WINTER 1963 HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH VOLUME 10 NUMBER 4 -~ - 4. ~t ~ 4~% N ~5' ~ ~ ~ ~A ~ - j.* ~ I, 4 4 - * 4, ~ A ;% ~, tg 4. - .4 V ,A, ~f *. ..~ -4~ S., ~ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY HIGHLIG-TS of Agricultural Research A Quarterly Report of Research Serving All of Alabama VOLUME 10, No. 4 WINTER 1963 NITROGEN PROFITABLE FOR JOHNSONGRASS - Good Re- sponse to Medium Levels of N- LIMITED FEEDING OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS- Tests Show Little Improvement in Growth .. MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF IRRIGATED COTTON - Variety and Spacing Affect Picker Efficiency How GOOD ARE SORGHUM SILAGES?- Make High Yields of Low Quality Feed TEN YEARS OF SOIL TESTING IN ALABAMA - Show Impor- tant Regional Differences WHAT CROP YIELDS CAN WE MAKE? - Test Results Show Potential Considerably Above Local Yields 3 4 5 6 7 8 CHANGES IN THE SEASONAL PATTERN OF FARM PRICES - Opportunities for Adjustments Shown in Study 9 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND FEED USE IN ALABAMA- Mar- ket for Feed Expected to Expand 10 CROSSBREEDING OF BRITISH BREEDS COMPARED - Cross- breds Out Perform Purebreds 11 CLIPPING HEIGHT AFFECTS VETCH PRODUCTION- Forage Yield Reduced by Close Cutting 12 ALABAMA CATTLE Go EVERYWHERE - Move to Many States from Alabama Auction Markets 13 SOURCES AND QUALITY OF SOUTHERN PEA SEED - Numer- ous Varietal Differences Noted 14 CAMELLIAS FOR ALABAMA LANDSCAPE- Gives Report On Varieties that Withstood Severe Cold 15 FAYETTE EXPERIMENT FOREST- Research Program Out- lined for Important Alabama Crop 16 Of ,toC AM Members of the Alabama Soil Fertility Society and farmers are shown when they visited the Brewton Experiment Field. Included in their study of the work of the Field were the plots in the experiment to determine what yields would result in a period of years from use of all known good production practices ex- cept irrigation. The experiment at the Brewton Field is one at seven locations reported in the article on page 8. Eight-year averages at this Field were: cotton 1.7 bales, corn 103 bu., and soybeans 80 bu. E. V. SMITH COYT WILSON ... CHAS. F. SIMMONS KENNETH B. ROY E. L. McGRAW ... R. E. STEVENSON-- --------Director Associate Director Assistant Director --- ------Editor -- Associate Editor -Associate Editor Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT WILSON; H. T. ROGERS, Agronomy and Soils Department Head; J. H. BLACK- STONE, Professor of Agricultural Econom- ics; H. J. AMLING, Associate Professor of Horticulture, AND KENNETH B. RoY. eew aand T7mel PUBLICATIONS Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Bul. 344. Effects of Deep Turning and Non-Dirting Cultivation on Bunch and Run- ner Peanuts. Bul. 346. Effect of Seed Size on Vigor and Yield of Runner Peanuts. Bul. 347. Coastal Bermuda Pastures Com- pared with Other Forages for Dairy Cows. Bul. 348. Relationships of Marketing Meth- ods to Costs of Assembling, Grading, and Packaging Table Eggs. Bul. 349. Production and Marketing of Corn in Northern Alabama. Cir. 145. Production of Christmas Trees in Eastern Redcedar and Arizona Cypress Plan- tations. Leaf. 69. Performance of Peach Varieties in Alabama. Prog. Rept. 84. Rainfall Distribution in Alabama. Free copies may be obtained from your County Agent or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. Published by AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY Auburn, Alabama II~II~I LCT I I~CTIIII L~ I. 11M)DI ( 1 11 lawc tlllollllt" of "'ood (Illitlit\ lot- iW (I \\ I I cl I ist I I I( I I ill IT, I I I I it\ al e ildc( 11 late. A \ (IlIct loll (d I .7 1 ( )I Is of ll t\ I I( I tci e %\ as rccoi (Icd (I I it ing 4- car t ('st s ill I I w Black Bcl I Slibstiltioll \\ hell ilitiotrell I-ilte \\ as SO 11). of \ per itel.c. 1);Itil ill tlic tithh, ill-c front the -I- veill oil S11111- tcr clir\ soil at tll(. Black B(dt Slih.oiltioll. The expci-illiclit Ll it:*o1it \\its itil cstabli.slicd johilsollgrilss stand that hild pic\i- sk bccll litflizcd lot. 11;1\ illid t(lillporarv Irrilzillo'. The ficId lmd 1)(vil ildc(platck f('Iti]iZ('(l I-or sc\crill , years 1)(,fol.(, tll(, test. Thc cstablisllcd stillid \XiIs o\uIscc(Icd to itssill-C tlliilol-lll- itY of stalld lcylilcd for sloill] plot expclilliclits. 01ttim, \\;I's dolw \k1wil the lio-ust plillits %%clv ill t1w cill-k I )]()()IT I stiwc. At this Illittill itv, plallts ill the highest % ieldilw It ciltillclits colitailic(I ilholit I S, 'y ( I r I I I I t I c I* alld tll(. ploducill(" Icss sliccillelit plants 22", di\ iimt- t(-i-. I I I t I I t o I ( I I .\ m i I t I I , I I I It i I s I I i g I I its 28 , \\ licit lial - cstilw \\ its dollc (1111-iii(-r (11 oll'-dit lu'riods. Nitrogen Increases Yield TlW ](,Stilts "11(m all illcivilse ill iuld of jolmsoligi ilss its as ilicivitscd 111) to :320 11). I-Tcl itel c. Soil illoistille \kits satislactolv to exc(Alcilt dillill(r vuill. of thc stll(l\. ITT allotlicl. cx1wrilliclit ilmmid idd \\,its oil]\ 2.8 toiis ith :120 11). of ititr(weit iiddcd. ()ill\ t\xo cuttiw"s \\clu ob- tilillud d illill", th is (.X(.(,I)t jol ill]\' (11-\r ijitlJolitfIl joIiIJSoIi grass lislialk plodlicus loll]. clittillo's pcr \ cal . I Ill 11 )soI I"I.iISS is o'l o\\ I I ill J.ot jt lot I \\ it It A as Tolwh of the iliti.0"(111 IV( Ill ircillel it is Illet I )% tlic Ic" (:ill('\ pc ls, e\ ('I) if I-cloo\ ( d lor II;I fix ill I cxcess of N that cim bc titilizcd b\ thu grass. Accordii)(rk , \\ hell jolillsoT I ilss is gl-()\\rll ill rotatioll ith (:ah-v Iwas, 10 11). of N added Iftcr tll(, fil"t cllttillo r should prodlicc sati'dactol\ 1\ idds. Phosphate, Potash Important Strikilw ic"polisc of johllsolwlilss to lliti-m"ell loakcs it c L \ I to o\ (,I look 11w illlpmt Lll( I pllo pll ttc Alld potildt &A 116,, here, That at left got ample N,whraplttritgonne NITROGEN - PROFITABLE for JOH NSONGRASS C. E. SCARSBROOK, Department of Agronomy and Soil LA. SMITH andH. W. GRIMES, BlokBel Substaton tijiZ( Is. \r,,I,,(, o f tll( S( its Sll()\ N _ I I I\ to I I I ill _i_ sol I of 1 ('st I I t s \X I Ici I 160-11). ].ill c its I I scd I I I oI it I)l ios- philte illid potash illid \\ IwI) 2-10 11). cilch of phosphatc itild potash \\clc 11sed ill addition to N. WIlcil oil] ' \ N \\ as applic(l, tll(, fil'St .