WINTER 1964 HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH VOLUME 11 NUMBER 4 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY I-IG-LIGHTS of Agricultural Research A Quarterly Report of Research Serving All of Alabama VOLUME 11, NO. 4 WINTER 1964 How TO CONTROL WILD GARLIC - Key is to Prevent For- mation of Bulbs and Bulblets - 3 UREA - A PROTEIN SUBSTITUTE FOR FEEDING COWS - Can be Fed up to a Level of 35% Total Protein 4 BORON FOR COTTON PROFITABLE IN ALABAMA - Consistent Yield Increase from Boron on Sandy Soils. 5 GETTING STARTED IN FARMING - A Report of Study on Business Arrangements of Beginning Farmers 6 EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES VARIES- Differences May Show up on Alkaline Soils .- 7 FEWER BUT LARGER PRODUCERS OF GRADE A MILK - Trend Typical of American Agriculture 8 ToP COASTAL MAINTAINS MILK PRODUCTION- Delay in Cutting Lowers Forage Quality - 9 WOODS BURNING AFFECTS SEEDLING SURVIVAL - Fire Con- trol is Necessary for Small Tree Growth 10 ALABAMA CATTLE FEEDING AND FINISHING -More Effi- ciency Needed for Profitable Industry -11 LIQUID FEEDING OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS - Pigs Liquid-Fed Gained Faster in Station Tests 12 POULTRY MANURE VALUABLE FOR VEGETABLE CROPS - When Applied with Commercial Fertilizer----- 13 HIGH ANALYSIS VS. Low ANALYSIS FERTILIZERS - Shift to High Analysis Materials Creates Problems ---- - ...14 TREND TOWARD LONGER LIFE HAS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS - Affects All Areas of Community Life - 15 ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS FOR HOME LANDSCAPE- Fit a Seasonal Need in Many Home Plans -- 16 Of L4 CO C?- Since establishment of this lawn, the homeowner has kept a watchful eye on appearance of wild garlic. He treats them individually using a kerosene-creosote mixture, which is one of two treatments recommended by Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station when there are only a few scattered clumps. As pointed out in the article on page 3, wild garlic bulbs may not germ- inate for several seasons. Winter is the time to kill this yard pest. Based on research by its author, the article reports on how the wild garlic develops and spreads, what chemicals (herbicides) are most effective, and when and how often to treat. Successful control hinges on preventing formation of the bulbs and bulblets. Published by AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY Auburn, Alabama E. V. SMITH-- BEN T. LANHAM, JR._ CHAS. F. SIMMONS .. KENNETH B. ROY E. L. McGRAw ..... R. E. STEVENSON -- Director -Associate Director Assistant Director - --- Editor --Associate Editor --Associate Editor Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T. LANHAM, JR.; R. R. HARRIS, Associate Professer of Animal Science; H. T. Roc- ERS, Agronomy and Soils Department Head; J. H. BLACKSTONE, Professor of Agricultural Economics; AND KENNETH B. RoY. New aad 7imely PUBLICATIONS Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Bul. 305. Boron Requirements of Crops in Alabama. Bul. 312. Sulfur in Relation to Soil Fer- tility. Bul. 313. Growth of Pine Plantations in Alabama's Coastal Plain. Bul. 324. Potassium Requirements of Crops on Alabama Soils. Bul. 345. Father-Son Farming. Bul. 348. Relationships of Marketing Meth- ods to Costs of Assembling, Grading, and Packaging Table Eggs. Bul. 351. Hog and Pork Movements in Ala- bama. Cir. 137. Producing Fence Posts from Thin- nings. Cir. 142. Procedures for Calculating Pro- ducer Quotas and Prices for Grade A Milk in Alabama. Cir. 149. Crop Varieties for Alabama. Leaf. 52. Building A Pole Barn. Leaf. 71. Yuchi-New Arrowleaf Clover. Free copies may be obtained from our County Agent or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. r\ ~uilrciily r\~~Ju 4r, At left and right wild garlic was controlled by broadcast applications of herbicide in December 1962, and March and December 1 963. Center, no treatment. Photos made January 6, 1964. M kN XA \M% Nil n, ist5' itX III 4 illt l0c(11 illl \ XX 1(1 il XII al dl \ i t 1 tli ltitA ,lil i l ill'ialo c ill t his til ktX tp ilsl, 1(tii tIli ti l a titit(h gtlsiiit Nid atur ofi Pl latomm is el Xcttctll.\il o 1 ioit iil Xt OX fo l o 'X XX ff\Vtilt to con(htl Pvlllk Xtiltr of uhII lid itllbe olatoistekyo ic It lit' co t ll t I tl i' it t d li i to4 reitlt f atese arh I iog.- lSii 121sitil Ail- turl ilttilt I llit I t ilioX111t i 'ltttt i Howur tof Cont i d (Ya111' itt IX ill 'lt'8,s lisii tlilits XXIlII inche t ol T 2i t It t il] ilC ll( III 'ZI 71"~ 4' How to CONTROL WILD GARLIC D. G. STURKIE Department of Agronomy and Sods is aplplliI't 50t F. At Auhuro most bolbs ill tests \\(,i(- climillatcd the first vcilr. All blit it fe\\ of the willajoilig bulbs were killed the secolld \cilr. If plaots itre I lilt] wrolls. broadcast spril , \ applicatiolls will plob- A& bc llecded lot- at least 2 vears. Scattered plillits that coiric 111) latcl, Cztli be treated il)dj\idllilI1N. It is iloportillit to be \\i1tchlill for slich plants every veill and to treat t1will its thc\ appear. Herbicides for Garlic Control Materials illid rittus per application that proved effcctive (90% ol loorc coll- trol) it) 1962-64 ine: I~aiX lli 15 'T rs sbltI pctrt acre" 2) 2) 23 .2 'l est 151' ill11 ii 8 I'r IiisttlX 'II11 XXl IZtcl poundtls. It XX ill teur 1111'ilitttt 50t gral. XX i' per1 acret tot XX it plantts, 3-6 itt. tall. liThis 18 i lilt(, otf abouit I pt. p'r Pt0 sq. lateo sillillth. pert i'll. \aXte 'is XXde h Its XX i llI till' tI'1liiltilil is aboveX I How Often to Treat totiX tilicts illtX 1 M11 liilt t as ipit oiiit Il'ill it t iltktXX I i attt icItin afll IlX5 11 ts 211101' ttpill have itcginiltti t its s ill bl11t XXeor 11111 ali'Iit a foilrI. Plant till olt~ii ~t iltilvt XXr iler l kill befot XllolIXl to,itf isil Th fist silts toN c is 111 g i ll t iitIll ltttt' ll tot 1)1 IX iits illX butlts Xilit Apr il X n t a lcto f wiXX XXotk These beef cattle at the Piedmont Substation will be on urea-supplement this winter. V II UREA-a protein substit~ute for FEEDING COWS W 'B. ANTHONY, R. R. NIX and J.G. STARLING 0 part i of Anial Sce e and Wiregrass Subhstation [. M I x A i \Ilit Ni .iNI\[\(; cI S I I i t it s tII lis lii I t c Ii 1 ii ol i IxI I it I t'c iiit x 'it ii t 'li hixs I i (( I Ii f rc ilielI z'li iti s I1,1 ildi ii t \ ali 04 l oi't. tic xtne k l('ciiiil ililatix i' pli Ills xf \i (ix ple11iii lit fill I ittit' iiii lic('i). Precautionary Measures It 1111i. 