratory methods. Each
flock of White Leghorns, on floor litter,
came into lay at about the same time.
One hundred ungraded eggs were col-
lected from each of the eight northern
Alabama farms at four different times of
the year and were transported to Auburn
- about 200 miles.
At Auburn the eggs were stored over-
night, weighed, and checked for specific
gravity. The percentage of checks and
various categories of egg breakage were
obtained from all flocks on each occa-
sion. These were statistically compared
with the laboratory test data.
Field Use Devised
A highly important negative (mathe-
matical) relationship was obtained be-
tween specific gravity and percentage of
broken eggs for all periods and flocks.
These data are based upon total break-
age from time of lay through the process
of cartoning. Plotted data gave a straight
line relation, indicating that it is possible
to accurately assess egg breakage from
specific gravities of the relatively small
number of eggs tested. (See chart.)
For example, in the field, a contractor
could assume total normal breakage of
no more than 6% in a flock with a spe-
cific gravity of 70. If actual breakage in
this flock happened to be 8%, the con-
tractor or grower could assume some
management or egg handling problem
such as (1) poor nesting materials, (2)
too few nests, (3) infrequent egg gather-
ing, or (4) rough handling in gathering
or packaging.
It is possible to organize a similar
graph for any given strain of birds fed
the same diet and use it to determine
egg shell quality and normal breakage
between houses, farms, or workers super-
vising birds. The only facilities needed
are some plastic containers for the salt
solutions, a hydrometer, a supply of com-
mon salt, and a small weighing scales to
measure the salt. The test is presently
being used by breeders to determine
eggs with inferior shells which are un-
likely to hatch.
After the various salt solutions are
made and checked with a hydrometer
and adjusted where necessary, eggs are
placed in the solutions and moved from
solution to solution until they just break
the surface. The particular solution in
which the egg just floats is the correct
specific gravity. Because of variations be-
tween egg shells from birds within a
The following table indicates salt and
water ratios necessary to prepare solu-
tions of desired specific gravities.
Salt Needed for Specific
Gravity Solutions
EGG BREAKAGE determined by
SIMPLE TEST
J. R. HOWES and C. H. MOORE
Department of Poultry Science
Oz. per
gallon
. 10.2
12.2
14.2
16.2
18.4
. 20.5
flock, it is necessary to figure an average
specific gravity. The number of eggs
needed for this determination is depen-
dent upon the desired accuracy and in-
creases with the degree of variation
within the flock. If a large number of
determinations are beingmade, it is ad-
visable to check solutions for corrections
at frequent intervals. When determina-
tions are being made, the eggs and solu-
tions should be at approximately the
same temperature which can be made
possible by allowing the eggs to be in
the same room as the solutions for a few
hours prior to testing. This test repre-
sents the first time that a dependable
field testing method has been devised
for use by producers and contractors to
reduce egg breakage and financial loss.
Specific
gravtiy
50 .......
60------.
70
80 .......
90
100 .......
"'4 
t
orf A
'h elkw .- J
Heavy seed crop produced by the hybrid
vetch is shown by photo 1. Photo 2 illus-
trates how the new crop reseeds in gross
sods. The excelIlent stand of vetch in soy-
bean stubble, photo 3, reseeded after soy-
beans were grown and harvested following
crop of the hybrid vetch that was managed
for seed production.
Ai[\ ,(1dctow t~l
1)(1-1 tiis ii'iii' I i xii \\i,trtioi
doite \lv..i illt~ p'Iil.lttti tuii('i. iii ti
pi i tt) ti i ,(i it' a t I lt'\ I ili .i I l i siiti
.1e t o '.3 lN/i eed ( tifre ill
]it( il-of (i'ark ui.1tt1Ne. .3 ttl hu ro
i lit th sodi kd w ftli i t(, \ l(ii i 'tii l ii.
X'i o Nit/eti \livst and fiti Vitii calls(
Ill ai dd itnlt o its lI~ lii ' ilit ii
iiii j ii . i i l 1( 11 
1, l i N i f (i' , xi
resistillit t ii e (1 i x e -X i id t ft
HIt: it\
\oti. 8 1l)t(. I S \ N. S t Ic
tt 2 6 ttt
I tt1 2
Reseeding Ability Demonstrated
()tt Aiugust 24, 1962, ittxli ifitd seiii
oi seveil lii li iii tcl ittes xx tli trold-
cilti ol sliiI plots itttxrs~ sods. Aix-i
iielltt sitnd \t,,alsut. lllt al
\ithitti\it t~i l iii s (tl \I l ill phji t o
iutg led mvd \u.c iittdofalbw
int it(, so.l Afte iii111w litits si topped
ilit fte lvit 1 NitilijittiN II tl thCkiu,1
lic(t' sili I jt I d il I Iliiie ;Ii lilt v sce
\ ('tS xiii'ittalJjjtiiu\i 27? I 1965, ttii
N t. ihil( ri',itt til i li Sx,(tt11(
Sex erall if tlti uiotitx vigit itilix Mli htild
fotrage per acte ill bitth giase ,Ixx )\ this
dltc. Suitli high Yitld tof catk lx i iter
Seedto] ill. le\t \iti icci le hiciut il
cucatlld ill e~ttoi N1 talks lit till, Plitiit
Hri liig hi it, Tluliutt'. foti iai(Te gt'i cii
thatt 2,ttttt lb. tif xseed \\uScits itllil itt
frot 2 licrtx ili 1965 (cldeittl isecdl ix
t'i aed 1I0 t 1ttlli. ip'r' acre).