\t tjl( ( Jj(j o f .1 \(,ill-S t1w \\'its oIll (i()'/, of fil-St Y( ijr plodlictioll. The pool. ickls tll( 1( Sjllt ( of stalid depletioll. Stmid oil plot's iceci\illo, ]To phosphiltu illid potash \\as reduccd h\ ilbolit 50% ill 4 \ciirs. (:I Ildc ploteill colltelit of johilsoll(ri-ass I ol iwe \ al icd i(Ich \\ ith seasoll illid \\ ith oit) ogell W11cl I, no iiihmcii \\its iipplicd it wciit from it,, lo\\ its 7.5',", to as lii(fli its 10.6"Y. Tlwse I-ocicclitit(Ics \\clu illcivilsed Sli('Iitl\ h\ appking 80 1];. of N pci acic. Wheii Ilw 3201b. ]it t( i is I I scd t I I c ri t I we o f (-I I I (I c 1) ro t c i I I i is o). 4 ", t (1 15. W", . Coley Peas High in Protein The Glle\ peits \\clc Ili(-'Ii ill ploteill, \\itII a ritil-c of 1S.S% to 9.1 . Filctol" ()tll(,I- thall llitloo ycll liltc also ill- fcc-t the ploteill colitclit of plaills. For ('vilop1c, its plillits illiltilic, ploteill C-()Ilt(,Ilt teilds to d(vicil"c. From results of this alid ()tll(,I. stildics, it is lucolillocildc(I that 40 11). of idtiogen 1)(, jIjt(,I- ( \r( I-\, clittill(r of p1w I iolillsoll(riass stillids, exccl)t the fast. Totill illoollilt lised SIjo III(j ]lot 12, 1 11). 1 1 i 11 ( 'I rates will illo.-I-case vichl, tll(, arc ]lot I )j.ofitZjI)j( . ()I' 4 to 5 tons per acic liit\(, hccll illildc \\itli 120-11). ratcs of N on puic grass stmids oi- \\itli 40 11). of N Micic (:illc\ Iwas 0\CI*s(1(1dcd oil jollil'soll"'lilss. I)Io()I)(( Ill)\ oI. JoII\So\(.Ii\',s Al o\l \\I) I-, Co\llii,-,. - M I I I I ( I \ I , V N I ) VA S, I I I A ( : K lli:i, I St ils I \ I to-,, 1958-6 1 1958 19459 1960) 1i HI I iihiusingraiss ilutui \o) u1trocN to ii )1 b Ituhnsongrass +~ (:e peais 4No lit o'l N) '1 :3.8 4.:' 1. 1 1.5 1.:) -1.9 t. 7 5. Does it: pay t:o LIMIT-FEED GROWING-FlINISH ING HOGS? HOWARD TUCKER Department of Animal Science ' l I 'I(';IIIII Ii 91 ; fillk I if Response d\\cr xlglil li e ii tlic hilld i xxl ci' Yltccc lli(Il t iile lcr cle clcio iitllltd "I igltlica xciitc Icxtd Iticc x x c lcetit wctiilehtti iii gicxlii tx asi lix c(vl ofi icic it tot it cut ( a c o t iioitit ci huh itit I 'lict A. I M t Drs iktI1u- 1I 'ial liat tx k\ t. il t I t ti 1 h 'I g coltx trili No. 1I 1) 1, b. Lit). I)(11/s Lb. Ilt. S 16 2t05 1St Iicc 100 1.56 7.1 5 2. 2 2.4 15I 2015 1.56 101 3. 16 I A6 7 2.3 .5:31.01 1 .4 8 16 20.5 L:3:2 I i Iji cl t I(( i ( I ps \\(i i ( xx i t I cltII tl (I I ll cd adiliixtcl xx c(ktxlix b\c liii imi t Im cc ccii tlIc x cii, I t ci fe ccc ls tic iii t ctIl oii t i Rates of Feeding I xxi tIixlx xx(ii ccli .tiitctc.td t 1 41 illliji hit i IH I cxl 9 iY ll 'i % o ful ttixcl 11 it xcii Ill ut tiI fix cc x iihitt i t. llo p r ( ti c xxix liii ilol 'it it i1 li hi i c l. (Ci) \\asic 1 wi ill ticitxt i-cceux id 1ix t( thl cc 141 tiipx xx itt 16('7, 17.6'," ,ttc 19)2%, 1( xjpictix ilx . 1ii Ici xictiiild text ai 16", pro-l ht(i ril ticl xx :Is Itid tlcc it ut thie txt lt 4 120 13.201 .37 7 1.9 .55.1 1 9. 1 itc4 xx LIS itecreasxic. igs~ fid li-ce cliit iiitlii ci e Ic iimtkcIt cix a\ii algc of I S andc 27 clix iii lict Ithcn I the 91 andic 80',4 fed t ,Ii iups, rexpe etx . F'ticl ifhi cci tiejcx lii l itch fittle andi W) ( giciliux Fci ccriii i te I) ilfl- S11, f Iill- ledl Restricting feed for growing-finishing hogs showed little improvement in carcass com- position, reduced rate of gain, and improved feed efficiency only slightly. \%it i llla. ccixI li t 1 it" lix \\ a i h lii lit Results II ext iixitltx xlliixx tha t a ei c-ti o tI o f i ttligl ilttiil oftixlu ofll gccii. 'iltoix. f of fc.ccl xix cc(l IxV ltttiiticl I \\tt 4 xill titit ti)t i',ipelstc for thie lii er 1)11o Iv 1t ifloi l to Icic ll ctkit. 'Ilii xtilill dcli ittitcx ill tict 1 wqtiftioiit. iili x liii] liii ("ttits. The ii 1( potct ildt \aiiitx i tcll liiitd kdixl\ Ilc icll t I)\, I tillfed hiots. poti ltt it\xx ,t the xtic. ciits Illx lt,l firs xx t lx iiiie i ll t e (lizo , \t 1 ex ti t l I Iitx'cx i, tt iXxa iiiitxi tll , cit xIliii teigc il et s(t il clu . (iCalxca t tt m ijil jicic Ntt\ x .xxi I I.ccikt pir Il). Bic ktt jllg ctts ht iI Ait. Lii1. Lb. Lb 1. I0ccq Lb. ItI. I 1:3 :201 I (6i1 95 :3. 16 1.52 71.3) 5:3 .c9 21.5 8 12 2011 LIT- 11:3 :3.201 1.34 7 1.7 55.0 201.3 1 42 2013 1.32 122 .3.17 1.52 71.7 55.o1 21.1 ~JA Nii lx si i1 ti i i it ix cc i ti It ii t ti 1 i _io\io t-i It ) I t 4u IV I i tt tiowe x iiili tt cc i hi Ic\ '1 iit I 2 cc m i !iiivv si x v Ax ,iiitit It ra itI t i i :t tic iu ul I t \\as(t ett I cmxxi wrcd iii xiii 11(1 x\ atI, . iii(, ,clliixx we i tio ii tii( T. Iil ~ ~ 111 1. lixct l 01 L IN c iii xii Imm \i Ill] Vhi t" , l io llt t\\ ll , I " I I , I . 2 . I 11.1 S 1, , I , 1 1, ( I F I , I \ I I I E I ) I ' L F I ) I \ ( ; \\ 11 11 A 16 1 )EII ( PA I Plo( ) I P11 N I I A I R I\ 'I Icatillclit IT MECHANICAL HARVESTING of IRRIGATED COTTON Interaction of spacing and va- r iety caused these differences in harvesting efficiency from ex- treme treatments in 1961: Left -DPSL variety with 8,000 plants per acre made 975 lb. per acre total lint yield but onl 1 849 lb. harvested yield; right -Empire, 80,000 plants per acre, had harvested yield of 943 lb. out of total yield of 975 lb. T. t. CORLEY, Dopo-rt,- otAc/r.,i Enrgisee-,nj JK. BOSECK, Tennessee Valley Su~bstation Itm I li cii j tiit litic (f i i ,tx cdt ll hIlt! (s i t l II Ii of t )I t I)I C4.()II li c t f ll- llty tiiii lu il ifiiii I i \r i l ( I ii ff tii i i it I ItI I i md I i I , Iu )It ditt ft. ( I x a hoii IllninpirX itci IF aI) \ \tiS \Ftll) Trci tillillit cmhilfmfisol \\ (,I x c i fix c iit poiiiii 1 tii -- (00t 20,xt 0l 40,ti ttl ti if i u.n( \ it xI~ l I t i i i F ili~ tl c I ,(ittiilc li oti xxiii and flt ii I95 ttiiti6 tlloi t\\ii ir i( , tti lii til - tI-xt. fiIi 2ii it ap l Iitti K i l s A l p o s i l ct r )tt ii ti t. m ) i I rIc ixl tili 1mctiltx xx ic i iiiN\iiii taiiii Pi \i (ii l \ x ii xi iixi( x kmii \l x \( 'x 111\ Piiiiiix\t iF txiA x (iuit DiFiEBi Ni \'ilt] I If x~i ui ~l i xxiliiiixiil ixixtN~xxi\ iiV Stixxil .iit .i iN 60-61 (i .\x [,t x(ii \ i I]I xI Il i l l i )I plai ii .11it I IKiipirc 8,0001) 20,)000 10,00 80 10001 I)20))000 I) I'! S i00) .I1 ((i00 I1,000 S0,00011 I _10,0001 Atihtiriu 561 8,000) 20,)000 10,000 S0.000)1 121)0000 t t \i'. I Ii it'l l; I,t I Iiii Itl. (ditt ti 1./ lt. l~j ~~/ hi hi liII) J'uf. 1,00.5 1)5)) I 102 1 MT : III ) 1 0:3 '171) 1095 1j WI) 1( ) 1 1)5)) Bolk ~ I I() Iw 1 ). Iii. ' Bollii Ilt ii lxx. l Iit/ . 