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X T , IltolliXs ii'lildi'Tc l Iho lillIXIili/4. I lilt ](il 'it It ilesI XXit Ii Xiil l ii lrT I ill' TI1 lplIvt'X (2 Hi iii ,I ( p' i Tl) )( iil'(' f l iii t let. :3) Pith illT I 'it litill' di XI llTl I'l. I) 'hI iik, brItt~c' (ilk /41111 i Ia es. JOHN 1. WEAR Deportment of Agronomy and Soils of iT~ii bo-o l 'i i'i' (](II i \er o slX i I'll ill \liI)IiIIiI \\ is ill At ficl!t offi tll', Iil ii iof tni filid loll b\ u XI X I It! I4 S96lii I )c fiel i' ~t ,,X T tItl spITT T T \ li IT X i Ii X(i X I *T I s'X 'X p oll TiII X X ill T t I IT I \ I i I lT Deficiency Symptoms Described M iii s li ()fI(' iot X it Ittd '1 t Ti T i 11 'X IT iiti' XX iiiiti iii I. 'I iIXI' S- fililt XX I1iltoiTXill ' tX p11th TI It I ll t tc .p a c f ])'fl h X iiTIill bollX. :3) 1 )Xi ~Ii ofl XilI I X IT e ill X II I I I roTlls thit I liliITlit i i T lil it. til( I ''A E w iXc ,iI\ IT! fi I l t il Ir Stalks XIII)\ Hit t l l i iXXli / XXTi1 1 )ptoisIT I Shlit IT ItT IT lllIs. 2 I T o "(,(411!I lldcX. 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I I T rXi 'I I'l ' I tIX X(.; It l Ilt:I li tII t il I I i . a piii ll T I ))1 lTI ITit ('11igh I ), i I k ( 11, ( ' 'I,)l 111'' 11 I I I ''(, ( 7"'-''w' Z ~: Ilk 4 -I otil %(it \i . xiiN tiii - ill tfitrilltii 'itt l att ttiiti ii it lii tii t 1w a it ofixxililt itI l-iil cs t s (d i Ii l ii l itt il t tiit till-i c Jlti'r I it iii xi ws a t iiugt te i xx ~i tiix farm i x i c'iit i iii iti Ilt inc ii sk is i' la o ,al itl t Ixiii xli, d a ltitti. xxuich an ti iir iwitt tlt t'oitt ilk i. itul p il for t i't i it.tvilliat t w ls la 'ig t l ttit xi i I i tlics l tilw l t' \ae I ll ii c mitt x illtit st (1 9 b~ i liw f l11 GETTING STARTED in FARMING B. R. McMANUS and JE. OSBORN Dept of Agriulural Economics (2) tutumet twitti tcic t b\ i igietiitt tioitt i i i'x ii''i ll oft~ it Ii it t i ia ii it Tenant Arrangements t Ctititg ti x tottr' lItt ix it aI)C ng11iti xwiiiilh( tituttti (i toajitcli \x t'iuji xx ix slit i of lax gi ltttucitat it-11 Also tit Pll i ltix c lc is i l \ i ,ll~ a l c tiito exp it it lit tgtl ii:tu ttiittia ith it te illiti ' tilt it iii-c c it iliii d ix \~t tt i it iii (It i tild it it i~ ttit t itrxid c t lti t lit xii)it .1ll lw ('11 it i t t x it 'i i i i til ,i w % it t ,ii N l .IT i(d Ll k ll Port-Time Farming l t ti i t ltttitt itt'l i it t c t tm ItiN l1t hac I) Famlily ist dcia c Ia-11 tal iii]~ t \'\ l l it v itt' I :3\ ) ii itec t lit I t it it i l Ii iil ii t i \r i t t i lt ( t'. Iitjt pauiill tx it ii I iul)iti i l pil x ittI i i ll-,1 s (d i ittI. tx ii liti Itli i i to it t t \ itttsl xiii i I. lxii xiiNix I xiii itt tiNNiNi. IN : iiiti. ix 29 x1x963 X iixi T\x pict it arituigilntt I' ittwr-xoii 'ITtiaitt 0xx tier---- Pairt o\xx nt [ihorci I'it i ((tit 48.4 -37.9 6.9 :3.4 :3.4 'I xmiui. 2. I'AML xxiii ANC Xxxix x'x IVE i xj ix) ii ti ixio. X xix 1963 ( ;jittx lu Pc (itt 1 xl K BEL I SOLiS ii' iiiii t Stilt', ii oi ma ti ali ii I , 56 c 4 ticc litti. lo t t tti tx ii, i me tiii itsi li it flowt-, Large N Losses Possible Si loI i ix ix t t p tilt Bltp S ibt at ini sli(ixx xx~t ax c xx~c (d lirgitior plaits NC \Irc Iate N oitroen Proved Bes a putxoitxi stitac of ix xdiie olsxix im, \\illm i \\ it r Ii s l ssisall ll Soill'1 It N clii ii, i Ill- 196(2-6:3 t I(itst' 1i, 1, Nit tiittti. i'ut 40 l1b. N ii it it ii liti xi ftc ,\ml l. l mN slf A i li li il ilt'iat 120 l1). N (I i'i', 1 90011 2,8001 2011 230 2,900Il 1, 1111 2,6011 :3,2001 3,5001 .5,000Il :, 9 111 3,60011 4,500II 900II 3001 II00i 1 ,0001( 2,2001 1 31(1 :1,111(1 1,6001 3, 10011 llt litix xi i '3.3 44 l00 3 2 59 73 001( 45 55 8l4 Lu sh forage growth like ' this is possible only when enough nitrogen is avail- able to the crop. Even . when adequate amounts of same nitrogen sources ,1. are put on lime soils, desl4, ficiency may occur be- . .m cause of gaseous loss. Efficiency of Nitrogen Sources Varies on Alkaline Soils C. E. SCARSBROOK, Deportment of Agronomy and Soils H. W. GRIMES and L. A. SMITH, Black Bell Substation tI'm ittx 'x A1I1litix xt n Suft cit'xt illsii c1ii i ki lii ,litttiititiiii iItll i it 1c i i So lt xttl. \\ t to a l c itx xxfttr axit io ,ito "i .ti el aill l ti c x i t'Ll \e it't' itx f iiii ail Citix. id \il o iu ltac d li'lt(, hi t xx" t'r li i it'it tilg'llx' xxti litlioanlin i 1 tiate uxt'u i i x'li g 1;1 Iii tlvex g 1 xclt ix ci u'ilt iicltit'xx of in lgh moit~ixi ('iiirIt'l lc i e 4 it ltxx u ait'xihilt tt l o ium C Titi'itu t th tl i cc~~ tt)r 1311111 lit, vb' acie o, jitiitog ,ixx oftuua imiitlia tigiux 'it x'axfll 1lte 1 r ati t'- I 11 xxw c Cix ts it' resltx of iieiit'u' li,it l\iulds' ito I 961,litc lsix t' x i I Iuu' aI 'sIIIo Wl ',bt r it I 161.11 !il i\ tilt id it w'.se Moisture, High Temperature Involved A\lliiuitiiti loss it'llits ilx xxi itl tiit' Iitttd ttt'ii ip iti ii i is i~' h igh 'ISl tloss't \illt io t 4i ill I lit'l xiit itt'ilx i ist'i ii it I xx th s ili to n' \ iS~ jl jlo S