FotiloitI ingxclitl bat x fit ll. iloell
xx ,tx pla itti toit Ni dixleao. 'Ilii iix baiis
icti xti ii. tx itix it lix il l uu .Ott a
Ii-r i ii i t w x d Nitd( iiiii: \ t o al ft i' xii] i
',ei(it till] lits iii \Iii Nl ii pho) x t 1 . O f i it i
asi.otid aititt italiti xd ih tiiil tiii I Ub
lt~iiii i eid u s ilid it ltit\(i.i buIx i t i citiie
xiiiliiir thips. V o se l
(ttoe suxi fiel wii ii vtcoNliiiig, Ntctt
(see lil-imt iiwd, i iritio, iiogiilims imgdi t
iii gi.ol h at(e x vei i tctitl l 65
till. ii tipele tJtlil'tel Itugi \(t(Ii
It itl ('ii i sici t i ro iltii lls \it li . tt ilil
foc ii i l , li tcrhxt lo(iIi ti i l li'
Hybrid Vetch Reseeds Well
in Summer Grass Sods
D. DONNELLY and C. S. HOVELAND, Department of
Agronomy and Soils
R. M. PATTERSON, Research Data Analysts
it titus) \Ii s DAi'f S 11 if I [I t tI, 
ht i h it \i i t' xx Il
l iitf-( icifI,-if it\ ct' 
tif lit i gl t itti
siltt iBe fitls iiAl t ist ep uta sti n r
itt (iiiigiti lit' i tcii 'Ii illthis ti li it tnt
tu iua u iui' Iit s' stt s lo itt c (' iti ii i
poi ig ilt I i f li ' .iii r ig ' v e ig p o
( ii U it desit ao is ui tit i izi i o if ota i l
fIt it5l (itf A' ibiil l it i fIli'(. sit\ , iit itit iii i
iiiy ii i iii it t f xtt i i l k liiia titui jat te
Btlaxk Blitnt ifist ill iti ill filitiiu'c
liti itg ta li lo x. a lox it ti ll or cu't i
Sim, \ ic ofs tltt u i 5ol i 't'tlt'l (; uu
xxainatgemiexnttt Systemxx s A ffot 22qual
fll tis ixctigt'il 13 ottlaifi orraiig
m il t .o\ it iti I itit (.i uitt is ( itio I xitt'
iiitss f it' dit i i it\ ifa ll patuu's
il cit\ itto it'ittit Agxs f~li te sacropit
cll itit c s i ii I lols ii.i liti\is 1 i i l t :3 laii
agiii i ii lilx iiith g fit xicdiitt
ift'l ~ ~ ~ \ fit cc'dut fit f'ss
F orage Qu11-lIalit masimiarcde l
8-lI \li ii'ttf sx d stitt d tuii fifh'ilif
\%;sb (iii I %lii In tI t o if( \\fs 'M to i22u it.
ct'i't hs cusss \\xt ashxlf it ififit itas
slitiss i hs' iit itt (iii' t~ili)](,. (:tisss il
titiffitl per I0 11f )i. hod\t \\s sI'lIf fliaii
tosi' off uitathiotuit git iitt. Hit igi's ill
IfI r\ tiatter ititiki ssit I. *4ft 3.25 lb).
iii If0 ffffl. Ituil xx tight lut cut ittif itUti
rtii;ufiuuuil git/figl. ittki utui'siiuc iitits
xx tt itiut~' ii t t lit st it it 5II( t sXIj
xx ciks tifch t'cifst.
V~ I t its I i of ti Nl\ Fiii \i S)IS 's
2t A Xi i. V tof.I \Ii S I)it
tiufit\ lif 
fi -\ sh-ui 1
(>iofitiiiois Hii
loi"I int cx
2.4 11).
(67.7'1
3:3.(f 11).
ft.55 A.
61.6 Ci)l.
f6
:3
0.1 lAt
0711)
O iu~cst if ilits oftt loii \\a' x s sit lita off
fli(.t' fx piasfit' sx'stt'iuis. T his tit' itsci
tint it lih tif abiu it 72"; itt li iiiiiituttu
titr-it ifft'ctcd digcstuibiluts itic! iltiikc'
titniotis f \\x ils Ifltisils I aitii ild sill-
Sorghum-sudaon hybrids
are widely grown in Ala-
bama to provide high
quality summer grazing
for dairy caws. Manage- s'
ment tests with these an-V4
nuals at the Block Belt - -
Substation showed that t
quality af farage and
milk production of g raz-
ing cows were 
the samc 
A'
on continuous and rota -"S
tional grazing. Howeverg Aj /
management proved sim-~ ~
pler when continuous j4 -
grazing was practiced.
Managing Sorghum-Sudan Hybrids
for Best Dairy Cow Pasture
JA. LITTLE and G3. E. HAWKINS, Dept. of Dairy Science
LA. SMITH and H. W. GRIMES, Blackt Belt Substation
ph i f im iiilimitii 1(I 5 i1'(. I It i t huw (i
)(ItI ii f I'tilti i I o(5 i i i t
1  
I iie
iiii fai xi pro fi 't l. cd his~( dxi as
if i s ii t r.si/i if (lt iiy II[ i e le
Ph Acre'101 Copaisos Malpilde oi
55c aisl 5 oiif i V ii iris. xcxiit-jc iittiiii \h
xxiistcr tha'll it ('pifii(' T hit\a\is
loit ~'i'lt i \ iit ti t( e i ttl iti it li~t i bi lit\
\\ti ti (bliii Il fil (, t' cti i talt s ft 11(1
rt iftuit I I it \ tIt I'ait txx lseu of 4 it i
itt t lit i at ill i f It i i f t p o ii fl it\ ;1i lit
itg 't iiitakeg h\ uttuif )ifi tfcit Ati~iml
Tomato plot at left received 1,500 lb. 8-8-8
fertilizer but no manure; center plot received
6 tons of breiler manure but no fertilizer;
and plot at right received 1,500 lb. 8-8-8
plus 6 tons broiler manure.
I' tll i IM \'i I 'itil if tih1itl ofIii
.1i]] iia~ iit Il,111 iii 1 t'' i i' lu ()I[ 11(1
(i tk'cx i I f h' iic s tl I~III
x Ti w f l is . inp~ \flili l m II. t3.1 I i. Ii li
(Ii if .39.5 . iiwh h' it, i iiiifxd to ilM
fpix it'il 3.71 thi. \plif .5j. A.72 in. \piii
of t J ji5 lm it iitx fiix '( riiifil i
tim \l iic I 9 1. id I6 ' \%i .t iltc 2.1
xix al , llf~) lf sil tofn il s. iil (f \--lix 1.3l
6 idiif tfint f it co'illm\i i f 5.il Inx et
t)(V1 11 if 63 ll lii (tii x v.1 x 9the
I1 ;itoi f I)x .n\ 4Ix c I i , ti ' t, ilt' :)l ito
i ~ x
5.