884 87 6 .896 1.01-) I, 12 97,t5 S1)10 9)2T Ill, ith-!It ilixv ill iliftiil i I llliiiit i ~ ()I pilfitii h latx tix ics tIit xl' ii. lxxi\i x it - Iit\ ll xxH i t I'(11 . ilfl- p cIii te l t e ti x i cit xtiiiliiiC x\I- txiiug tit ii ec ,f cixilutl llxt ttiil~ ticx iii ,ill x ffi it it riiiu f xtli l c kt iOf\a x iiix t til sitchiii I i t --f xx cit i cft iititofiiltx ii iix nxtili tilld iiith it iiki stn btic xf ff) ii ii l-asx.i lI J(5\\ i t ti xx.\, Ix Ilii ll t i ti i.t ii liii )f(ii 1 Ii i imot h i iLlcii, itt / lo \iii -x Nictc Spitc lii4 fel 1 ctxcu xtiill hic xftiIIt It ic x iIII xx ni1liti I ll lix tttll Spittiii Illu Iu il titexre x it I( (I tltkti -x ill (1hi \1 ctcd\ilxiul bellx pofi .cit ix xI (\\ itiii Wx i 1 ititics x DcI tilpiuu ilot Siiiiili had xi x i iii x ii iith xxi iii i 6 itifti - -4, A.. *' * 5 N' o. I I I (/(,.v 1, b. How Good Are Sorghum Silages? A. SMITH,' H. W. GRIMES,' E. HAWKINS, J. A. LITTLE,- and M. PATTERSON EE'i lii plodi(4t iiiV lix.s (d sli 1.5 Bu t 11111x i iix c iw tt to Il 4ll ilixt ;ll till Ii xil' Bch S t ubslix tixtx xxass li il l i ii 11 xi(l . Siilipeatt il t i )t ig t ittitti \ .i t itt j lixo l l s ha\ ii t I .( tI itix, Itil i II 1 (1) 1 ' I\ I i YI Itx lIII ]- Iieitf l I sait \\ ax, C-1it iil (I ixiltti it i I t tilt at ilt c i e ( I itx I I(,( L i) Sit til li t ilttii(4. x \ I'(1 Stag ,i uli .5 (;iie d ith ut 2 toiiso iit iet fxit-\ Ilaiii laug t t( i 4 It c liixx \\ hid \%i'I)11 38 Ii~ i IS I 11111 ; i i t i ti e ;It h ooii~l t 11.( I IT\\i xt.)ha xY c l i xti l ig (4a t xII r l( it 'Ito tld x llai xti ii i tt 1 ut r it) Iii lilt xtlildi t wil clit' fur itiit dowy(1 .5.2 ttiwii]lil \tge i ~(4e t ill Itll a x x s i iit -1x ca(i. iidil( 1111111 iti a t tit (-h o 0lilgtxt ii x illx ax--ctc ti i t ] 1.0'> mi i(4ttati t T ae Sit boot m i . itiit iii tall ltir l il xstibiciii twIl \ tllxx xI'\ 1 lo I -, rac i o I Itt iii. it it hi ih t at i.6 ight t(ttiti xx a lnt tto c Ti Il iiiati cit atl theaiol ilk 1)1oc atirtit i iii cnx x1. Iltti Sal it " , x ig i at",;( o ltl i tI po iti iil itx xIgt x kc t I ag .)I. Ih lii x tgtitix tli~ d 61 o Mtg.Iilkx Prioduct it i timpaxrt g gI Ix t I la xtlt i ils i it i tii (41(1 o\ ttt il 2 lii it tuit tin xcrt i i n tI v\ lil tilt I Ix x r i ll th (li t\ I t I ii. 1 t 11 1 of xoh i 1al t I Iia t l x 0ligc .Bot tok \egtilt I I l i i t. catcl \\ aIetie fested h litl't llilii\i ~tiit x xtt xil xta . titatil.\ mikiatiiiit I T Ix ti. \ t s It)' ait S9.s i L ii(.xt1iat thex I IIatI cc llittiit\ Jac tai x i aitx xx ax gi 1it). ti \all titSi Istiic Thi xii c hitivs\tith the il i tI x ,itii~t(I 1it I~ tlt I AT tin. I xxtie\ miii pii 2.2 utlt ~\it' IS (lii Io . I mmd 4.alt tlilc .A7% axt( douu~iipatdxx t x IT) ;I .tt' lxi. lixx, liii ) () x is. 3ttt 'ithicr gextilit(Ali iltel elliit111 iiitx (.t 1 th llt xtie: '1( K :I;tttc 57.3' sid t- IcitllIktm 1.5%titi Iex tin c ti Si 20 I 11.(yroid sIS (thu. ITT1 ugite ti.tllt iii ciitmi mp lked lltitt lii 1x t oi l thg t \\a lix i lit l 11il ti ix x lt d lg tl t Tolls of(4x x l. N l 3tttt 29.3 Ii.: periactei\iakt(,: \.5:hli. 1Bit luuuitc : .7 li cc ilitla Ic St.:3 ii mi 1T1litBlac Belt~ IS cIilxt atjii9. iil itl d ii ( ap- Ii sitiix lt ii tii i ii I ax. I Iom4 i8~i iuii" i xo 5.7%, its com aet x (417711 xxr ixi lin criei stlz.T ] tet lI xc S i Ii ITi. \ l I it] xx 1111cri xx ixl t i t 1dlix II hcitl couitlIStil w it in. t S c 9 i text \li, itt I it" o xl s foiiii \xKli(tx. ) )iitik iiid .3tcr ( cuix iIil ii liind i lxx I 1, tDi , t l (i 11. I f ii Si t xitte olt l t o the i litc xiii ' 14 BowIlx I ihi t i il 56.S (( it x xx tI xx Xitu tAlxx xr xxdded 60 )lx ; IStll ixic ofi \Kiit00x I I e1lixileti xxl ili ci iildil silm bitt niuhlcilxii t i ii ll igtxo_(. ixtlit u5%Ix s 11111(4111(411I Md ~ii( SOIL TESTING is a valuable aid in de- termining lime and fertilizer needs of soils. As a soil is cropped, limed, and fer- tilized, its fertility is changed in ways that are not obvious to the grower. Some plant nutrients may accumulate while others are depleted and the soil reaction may change. For most efficient use of lime and fertilizer, these changes need to be measured so that lime and fertilizer treatments may be adjusted to meet the changing soil conditions. A chemical soil test is the best way to detect such changes and, when properly calibrated with results from field experiments, it is the best basis for lime and fertilizer rec- ommendations. Soil test results from many samples also provide an estimate of the general fertility conditions of an area. This in- formation is of importance to suppliers and formulators of fertilizers as it in- dicates amounts of different fertilizer ratios needed in the various agricultural areas of the State. What Soil Testing Shows Since the soil testing laboratory of the Auburn University Agricultural Ex- periment Station began operation in 1953, annual summaries of results have been prepared according to soil series and then grouped for major soil regions in the State. Annual summaries are use- ful in revealing changes in fertility over a period of time. Combined summaries for the 145,000 samples analyzed dur- ing the 10-year period, Tables 1 and 2, show some important regional differ- ences. The distribution of soil pH values for the samples tested during this period is given in Table 1. Lime is recom- mended for alfalfa if the pH is below 6.5, for white clover, vetches, and sev- eral other plants if the pH is below 6.0, TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF PH VALUES BY MAJOR SOIL REGIONS pH Soil region Below 5.0- 5.6- Above 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 % % % % Coastal Plain ...... 2.1 42.4 33.9 21.6 Limestone Valleys_ 3.6 42.9 23.9 29.8 Sand Mountain ....2.0 53.4 29.8 14.8 Black Belt clay soils ....... 3.0 16.3 9.4 71.3 Piedmont .......... 