i )r1itill 1itxt' itt11 tii tsit liix tiit t ca c ll iii it ilut ii (it's i xlii t i t i i igt is appl do i iiill t ihe it so i 1 It1 tcr ittiii \ l i 1 ("'cape iitlit't' itbs r c iii tilt' soiiiicl o lsts, ptiltl t' Silx.x it tittitt a i (tliitixi of iit'it'i iii iixt'i i a p liedi FEWER BUT LARGER PRODUCERS of GRADE A MILK LOWELL E. WILSON and KENNETH H. COBB Department of Agricultural Economics THERE WERE 40% fewer Grade A milk producers in Ala- bama last summer than 10 years ago. Yet milk sales were almost double. These are significant changes in the State's dairy industry. In the early 1950's, there were about 2,000 Grade A pro- ducers in Alabama. By August 1964, the number of dairy- men selling Grade A milk to distributors had dropped to 1,197. Despite this sharp dropout, sales were up nearly 100% mainly because of larger dairy units, increased production per cow, and installation of labor-saving equipment. Study Made of Alabama Producers A study of supply adjustments made by Alabama Grade A milk producers was initiated by the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1963. One objective of the study was to determine those characteristics of dairy- men that influence their decisions to expand or get out of the dairy business. A prepared questionnaire was mailed to each Grade A milk producer. Approximately 60% of the producers returned completed questionnaires. A total of 800 questionnaires were used in the analysis of producer characteristics. Size of Herd An analysis of the survey data was made by size of herd. Average number of cows in the Grade A herds was 78. Of this number, 61 were being milked in October 1963 and 17 were dry. A total of 278 dairymen, or 84% of those answering the questionnaire, had herds of less than 50 cows, but pro- duced only 14% of total milk sales, Table 1. About one- fifth of the producers had herds of 110 or more cows; how- ever, this group produced more than 40% of the total milk sales. Herd size distribution in 1968 was compared with herd size distribution in 1959 (Auburn Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 331). The comparison showed that during the past 5 years the average number of cows in milk in dairy herds increased 20%. Also, during this period milk handlers have become in- creasingly dependent on producers with large herds for most of their milk supply. The 1959 study indicated that herds of 89 or more cows produced about one-third of the total milk supplies. In contrast, 'herds of this size supplied about two- thirds of the milk in 1963. Several characteristics of dairymen indicative of changes in number and size of herds were compared. Average age of dairymen in the survey was 48 years. Generally, younger dairymen operated medium-sized production units. Average age of dairymen with herds under 30 cows was 50 years, or slightly older than average age in the other groups, Table 1. 8 The analysis showed that dairymen with large herds made more use of technological advances in milk production than the small operators. Use of production testing, artificial breed- ing, mechanized feeding systems, and pipe-line milkers in- creased with larger herd sizes. Dairymen with herds of more than 50 cows were more likely to adjust production to meet market demand as indicated by the percentage of dairy- men purchasing milk base. Average Daily Milk Sales The trend of either expanding production units or going out of business is further shown in Table 2. In 1958, about one-half of all dairymen in Alabama sold less than 550 lb. of milk per day. By 1968, less than one-fourth of the dairy- men sold milk in amounts under 550 lb. Average daily de- liveries jumped from approximately 780 lb. in 1958 to 1,350 lb. in 1963, an increase of 78%. More than 50% of all dairymen selling less than 550 lb. of milk daily in 1958 went out of the dairy business by 1963. Most of the small dairymen staying in milk production increased sales substantially. Although some producers in all size categories left dairying, the percentage declined in larger herd sizes. Only 14% of the producers selling more than 2,200 lb. daily quit dairying. Because of a heavy dropout of small operators and the concurrent expansion in milk sales by those remaining, total number of herds selling under 1,100 lb. daily decreased be- tween 1958 and 1968. Number of herds selling more than 1,100 lb. daily increased 75%. Summary The trend of larger and fewer production units, character- istic of American agriculture, is occurring in Alabama's dairy industry. Larger herds make it necessary for dairymen to purchase labor-saving equipment. Smaller producers who cannot afford such equipment or who fail to increase herd size are likely to drop out of milk production. Thus, the Grade A milk industry in Alabama is becoming concentrated in the hands of larger, specialized, and more efficient milk producers. TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALABAMA GRADE A MILK PRODUCERS BY SIZE OF HERD, 1963 Size of herd Under 30_ 30-49 50-69 ---- 70-89 --- 90-109 ... 