FALL 1964
HIGHLIGHTS
VOLUME 11
OF AGRICULTURAL 
RESEARCH VM
NUMBER 3
4,-,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
1-IGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 11, NO. 3 FALL 1964
I Ir4& ae
1
a .
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ALLIGATORWEEDS- A Progress
Report on Solving a Problem of Water Supplies 3
SILAGES AND SUPPLEMENTS FOR GROWING BEEF CALVES -
Supplement Plus Corn Silage Found Best in Tests- 4
GUMBORO DISEASE IN POULTRY - How It Is Spread and
Development of Immunization 5
CONTROLLING ANNUAL BLUEGRASS IN LAWNS- Herbicides
Eliminate This Cool Season Pest Grass 6
ROOTKNOT CONTROL IN BUSH BEANS AND MUSTARD - Prac-
tices Point up Possible Economical Control 7
FRONTIER CRIMSON PROVIDES GRAZING WHEN NEEDED -
Good Production in Fall and Winter 8
VARIATIONS IN PRICES FOR FLUID MILK - Individual Mar-
ket Prices Depend on Local Conditions 9
CREDIT FOR FARM AND HOME - In View of Higher per
Farm Investment and Higher Prices 10
SMALL FARM, GOOD RETURNS - Cotton-Hog Management
Units Show Potential for Small Alabama Farms 11
INSECT RESISTANCE IMPORTANT IN CORN BREEDING PRO-
GRAM - Need for Built-in Resistance to Pests 12
SEARCH FOR BETTER COTTON INSECT CONTROL GOES ON-
Mass Rearing in Laboratory Undergirds Field Studies 13
THE CONSUMER: FINAL Boss OF MARKETING SYSTEM-
Buyer Wishes Must be Met by Food Industry 14
CHANNEL CATFISH SHOWS PROMISE AS SPORT FISH - Pos-
sible Addition to Farm Ponds ..... 15
RESPONSE OF YELLOW-POPLAR TO SEEDBED PREPARATION -
Bulldozing was Best for Natural Regeneration ....... 16
Oft 4 Co 6"- Controlling weeds that grow in water is a prob-
lem facing many individuals, as well as local, state, and Federal
agencies. The problem ranges from that of the small pond owner
who is losing fish production because of weed infestation to the
governmental agency that must keep down weeds in navigable
waterways. Specialized research at Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station is aimed at providing know-how for effective
methods of controlling aquatic weeds, one phase of which is covered
in the story on page 3. The cover photo shows part of the large
number of plastic pools that are being used in screening tests to
evaluate numerous herbicides for their effectiveness against different
weeds that grow in water.
E. V. SMITH
BEN T. LANHAM, JR.-
CHAS. F. SIMMONS --
KENNETH B. Roy
E. L. McGRAw
R. E. STEVENSON ...
Director
Associate Director
Assistant Director
- Editor
Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T.
LANHAM, JR.; R. R. HARRIS, Associate
Professer of Animal Science; H. T. ROG-
ERS, Agronomy and Soils Department
Head; J. H. BLACKSTONE, Professor of
Agricultural Economics; AND KENNETH
B. Roy.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 329. Oats for Forage and Grain.
Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.
Bul. 352. Alabama Urban Homemakers and
Milk Products.
Bul. 353. How Homemakers Select Foods.
Bul. 354. Procurement of Corn in Alabama.
Cir. 145. Christmas Tree Production in
Eastern Redcedar and Arizona Cypress Plan-
tations.
Cir. 147. Diseases of Small Grains in Ala-
bama.
Cir. 148. Farm Handling and Marketing of
Pecans in Alabama.
Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-
nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White
Clover.
Leaf. 67. Arrowleaf Clover.
Leaf. 69. Performance of Peach Varieties
in Alabama.