1.6 31.9 33.4 33.1 Gardens, lawns, shrubs ....5.7 29.8 20.2 44.3 Summary of 145,257 samples analyzed from 1953 through 1962 by the Auburn Soil Testing Laboratory. Ten Years of SOIL TESTING in Alabama C. E. EVANS and R. D. ROUSE Department of Agronomy and Soils and for most other crops when the pH is below 5.7. The Sand Mountain area had the highest percentage of samples indicating a need for lime. The Black Belt clay soils that include the naturally calcareous soils had the lowest percent- age of samples needing lime. It is evi- dent from these data that about 50% of the soils needed lime. About 2 or G% were extremely acid, less than pH 5.0. On such soils yields of most crops would be severely limited. Most soils needing lime were in the range where fair to good yields could be made without addition of lime. Under such conditions a farmer may lose 10 to 20% yield without being aware of a problem. Phosphorus and Potassium Ratings A summary of phosphorus and potas- sium ratings is given in Table 2. Sandy soils, Coastal Plain and Sand Mountain, showed the greatest percentage of soils high in phosphorus. More than one-half of the Black Belt samples were low in phosphorus. Differences in phosphorus fertility result from type of agriculture, soils except those of the Black Belt. Po- tassium is subject to being leached from the soil and its level in the soil is not in- fluenced as greatly by past additions as is phosphorus. Soil texture, cropping system, crop removal, and soil acidity all greatly influence the soil level of potas- sium. Sandy soils have a low reserve of native potassium for release into the available form and it is easily lost from such soils by leaching; therefore, larger or more frequent additions are required to maintain a desirable level of potas- sium. Fertilizer Grades Change In general, a greater buildup of phos- phorus than potassium was found. This may have resulted from the longtime use of high phosphorus-low potassium fer- tilizer. The only appreciable change in average soil test values that occurred during the past 10 years was a decrease in the percentage of samples that were low in potassium and a like increase of samples medium in potassium. At least part of this shift can be credited to the TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM SOIL TEST RATINGS BY MAJOR SOIL REGIONS Soil regionLo Phosphorus _____Potassium _ Low Medium High Low Medium High % C/ % % % 0/ Coastal Plain_ 20.6 33.2 46.2 50.5 38.4 11.1 Limestone Valleys 30.1 38.1 31.8 28.9 52.5 18.6 Sand Mountain 21.5 36.0 42.5 44.4 46.2 9.4 Black Belt clay soils 60.8 24.0 15.2 36.1 47.8 16.1 Piedmont - 35.0 29.0 36.0 40.8 40.7 18.5 Gardens, lawns, shrubs 17.3 13.4 69.3 17.2 33.2 49.6 Summary of 145,257 sinamples analyzed from 1953 through 1962 by the Auburn Uni- versity Soil Testing Laboratory. past fertilizer practices, and soil differ- ences. Samples from sandy regions have been largely from row crops. Samples from the Black Belt area were mostly from pastures. Those from the Pied- mont and Limestone Valleys were more equally divided between pastures and row crops. In general, row crop areas have been more highly fertilized than pasture areas. Phosphorus is not lost by leaching, but is subject to losses through erosion. Data in Table 2 show a greater need for potassium than phosphorus for all change in fertilizer grades as a result of the emphasis given this low potassium situation. When the laboratory was started, the major grades were 4-10-7 and 6-8-4. These have been replaced by even phosphorus-potassium ratio grades such as 4-12-12 and 8-8-8. These data show that soil pH values and phosphorus and potassium levels are so varied that any general or average recommendation could not fit the situa- tion in over one-half of the fields. A soil test is needed as a guide to the most effi- cient use of lime and fertilizer. WHAT CROP YIELDS CAN WE MAKE? D. G. STURKIE and J. T. COPE, JR. D~epartment of Agronomy and Soils c.mt \(,ixilc ut Icictx litrimxtir b tAitit i iic tixcl.s coiit l iiu\( ici t iii jiit i iii ii d if i Ic I l cit ad .bc I iit. l IcitII Ii Ii it1t 1i i5 xx c i t i ilt Ii ix. it] ciExpe c cl ini S it xii.o i i l cli xi ii i c t I test'si i x i xi lxl loi xti it 1 x i t ctl i \ t ilt xii O lx. c o u ld xix t i fi t ot t i t ri d o t it u it s cit itt I) ti xt xiS im l io lx i o itctcc ittcp 2l-g tol\cc Isd ic tll(itiii it tixi iti ttuix hiic xc tilitcui At foii ttu locaxtionxsi Pri titil p ttx 6 ltcl dii Xxo rii ol Icxx i 1.6 tili l tili it l ultx 7c x ti l thit .51iii.tc \xitc xtilt 1 it p iiic tixtx. xx li 3li ii 1 ii lti tx \\ lt r Ig i i utit x11( ito it t xx ix 2 9 c t iii. l i i tit "il lti i lt" xi w I I ttc flit ii i xl \ ci iuil I xix ttu x ciii xxix 2. lii.liitti. x li id so ils xIt\ tht pocliti lp o lc I I i tIit I I it s ( .( ii Ix I t I t I i i t I ( it I i t I I tx I Ix Il ( IkI i tit ii x l I I t i hti )c tig I it I Ii All t t ISI! t i It d Ix I\ I loi it xx u ix ~ d tix Ho tcl tita oft i tiii xus tiSxoii il tititil 1 2 i it ii' lc , I;ti o tittit itx tiilx I Ixx II I i i i I)t I It Ii Ia i xxii i,1 t cItt c f1)1 t(I% t fit Iidii I i ii I Ii it 2 Iit( ISi utt Ii ( It i o 2 12 II\ c t xi tl i xtI ohta iii \\ it II l 1.3 I 111. it Ii "iii iio t I1 i t 4) iix t x t iIi"tii I t tsl .i F,\ t III I I 1l Ic \ I cil, ' it fI I I t Ii ti Ii I 1 it\ I li t t liii dci ti.. oi i iit ll i III I ii 1 1 ii, lw ,xx t c a o a Ii tIjrit iitt i itij i t ci t.ic li 4tc xf soixlis.tijti iii c ~i i utwo1 iil iiit ixlii c t os Ii c oli iii xiii -( iii cixix Aj i I I i tWl c x tx diis toi iit iiiicc l tici x i itxx\ cic tic i ii cIx tlicclwe t Iti xxi it () Iu II Ii tI]tic I . T w h~ t Ia \i( o xIft ih C iill I l(11 1() I W Cii( oi I S I ( I 'I AS xi i11 )1111 x I C i otI s [,(ti ( axittio Xkl i i it Fit li t[it(.\ til iii t Ml' w l ix l ii i ( itt iii 1 .9 2.2 2A6 (tip(11 :(iii Ii S()ix ii l hi aU it 13i4 13,1. Lbi. I 2,S 1 1tiji (i3 26 ii 1 1 23') 1 1.1 1 :36 I tt t N :1) I xIii i 2. A\xI ii xii[ )i ,iD i \ xI SI\ ' oix \ l Ii lo Ii It,it io Ii Saiil Xii I I ItI . 5 xi \X\ i I'('Ii tIS~ StIIt 5 I ,N i I 'xII tittii f I A IIIiif i I t xI ,X (l xiiiilit i ti ( i. tB I xx.