- i~
'11
IiNeciv~Ie I'se of Poulin Maur
.M. WARE andc W. A. JOHNSON, D~pciifiri Holirticuture
iis u I o196 1 aIi f( 1965, tIt'', 2 t'ars of'I
l)itti xlittxx ciffet, ( 1f dinl-lit rtl~l
paitill lit x'1 lft'ij i 4liiis o'ii thei t\(1(i ti
i Iiit ze li t 6 t i is III al Ill . f)CI .1 t' (I cII
t',ii fo both Mnf 62-:3 andf 196-1-5, xxiii
19, 167 1I). p
t
ir wrc1 liit 1964 iit ,5:3,501t
buti Ito ininit xxiii 26 1)16 l1). ti 196 1
illIf 32,9119 li 196.5. '[fi xit'lt ii I 96 1
xxits :34', ()n 6.5 19 11). fiigfi i t tlit( tit)
theiii' rciii \ it' I ttx 114 lll e 11 Mlix
'flit' 196.5 x iitlif fiii Hii.phi(ctiiili of
ti 0lilt illx x \\i,, 6.3' in 1 2(1,595 11).
fili it' tl sillidark11 tii' llitti'l ii 0I both
It ( I .'t' i 1( 1 11, Il I(I II III I' t'jtf I t( ii - liii o 1)1 itfi
lwlilitdx juiitiiitili f2Sr io' 21.S7S 11).
In 'ill fN64, xx eitt illi 1965 tlit'v fplii
tili r ahi) Il ijt'i (iiii lnIi \('ill- . Bx nun
70', oi I18.329 11). miowt ill 1961 wiit
111.S n 3.5,71) 11). ill 1965 111111 t im11
lIilpilinif (1962 3) lx', of'ni hi xraticll
.1if iporhow li bediiIii Id 96 3 ii ife iale
biil 21 1135 lii iniiit iii'x lo 196 4 xfi
ilild)6 lilitii piloit .3-v~1w 76 xxtfiliiit
xxiii' nlix, ll-~ti 21 I b t for. ' ( ~i llI f lthe
11 ls d pot o111 I 'llt"/i I~tI I ( i finxt'in~
iilx I it iilx'r 1111 i'1w il
1
9 6 :) o I wed'fu xi
()l\ 21 S1). toinoc Ia I( f 1965 lM'ne ii t't
oliii I 'Itili/ilol.ufll iII)I e :111 76i 3 i (l thl t i i
11). %\i i t ' i' Ic t bu i w lx i nli t via .
f).f ist vi1d il N611.th 
c r
\ II I; ti x,
(11) 96 1 ofi1-65
8 it.8 M itli . 1 
itS- \I .111111c
Lot el Ton a11)(1 iil 1(iii 11 1 1 1) ai
19), 16-1 c
44,' .i S
:) I ii:)
2 1,038cS
13, I 1
t) I il
I 1965 5/6 .5; 1I 5,25 6/10) .5/10) 6 216 -
71) 3it
68.5
66.i4ai
64-).5ai
69jt)
60).0)
5.3, 50 1
65 (C7it
.50,101)
21) 0:38f
-5011.2 ((I1
:2 9)1)
1
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75.2ai
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I I \ I i I . I . To I.\ I ( )1 .s I I l( I I i I is I I )t \ I . \ -, I ) C, 1, to I 1-1 N'r A I, I, I .I(:,\ I I ( ) \ s ( ) I FEH I ILIZEBS AND M AM BES IN YEA10, ol DI I I I-MEN 
I.
kAl\ I \IA, PA I'l-FliNS AND Soil, N I 1 11 X I FiS [I) P[ RIODS
)l I( Ids of I I mi-ketaldc tomittocs
1965
I ,, lilt Im \ i(dd, if b-thir,, dith-p-111
S 7.
4 f
5'
moo'-
special research for special needs-that's miss
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE
FIELD STATION
R. E. STEVENSON, Departmnt of Publicotions
RAYMOND L. SELF, 0Omental Hlorticulture Field Station
(; i Coas iii ll/I llitilr1 95 \l \il wd
oliit i itst oft lit' dIll ls sitt'li ills ;old(
lossesi I 5' t ie t;li t' ilt( , XXcz \lili XX hiSitt'-
itt I l sill ii ll imi c e ot. XXbj(" t 11k1:f
192 . 'I llistl T'hi s lu. ic.il. L lili, pro
tilet h f i lial itii X Ile e tiit' S itrt iIlw
I!e it' 1(r t t It' w Io XXca (1 iX Jt I it c t, t he(
XX is ,Itlt9t 2 ittIi I I i i t, cI -t () -t
tilitilreti ill It Ii I D X I i 'l 1 {I- lI
t(ilisii ti e iri e llit il i ,iX i
tttd11iX 0I. G. FL Tlpsc! d X illt
XX lit io e lii' til Ni1t',itls.li
Variepscd Probltem Situdie
111S d ti-1 ihicl)iwX li ti it 1111110
Soi t it'I IX ilt ll Iiti IX Io lisi I it
Stl tShifte
llt be~d"
iltiXs t')
Types of research at the Field Station are illustra
photos: 1. Different bedding mixtures are being
this research area, 2. Greenhouse tomato producti'
attention in new study, 3. Result of putting mi
General layout of Field Station is shown in
of view from lower level (left). Field plots are
ion of in foreground, with levels devoted to build-
ings inl background. Photo at right above
shows how simplified framing supports
greenhouse covering of the new, semirigid
PVC plastic, which has the added advantage
of longer life than polyethylene.
thatI iiIeI
4
lXlihitllclt iS 1tli'ctgt itt
hi t i Xit iX ,it 'tt'd t 'tid to t I 4 la i tIts~ p tit s ifc(11
Ills! Iiv benhititiil he S iti 
i
t IJ, XI (t'tIA ) ttj iy i d copmeii
4
t lit'
1
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II11\e r'iof' I~)'lols ic it 
illhb ill thuilT Ijl iepittch 
u e
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tit'l it IIIll"'d co IIae o\ i
IX :sit miti X'II 11(41 LI kI oft ((I I i II ld SiI
tioL~jLI XIolk il pIt LI tit'lll( o 'IPttglL(4X,
11cp, I ,0 1ccI I sa 275 \I cIsIX I' IX XX IkIX th
il It'le lX 1(4io iIIIXI. Fo 111 cli c I'X('1(1 iwill1.
this I LI it (ilIsil iti XX II f I I 14X 11,11IIt i i ll'
L Itim 11). It' l 100L 1 ( id oII TII N I Life ))II It
i) 11(111 11t,1 'l I )a 2 S IX ( (')1 ('Ii\ 111\1\1kl
NiLLA ILLIX ofI' tlt 11111 1,11 111111111 l tl'
II itie ta it11 111(4 t liliXI I . ic fll Xco-IX 'l I
CpuIII). 51 LX lIXi \ItIl M itilI Stat io l ell
Current Research
X II) JXI it ilL'', i t ))('I e111 (XX. c ll ha i
ill di1 (.4 1ul XLcllc IIo"i4ILI.