Prog. Rept. 84. Rainfall Distribution in Ala-
bama.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
I\ ~uQILcrryy rIIslJuri VI I~C3C~QILII
N1) I (t M I I il li \ I 1 \ 'it cIl]) i i t l' 
-) iil ('I it It IuI'[
li i i ort 
1
l too
Alligatorweed
I)( l i lw 1tt 1t t t till. ii it i l p 'i ii 111 I ' Ii tllr I it i IIi ill
illilll)\ itA c to t11 ,111(1 t t . Ill (](,(iil P I' I\ i l i 
I]1. I ( m i
i i i1 1 I i ti i i 1 I i i (I i. ,I k ii i i ( I ittt II I i i i I I 1111
Control Difficulties
lii ii ill I '\il (t (itill kll tilli i, t lmd1( tlit iti 
(d
1
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ii t liiI I i I i li I L i I liit I i tl Itl 
i
I Ii tl Ii lii li It Sl i t' i il ( I il I11 I li ,i
1  
I I I 11
lii i t: cl ii i)I t l ii Ii h ii 
iI
FIG. 1. Alligatorweed has caused problems as for 
inland as Lake
Seminole, Florida.
FIG. 2. The entire alligatorweed plant is shown at 
left and a
closeup at right shows a-flower, b-opposite 
leaves, and c-
germinating bud.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
of ALLIGATORWEEDS
H. H. FUNDEtBURK, JR. aind D. A. PATE
Dept. ot Botany an~d Ptlant Pathotlogy
JM, LAWRENCE, Dept oft Zootogy Fillolot fnJy
Herbicide Effectiveness
I (i 1 111 ()mt tll i .11 it i it 1, 1 lii t i i Ilii it 
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liii utiuo lit d I ih t hi 't fi t il' huh 
uilut hill,
ii ,,ill~ t o l
SILAGES and
SPPLEMENTS for
growing beef calves
R. R HARRIS mtt W. B. ANTHONY, Dept. ot' Attuttuo S6o,tc
J. K. BOSECK, Tetntesee Vattey Suttiolt
V L, BROWN, Le-,t Coas1t Plain St,titt
E L. MAYTON, Ptedmottit Suslahtot
'dt it it Ii i , t S I I\ i ti It t ( Ii i I I I I It It Im i
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A VACCINE is now in prospect for con-
trol of Gumboro disease (avian neph-
rosis) in chickens, outbreaks of which
have been increasing in the South-
eastern States during the last 3 years.
This new development is taking place
in the poultry science laboratories of Au-
burn University Agricultural Experiment
Station following extensive studies of
how the disease is spread and of possible
immunity.
Gumboro disease has been reported
in more than 20 large poultry operations
in Alabama and Mississippi. The flocks
were 1 to 22 weeks old. Not more than
10 to 30% of a flock showed signs of
the disease at any one time.
Usually death rate was less than 15%,
averaging about 5% in 3- to 5-week-old
chickens and less in older ones. The dis-
ease lasts about 5-7 days; it may require
2 to 3 weeks to spread in houses divided
into several pens.
Symptoms of the disease include: low
grade fever (108-110' F.) of short du-
ration, whitish watery diarrhea, loss of
appetite, ruffled feathers, trembling, de-
hydration, and prostration followed by
death. Sick birds tend to sit and they
move at an unsteady gait.
Find Clue to Spread
Studies begun by Auburn in 1962 con-
firmed much of the earlier work of other
investigators. However, only recently
was there a major break-through that
provided control measures against spread
of the disease from house to house, farm
to farm, and area to area. After investi-
* This project is financially supported by
Southeastern Egg and Poultry Association,
and Alabama Flour Mills, Decatur.
GUMBORO
Disease in Poultry
S. A. EDGAR and YUNG CHO
Department of Poultry Science
gating many possibilities, the writers dis-
covered that the disease was being
spread through contaminated, leftover
feed removed from feed hoppers and
bulk bins on infected farms. This left-
over feed was transported to other
houses, other farms, or even new areas
where the disease had not previously oc-
curred. Birds fed the leftover feed came
down with the disease within a few days.
The practice of moving leftover feed
had come about largely because of bulk
feed, use of at least two feeds (starter
and finisher) in growing broilers, and a
diminishing profit margin.
Rapid spread of the disease within a
large broiler operation between October
1962 and July 1963, and the present
containment to certain farms by no long-
er moving feed are shown in the chart.