\ tI)IFiti i ( 1c S x Pli iii i i( i inI S iottill Bah 1 2.0 2.5 I. T 1.6 16 ( i)(i)p :oi. t to\lals ilit)t 6:3 I ():3 310 S EASONAL PRICE CHANGES offer the Alabama farmer one of the best chances of making adjustments to his financial ad- vantage. Opportunities for such adjustments are pointed up in a study of changes in seasonal price patterns of important farm commodities by Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station. Farmers have witnessed changes in prices of farm prod- ucts from one season to the next. Likewise, processors and thosewho use farm products are also aware of changes be- tween seasons. Usually farm prices are low during peak harvest and rise to higher levels as supplies at the farm are reduced by sales. For the most part, price fluctuations result from changes in supply of and demand for commodities. Production of agricultural commodities takes place on thousands of farms throughout the country, and individual farm operators make independent decisions concerning pro- duction and marketing. Because of a combination of condi- tions, such as a short harvest season, perishable products, and necessity to pay debts incurred, farmers may be forced to place excessive quantities of products on the market at a given time. An additional contributing factor with some products is the consumer's desire for greater quantities dur- ing certain seasons than at others. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect changes in prices within the year, among and within production areas, and from year to year. Seasonal price patterns prevail for major farm commodi- ties produced in the State. The amount of seasonal price change varies widely among commodities, and the pattern of high and low prices does not remain the same year after year. In general, seasonal price changes appear to be de- creasing. Commodity Price Changes Eggs, broilers, and corn are examples of commodities that had more than a 20% change from the low average monthly price to the high average monthly price. Egg prices illustrate also the change in amount and in the pattern that sometimes takes place (see figure). The difference in the low and high average monthly prices in the 1953-62 period was less than half the difference that existed in 1948-54. There was only 10 per doz. difference in the low average monthly prices for the two periods, whereas approximately 110 per doz. was the difference in the high average monthly prices. Changes in seasonal patterns similar to those that have occurred with egg prices indicate that it was profit- able for producers to alter production patterns and also that egg producers were making adjustments to take advan- tage of seasonal prices. Broilers were among the three commodities for which the percentage change in seasonal prices had increased. How- ever, the cents-per-pound price in the 1953-62 period had dropped .and broilers were selling for only two-thirds the price they sold for during 1948-54. Differences in the sea- sonal low and seasonal high prices were the same in the two time periods. The proportional change was greater in the 1953-62 period because the price per pound was lower. The amount of change in corn prices was identical during the two periods. The seasonal difference in soybean prices was less during 1953-62. The seasonal price changes for each crop almost followed the same pattern during each of the time periods. A low-level support program was in effect for these commodities, but average market prices were at levels that permitted seasonal changes in prices that could be signi- ficant. The amount of seasonal variation in prices for both cat- tle and hogs was reduced. The only change in the pat- tern of high and low prices for these commodities was that the high in cattle prices occurred in April during the 1953- 62 period, whereas the high came in March during 1948-54. Changes in seasonal price patterns were evident but small in the case of both cotton and peanuts. Using Price Changes Individual farmers can exercise little control over major economic forces that contribute to commodity price fluctua- tions, but they can adjust enterprises to take advantage of seasonal price changes. Market information, when regularly obtained and adequately interpreted, can provide farmers the opportunity to alter plans and operations that will result in adjustment to market conditions. Market information ob- tained during crop harvesting season and at the time live- stock are ready to be sold is useful. However, information obtained when plans for production are being made and throughout the growing season can indicate important steps that should be taken to adjust to changing situations. Changes in the SEASONAL PATTERN of FARM PRICES BENNY R. McMANUS Department of Agricultural Economics Comparison of seasonal price patterns for selected crops and poul- try, Alabama (1948-54 and 1953-62 = 100). Livestock Production and Feed Use in Alabama MORRIS WHITE Dept. of Agricultural Economics INCREASED PRODUCTION of livestock and poultry was among the major develop- ments in Alabama's agriculture during the past decade. Results of studies by Auburn Univer- sity Agricultural Experiment Station show that significant changes occurred in the production of poultry, eggs and milk, Table 1. In respect to feed require- ments, increases in broiler production was by far the most important. Pounds of broilers grown in 1962 were 9.6 times greater than that produced in 1958. An- nual egg production increased 220% dur- ing this period. Total milk production declined at an average annual rate of approximately 3%. The volume produced in 1962 was estimated to be 71% of that produced in 1953. Milk sold to plants and dealers increased 175% between 1953 and 1962, and comprised 70% of the total produc- tion of milk in 1962. Milk sold to plants and dealers was 36% of the 1953 total. Except for 1956, pounds of beef pro- duced increased each year between 19583 and 1962. Production in 1962 was 19% greater than production in 1953, and 5.5% above the 10-year average. Fluctu- ations in hog production were evidently associated with the hog cycle. Produc- tion in 1962 was 4% below the 10-year average. Feed Production in Alabama A basic requirement for continued pro- duction of these commodities is an ade- quate supply of good quality feed. Pro- ducers of livestock and poultry in Ala- bama have to grow or purchase feed at a cost that is competitive with feed costs in other areas of the country. Per-acre yields of feed crops grown in Alabama have increased. However, in- creases in yields were offset to a great ex- tent by reductions in acreages. Total production of feed crops was not in- creased significantly in the past 10 years, Table 2. Production of corn fluctuated with favorable and unfavorable growing