110 and over ... Total Total Dairy herds milk sales No. 99 179 176 125 69 Pct. 12 22 22 16 9 152 19 800 100 Pct. 3 11 16 16 11 43 100 Av. age of dairy- man Yr. 50 47 46 46 47 49 48 Using Using ng iarti- dpton ficial ductionbreed- testing .e ing Pct. Pct. 28 63 30 62 43 70 45 64 49 72 61 42 68 66 Pur- chased milk base Pct. 7 8 20 24 20 24 17 TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF ALABAMA DAIRYMEN BY DAILY MILK SALES, 1958 AND 19631 Year Under 550 1958- 1963 Pct 49 22 Proportion selling specified daily amounts 550- 1,100- 1,650- 2,200 Total 1,099 1,649 2,199 and over Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 82 10 5 4 100 82 21 11 14 100 1 Average daily milk sales during base-building period (Septem- ber 1 through last day of February). GEORGE E. HAWKINS, GARY E. PAAR, and JOE A. LITTLE Department of Dairy Science D Eil I'' Itt) I\ II -v t'st't fogt'ti tel I III Igrx s Icows. \\c uil it of thitt ' e i ll til l -I ) igt' lt ill I t'tf ii ditit' pfr1(1 odagt' hiol oikii (Ililwi cows. ssla 'Ot iot i 5(tit Wt' ll ildix tte lo i e t.iid Cosl h Agnciiloa produces II~ll i i N o. f II x .is r tilt oillx 1 it h t is1 ( o liot l( c h iot i Jill cc of it J t d loriw fo's~ ti .hi cl ax cows l. ts tf '\i To lt51l(c ioilw tI t't llt''t t 1 iil li ciIi(tfit.al l i o if t' s ca ' fo ig tiito t Ilifil' j il ows, i tI N.et dot!e .3.CI 4Ilideoil 15 CI ast alh' Tf he teostl lii'lolltlltgr i i six aiiffStY t'tic llS .i'sl ( 7tdc jistwc'tl to illt t isi iotto sto illg t'xl hi desib8 le pI (ti ll tti\ ILXx \0.11gt' tlIiil ill1k 01tf1tCi fit ('0111 tii ltilt'if~ '5 x tt's c i ll lligt'\\ tl li li.s tx f 3 . o hi h to. 7.1 litN . I7ow igesfl pi't iii o tc it' otf tI ic 15il stIN Iii\ pit, I Ia pi )i(stit I I )N 49.8 48.2 48A3 46.5 4 9. 9 5 0.2 18. 9 50).2 19.5 511.8 565.6 51.3 51.8 52.7 48.6 FEN ' IIT'crtts/ 1001) l. :36i.7 :3 4. 6 :34(6 :3..1 .36.8 .37.9t :3 5. 9 '37.5 3(6. 4 318.4 47.10 .38.9 '39.6 411.5 :3-1.9 I )i IilIv 'CXI /Co\%x' L 1). :35. 2 .3.2 35.2 :35,0 :3(6.:3 .3(6 352 .31.9 .32.1 30.6 :37.1 :34.8 3(6.1 .34.h :365.4 ,j TOP COASTAL MAINTAINS MILK PRODUCTION No I I and 12sh w ti IIIo iij . ., 1 g'\7 t SUT 1 A 1ut (Ilixi til t'ttxxs led~ Nti. I I ill Ix ic xx \\it x s cu~t 27 dtfax (9111 lbr. I it I111) coxx olilkillT Icd , ti itst' lcd (>1115thill ix. xx i l u lt o N .1 w'iixx bu ' 5.ct ll to i1tlitx is t' ld hay l rcd t't istcowstt' d x it ofittll ttf s le V t'ti tvits't No.il 115 Tix 1k'rcts \\1lb. itx x igt t flit50 11ix). of ilt' io aw ittx 5-o 1. li ttci lil't piod Thi (s lii.ol '1ol litoriti ~ la'iog 1t h tlgo ihoslt p d lIctol otifx xxp t' ii.\ Casttx a l Ila\t' tI t' xtiiittt5 a xxttll fliil il a s ili os t mt Nl xilait ,losltx of1 t'e diirll it' i ll x lioti 2 p oil it t'io ll ('tie dx iffer1 cttf a I'NIL \\I r i so iaellilk.o lt f NE c lsll glass tc l ia\ ll i(9 ofll o thit'p'iii c 'INi itili's tft Xlit llhl Itt ihc t' \ lv jilliatol I c\e, ha11( i lit' it(iolENtt~iligs txtrx : x t's foimil prduciot \\th I iowc 1 6 .4 o 9 .2 ,. hus t9 I)z\ mattei (-onWiit of ImNs rimg( d froin 89.0 to 92.91, . This ii, s;tlll(. \iilll(. ai, -(Ill llit.v m(h." ill forage t( sting R-ports. 4, Z 1I 'A((il XX(M1II X XII II (hilli\ p iI 111' ll'sc l' i II((i (lit XX od (((15 ili (( to b i fill' pl 1 os 1 o1' (f 1111lijil \i t 1( X.I i t toi (il cicI 5till 11tibc Irdic I XXIll' hot(XX ill ('((Ill o rI li' I( I or c l Ill it X ( i ts. I l ] o\ c 5 phist I('re9 Expertiment Eil~ stblisheIld wod lt ti l d Jil ' t j fill \ r I'~x ill ill i in ti t Ii, h i'l 'I I II cas v lhix I'(iil i I er(1 XX\ IXA('IXliilt iiiiX io(ll til' ('N to10 l it li,( 1 e fp li d c h liil Treatments f ire lt xx clil 111111 XXpX ~ l o 111tils c'11 1( tii li x X ill ' 1 tiwo dii'ps XX l Is i ilil 111(1 iII JIIIX I' to the1( plot of oi li(I hg XXas ol ill ate Jl iixll( th sclid X f fop ti 1>111'ai lii fi -( XX 11i~ tIX ot p ar 111 t ofIX t h dX \Xils bu ResultsmTall\lid ooe bc Puc (it XI' iliig tX('11 li \\,it c i ngI farn' XI'l' St.ir pa'irt oIf lt s vils bo r nediup S il d il o fr ill sp t of1 a(1 llt(i 1lt'1( 'Itiiii 1 i(I % 0_)"1 19414 868 1 1027 27 1948 10,:308 12,2t08 5,358 1959 20t7 285 420t Noi fili X A o. 2,500t 6,708t 75- 2 1944 63 8 It06i t) 4.3 1948 546 t13 6 7,72 6,167 19.59 .375 85 28t0 470 2-4' 19-14 1-) 19-18 I6 19159 1.5 tI h Li ItI 1261 01) '200 I 1 1 88 1I,19 AI WOODS BURNING affects SEEDLING SURVIVAL G. 1. GARIN, Department of Forestry Figure 1 at left shows results of annual burn- ing with a hot head fire. Figure 2 at right was burned every third year permitting some seedlings to survive. to ('ir 1)it tilIX' XXr 1'It dlX d high ()it Xtl- c X((illost ot the. silill dli l (X1 ' Iii 1. .secdiigs XIII XIX ili tik( first fire' X\III' I i('(fII(litN killed fIX subsequeniI'it f1(ies. O i lt t bi~ illl ic 2 lilil ft.o ly i3tirii g itt .')-Year iilter'i d \\is XX e1ss'X ('dls \\ XX u l it firl' a it ii (XiLI t~d ii 11111 li' of X(9i'(liI(4 ittiioe it dhelighlt ofi 2 ft. M io 1'. AItioii(d) ilinl of, t(1(1 si'i'( igsillrl k1) il4X. itusilli lii fali Itll' glc~il~ld X t((i fXI till 'S IIIo of X 1 211 Xl)d H Iii S~~tol KIn ll ItiNISi' ( NXI Lnsii t~ pr~iotce frio n I fi reIiii Sed iog I\S II apctic i sustia uilX I) .) ;fi (-Stillilt itt WAY , 1111111- h l tlto ,i) i ss ithi t is I 1)I I l tI i 115 11 li ti i ll 1411 S (IiS l pm l( lll li t 1w o ( wlt II If il (i I , kvil illl Dl S i~( \liliillit l ilw S W11 lwl I fl1lil\lS hiS 1 )1111 Itiili~f l I IS tIllI~ it lli cit t(i 1(vd i il'sl wo,)1(1 si/l.iIhIi 1IISIX I (dI tilosc kvi 1111 ittt( i ll Al Sii ci lilt lIi11111w 5i lt i lt sis M~) it i~illu i Ilso kii ss 1 t IS( leil bectl( 01 the s iiiisii s I S l)1 (.tl( vil s w a i OwliiiI l it I i lit kvIIs l ex~ie w 1100"il \-1( ot Il 11 ld Iltrfl il id llifks w i f r l ,il \t is e fidwlitil m c (ill 1 ii I hut wh I 111 I Itti II liii II ill il I ( ldIst 1 t. i Mliid( j i' 11 1St .I FINISHING OPERATIONS IAN E. HOLMES and JOHN A. LEE 'poi-menl of Agricultural Economics 1) lo illl IS tlii II clttl( I t il ig i v, llS ilil e i1 0 i I m ii II 141Ilc I lilii ils limiiitced tiliw poii itiii Idi I zcilii S I i iii ilci(, \ il,\\ III (I Ils idicd iliti ~ h r thli \ I If gul Ii Ili oi I(v ill a 111 ii 11 a Ig ia l IlI ( lasi ii \ i I iiS iigi 11)AI it illlg in4 111 If lcils - Itlit o111 5115 c If S t I Itli 6I t l (35the 18-d l a52th lll t7 l mv l~il i cilps 1 ;iii iiC illi S c5 t il g itlect ils p o t tmlld i t la e