By the time it was known how the dis-
ease spread, 35% of all flocks of this firm
was involved. Spread had been stopped
during late 1962 and through most of
1963 by cutting off farmers where the
disease had occurred. This was discon-
tinued as an unfair practice, and the
spread to new farms increased rapidly.
The practice of moving leftover feed
has been much more common in broiler
than replacement flock operations. This
No.
35- 
=now
30 /
25 /
? I
20
'5-
i0
0 'e IIIII I -r-
1961 1962 1963 1964
Spread of Gumboro disease in a large poultry operation is illustrated by the graph. The solid
line represents number of farms, and the broken line is number of flocks.
probably accounts for the more rapid
spread and greater occurrence of the
disease in broilers than in replacement
flocks.
Practically all attempts to prevent re-
currence on a farm have merely delayed
onset of the disease.
Of the many treatments tried, includ-
ing antibiotics, sulfonamids, extra vita-
mins, and extra water, only extra water
with molasses or sugar lessened mortality
and severity of the disease. Sources of
chickens, feed, vaccines, service men,
trucks, caretakers, varments, or wild
birds seem to have had no relation to
spread or occurrence of Gumboro.
Immunity is Developed
It was discovered that chickens deve-
lop immunity to the disease and that
losses are less when chicks are exposed
at an early age (under 1 week) than
later. Some farmers now reduce losses
by more than 75% by placing 2 to 4
Gumboro-diseased chicks per brooder
along with 4- to 7-day-old placements
in houses where the disease has pre-
viously occurred. Also, re-use of old litter
or transporting of small amounts of con-
taminated litter to houses of baby chicks
resulted in early exposure and reduced
losses. However, these latter two, prac-
tices sometimes increased problems from
other diseases.
Gumboro disease has been transmitted
to susceptible chickens experimentally
by bringing them in contact with in-
fected chickens, feeding them contami-
nated litter and feces or infected organs,
and by being in close proximity to pens
of infected birds.
A virus-like agent has been isolated
from affected chickens and has been
transmitted successfully to susceptible
1- to 6-week-old chicks. As a result
chicks have been immunized at an early
age without serious loss and are protect-
ed against further exposure. Prospects of
a vaccine being available soon for com-
mercial use are promising.
Much is yet to be learned as to what is
the best way to prevent recurrence of
Gumboro disease in chickens.
Ni
CONTROLLING
annual bluegrass
in lawns
D, G STURKIE
S
pit, of Acji-iotty otid Soil
.1 \ l i IN I liii i I 'm t tiI I' ,
1\ ti ,t l tif)][(( (itw 'it I ]ls
'111, ' p i ' I( i ( I olil ttiit
hiotiiii it Is~ Ih li(t ll I i ll 'l 'Iii
'ii( is It Is III It itl l ih i l lit 1\\
,I(, td I till t il it \ d I\ ii I [ I ( idt , I I (
tlloit s it I " ,(1Ii . I )It it I I I NN ) IfIi I t.
i~ ti l l i 11t ill pil TiI1 it1tst
it Ilt I I t t d d if 1 1
An area of bermudagrass with a hcavy infes-
tation of annual bluegrass tleftt is contrasted
with a similar area that was treated to can-
tral this pest trightt.
Herbicides Provide Control
till iltit t li lt 
1
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\ i I .~ it I 't ) I I Ii t it i I/i, w it iil Fyi it ii
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ChemicalohL_( Names \ coof L the Herc
I i \ t k i I I )I t() ,1) I ,i \ t ttttliI (
I 1I h t 1 lil 1ti I '1 c l I IIIt t It t I i . II
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ItilIt 11(i1titti I It II I I II i i i
I I i f/l i tII I I I I i Ii lIi It Ii 1t (.
)list\ ti it titill" t ti Til It
The view at left shows conditions of plants
with block plastic mulch in left plot and
Nemnagon treated in right plot on June 16.