seasons. There was neither an upward nor downward trend during the 1953- 62 period. Quantities of small grains and grain sorghums continued to be a minor part of the total feed production. Pro- duction of wheat increased, while that of oats and grain sorghum de- creased. Soybean production increased steadily and was 70 to 80% greater at the end of the decade than at the begin- ning. Tons of hay produced fluctuated from 869,000 to 501,000 tons, averaging 647,- 000 in the 10-year period. Silage produc- tion was estimated to be 234,000 tons in 1962, which was approximately 21/2 times that of 1953. The proportion of grain used on farms where grown varied among kinds of grains, but remained almost constant throughout the 1953-62 period for a particular grain. The greatest change was in the proportion of oats that was sold. Grains and respective ranges in proportions used on the farm were corn 66-74%, wheat 15-20%, oats 60-74%, grain sorghum 79-82%, and soybeans 2-3%. Above 90% of the hay remained on the farm. Commercial Feed The feed deficit that existed in Ala- bama in 1953 increased as a result of greater production of broilers, eggs, and cattle. Feed made available by decreases in milk production and in numbers of horses and mules on farms did not come close to offsetting increases in the volume of feed needed to support expanded pro- duction of broilers, eggs, and cattle. Commercial manufacturers reported an average annual increase of 10% in total tons of feed sold in Alabama dur- ing the period 1953-62. Information was not available pertaining to tonnage of feed fed on farms where it was pre- pared, or fed to livestock and poultry belonging to individuals or firms owning the feed. Almost 64% of the tonnage reported sold in 1962 was poultry feed. Sales of dairy feed increased 29% between 1959 and 1960, and since then has comprised about 10% of the total feed reported sold. Sales of hog feed amounted to about 5% of the total. Continued improvement in the breeds of livestock and poultry, in nutrition, and in management practices will contribute to a reduction in the amount of feed re- quired to produce a pound of meat, a dozen eggs, and a gallon of milk. Although feed needs may not increase at the exact rate of expansion of livestock and poultry production, the market for feed is expected to continue to grow in Alabama. TABLE 1. PRODUCTION OF BROILERS, EGGS, MILK, CATTLE AND HOGs, ALABAMA, 1953-62 Year Broilers Eggs Milk Cattle Hogs Mil. lb. Mil. doz. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. 1953 73.9 62.3 1,808 393.2 236.6 1954 143.2 61.9 1,213 427.4 254.3 1955 179.1 65.7 1,204 431.1 287.4 1956 255.7 73.0 1,178 429.6 298.6 L957 ............ 332.4 80.6 1,135 433.2 267.1 1958 421.2 95.7 1,034 451.9 265.6 1959 522.2 106.1 998 471.1 310.9 1960 565.3 108.7 961 453.3 278.6 1961 673.3 114.0 956 460.2 279.4 1962 709.3 188.8 934 466.2 263.5 Average-------- 387.6 93.7 1,065 441.7 274.2 TABLE 2. PRODUCTION OF FEED CROPS, ALABAMA, 1953-62 Year Crops Corn Wheat Oats soram Soybeans Hay Silage sorghum Thou. bu.Thou. bu.Thou. bu.Thou. bu.Thou. bu.Thou. tonThou. ton 1953 ---------- 44,880 462 4,416 450 1,804 657 98 1954 ---- 27,573 528 5,458 294 1,140 622 135 1955 58,870 1,007 3,848 840 2,068 869 179 1956 ----------------- 47,736 1,840 4,896 608 2,255 656 162 1957 47,675 2,340 2,475 703 2,440 565 196 1958 55,614 2,300 28 744 2 794 725 358 1959 46,982 1,265 3,484 598 2,860 611 264 1960 44,330 1,200 2,975 480 3,192 568 296 1961 ---.-------------- 48,335 1,456 3,230 364 3,504 617 316 1962 -------------- 35,026 840 2,822 240 3,054 501 234 Average 44,596 1,261 3,573 527 2,367 647 224 10 CROSSBREEDING Compared among BRITISH BREEDS TRO0Y B PATTERSON, Department of Animal Science Crossbred steers graded slightly higher, one-third of a Federal grade, than purebreds in tests at the Auburn Station. In addi- tion they gained taster in the teedlot and had heavier car- casses. Crossbred steers had an advantage of 39 lb. in adjusted weaning weight (48 lb. unadjusted) over the purebreds. Shown here is a typical group of crossbred steers on test at the Station. lit\ it iii t11( g i IIi( (I I Istt ( oil p)ist lire' JO'. Ix Ut (I' I) I ,, (' I Iiti) grtit t Ai~ill hiti it ( I I i ti llt( rc l II I (,riII St'I t i )I II iii'till i-s croi i c lix iiilix ii i'itillc i I t i- iiill .he i is. I o t itil iii litt icr(l I jlo ssxii( tha grd of ijlx i l. It\lic t li 1) 1 cbred' riixi'( ii l)il i ll\ es t c lii c I t l pIO it s 'i itirstil t teirii I sl2.51) if o\01x (flux Itrittlo\\ ()I liftlIit o I i f r I wt, llstuil('ult if l tiii- Slloget~ist call x\ ixs xxciil'(,I. l I orc giwi ill tfi(' fi''diiit. hi lis thle t iiii f i tutu'c til 1 hstill c' iic 1(I til] 2 xx'ctkx toi I ntoltis di'pt'iiiiig (ii tilt liiic Stici' ucilx us xxut' fill] fcd i a30"' ri'(gilgi ratiii for iu a\ ci e igi )1 222- shtit ut' x Sl ixte lte \ult\ i it to tl ix. 'lilIt iii'ift' t'Ii ixxiiilde tci'i\ arl( drrix .liii ofii'tti'5 Tx tic a\iii'l titiw ii' ill 'c'litig xx ork. 1103T scici at thie ('lid i itheli tist I Ilcl i iii a11itui x i 1 x ii it 1.ii. 11 il l iltt'ti I ox i lii' l i'ili ihis I 11.ilt-i iti . ilit it(l it \s it's t6 11) l r t ill ii I c ed- ii cra ix ,ix xiii il s '~o 4 i ii -th txii 'I xiii i, 2. l'i HIAi- ilili CiSi 'lilssli It Suu i Is lix i- 'I xit Nx5lx~ . .7-61 lil-cedilk.1(11 t di iid ll St xx ,et.lw ftt iflo ii (it](i xx i it \ight WS \ llislii Noi. Lb . 1ll LI 1 ). lJb. ( I1) iff (, re t it -18:3)1 -1:-, :39A3 2.0)1 987.2 1 .9 1 90t2. I 0.07 85. 1 60)7.1 S16.8 (60.3- 12.9 -1 1 2. 1 - 122 0. 61 2 .16 Results Ni o. ti-s Lb liii th 11 l, di thei ptiti'tti'is. I-uitheti lii crossbrell eifcis gaiitie I 1 if). tutu i .58 1671.7 1 .771 llioii tihe ptiii'iiuu o\ itsit i9.5 iti ittiti' (C I 1 l.(i 1.77 -i uti. 'I itt' 1 c xx\a i ii diiffi i-i' ill fitil 1 2:3. 