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of lIt pIlaXstictube' (LII llocc ,t'X to ILth 1)1 (IX I'r
ko.ill XiII L lil o ill ItiX. rlilvs
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cIdIe"l~ ('Li Atim deLXX ile oIIt itX..
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IALI il]II X. \ I LCItcilo lr i' tICX LLL It'latII~l
kLI 1(4 toI I ll it'rX. al
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tIIlI I', (I LILLI \l tl IL II I Lt.IlIIX
II 111111( 11 ( L Ltj L XI LI (1 
LX ill Ioj( I't(l (I.
:II It lXI 141'i XXI fi I t I g ; I 1(31 llt \ iL I I c\X
lcioStofatin thsc Faclici Lifted ll
il I lit\I (I~il~s (II 11111 
1 1)\rIXI . X I
hi Xs X t l l t LI] Fii t ll ' l al elXI I41 ' t
of11LX' c l I Ict) ek 1 l l 111 114X L ll ill'- ~t i
I\ ~ c In. XXc hI'lLXItLtI T L I tIi ll io XXII.
Ic ilo iLLiill IXll I ))IIII 111t11 Xstcple\ttI
ill il\\iltILtll, top tll c Ii \IfiLt I) 11111
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s I c roadL XI Itil d 1111 fi \ II I LI ',10 L bi ddI11oI
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It. It hasI~i IiX lXl cold1 IIIIlIIX toilLt XXiII
It' p ( tLX i s ' c oolll XXIo I~ till iX tIltI
tXX i ti L ILlL t11 lik. 111.6 x. 5 t
Ill add1111 to1111 lic\ ( o tI \X ILI ) I XXI
''II
~t
',~
2 ~
;, '
mixtures into potting mix is shown here by plant at lett, con- 
use ot growth re'tardants is getting attention. Untreated grass
trasted with other that got no minor elements. 4. Healthy grass 
in center made normal growth, while others were held back 
by
plot at left, which received urea-formaldlehyde fertilizer plus 
retardants. In addition to controlling growth, retardants may
herbicide, is contrasted with check plot at right. 5. Possible 
also make grasses more tolerant of shade.
y these
ated in
getting
eement
M OVEMENT OF PEOPLE from rural
areas to urban employment has had a
definite impact on meat processing and
consumption in Alabama.
Commercial cattle and calf slaughter
has increased from 195,000 head in 
1944
to 296,000 head in 1964, an increase 
of
about 52%. Calf slaughter, in 1964, was
less than one-fifth of the total.
Consumers 
with rising 
incomes 
have
increased per capita consumption of
beef and decreased per capita consump-
tion of pork. Although cattle production
has continued to expand in Alabama, 
di-
rection has been principally toward non-
slaughter kinds, primarily, feeder calves.
Thus, Alabama slaughter plants have
found it necessary to go outside the State
to purchase mature, good quality cattle
suitable for sale as block beef.
Although cattle slaughter has in-
creased, the major activity of meat pack-
ing plants still is pork processing. Local,
independent plants dominate though sev-
eral plants have regional distribution in
adjoining states. Swift Packing Company
is the only meat packer with national dis-
tribution that has slaughter facilities in
Alabama. There are 45 packing plants
in Alabama with an annual cattle and
calf slaughter above 300,000 lb. live-
weight. Six plants have federal inspec-
tion and may legally ship meat across
state lines. Most plants slaughter less
than 2 million lb. liveweight cattle and
calves annually and have fewer than 20
workers per plant.
Composition of Slaughter
Results of a study in 1962 by the Au-
burn University Agricultural Experiment
Station show that the major portion 
of
the cattle and calves commercially
slaughtered in Alabama that year was
sold as block beef, see figure. However,
noticeable differences existed in the type
processing done by different slaughter
plants. Federally inspected plants, for ex-
ample, processed 51% of their slaughter
as block beef, whereas major emphasis
in nonfederally inspected plants was on
boned beef. Boned beef generally is not
salable as retail beef cuts.
10
Steers and heifers accounted for 49%
of the total cattle and calves purchased
by Alabama meat packers. Cows, slaugh-
ter and veal calves, and bulls and stags
made up 26.9, 20.9, and 3.2%, respec-
tively. Federally inspected plants slaugh-
tered about four-fifths of all cattle and
calves processed in 1962.
Grade and class of cattle slaughtered
varied with plant size. Steers and heifers
accounted for 50.6% of the slaughter by
federally inspected plants, whereas me-
dium nonfederally inspected plants
slaughtered 32.7% steers and heifers.
Cows were the principal class slaugh-
tered by these latter plants, accounting
for 44.5% of total slaughter. Almost 85%
of the steers and heifers purchased for
slaughter during 1962 graded Good and
above.
Source of Cattle
About three-fourths of all cattle for
slaughter were bought within the State.
More than 50% of the, steers and heifers
were bought in Alabama, see table.
Slaughter calves, as well as cows, were
purchased largely within the State. Steers
and heifers constituted the major portion
of purchases obtained from out-of-state
sources. About 20% of the steers and
heifers were bought in Midwestern
States and 10.4% were bought in West-
ern States.
The auction 
market 
was the 
major
source of slaughter cattle in 1962. 
More
than 6 out of 10 cattle and calves 
were
bought at auction markets. About 
one-
fifth of the cattle and calves came 
from
farmers and commercial 
feedlots. Live-
stock dealers supplied 10.3% 
of the cat-
tle and calf supply. Other sources were
packers' feedlots and terminal markets.
The percentage of cattle obtained di-
rect from producers without 
an inter-
vening transaction between the 
producer
and the slaughter plant amounted 
to 22%
of total animals purchased during 1962.
Steers and heifers were the principal
kinds of slaughter cattle bought direct
as shown below:
Market class
Steers and heifers
Calves and veal-----
C ow s ......................
Bulls and stags -----
All cattle--------
Percentage
purchased
direct
28.6
3.2
8.4
11.1
22.0
Federally inspected plants had a
higher proportion of direct purchases for
heavier steers and heifers in the higher
grades than did other plants. For ex-
ample, 45% of the Good and Choice ani-
mals weighing more than 500 lb. were
bought direct by these plants.
Mature, good-quality slaughter cattle
will undoubtedly continue to be shipped
into Alabama until adequate supplies
of steers and heifers are produced within
the State.