Picture at right shows condition of plants in
same plots 6 days later.
l'- 11s1 ( \\ firii s l hulls I] ti i
\ ()11 I K \(i )Ilii i t) ii IIN it
Mt Il c t I- tit I c -tp it I( Sil I\ ti t i I -
S I I -s , i t i i S h ii 11 c litl tlti i
it I lit Si zi tii J I bII IA 1 illi l ,, i
iiit i s s ti I )
Rootknot Nematode Inoculum
l i lo5 ) h(ii li t ii * it iii l- \\(,i(- hli 211
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-~
0
ROOTKNOT CONTROL PRACTICES
in Bush Beans and Mustard
W. A. JOHNSON arnd L. M. WARE, Dept of Hoiliculeie
E.J CAIRNS, Dept. of Botaniy oaid Planit Pathology
i liIi Ii I I 1 5 5 ( lii Ii il I I I 1al II \\ I
I utktiut ( tII u15ul\ i t 1 1(lIi i t( t iti, s .(
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Effect of Practices on Rootknot
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FRONTIER CRIMSON
Furnishes Needed Grazing
in Fall and Winter
C, S HOVELAND J. M. CREEL, aid
H- L. WEBSTER
Dept, f Aq--, .101/oid Sols
tI Fil4 i i 1 XI t I I i 1. liit 1 111 t F 11
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Rapid fall and winter growth
of Frontier crimson is illus-
trated by this comparison
photographed at the Plon
Breeding Unit, Tallassee.
The Auburn reseeding crim-
son, left, had made littl2!
growth by December 3, but
the Frontier was already pro-
ducing enough for goad
grazing. This early growth
ability, which is the result of
good seedling vigor, is a
major advantage of the
Frontier variety over reseed-
ing types.
6 -
i~ ~1E#~ Xi 0
0
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IX ' ,. 1,
4
E
I -
tj ~ ~X~ ~ si
'I f 8 mm
raivv-,, I? a~'vt~aa*~ ~ Ii -~ ~
RETAIL MILK PRICES vary widely among markets in the
United States. Historically, supplies of milk for a market
have been produced and consumed locally. Therefore, milk
prices in individual markets have depended largely on local
conditions.
Prices received by producers and marketing margins for
local areas have been given the most study, although na-
tional average prices and marketing margins are computed
regularly.
Study Made in 24 Markets
For study of milk price variations, 24 metropolitan areas
were selected. Twenty of the metropolitan areas had a
population in excess of 1 million people in 1960. The re-
maining four areas with populations less than 1 million,
Birmingham, Jackson, Memphis, and New Orleans, were
selected to include more southern cities in the study group
(see table). Farmers' share, marketing margin, and retail
prices for one-half gallon of milk purchased in stores were
determined for each market during May 1964. The half-
gallon container was selected because it is usually the most
common size purchased. Also, a large percentage of all
milk sales is through grocery stores.
Retail prices for milk reported for the 24 markets in
May 1964 ranged from 350 for one-half gallon in Cleveland
to 610 in Miami, a difference of 260. Prices in seven markets
were in excess of 500, while prices in six markets were less
than 400 per one-half gallon. In Birmingham the retail price
was 540, second highest of the 24-market group and 8.40
above the group average. Montgomery and Mobile were ex-
cluded from this study since producer and consumer prices
in these cities were approximately the same as in Birmingham.
FARMERS' SHARE, GROSS MARGIN, AND RETAIL PRICE FOR STORE
PURCHASES OF MILK IN HALF-GALLON CONTAINERS,
SELECTED MARKETS, MAY 1964
Market
Miami, F
Birmingham, S ...
Atlanta, S .......
Jackson, F, S .....
New Orleans, F* ...
Baltimore, 
F
San Francisco, S
Philadelphia, F, S__
Pittsburgh, S .....
Seattle, F ........
Buffalo*
Chicago, F .......
Los Angeles, S
24 market average-
Dallas, F
Ccicinnati, F
Boston, F
New York, F ..........
St. Louis, F .....
Detroit, F .......
Kansas City, F ...
Milwaukee, F ....
M emphis, F ---.........
Minneapolis, F ...
Cleveland, F-
Retail
price
Ct.
61
54
53
52
51
50
48
48
48
47
47
47
45.6
45
44
42
42
41.5
_ 9
39
38.5
36
35.5
35
Farmers'
share
Ct.