1 0tt0 itot pt-rfot iiaiii' ttf the it o 3 grtips. "~t ll ilc Ii' ili ('.111 -xx ifliti it liii' tea perii c t'o iIll jols 'it 2.rctl~ ( ;I ad I I ig s st t -I i i: I 1 -11 igi I ( ;ood: 12 -I ,,\% ( :1 ioicc: 1:3-11 i,,,] I CI I ()i ( ( .4 .4. ~ V ~ ~. % Scenes like this are becoming more common as vetch becomes more popular as a grazing crap on Alabama farms. Grazing manage- ment is highly important in getting the most return from vetch pasture, as revealed by results of Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station studies. Close clipping consistently resulted in reduced forage production and often caused stand damage. I) tirn Stitiotii, I l( istimt to t II( \ etchi \x cc\i Iitkiiity Xed prolOi t~iol )IiXI il II II w Stitt(. Forage Production Affected I leiglit Alt \\'its XIth X (.iti h~jd Zli iIfIloI tait effeCt o)11 11)1 l1 p1 iilIIctioi. \'eteii 12 to 15 itIi. tall that \\,its clipped1( to it 3-iii. XtliifiiI X it']iiiiil O)llX 65%( iXs ieuh forilge AXs XX11111l clilId to it (5 iii. height. I 4....- 4 4;' Clipping Height Affects Production of Vetch Forage C. S. HOVELAND and H. L. WEBSTER Dlepartment of Agronomy and Sodts I~l It 1111 111I iciiiIv Il it illm o111 f foiCt4I( priii (II. 131eeuilt A l ii i i lt ati X l 1 i ' I li 114 it \ grc-ti lIX A i (I E 4i iici I t liiil It c\) c ltt I \ciltlCI dipCIoi IX. 'XI XX ht itca Itl Xll li 1 tI IXX \(t(I I it I i Clii t phi '(TI ti t liili liii i \iip ll ] lTI-CI~I ~11141I(XIX XXo illIX A litiliN \ ~ ~~t a t t I, tf'il 11 XId of11 X ill c tcp i III X(tifitiaX. i l SiggIlXiX itc ict l~ tcils.t i pliIcilIfitX Illilulig t i l tX I XXithaX. \\ilt l ird ) XittltX XXC\ \\i12 l (I\es I is ilo b clobc~ d ta t is o \\-IX(X XXA t iie t1111 l tI Ijol( 1-iil X\\111q1I ehippl 1 r\i t SI it tithe 6 il. (1c41 liii fjryo\0t tnre11 u Cfi I XII il 11io l ol ild illti. I eigtili i)It lig the iitliit\iiit I XXASoI O~IiiiXlii tc tilthe 11 thel dulIX X Ia io einitic be.XX Illo iX ofI liii ANII", Jlcilt iot- XXX 1 odicio. X \I is (I p12 tial i(AX I oIII th iIX l tut Cl XXheii Xtigh d Cpii Prdt ionI \X\Is Ilicc stIilIX 11u1-thctX 11111 to i piX it(X lclitXiiciII IXpc 1(IiIX gtIIXX tiics XXIX 1 )XI~I jiicio oICf Icill fiitgelo "ittlloutis XX iX StillCl) tii IlitI .( tI~it1 iiiiii~ XX]IlI tI. iiif I'j. XX i Ipe 1( Io\ I t iX \ I ch. S Iciiti X It. Ilit Cli tii to IXI \ I)I II I1t(Il-lloI\ th IiXo\\J 11 4 u \\ A o S l I l III Xitiilil I I I Iipit i t I I i"lt at fit (u IIIIIlit la C c it (oit to 6-i II. st I Iibhl 2 t. 15 int. Cu lto 3in1h. stubble 12 tt 15 int. .3 if Xtat. ( liti)il t iIIX C t , l 12 to) I5 iii. 12 to 15 lit. 1-2 to 15 ill. 12 tt 15 li. 6 to 8 itl. 12 toi 1.5 ill. C ut heloXw loi\%est leaf a.4ii 11 to I5 ill. 12 to 15 lil. ciiist( S 3 diIX I'oIrat5 X lidd t 4 100 10 . 0 (i 48 : :38 40t A These charts show destination of feeder steers and heifers sold through Alabama auctions in 1962, according to weight classes. ALABAMA CATTLE get around. Cattle and calves sold through Alabama auction markets in 1962 went to at least 26 states, according to results of an Auburn University Agri- cultural Experiment Station study. The cattle industry in Alabama is geared principally to production of nonslaughter animals. Of the total number of cattle and calves sold at State auction markets in 1962, 68% were classified as nonslaughter. This estimate is based on data collected for 6 weekly periods during that year. Sea- sonal distribution of total sales of cattle and calves is given below for the sample periods: Sample period February 4-10 April 15-21 June 10-16 August 19-25 October 7-18 November 25-December 1 Percentage of cattle sold 9 10 16 22 28 20 As revealed by these data, about two-thirds of sales oc- curred in the last half of the year. More than two-fifths were in the last 3 months. Nonslaughter Cattle Leave State Movement of cattle out of State is greater for non- slaughter than for slaughter cattle. About two-fifths of the slaughter cattle moved across state lines, but almost three- fifths of nonslaughter cattle left the State. However, only 5% of the slaughter cattle went to states other than those border- ing Alabama, while 38% of the nonslaughter kinds went to other than adjoining states. The destination of nonslaughter cattle sold through auc- tions in Alabama is shown below: ALABAMA CATTLE GO EVE RYWHERE M. J. DANNER and RALPH MEADOWS Department of Agricultural Economics Percentage of total 44 20 18 18 5 Shipments to Western and Midwestern States amounted to 42% of the central Alabama cattle sales. And this area ac- counted for almost three-fourths of the nonslaughter cattle sold in the State. Steers and Heifers Predominate- Steers and heifers made up over five-sixths of total sales of nonslaughter cattle. The remainder was principally re- placement cows, which generally stayed in the area where sold. Among the feeder steers and heifers, 79% were lighter than 500 lb. and only 21% weighed more than 500. It is evident that Alabama's feeder cattle industry is based on miarketing lightweight calves principally off grass. Also evident is the fact that these feeder calves are not of the weight most desired for a farm or commercial feedlot finishing operation. Neither are such calves satisfactory for slaughter. These limitations highly influence the movement of feeder cattle and calves sold through Alabama auctions, as shown by the chart. Lightweight Cattle Leave Home Almost 4 out of 5 of the feeder steers and heifers heavier than 500 lb. remained in Alabama or adjoining states. About 13% were shipped to Midwestern States. On the other hand, only about half of the feeder calves weighing less than 500 lb. stayed within Alabama or adjoining states. Shipments of these calves to Texas, Oklahoma, and other Western States accounted for 27% of the total. Marketings of the lightweight calves are seasonally heaviest in the fall months, which is also the beginning of the grazing period for fall-seeded win- ter wheat and other small grains, particularly in western areas. This demand has undoubtedly influenced the develop- ment of Alabama's feeder cattle industry. With the State's cattle industry geared to production of lightweight feeder calves, there is no scarcity of such ani- mals, particularly in the last half of the year. However, these calves are not ready for the feedlot nor are they ready for slaughter. Research currently underway at the Agricultural Experiment Station is aimed at learning what production and marketing changes are needed to more efficiently handle these kinds of calves. 