SOURCES OF CATTLE PURCHASED BY
SLAUGHTER PLANT 
OPERATORS,
ALABAMA 1962
Class
Area of origin All 
Steers
and
cattle heifers
Per cent Per cent
Alabama - 74.0 55.2
Border states 10.9 
13.7
Other southern states ........ 0.1 
0.2
Midwestern States ............. 10.0 20.5
Western States 5.0 10.4
This graph shows composition of beef processed in Alabama slaughter 
plants in 1962.
The ALABAMA SLAUGHTER
CATTLE INDUSTRY
M. J. DANNER, Department of Agricultural Economics and 
Rural Sociology
tII ,\i i 1 I)II(1 I.,\ ,i 11111 
lu (Ikli{,~
ofli')iI i aio i ti l I T crop t hat~ii' Ix a ll
tli t de x liiolll tlctill bN 1101 ilt' ill-
scI l ix TI' h ll floll N\ \i 0 i 'i' I h ix cl(d'
('Vll '\til l beit ill 111 Im tt iii CII ii
Concltiltributng Fctor
t li i Il i i l i i'its lit e fol(' i i t h ti fiii'
('111e 111 It oft o tr lil dI iixt'e is'h
pl ill i d i itele t l I iii t i ilix',x I I i \
tu t xl i(t i i il i I (1\ t I i Iijl i eitsels(
this ii iil i i tli M 11it ix i ittxx Ii\ ax N I
tit h~it Il 1l ( .()xx ifi t i a lli T i lt tii i
Io i ilt li itiiii lax ii I e 1 s Ii ilii \I 11iie't
Hng ti] c iixllice toi thiese' txxt tilx',ix'
it l*ittixe. ('I ilip orlItillit dlixi's Twlitched'
cid tx xx ix 1)11 itil xx I l t illxcpiil
(riilixlI xI I i ip. it. ITild xxi cii tail lthit'
TI1i\ Ht ti 1c hI (I i iicoiliti n oti i curred'C.
sTililtx ofi xsiiilI i] iiix ll T Toi, ITlld it'
lo oif t xx cops, lo~xc lit' ii tlitil -v ,\ i li Ila li il
xto j'(et s hilix.( c ltl le llo l
The Fight Continues
Hix iwcs' pl d ice III i I m l ruiiit llitii ill
iIil l ~tli CITTi s tx e x l t(' itTl x ilt 1 1i
xliiix x a i l fii i ll,~ foix itt r i l- i'itai I lit
1
l
of illi' iii tii iiIill (to \id I utlix olf
the crpt itt JI'tiesC ittt ixa l t fitii'' ii'
silo\\l it ill(,I tilfl cIs it lx x i ti ll iic I al)
(lfIT iii Iccsi ili Ce' it tliit t\ p I x' ccii
loiri it Ti t t c lii'l oli elit IIil t sild it a II 11 xxi
I i ia i x x p eitilh ililtoi, theit' ill il ,iii
Other Diseases
Ill t iclit x illx iTi iilitl ofi cil),I ciI
xitil li Iiit iias tlle I Ti I it \il-ll I l1its loix
lxix ilil lilxx tit itlw IT Itoh T iiiix tilii'
iTl the ( 'l i litli (X Stac I ls (it' il l~ i fitt'
itlithitil i(ti t. I it jx~a liite iL
asill o coil d eil, si ~j Ii, r
.,,i, '~'
-'>'~v~ ~
40'
Ij'
'I ~ ~. *
I.-
- ':-~~ '~"
C"' ~' '
~ A ~ A
Plot at left shows reaction of oat varieties in seedling stage to Vic- shows the 
reaction of vetch clones to crown rot. Note healthy and
toria blight. Compare irregular stand of varieties in center with 
vigorous growth of unaffected clone in right background with five
those on either side in the foreground and background. Plot at right other diseased 
and unthrifty clones.
IMPORTANCE of PLANTING
DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES
JA. LYLE, Department of Botany aud Plant Pathology
- S''
'-'I',
I
1.
"'p.
.1
II
~'l
9 ~
i.T~
i~t~ I '
~
~
4x~, TetVI
PLANTING TIME
affects performance of
SOYBEAN VARIETIES
W. C. JOHNSON, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
~ t ) ill \', XI\K Xki Akl titiil Xi t X Litti l itiit 
it li ght1111
lilt'c. P!,t it it 1 (lilt(. I i itici loti Xolli' 
\ itiIts X \ li it
it! itiX Cilli he I it' w 1)11it i ( .I all ,t I \tt 
Iiie per l io i ti si t i Xll iliak(
XIt isf1(11 Xco is.
Fil tt of! daite of pLit i tgX I X\i 0XX sh 
i byX .3 X(iiis Xof ti'XtX it,
IX 'll (sclt iillilittli itl Ilil)itiii 
\'I\ 2 X 'tk ito(I* l te
('i il tI (;t( If p ('It i l p pi 1111 iltt( IX.k 
11t(I\il II()I
11titi it'III zt i i\ itit at I l11litoit 14 
to I tt 'k'l i l ict 1(, ti titio
i to t ilic I X I lit I ir iit 'I t if ) t it 11114.3 Iito 
\\ cl t citl ir t illI
Bi iXt Ii tI it ' 11e 1it
12 f a l \illc is \ t i(T il lo 
\ ,l ltl fe t o
A It I I( if I(d I t he'( I( I I It ill I If I ( if it I w l I I \I (h , L I I I,( h , t
11 1. 111 t 1.( 1 1 S I I I t o: I I I I I I I t I I I I I I A li I I ) t I I I it I I I x
I I I I of I )l it i I t i I I g ef I I ct s o I I N ill t i( s it re I I I o I-( I I I i I I k ( d 111
I I rt I Ic r I I Alabiliflit lw( iluse of t he 'Treatcr clialwe to dav
Tillic oI fl(m crim, ill ill beall loilturih are ]ill (rek 
(Icter-
litilled In of (]it\ . Ill Illidsolillocl. \\ hco dilvs ilre hrog
(lic pLolts I ('111itill \ c"(,titti\ u itild colitifilic "I ()\\ loot. W hell
fl(m enw, be"ills, (,nm t 11 stop's alld it]] till' plillit ellel (,r\ 'ocs
t 4 t i I I, I I I( I IIIAl I Vi I I t (TO I) 0I k I I IS.
i I I-i ( 't it .S difl er i I I t I I( (fit\ h l w t I I Ilecdc(I t i I I it i it t f I()\% e r-
I I I f. lilt(, I I I it t I I I i I I it I ick I (.( 11 ifircs it sl I( rl tel dil\ to s t i I r t
I I m cril I t I till I do( 's ill I carl v I I I ill I Ivil I I will I . TI wref ( wc, \\ I Icl I
I i t I I t i I I(, i s late I I I ( I t lilt(, I I - I I iitk i wr x t itt I\ c ri o\\ th is
1 it I litc(l, it lilt(, \ arict ill If lilkc it liu-'rel plitilt thill I all cill-k
I I wit Bccitl Ise o I t his, ol le o I t I le ]it 
t( .1, ildapted \ ariet it's
11( )III(I I w Sclected I lell ])lilt it it I g is dcla\ ed.