29.4
27.6
28.0
24.5
27.0
22.5
23.5
21.6
24.0
21.5
26.2
20.0
23.2
22.4
22.8
19.9
23.8
22.5
17.5
21.4
17.6
18.5
21.1
16.4
18.2
Gross
margin
Ct.
31.6
26.4
25.0
27.5
25.0
28.5
26.5
26.4
24.0
26.5
20.8
27.0
23.8
23.2
22.2
24.1
18.2
19.5
24.0
17.6
21.4
20.0
14.9
19.1
16.8
Farmers'
share
Pct.
48
51
53
47
52
44
47
45
50
45
56
43
49
49
51
45
57
54
42
55
45
48
59
46
52
Gross
margin
Pct.
52
49
47
53
48
56
53
55
50
55
44
57
51
51
49
55
43
46
58
45
55
52
41
54
48
Variations in Prices
for
Fluid Milk
LOWELL E. WILSON
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
Amount received by farmers for one-half gallon of milk
(Class I price) ranged from 16.40 in Minneapolis to 29.40 in
Miami, a difference of 183. Class I price per ewt. of milk
testing 4% butterfat was $6.73 in Miami, in Minneapolis
$4.16. Highest producer prices were in the Southern and
Northeastern markets, whereas the lowest prices paid pro-
ducers were in the Midwest. Alabama farmers received $6.56
per cwt. for Class I milk.
In 1961 the USDA made a study in which dealers' buy-
ing prices for milk were compared among markets. The
study showed that Class I prices were becoming more closely
aligned between distant markets as well as major supply
areas. Fewer markets had Class I prices less than $4 per
cwt. than in two earlier study periods.
Distributors' costs and profits are added to the price paid
farmers for producing the milk to make up the total price
paid by consumers for a unit of fluid milk. These costs and
profits are commonly called the marketing margin or distri-
butors' gross margin. In Miami the marketing margin was
31.60, which was more than double the margin in Memphis.
Marketing margins in six cities were under 200 per one-half
gallon. The average marketing margin for the 24 markets
was 23.20.
Existence of wide ranges in prices and margins has been
attributed to differences in institutional organizations and
economic factors among market areas. Type of market regu-
lation (federal and state orders), trade practice rules, milk
sanitation laws, and transportation regulations have been
related to variations in milk prices and margins.
Markets are Regulated
Of the markets studied, 18 are federal order markets
and 9 are under state orders. Three are regulated by both
federal and state orders. Retail prices in all markets studied
under state control were above the 24 market average. How-
ever, Miami, the market with the highest prices, is a federal
order market. In most state order markets, retail prices are
fixed by a state milk control agency. Producer and whole-
sale prices are fixed in the other state order markets except
New Orleans and Buffalo. Federal regulation provides
only for classified pricing of producer milk.
Other factors that vary among markets contribute to dif-
ferences in distribution costs include concentration of con-
sumers and per capita consumption in the market area, street
network, and wage rates. Also, monopolistic position of any
group in a market may result in high prices, wages, or profits.
Such gains will be reflected in consumer prices, but do not
represent improvements in economic efficiency.
F = federal order market, S = all prices under state control.
* New Orleans-producer prices under state control; Buffalo-
retail prices under state control.
Source: Fluid Milk and Cream Report. USDA. May 1964.
CREDIT
for FARM and 
HOME
itH YEAGER, De. p of Ayricuiltuitut Econuomi
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SMALL 
FARM,
GOOD RETURNS-
te4ar( wieaei' mace
meattemeat wtaZ!