tet5Sillidi(cl\ilfe Irl g1 t liB cl.lios t IS,' ClIIal Ilil 2 w\ t l ltM \\t, 5 7 2v table we cd l c2.2 11. ( 1St IL I\. lillt C iiii il - 11 iit( trt cs ( a2 t i lla ct6 1 Silii 151os r ld l tI S ili.74 i\C- y css t. C) ltu tF w ( s \,*, rtnIl o\ \\t)l o5 26% es i tt off ~ (j s, I Iltl SCSjI\ P il 19 i( (l is.I 5 11). I'll. 27d Ilac 22 filttw- to~l ir d . r u o ts p i colltild of 11 iiui Soll wil t.il I HIM es ii.C o u to 1.5t( tN\ ic 26w ler- l lsu for (it 1 I I (Si l t ori o111 his g till- pol 1 )Ie. ( ili~e o a l m ls il h o di id t cide feed, S l it It 1 illt,. , i l i f t i Tiig A I (fill1 uiiiiiis iA This hih p rc itw o ilflciiust lwrit v ilsiig til Uh~tMI)) ;3ttI-5t1 7.5-5t lilvili,4, l il(2) tili othergli mstsci is Oi~~11 111 i 9 263G l l A Ii (l st )1 lii ldl \II lll( tlit 188)l~ 22 286ll 1t irupC, Ato ilxdiflili i jiiil hltj\\,I(,pi t hvdloi A imi in i II 11sc Ilill( l\titi S liii, 1o. .9529 .7 28 7318 20ld ill l li lllittil- foll sll Cll costc. 59) 2.29 1:36. 1.1.3 ol t olil gct I II lii cas t Co s iiiu I a (deio $24.35 9e (-\t Sold, 9o-)ih S26 t 1 i . 2 2) 243 126 ) 1:3 tli I i t iij 115 gi sitiii e - *21. 74li-c\ t c) h t. .27 9 .3 22 2 63 si ii s lill S il S IS lii iilltI ie'll ot Low( ext llt il \\o ic-t ls: ric LIQUID FEEDING of Growing-Finishing Hogs HOWARD F. TUCKER, Department of Animal Science LAVERN BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation Gains Determined Another test was conducted to deter- mine why liquid-fed hogs gain faster. Group I was full-fed a dry ration; Group II was daily fed an amount of dry feed equal to that of Group I, but as a liquid; and Group III was full-fed a liquid ra- tion. The performance of pigs in Groups I and II were very similar, but as before the full-fed liquid pigs gained faster and were less efficient. Pigs on the full- fed liquid ration consumed 0.7 lb. (6.2 lb. vs. 5.5 lb.) more feed per day than pigs receiving either of the other two rations. LIQUID FEEDING is a new term applied to an old method of feeding. Actually the term is misleading in that the feed is not a true liquid but rather an indefinite ratio of water to feed to form a slop. Renewed interest in liquid feeding has arisen for two reasons: (1) The Europeans have suggested an im- proved efficiency with liquid feed, and (2) feed of this consistency could be conveyed easily through mechanical feeding systems. Feeds Compared finement conditions comparing liquid and dry feeding methods. Results were obtained at two locations, the Main Station at Auburn and Lower Coastal Plain Substation. Pigs were divided ac- cording to sex, litter, and weight into groups and then randomly assigned to each treatment trial. Full feeding was accomplished in all trials. Fresh water was available at all times. Pigs were re- moved for carcass evaluation or market at approximately 200 lb. At both locations, pigs that received the liquid (slop) rations gained consid- erably faster than those that received air-dry feed. Feed efficiency was only slightly in favor of the dry-fed group at Group I II III Treatment Full-dry Daily ration same as Group I-liquid Full-liquid the Main Station, whereas at the Lower Coastal Plain there was no difference. These results differ from the generally accepted positive relationship between rate of gain and efficiency of gain. Feed wastage appeared to be greater in the liquid-fed groups. This may account in part for the differing results. Hamphire, Landrace, Duroc, and Hampshire-Land- race crosses have all shown favorable response to liquid feeding. Feed eff. Initial Final Av. daily Feed/efb. weight weight A.D.G. feed (feed/lb. gain) Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. 48 177 1.64 5.5 3.34 43 179 1.66 5.5 3.29 43 188 1.77 6.2 3.51 Carcass Evaluations Made Carcass evaluations were made of a representative portion of the market hogs, Table 3. Hampshire carcasses from the dry and wet treatments were similar in all measurements. Durocs fed the liquid ration had carcasses with less back-fat and smaller loin-eyes. However, percentages of lean cuts and of primal cuts were similar for the two treatments. TABLE 8. CARCASS MEASUREMENTS FROM HAMPSHIRE ON LIQUID AND DRY FEEDS :a an m- II alSlaughters Treatment Pigs Slauweighter No. Lb. Hampshire Liquid Dry Durec Liquid Dry TABLE 1. EFFECTS OF LIQUID AND DRY FEEDING OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS rural~xpe~rmenr 3rInitiala Treatment Main Station (4 tests) Liquid Dry LCP Substation Liquid Dry Pigs Initial Pigs weight No. Lb. 32 50.7 31 50.6 16 55.3 32 55.3 Final weight Lb. 205.2 204.9 205.3 200.2 12 200.3 12 197.2 8 190.4 7 195.3 ON PERFORMANCE Feed eff. A.D.G. (feed/lb. gain) Lb. Lb. 1.82 1.69 1.77 1.60 3.59 3.50 3.92 3.93 AND DURoc HOGS Lean cuts Back-fat Loin-eye of chilled carcass Lb. Sq. in. Pct. 1.33 1.338 1.51 1.60 4.27 4.27 3.44 3.78 52.0 52.5 49.7 49.7 Primal cuts of chilled carcass Pct. 65.9 66.4 63.4 63.1 Results Pigs that were liquid-fed gained con- siderably faster than those that received air-dry feed. This was attributed to an increased daily consumption of the wet- ted feed. They also required slightly more feed to produce a pound of gain. Car- cass measurements were not affected by either treatment. 