I 'I w littest p )Ssil dc plat I tit w (lilt c \\ it I I it I cil so )I I ill )Ic t -1 till we
Im succ-css is lilt\ 15 ill Southem Alabama ioid 3 to I \\crks
11 her ill liol-thel-If Alabilillil.
I Ilis -clicial ?Ill(. oI thillob pro\ ides it good ('11idc to lol-
h Al tel jolle I ill Al'thitillit illid Iolle 15 ill South-
n I Alabama, \ ()I I uim t I I I 1('ti( if I ill V iCId ( 4 1 2 1111 .
)I citcl I (Li 's ( 1(,Iit\ i I I plat it it Ii,
I )eSplite the illiportilocc o I plillit it Ig till le, soil looist 1111 , is
,LTI essel it ial elcilwilt ( A sol.-C-css. Nloistl Ire 11111st be ildc( Illilte
t o act it (,()()(I St ill Id 1-corilrdle,"s of datc.
It is (IcSil it])](, to plitilt al ict ics o I (till I Ivl it I I lilt I Irit v to
I ( l ]d t I le I lal"\ cSt Scilsof I A ko, ill Ist ill I( ('s Illif \ 1.(,( 11 lire
ed JAIL I t it I (T. I I I citlwr cilse, x ilrictv sclect if )l I is ill) por-
t 'Lilt. W I wI I plat it it w cark , clitlicl. cill-k o 1 Lite \ilrictic.s Illav
I w used, but oo]\ lilt(, loiltill ilw vill-fict ics al lital fle f ol,
I i t I I t i I I gs t I I; I t it n loilde litte.
I'l 1 1-oli\l \\( I, oI Do I I III \I SoN V.w1i'llps Pl_\\ 1 1.1) I
V \mot S 1) x I I'S, ( ;t 1.1 ( ).vs I St it,, I % I lo\, I WiO-621
I Ititti N aricts
\I\~ 15
11111c 1
ItcsouXaricty
\I,ux 15
11111c I5
loo 1.5
1;I\ I
Mai 15
Jili I
IilIX 15)
Ilicitsilke NarictxN
\L(X Is
iutit 15
J I X~ I
Iiii c 15 -- ---
.45
4.5
48
41
15
41
45
41
4:3
3 8
46
41
42
29
42
4.5
to6
42
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21
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12
12i
8
8
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(5
1
RUIAL PEOPLE in much of the South and in areas of Ala-
bama have a long history of chronic under employment and
low income. Recent federal legislation has focused new at-
tention on these problems. Many of the new programs
created by this legislation will be used in this State.
To implement effectively these programs, as much infor-
mation as possible is required about the people to be helped.
Knowledge about size and characteristics of the population
is needed. In addition, information on attitudes of the people
is important, especially as these attitudes are related to chang-
ing social and economic conditions. People's attitudes are
major barriers to development. If attitudes are not known
and taken into consideration in the planning of programs, lit-
tle success is likely.
Facts about several attitudes held by rural people in five
Alabama counties, classified as "low-level of living farm
areas" by the USDA, are available. They were obtained from
a sample of about 800 household heads and homemakers.
(See table.)
Pessimism is Common
Responses to six statements describing different viewpoints
on life and the future showed that about half of the people
were pessimistic. Almost two-thirds of the people gave pessi-
mistic responses to at least three of the six statements. House-
hold heads (men in most cases) were somewhat more likely
to be pessimistic than were homemakers.
Given in the table are the attitude statements used to
measure the presence of pessimism. (The reader may wish
to test his own level of pessimism by noting the number of
statements with which he agrees. Zero or 1 agreement indi-
cates an optimist; 2 and 3 agreements are average, 
and 4 or
more agreements indicate pessimism.)
One statement pertaining to the sincerity of 
public officials
is of special interest in terms of rural development programs.
More than half the people interviewed indicated they did
ATTITUDES AMONG RURAL PEOPLE IN LOW-INCOME
AREAS OF ALABAMA, 1960
Attitudes
Indicating pessimism
Nowadays, a person must live pretty
much for today and let tomorrow
take care of itself ----------------
In spite of what some people say,
the lot of the average man is
getting worse, not better........--
It's hardly fair to bring children
into the world with the way things
look for the future-........
These days a person doesn't really
know whom he can count on ..............
There is little use writing to
public officials because often
they aren't really interested in
the problems of the average man------
Things have usually gone against
m e in life ---------------------------------------------
Indicating individualism
Even if his family objects, a man
should choose a job that he thinks
is b est fo r h im -------------------------------------
If a man loses his job, he can
always fall back on his relatives for
help in an emergency
Per cent agreeing
All Has Home-
adults Heads makers
ATTITUDES of
RURAL ADULTS
JOHN E. DUNKELBERGER, Dept. of
Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
not believe public officials were concerned much with their
problems. Household heads especially tended to feel this
way. This apparent distrust of the motives of public officials
reflects disillusionment with aspects of our democratic so-
ciety.
It is highly probable that government programs and the
people implementing these programs are viewed with much
the same distrust and hostility by many people they are try-
ing to assist. Because they represent the government and
indirectly public officials, this attitude is transferred to these
workers. If real progress in development is to be achieved
in low-income rural areas, one of the first needs is to acquire
the confidence of the people in the belief that the program
is a sincere attempt to assist them.
Another statement of special interest dealt with one's abil-
ity to rely on other people; 81% indicated they did not know
on whom they could count. Such feelings are typical in so-
cieties undergoing rapid social change. As old patterns dis-
appear, new ways are introduced, and social relationships
change, people become confused and alone. The result is
reflected in pessimistic attitudes and a strong desire to return
to the "old days."
The statement dealing with the way life has treated the
individual provides some indication of how deeply this pessi-
mism is ingrained. Pessimism was quite extreme in about a
fourth of the respondents. These were either older people
or people with extremely low family incomes.