JT. COPE JR ,F. E. BERTRAM,
.ite J, W. RICHARDSON
Dept. of Agroiiomiy arid Soils
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titux( itI ix x ii 2 n 1h t tutu tt 152,T I tt
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( I is 5 ( I
Insect Resistance Important
in
Corn Breeding Program
S WCAIN, Dept. of Agraomy arid Sil
VV G, EDEN, Dept of Zooloy- Ertccmoi
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Hybrid Tests~ Provide Lead
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Search f or Better Cotton
Insect Control Goes On
T. E. WATSON ond W. D. IVtY
D oriieiit of Zoolojy Eittotnology
Vi (:()i I 1()\ [\,(I hil itt i 1t ti11) tit i t i ~lt~
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it It I l I I c ( i t 
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IIt - It l (I t I I ,11( ) ,~i I t tt1 1 it 11\\i ;I\ l 1 I i ~ N ot Itt Iti
c it tI Si til i t ( it ii IiIi \ t , I I l til ' ( l ( \ I i I ll1 i f tt ii -l I I i Ii
I C IIIi I I I I I i Cl Iut _, IlIiI I t fI I I I It I I i (I i h t s~ It I tI ltI
Ii I11 I1 I J1 t I I I I it i i Ci i I t i I It I it 1 (I li. I Ii . t.
S I it I I lIt i " . o I 1 (1 I I Ii I I I It Ii ( *1 \1 I I it (- I i I CC itt Ii
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i tl i i Il IiIC ( i It (t ,1 It t alu I .1.I Io
it liI .d tititi (.Ii\i ., IC ,, li ldtitttt i tutu 1)( Itutt i t l( L11)
~A1~
/
4/
The newest developed techniques are used to rear large numbers
of cotton insects in the laboratory. Moss rearing is done primarily
to answer immediate problems and to explore new approaches.
(Above) Adult boll weevils feeding and laying eggs on artificial
diet. (Center) Boll weevil larvae and pupae shown in a petri dish
on synthetic larval diet. (Below) Bollworm larvae raised individu-
aily in coffee creamers on artificial diet.
THE CONSUMER:
Final Boss of
Flood Marketing
System
\ f I i I B if I i i'l xii ix ti I~ Ii xxi i Il \() I I I(II)
11ii ) uI (I I ( of Ix t ii lc l I I1() i I I )Ii ()-l
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(ii I .Io) \ I tlt I ti I IIuIit ix l i tiY li I ))\ )Ii
I I i I i i I x Ii IIII I x\, t I i I . I liiiI i ll xx ti I I w
lihIx li) t t I Ii tuu d I q iu i t ituuIuIt iI ix t II
I l lit (i l \Iiii (d ii I flu t i I i f il t,, lix
l iii / li i i 2( I \w i i t i t i ik(i li t I
Ii ( i x(I IIt I Ii i x lilt ( xxI lit (Ii ix I lix )l II
tx , I t I \ i ( I I )I i I I wi 1i ii i I I I li lt
(x I l Ii I xII' lit ( d. i t it t i lI v iii i f t Iis
xx it fI'ti i ill )II i i ' i t ii ii I tI I i I i' ( I . i lt
ililI ofI I I I \ IIII iiiiiiixiil 'I I I I 1 i \ cit ofull
(liii 1 i t 1 x lw i l ii u it ii 11 ililiii do
k ii o i i ii I i i ii Ii i ioi i i, l t i i i i iU i 1 itii
RUTH A. HAMMETT
Dept. of Agiiciltirat Ecoiioinics
Iliitlit iii dl iii ii i xxi ti i ii xlii t [lit ill-
uiiiuiiit il iiiii ci~ciIix iiit (I xxi k iii
(, Iut I i il L Ii f. xi ci c x t i it I "xII II(Ico
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1
t f i id i ( i It )\ t l it i
('w i i xltitts ii I i i l x im i l ix L i m l i w ii
i iiti il I ii iilk Ii ( I i wt x i i\ I I it I iii
1 iixx zt liiuli Iiiii ztx 3u it xhhi iih w ii-
ti I it ii Iil i t c ii i tii i I t i i ( i t iI k
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ilii I i t f I o Ti Ii ;( ii It Ii to,\iil i* , i ii ti
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l "i x i iI I iii I I tox )d i ] h Il ii x t I I I Ii Ii li
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I II IJ L I 1 xi i1 ti Ilim il'- [I(
I" l (i lt 1 ( 111 Itt F 1t )it ii l [ 1.