12 TABLE 2. EFFECTS OF LIQUID AND DRY FEEDING ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS -1----- -----7 I- ~- PROPER USE OF poultry manure pro- duced each year in large quantities by Alabama's poultry industry can convert a problem into a valuable asset. Studies at the Auburn University Agri- cultural Experiment Station for many years have shown the importance of or- ganic materials in intensive vegetable production. During the past 3 years re- sults have shown poultry manure to be an excellent form of animal manure. These studies have included rates and sources of poultry manure, and method and time of application. They were con- ducted on both sandy and clay soils on which both summer tomatoes and fall crops were grown. Records were kept on tomato yield, grade, earliness, fruit size, cracking, and culls and included both current and residual effects. Results are given only on effects of manure on tomatoes on a sandy loam and only with rates and time of applica- tion of manure. These results extend over a 2-year period, 1962 and 1963. The manure came from a five-brood broiler operation. It was applied broadcast 1, 3, and 6 weeks and in the row 3 weeks before tomatoes were transplanted. Ma- nure was applied to summer and fall crops in 1962, but to the summer crop only in 1963. An 8-8-8 fertilizer was ap- plied at the rate of 1,500 lb. per acre. It was divided into two equal applica- tions, one-half applied immediately be- fore transplanting and one-half applied about 4 weeks after transplanting. Average total yields, marketable yields, and percentage marketable yields for 1962 and 1963 are given in Table 1. Data on total yields, cracks, and culls are given in Table 2 for 1968. Comparisons were made of effects of commercial fertilizer without manure, of manure without commercial fertilizer, and of both fertilizer and manure to- gether. The yield of marketable tomatoes was 39,161 lb. from commercial ferti- lizer alone, 54,756 lb. from manure alone, and 58,845 lb. from both com- mercial fertilizer and manure. Percent- age of marketable yields for the corre- sponding treatments were 71.5, 70.8, and 71.2. Marketable yields therefore, were 15,595 lb. higher from manure alone than from fertilizer alone, and 19,684 lb. higher from manure than from higher where 6 tons of manure was ap- plied broadcast 3 weeks before trans- planting than when applied 1 week be- fore setting. There was essentially no difference in yield from applying 6 tons of manure 3 and 6 weeks before trans- planting. TABLE 2. AMOUNT AND PERCENTAGE CRACKS AND CULLS, 1963 Treat- Fertilizer -8-8-8 Am nt Manure Application Amount per acre ment BefolU re plantingMethod Cracks No.per acre per acre p k. Lb. 1 1,500 ( 2 1,500 3 1,500 6 4 1,500 ( 5 1,500 6 6 0 ( 1 Exclusive of cracks. 2 B is for broadcast. no manure when fertilizer added. Application of manure t reduced stand, plant vigor, Marketable yields of toma 58,845 lb. where 6 tons of n applied broadcast 3 weeks b planting; yields were 17,024 where the same rate of manu plied in the row; yields wer TABLE 1. TOTAL YIELD, MARKETABLE YIELD, AND PERCENTAGE 01 MARKETABLE TOMATOES, 1962-63 Manure Treat- Fertilizer, ment 8-8-8 per acre No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lb. 1,500 1,500 1,500 1500 1,500 0 Yields per acre Amt. Application per acre Before Method Total Marketable planting Tons 0 6 6 6 6 6 Wk. B B B Row B Lb. 54,774 75,136 82,656 80,797 60,745 77,873 Lb. 9,161 51,683 58,845 57,172 41,821 54,756 'B is broadcast. B2 B B Row B 9,990 16,3 17,049 13,088 11,981 14,713 Culls' Lb. 9,370 13,562 14,707 11,830 12,691 Percentage of totals Total yields S n per acre Pct. 19.2 21.0 19.4 14.7 17.4 17.6 Pct. 18.0 17.4 15.8 16.5 17.2 15.2 Lb. 51,929 77,709 87,961 89,248 68,851 83,456 had been An opinion is prevalent that manures increase cracking of fruits and increase the row culls. Data from these tests do not sub- and yields. stantiate this opinion. While the weight itoes were of cracked fruit was 9,990 lb. from use nanure was of commercial fertilizers compared with efore trans- 14,713 from use of manure alone, the lb. lower percentage was 19.2 from fertilizer alone ire was ap- and 17.6% from manure alone. The per- e 7,162 lb. centage of cracked fruit was the same from use of commercial fertilizer and manure as from commercial fertilizer F alone. The highest percentage cracked tomatoes came from use of the standard fertilizer rate with manure applied 1 Percentage week before transplanting. marketable In total culls, the largest percentage (18%) culls came from use of commer- cial fertilizer alone, while the lowest Pct. percentage (15.2%) came from use of 68.8 manure alone. The percentage of culls 71.2 from use of the standard fertilizer rate 70.8 (1,500 lb.) and the standard rate of 68.8 manure applied broadcast to the land 70.8 3 weeks before transplanting tomatoes was 15.8%. 13 POU LTRY MANURE valuable L. M. WARE and W. A. JOHNSON Department of Horticulture I 1 rrTac %- W I High Analysis VS. Low Analysis Fertilizers LE. ENSMINGER and J. T. HOOD Deportment of Ag ontomy and Sois OD \li N5' "I HAiii'll its loolk iiiiith likt' thiost' st' 20) xyeairs 1(411. But thertiet ilt-' iii i) 1 tili 0ti dilfe t tiiccs tfhalt t'li illt bet Ill thit flist, 11(st fillixtl fet'iOizers xxt'ut' Illill' istt oriii l' iiiilit' (i II s i lt is i dt coIiti ille ii i l oililii I i it'5 lfi lic riii i i fli(il dualsiti tifiatri's X ifit' oii ts oflit Sillit i tll illa IS Illi alx I t i hit'' (f tilf i lli t ll i ll 11ert iir slis ifl il\se tiii Ict s e f (0I0f1itt's lit (IllT Tbhis Il it' th:N tto b lis Io xti the h tur' -- 'Ilitilltt lit' is eminatl-lionad edlngIjr (4 'l I Mi i 11 11 1i I pio s p h t es i l -f ciit't' i \i of ii ph s hiii f is~ lit's theitt' ti x tilig t rtli gxiiml ii d xx hoSiii horus iti till ll )1 liliiill 14shtshveh(1 olo ob x ( ( i [ ) I I ) . I , -.