Individualism is Strong
Rural people are noted for their independence and indi-
vidualism. When asked whether the family or the individual
should make decisions about a man's future employment,
51 51 51 it was almost unanimous (89%) that 
the final decision be-
longed to the person who was going to fill the 
job.
49 A similar indication of the desire for independence was
50 shown by a general lack of willingness to call on one's rela-
tives for economic assistance; 62% of the respondents indi-
40 44 36 cated they 
did not want to depend on relatives in a 
financial
emergency. This does not mean they would not ask for as-
81 8, 79 sistance 
if the need arose, but that a strong 
aversion to asking
for assistance existed.
These findings were somewhat surprising after other data
had shown the high value these people placed on relations
56 62 51 within the family. It was believed that the 
close family ties
25 28 21 would act to create attitudes of interdependence among fam-
2ily members.
Data such as these provide important insights about people
in low-income rural areas. Use of this information may mean
89 89 89 the difference between success and 
failure in programs of
social and economic development. Successful programs will
consider these and other attitudes of the people so as to win
88 43 32 their confidence and cooperation.
13
Control of wc~ds as in
this orchard is possible
through the use cf herbi-
cides.
MINIMUM TILLAGE for
APPLE and PEACH PRODUCTION
H J AMLING, I L. TURNER and W. A. DOZIER, JR.
0 Pa rtnie It of Hart ic u/lu re
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THE LAST WINTER (1965) issue of
Highlights of Agricultural Research com-
pleted the 12th year of publication. The
research quarterly was started in the
spring of 1954 as an 8-page report to
8,000 farm and urban families, farm
leaders, and others interested in what's
new in agricultural research. Four years
later the magazine was doubled in size
Animal Science
ALABAMA FORAGES AND MINERALNEEDS
OF CATTLE-Anthony and Harris. Vol. 12,
No. 4. 1965.
FINENESS OF FEED AFFECTS EFFICIENCY
OF HOG PRODUCTION-Brown. Vol. 12, No.
2. 1965.
PASTURES FOR BEEF COWS NURSING
CALVEs-Anthony, Harris, Nix, Starling, and
Brogden. Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
PELLETS-KEY TO FATTENING ON FORAGE?
-Anthony, Nix, Starling, and Smith. Vol.
12, No. 3. 1965.
RESTRICTED VS. FULL FEED FOR OVER-
WINTERING BEEF COws-Harris, Brown,
land Anthony. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
WEANED BEEF CALF PRODUCTION-COST
AND RETURNS-Nolen. Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
Consumer Economics
How MUCH DO URBAN FAMILIES PAY FOR
Foon?-Hammett. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
Dairy Science
HIGH CONCENTRATE LEVELS ? COASTAL
INADEQUATE FOR DAIRY Cows-Rollins and
Guthrie. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
MANAGING STARR MILLET FOR DAIRY
Cows-Autrey, Blackstone, and Yates. Vol.
12, No. 1. 1965.
PASTURE VS. DRYLOT SYSTEMS FOR DAIR-
IES IN THE GULF COAST AREA-Blackstone,
Autrey, and Yates. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
RANCID MILK-COMPLEX PROBLEM FAC-
ING DAIRYMEN-Cannon and Rollins. Vol.
12, No. 3. 1965.
SUDAX-11 SILAGE IMPROVED BY USE OF
PRESERVATIVE-Little, Smith, and Hawkins.
Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
Farm Economics
ALABAMA EGG INDUSTRY MAKES IMPOR-
TANT GAINS-White. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
ALABAMA FARMERS ARE CONSERVATIVE
BoRRoWERs-Dunkelberger. Vol. 12, No. 3.
1965.
FARMER Co-OPs IN ALABAMA-Kern. Vol.
12, No. 4. 1965.
How AND WHERE ALABAMA BROILERS
ARE SOLD-Leath. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
MILK PRICE CHANGES HAVE VARYING EF-
FECT ON CONSUMPTION-Wilson. Vol. 12,
No. 3. 1965.
MILK QUOTA TRANSFERs-Harris and Wil-
son. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
(16 pages) and its mailing list was in-
creased to 10,000. Since 
its first edition,
staff members of Auburn University Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station have au-
thored more than 500 articles reporting
results of their research. For back num-
bers (as far as spring issue, 1960), ad-
dress your request to Editor, Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Auburn, Alabama.
MOST FARMS TOO SMALL TO NET $5,000
INCOME IN LIMESTONE VALLEY AREAS
Strickland and Partenheimer. Vol. 12, No.
2. 1965.
PECAN INDUSTRY IN ALABAMA-Kern.
Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
SKIP-ROW COTTON MAY FIT YOUR FARM
-Partenheimer and Yeager. Vol. 12, No.
1. 1965.
WHAT IS YOUR FARM WoRTH?-Yeager.
Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
Farm Machinery
Row-CROP MACHINE CAPACITY IN TER-
RACED FIELDS-Renoll. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
SOURCES OF TRASH IN COTTON HARVEST-
ING-Corley. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
Fertilization
MATCH NITROGEN AND SPACING FOR MOST
PROFITABLE CORN YIELDS-Scarsbrook and
Cope. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
Field Crops
BLACK PLASTIC MULCH STRETCHES WA-
TER SUPPLY AND MAY BECOME PROFITABLE
-Bennett, Doss, and Cope. Vol. 12, No. 4.
1965.
CLOVERS AND FLOODING-SOME CAN
TAKE IT, OTHERS CANNOT-Hoveland and
Mikkelsen. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
PERSISTENCE OF HARD SEEDEDNESS IN
CRIMSON CLOVER-Donnelly. Vol. 12, No.
1. 1965.
STANDS OF COASTAL BERMUDA INFLU-
ENCED BY MANAGEMENT-Evans, Patterson,
Ensminger, and Hoveland. Vol. 12, No. 1.
1965.
TEMPERATURE CONTROLS GERMINATION
OF HARD-SEEDED VETCH--Hoveland, Don-
nelly, and Elkins. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
Fish Culture
FERTILIZING FARM FISH PONDS-Swingle.
Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
Floriculture
ABC's FOR HOME USE OF NATIVE ALA-
BAMA FOLIAGEs-Orr. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
GERMINATED SEED EXTRACT STIMULATES
ROOT GROWTH-Moore. Vol. 12, No. 2.
1965.
Forestry
ARTIFICIAL SEEDING OF PINE ON OLD
FIELDs-DeBruner, Hodgkins, and Watson.
Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
Index to Articles Published in
H-IIGH-ILIGH-ITS of Agricultural Research
1965
12, No. 4. 1965.
15
FREQUENT WINTER FIRES DO NOT DAM-
AGE LARGE PINES-Garin. Vol. 12, No. 1.
1965.
IMPROVING MIXED HARDWOOD STANDS-
Whipple and White. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
Row THINNING SAVES TIME AND EXPENSE
-Livingston. Vol. 12, No. 4. 1965.
Fruits and Vegetables
TOMATO VARIETIES FOR SOUTHWESTERN
ALABAMA-Jones, Yates, and Barrett. Vol.
12, No. 4. 1965.
Insects and Controls
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS-Can-
erday and Watson. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
BOLLWORMS ARE AS MUCH A THREAT AS
BOLL WEEVILS-Watson and Sconyers. Vol.
12, No. 2. 1965.
COTTON YIELDS-THRIPS CONTROL VS.
NONE-Watson. Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
PYGMY CRICKETS-GUILTY OF DAMAGING
WHITE CLOVER-Evans, Bass, Smith, and
Grimes. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
Plant Diseases
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES VS. CROWN AND
STOLON ROT IN COASTAL-Gudauskas, Yates,
and Barrett. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
SOUTHERN BLIGHT DISEASE OF PEANUTS
REDUCED BY OAT RESIDUE IN SOIL-Mixon
and Curl. Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
Poultry Science
GOOD FEED CONVERSION: DECREASING
LIGHT SCHEDULE RESULTS IN FAST BROILER
GAINS-King. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
NEW PROMISING CONTROLS OF THREE
COMMON NEMATODES OF CHICKENS-Edgar.
Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
POSSIBILITIES STUDIED-COOLING LAYERS
TO OVERCOME DEPRESSED EGG PRODUCTION
CAUSED BY HEAT STRESs-Howes, Grub,
and Rollo. Vol. 12, No. 2. 1965.
TURKEY COCCIDIA WIDELY DISTRIBUTED
IN UNITED STATES-Edgar and Bond. Vol.
12, No. 4. 1965.
Soil Pests
VETCHES ANDNEMATODES-Minton, Don-
nelly, and Shephard. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
Weed Control
CHEMICALS FOR WEED CONTROL IN FIELD-
GROWN NURSERY CRops-Amling, Turner,
and Dozier. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN SOUTHERN
PEAS-Johnson and Amling. Vol. 12, No. 2.
1965.
CONTROLLING BROADLEAF WINTER WEEDS
IN LAWNS-Sturkie. Vol. 12, No. 3. 1965.
CONTROLLING WEEDS DURING COASTAL
BERMUDA ESTABLISHMENT--Patterson, Sear-
cy, and Dickens. Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
ALABAMA'S POPULATION-GROWING RAP-
IDLY IN SOME AREAS, BARELY BREAKING
EVEN IN OTHERS-Dunkelberger. Vol. 12,
No. 4. 1965.
INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1964
-Vol. 12, No. 1. 1965.
RESEARCH HELPS STABILIZE SLOPES AND
BEAUTIFY STATE'S HIGHWAYs-Sturkie. Vol.
Do SUPPLEMENTS increase utilization
of COASTAL PASTURES by BEEF STEERS?
R. R. HARRIS and W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal Science
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
Y EARLING CATTLE grazing Coastal ber-
mudagrass pastures produce high per
acre gain but low grade cattle.
These cattle gain from 1.00-1.25 
lb.
per day on the average but usually 
have
a Utility or low Standard finish 
at the
end of the grazing season. Animal 
re-
searchers at Auburn University Agricul-
tural Experiment Station are looking for
management practices that 
will result in
improved slaughter finish and at 
the same
time take advantage of the high stocking
rates of Coastal.
Grazing Tests Conducted
During each of the grazing seasons
1960, 1961, and 1962 yearling 
beef
steers were supplemented with energy,
protein, minerals, and a combination 
of
these while grazing Coastal pastures 
at
Auburn's Lower Coastal Plain Substa-
tion. Supplements were as follows: (1)
grazing only, (2) 2 lb. 41% cottonseed
meal, (3) 2 lb. shelled corn, (4) complete
mineral mixture, and (5) a combination
of CSM, corn, and minerals.
The 60 cattle were grazed together
and brought into separate pens once
daily where supplements were fed. The
3 test pastures were approximately 14
acres each, with cattle being rotated at
21-day intervals. Mineral fertilizer was
applied according to soil test, and nitro-
gen was added at the rate of 180 lb. per
acre annually in split applications.
Results
Gains for the grazing season and cor-
responding average daily gains (ADG)
were low (1.02-1.30 lb.) for animals on
all treatments. All of the cattle had either
Utility or low Standard finish for slaugh-
ter by the end of the grazing season.
Supplements did not enhance the utiliza-
tion of Coastal pasture and increased
animal gains hardly reflected increased
nutrients supplied in the supplements.
Feedlot Performance
Feedlot performance of these cattle
following grazing was excellent. The
fact that these cattle gained about 3 lb.
daily probably can be explained by: (1)
low grazing gains and (2) a relatively
short fattening period. When fed .to an
average slaughter weight of approxi-
mately 1,000 lb. and to a grade of Good,
TABLE 1. STEER PERFORMANCE ON GRAZING'
Item Con- CSM Corn Min- Comb.
trol erals
Av. seasonal
gain (129
days), lb-. -189 148
ADG - - 1.07 1.15
Estimated
slaughter
grade, end
of grazing
2
- 4.61 5.81
153 132 16
1.19 1.02 1.3
5.11 4.61 5.9
1 Values reported are 3-yr. averages.
SLow Standard - 6; High Utility
Utility - 4.
i9
30
8
5;
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-2/66-10M
TABLE 2. STEER PERFORMANCE AFTER
GRAZING
1
Con- Min- Cm
Item trol CSM Corn Comb.
Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.
Av. feedlot
gain, (80-82
days) ------ 241 242 245 239 239
ADG------- 2.93 3.03 3.08 2.92 2.98
Total gain
(FL +-
grazing) 880 390 398 371 408
'Values reported are 3-yr. averages.
the cattle gained at about the same rate
irrespective of the supplementary treat-
ments used during the pasture phase.
When pasture and feedlot gains were
combined, total gain, there were only
small differences in treatments. Thus, it
would appear that cattlemen should
graze slaughter steers on Coastal pasture
without supplemental feed until pasture
quality declines. At that time they should
be put into drylot and finished on a
fattening ration.
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