It ) I F I; t i xt I of i i , t t lxx F it I 1 I Il
xI tI i , I to I t I i Flit 111 ( m A~ Fix]' iii
(t I It Ii _ t )Ift I I Ii t I Fi i FII' i ) le t F I
I I I F ("I t Fi I iL tI I( F l I~ t o i i I I F) il
F I*~~ I i w 'I ( iiCi f~ I Fi x i i il t x
xii IF Ix Ft It .I ti IF 11 Fl it x I \\I( t I( 1F x ( t )Ittt
F Ii t Ft \ I Ic I Io t F ) t t II( Iit I x t i I f it tI II
f t ittF ttix (ti Ftl It IF xI t
Ft Fx Ii f Ii IF IFt it it xti I I x 11)11 li.
Ii Il t I I i tI it l111 i t [ I i I it F It f lisI
)i~ i'~ i I ii Fl , I I t , FI FI i IIIiit~ ( hutI)(
toI II i I I F. or II Itl( t IFi t . x IIi it (I (
i I F t i l it F(.(F It i t It I 1,;1 I It i Lt
[11111i i t l l I l tt 11x itt i l f It \ ll\
fI C tk u iF F t\\ itt ix (. I Ft li Filtil
(ioll~s I . 11 pol ' i to l c tl/ t
Channel Catfish Shows Promise
As Farm Pond Sport 
Fish
E E.PRATHER, Dept. of ZooloyyEutomology
I~d tikt xf I I~r I t4 4 IX Ii
s i t \o: i t xx II i Ft 1 tt1 xxt 1 tt 1 1111I
t I ~ 4 t F I it Fis Z Iix 1o F I l it I I
t lt IoI I(I it itli S itk tt IIi I t Ft I )ff t I I , 1
tI I IF i tt lI ts i 1 I 1 iIll I Il F fi x tF
F ~ i l i t ix i I I st -k ( q I \\ I t 11 it 0 t il I tt l
Ill i I tl f i I I ) tliltAcI II o II )ifi t i ft i I \ii t II
Ii Iix fit i t I tII lt c Iitt FiI I(-I,(I I, III(I.
ft lii Fix, (. St i t I \ i t I I t F I Ic IltI
Ii t fi
1 
ill I t I i F i I tI t I I t Is
)Cane cafs likeI II
I ~ ~ ~ ~ hs at lef, . (II c I III IIt mak a
I iI /( ( ) )I I welcomeII )f additon,(,I t c
I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' catc of breamtl)(i( nfl ()\I llI . 'l lcl
fi~ 'I (, (on itianld bass.c i s spe-1i
I I If it I( mI ,, l i es I I is gr wng a in pop-
Feeding for Maximum Catch
1i il l tf f Ii lt l ' Ich 1111 t\ ll Iloii i
uli ll ki t sitt l Ic lim-' ll itw i ilw ldcl
If i I il lii ;~ t il FI I t li l it t I xx I i t F
fiIII , It F Ft F I l I( I I l i 11 I F t II(Z I tt t II I I I lit I t
\\ I (' l II 1 ft i o I ) ) Lt liii FfooF I i \ t I f u h it~
ill iti F I F t IF I IIIf hi lt 1
it kF Is o IF ! \i 'itI f I FI( IIc
I]I I(-)l t.~h i , ' \ ft t I f If p ) d i
tj ill 3ff I I I li if lI ,I l id fIIittitit It lp tillit II
it ftI I I u )( k til I I Ix( Ii xxt I if Ii m t I Ii
f Iu l , i l It I4 t I i 1 1()I ) I I i I I i
Iiii t I tI Ft I s ll I( I I t t c l It x I
II I it F () itt Ii if 'I itF~ i I 'I it\,1
I fitl] I i lIi itte it d lo' t I l i I [()t
Ff I I I t i 1 I I I l X 1 111 F- li i
. li Iill I t it itt F C ft I l_ FIit
1 1111 ofx tq it til i , I() II ) 1 1 t i1 i t lI
I 5 c: I I c I it Il I lik i ' t I Fix i Ii liii II ICi I
Il fit 111 F x t l.i i F
It ItI cl I 1i4 it IFI itt, i
t
t it'lh
tiit tu flil tI I I II " Io It II ult I lit
I)1 t F ti t to xl I t xI it Ix. IIi f