( ) , , I ) ( I it( I ( ) ( ) I I ( -( ) t t ('I I I I i I latiol ) it I (i givell belo,,\ : Pct. gcrm- illation t ntiuiftcd clwck 100 Molmaillillollillill phosphatc :35 Diallinwilitill) phosphatc 2.2 Ordillilr\ qipci-phosphatc 9r) I )iallillmitillill phosphate 55 Hf ect of iffliolollillill I)l lospl littes oil toot" of cottoll scudlill(Ts \\11cl) placed directk liodur the seeds is illustrated ill the photo(yraph. Dialitillonillill phosphatc Calls(ld Illorc dilnla(,c thall molloittil- illollillill phospliatc. Secondary Elements and Micronutrients Lo\\ allilksis icrtilizcrs oitco (.olltaill appreciable alliollilts of the sccolidar\ elellielits -- cillcillill, illilglicsillill, illid soil- fur. This is becillisc slich fertilizCTS ill-C Usilidl , \ inadc froill ordillal\ superphos- philte - a olixtilre of illollocillcitilli phos- phatc illid cillcillill sillfatc - ifild colitaill sollic doloillite its it fillcr. It seems reil- sollable to expect that colitifilled lise of Iii(,Il ilililk-sis fertilizers, \N hich colititin lilt](, 01' ilo secolldill-N. c1cillelits, \\ ill ill- clc lsc the liecd lot- lillic alld other Sup- p1clocilts. A comparison of loo(Ttime effect of iloilliOlifillin phosphate itild calcillill phos- pliates is showil by dilta ill the table. DIII- fit,, the last 4 years, lJolillied plots pro- (111ced lillich less cottoll \Nllell loolloilill- I 111 1I1I1I I i IITII I "I)IIi x lst i i f I i it c,, il i vio Ilii o '1i t(f the listi ill s hi ti' its els iilifc frlss O li llt't'55 fl o11f) 111it' 11(1(1 ils , il l iftoughil~~ oidiy' one a it i lt l f o1f1 I fillc t\a I lIt. list (f 1 il l he i 1111111 ( oI( f itthe xxIell ioIlelit. I it('tSSli ixee Itiii' i( fit So 11 ii flliissfilt' fli o llt'i l ii (i ist iad lioii bcii ix i f i tfoiinrs retoiSi111 tt lS i it hori'iio atollitclii ofi t' c olir4i Iilx 011 ioitt' ifio'stiiit fill sis it ixx iii i ii(ii' SAiIIS SOlfix of t it \ rock p hiit'iatt Ui FiCt 0" t16 YEARS 'h~t' sE Of-' \IONNtIxi xiNIU xiHOilSPHATE1. ~i A 'M i C 1 xi fiIlOSPiIi i (IN Y0 iii S OF (t (OIN (1 N NloLiK SANDt) OAMx Soil. It Ii lii 11111li AltSOURatl 1111 it cItli 1111)1151 Ipitti Stc t tf to \ i it fi .Stil l I1f First La 1 st 4 \ tars .4 yearsl Lb1. L h. 5.6 7) 252; Ski6 14t9 39 .7, 89 3142 5 6i 76 ' >4 I l1illetl St 'Iii I 1 tttti } it'it Fii'ifl t unccist\. a'i' so 1I f f1 Fiist La.st 4 \tars 4 \SIls Effects of ammonium phosphates on cotton roots are illustrated here by these comparisons tallmo got 60 lb. P-0 , but source varied). Comport- _"40 ments from right; 1-no %' fertilizer; 2-all from di- ammonium phosphate; 3 -75 'a diammonium and 2500 monoammon- ium; 4-50 06 from each; 5- 2 5 %o diom- monium and 7500 mo- noommonium; and 6- all monoommonium lphos- phote. ff l THE AVERAGE AMERICAN born in 1920 could expect to live about 60 years. A newborn infant in 1964 can expect to live 11 years longer - to about 71. This trend toward longer life is a significant U.S. accomplishment. How- ever, the growing number and propor- tion of aged people in the population have social implications. Many people reaching age 65 can look forward to many more active years. But occupa- tional retirement at this age is becoming mandatory for more and more, forcing them to reorganize their lives. Trend Toward Longer Life A good indication of trends in life ex- pectancy is the proportion of "senior citi- zens" (persons 65 or older) in the popu- lation. This is shown by the following census information: Census year 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 Percentage 65 and older U.S. Alabama 9.2 8.0 8.1 6.5 6.9 4.8 5.5 3.8 4.7 3.5 4.3 3.1 4.1 3.0 3.8 2.8 3.4 2.7 3.0 unknown 4.83 3.8 4.1 3.0 Data for Alabama and the United States show similar trends. One slight difference is the lower proportion of aged persons in the State. One reason for this is the traditional value placed on large families by rural people. Until recently Alabama was predominently rural and this value was strong. Also, the migra- tion of Alabamians to other states re- duced the proportion of aged persons relative to children and teenagers. Where Are Senior Citizens? An important question concerning aging involves distribution of Alabama's senior citizens in various locations and types of residences. As shown by data in the table, the small, rural towns and villages of Alabama have the heaviest concentration of aged persons. Being of fewer than 2,500 inhabitants, these towns tend to reflect the rural values and cus- toms of the surrounding countryside. Thus, they attract the retired farmer or farm widow who sells the family farm and moves to the local community to remain near family and friends. This oc- curs often enough to create a high pro- portion of senior citizens in these areas. to an occupation, as well as a type of resi- dence, it is obvious that age 65 has a different retirement meaning for farmers than for those in other occupations. Many farmers continue to operate their farms after reaching retirement age. In some cases where retirement in- come is available, the farm operation is reduced to a level that supplements in- come but allows more leisure time. Un- der other circumstances, hired hands do the actual labor of farming with the aged farmer supplying managerial skill, land, and capital. In still other cases, particu Trend Toward Longer Life I-las Social Implications JOHN E. DUNKELBERGER, Dept. of Agricultural Economics The proportion of senior citizens among small city residents and nonfarm persons in open-country areas of Ala- bama is highly similar. On the other hand, large cities and their suburbs have the smallest proportion of residents in the aged category. This is the result of heavy rural to urban migration, mostly young adults, and the rapid growth rate of these cities during the past few dec- ades. Many of the migrating young adults move to the suburbs as soon as possible. This movement pattern has caused the suburbs to have the lowest proportion of senior citizens of all resi- dence categories considered. Many Aged Persons on Farms Aside from small towns, there is a higher proportion of persons 65 or older living on farms than in any other resi- dence classification. Since farming refers RESIDENCE OF ALABAMA'S "SENIOR CITIZENS," 1960 Residence U rban -- ---_------------- ----------------- Urban Large cities, 10,000 or more Suburbs (around large cities) Small cities, 2,500-10,000 Rural --- Small towns, 1,000-2,500 .............. Open-country, nonfarm ................ Farm State total Total population 1,791,721 1,168,988 308,839 313,894 1,475,019 109,506 962,658 402,855 3,266,740 Population 65 years and older Number Percentage 131,832 86,676 18,151 27,005 129,315 10,946 81,795 36,574 261,147 7.4 7.4 5.9 8.6 8.8 10.0 8.5 9.1 8.0 larly where there is no retirement in- come or the farm is too small to support hired labor, the aged operator continues full-time farming as long as his health permits. Farming has a higher proportion of persons past retirement age still working than any other occupation. In 1960 there were more than 20,000 farm operators in Alabama of retirement age. This repre- sented more than 17% of all farm opera- tors in the State. Moreover, the median age of farm operators was 51 years as compared with 40 years for all male workers in Alabama. This indicates that age is a major factor in assessing the future of Alabama's farm enterprises. Social Implications An aging population has these major social implications: (1) The aged person has different needs for goods and services, and is more conservative with his money. (2) New pressures are created for specialized recreational, health, and wel- fare facilities for the growing aged popu- lation. (3) Considerable political power is held by the senior citizens. (4) Conservative attitudes of older persons are felt in the organizational and social life of a community, which can result in lost appeal for younger mem- bers of the community. 15 vICCIIIIIL~J UY ILLICII ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS for HOME LANDSCAPE HENRY P. ORR and WILLIS C. MARTIN, JR. Department of Horticulture For ground covers: portulaca, sweet alyssum, and vinca. For part shade: balsam, begonia, browallia, calendula, coleus, impatiens, lobelia, nicotiana, pansy, and torenia. For window boxes: alyssum, begonia, coleus, lantana, lobelia, nierembergia, cascade petunias, and thunbergia. For the rock garden: alyssum, candy- tuft, and verbena plus other ground covers. For cutting: celosia, cosmos, gaillardia, gomphrena, marigold, petunias, salvia, scabiosa, snapdragons, verbena, and zinnia. NEW ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS are now available for many landscape pur- poses. Plant breeders today are inter- ested in larger flowers, new or clearer colors, different flower forms - all in the development of plants that best fit the gardener's needs. You may now obtain annuals to fit a seasonal need in window boxes, hanging baskets, porch boxes, urns, tubs, as edging, in mixed borders, and around patios, terraces and similar outdoor living areas. If you buy your annuals from your local florist, nurseryman, or garden cen- ter, choose top quality plants. Younger plants that have not been forced too rapidly or have not begun to harden will usually give more satisfactory results. Plants should be properly labelled. Plan to buy or grow top quality plants and to continue them in good sustained growth. Instead of buying plants after the danger of the last frost, you may wish to grow your own plants from seed. Gen- erally, seed of annuals should be planted about 21/ months prior to the time the plants are desired for transplanting. Any well-drained but moist sterile soil mixture can be used. A mixture that has been successful in horticulture research at the Auburn University Agricultural Ex- periment Station consists of 1/z screened peat moss and sandy loam by volume. Annuals by height and specific usage include tall: amaranthus, celosia, cleome, cosmos, datura, larkspur, marigolds (Crackerjack, Climax), ricinus (castor bean), scabiosa, snapdragons (rockets), zinnia (Gold Medal mixture, cactus flow- ers mixture and Lilliput mixture). Medium: balsam, basil, celosia (med- ium cristata types such as Fireglow) coleus (Straight Color Mix), gaillardia, gomphrena, helichrysum, impatiens, nico- tiana, pentstemon, petunias (Fl hybrid grandiflora and multiflora types), Rud- beckia (Gold Flame), salvia (St. John's Fire), snapdragons (Vacationland), and zinnia. Low: ageratum, alyssum, (Carpet of Snow and Rosie O'Day), dwarf balsam, browallia, begonias, celosia (dwarf plu- mosa types such as Fiery Feather and dwarf cristata types such as Jewel Box, Golden Feather), dianthus (Bravo), gomphrena, impatiens, marigolds (Petite mix, Color Magic), phlox (Globe Mix- ture), salvia, snapdragons (Floral Car- pet), torenia, verbena (Ideal Florist Strain), vinca, and zinnia. Spreading or trailing: lantana, lobelia (Heavenly, and Crystal Palace), nierem- bergia, portulaca, and verbena. For bedding: fibrous-rooted begonia, browallia, celosia, coleus, dianthus, im- patiens (shade), lantana, lobelia (shade), marigold, nicotiana, petunias, phlox, sal- via, torenia, and zinnia. For mixed border: ageratum, alyssum, balsam, marigold, nicotiana, petunia, sal- via, cleome, cosmos, lantana, snapdragon, and zinnia. For edging: dwarf ageratum, alyssum, fibrous-rooted begonia, coleus, dianthus, lobelia, dwarf marigold, nierembergia, petunia, phlox, portulaca, torenia, ver- bena, vinca, and dwarf zinnia. FREE Bulletin or Report of Progres! AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama Permit No. 1132-11/64-1OM Darkened areas on chart show ideal loca- tions for planting new annual flowering plants. PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300