lI f
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iF i I i t Ii .1111) Ill it ft Fit 5 1110 t tIlt,
Ii xi It x It t c\ 1 1 I ti xt I t I I I f I i
till 'I Iit wi tt it ft ll tIxi iii xI
I f t If Ii it xxi I fI Lix i -i t t tI ti
lix~ltilI it i~tl Ii sluti Ii 1i : tii0
''ittIti'' sItttil( ti Itt IFof
Response of YELLOW-POPLAR
to SEEDBED PREPARATION
SHERMAN D WHIPPLE, Depari'tteitt of Forestr'y
X\i 1 I t il XXI liii itt\I ill Aliiiiiiii i
t ,I (- () i I Ii 11 ilit I It I Ii Xf 1) li it
)ii tX t t I I I ()I t Ilt I I t/ l Ii fi/i
fc I/ , f i f I i f o fI A , 1 i fl IIit, f 
I if( ) Ii t I
I iii I IX I I If I , fI i to II I I I t, lI oi I I t t I ft Ii
~t~I i ii ii ji Iili X I t'X lii iii
iii I r i ,i I I I ii i tt lii I I iII n t ) I It. l
l I t 1 l ii ill i_, IX IIi i I 191 ii i jit wi
V tIiiX11 tc l lI I il i t u lIl( t I 1 iii1iti
1111 ft I [I ) I t I ' i\ I iX\ _ I I t I\ Ii I ii I uI
pX I 1( 1f 1i i Iit ix I 'I to I '
1
uc ft I \ i Z Xt X
ii I i X it i i X i i ' i I ii t I iX
Il q I If I .tf I lwIti llit Xliii \\a cs li ii~
it ) X I , i I - t it l I') XX t It I lIi it I i ( , Z i t t \ I
fitt ll it tIm ii'111 ii I i p l k1 -d f iii
I I i Ii Ii It Ii IX i I if I t I I 1 i ifI T tilIt IXX
Il tt til I Iii ti I I t ii Ii i I fii I
itI I t Xlif l t I t iii Ii t t l
f I ti I I Hiiii'' I iii t ti ii
I i i t i i11 f t ii 'I I t
1  
Ii Iii i 1
IXI' it t' il It I I I t~ 11 11 i t sX i
ii\\ 't i i i itit l i t I I lI it lI IX t ) i
ittij dcf t iii ii i (-,. i thll iiiiiitt sil
iclt d p] (p al lil \\i i it I Ii i itl it) till
t\111 lIt it t it l i_ I it - I *'i XX d ', l w k
\\it I11 I I l i t til I( tI\ (-(it f till h t 1111 d if
t i l liii lit ii11',',t Jii (d 1111 lii' t p
F3i1 .0o il,
*,d
,heck
Nutoer i seeings p er Oct
FIG. 1. This chart shows the total
of seed germinating over a 2-year
plus survival after 2 growing season
o I ( i X Iii t, I( l l tll \\ XX I cit
141 ip -t XX I'l hi,141d IX 11111 'f I X (I)
ill(,, I ' mi t it XX tl ill(i' .
1
)11 th ii/
f(,IIt. ,i11 l t hI (I Ii i t sii () it t I- iit
(1 tc it i cip, Ii )I I I tI\t, I I11 i I I
l i lto I/ Ii ) I f' I lu I tt it it I ldl
11111 it dittX I toIt illtorIit It I'l Io-
I ( H I '1 2i* I Ii II1 2 t Ii I Ii
11111 (, ( ii li it if, lt u
It it I I I i L t I I ii I ' "Iii ' I Ii I' I Ii
I s i t ~ I tII II tX si l i I I t I I t I (
t "it I i (t I I i I. , .ii i. 1) t 1 1t ) li li i t
464 ~ ~~~ Ii /l I4 iiii i I fIt i tilt i'fft tli
~ t t\ ii \\ii it llt I .i111i iiI i i'
titllli tBuldczed i ol 1h pnpcl
41 I 1 IItIIITI ()II I IIII
t(Ill tIltI
i',k [w)
)ised
'heckt
20 30 40
Per cent
FIG. 2. Shown here are the percentages of
plots stocked with established seedlings as
of June 1964.