13 Destination Alabama Western States Adjoining states Midwestern States Other Southern States O I I A~ SOURCES and QUALITY of Southern pea seed in Alabama, 1962-63 SAM T. JONES, Department of Horticulture C. C. CARLTON, Chilton Area Horticulture Substation S OUTHERN PEAS for market are grown on approximately 14,000 acres in Ala- bama each year. In addition, they are planted in almost every home garden in the State. The term southern pea refers to black- eyed peas, crowder peas, purple hull peas, lady peas, and other types of cow- peas grown for human consumption. It is meant to exclude those types of cow- peas grown for soil-building and forage. Obtaining high quality seed of proper variety is a difficult problem with pro- duction of southern peas. Being unfa- miliar with the numerous varieties and their characteristics is one of the princi- pal reasons. Misunderstandings between seedmen and growers as to the variety bought or sold and its proper varietal characteristics have caused numerous complaints. Most varieties and varietal names now in use in Alabama are not products of organized plant breeding programs of recognized experiment sta- tion or commercial concerns, but are se- lections -and names made popular by 'This study was in cooperation with G. M. Moore, chief seed analyst, and C. A. Harris, former analyst, State Seed Labora- tory, Montgomery. general use. Therefore, no proper va- rietal description exists and such a de- scription may be impossible because of unstable nature of varieties in the trade carrying a particular variety name. To clarify the problem and aid in ob- taining stability to varietal characteristics, a study was begun in 1962 at the Chil- ton Area Horticulture Substation of Au- burn University Agricultural Experiment Station to investigate the source and quality of southern pea seed available to Alabama growers. 1 All southern pea seed samples col- lected by the seed inspectors for the State Seed Laboratory, in routine in- spection of all seed offered for sale in Alabama were analyzed by the Labora- tory and forwarded to the Auburn Sta- tion for planting to determine varietal trueness and purity. Copies of the offi- cial report accompanied the samples. From an analysis of field data, any differences between seed samples from different sources bearing the same va- rietal name could be noted. Also any samples bearing different names but proving to be the same when character- istics were compared could be deter- mined. Varietal mixtures not detectable from seed characteristics alone could also be determined. A total of 229 seed samples was ob- tained during the 2 years covered by this study. Thirty-five distinct varieties were represented, see table. However, a total of 82 different varietal names was used. Some varieties had five or more names being used in the trade to designate the same variety. For example, Bunch Pink- eye Purple Hull had 10 different names. Knuckle Purple Hull Crowder had 9 dif- ferent names. In some cases the name variations were only minor, but minor variations in names apparently become progressively worse until one name grades into another and the varietal dis- tinction is then lost. There were 36 samples distinctly off- type or erroneously labeled as to vari- ety. This number did not include nu- merous minor variations that had no consequence to either the seedman or the grower. There were 22 samples mixed extensively but not labeled as such. Some of these were detected by lab- oratory seed analysis. However, many could not be detected by seed examina- tion alone. Most mixed samples involved pod color as in Silver Skin Brown Crowder. Samples used were grown in 11 different states and shipped from 36 different companies. Results of this study show that grower complaints as to inability to obtain southern pea seed of reliable purity and trueness to variety may often be justi- fied. However, seedmen are generally unable to improve the situation because of lack of standard varietal descriptions and agreement as to proper varietal char- acteristics of most varieties being offered for sale. VARIETY NAMES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND QUALITY OF SOUTHERN PEA SEED OFFERED FOR SALE, ALABAMA, 1962 AND 1963 No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Variety samples synonyms samples samples Variety samples synonyms samples samples obtained used off-type mixed obtained used off-type mixed 1. Knuckle Purple Hull 19. Early W.R. Ramshorn Crowder- - - 20 9 2 0 Blackeye 4 2 0 0 2. Purple Hull Brown 20. Calif. Blackeye No. 3 .......... 2 1 0 0 Crowder 18 1 3 0 21. Texas Cream No. 8 --------------- 1 1 0 0 3. Silver Skin Brown Crowder- 9 4 2 5 22. Texas Cream No. 12....... 1 1 0 0 4. Brown Sugar Crowder ---------- 12 2 1 5 23. Texas Cream No. 40....... 8 2 0 0 5. Brown Crowder 10 4 2 0 24. Conch--- -------- 3. 2 1 0 6. Purple Hull White Crowder 11 5 5 1 25. Lady - - - 4 3 0 0 7. Vining Purple Hull --------------- 4 3 3 1 26. Running Acre 3 1 1 0 8. Texas Purple Hull No. 49__ _. 9 3 1 2 27. Purple Tip Crowder------- 1 1 0 0 9. Bunch Pinkeye Purple Hull- 18 10 4 5 28. Combine Crowder 2 1 0 0 10. Long Pod Purple Hull Red- 7 3 0 0 29. Combine Crowder 11. Speckled Purple Hull ........... 2 1 0 1 No. 1575 2 1 0 0 12. Dixie Lee 7 2 1 0 30. Whippoorwill 4 2 0 1 13. Blue Goose ---------------------------- 13 1 1 0 31. Turkey Crowder ................... 2 1 0 0 14. Calico Crowder 9 3 3 0 32. Early Six-Weeks 15. Black Crowder 8 1 2 0 Browneye- - - 2 1 1 0 16. Blackeye Crowder ................ 5 1 1 0 33. Jackson 21 1 1 0 0 17. Alabama Giant Blackeye ...... 1 1 0 0 34. Brabham ............................... 2 1 0 0 18. Calif. Blackeye No. 5_............. 20 5 2 1 35. Iron-Clay Mixture ................. 2 1 0 0 T otal --------------------------------------------- 229 82 3 6 22 14 CAMELLIAS for Alabama Landscape HENRY ORR D, -t H, H ,/- List 6 tc- 1cce 19iim tn tiii fr('(',v oii 1962-6:3, the' lisi' lii ofi l i iOclx' txo i l' .'.wI ('ix x . 'Iiil slii b h i iix i I .4x t ' t 44 I 4 Ii ('4 411(1 \ I, 44,44''. .4(Tih h44 li4). a \4\(it 1 i(( iti tin' Soit l o fu itx flo\ixx a cii i 'l(ct. ()Iill\ xt'4 1 )' l4,4)4) for t x .4)44444'. \ .44 it li i (4444c I ii of ( its44 ll-ili \iii 4 Ix('.' i . I ox c Ix i t h his(,4 ' all lil ion o .444(- 44111144 54 i)4 t1' ia tItoix I tii I pxe I 2S() ('144\i x ot .. \ ch xiix('(i w hu uii41(' iThe sa i 1) 1)1 44it1) ('444 xhe'i ('( I i t 141) 1144l' vill4'4' tlixt xitii'l."o \Ilxi'tii'x 441d A wl11 ('44)444)444 ('1444 i(11 414 Lost( 'i.10-20j 1 t'li c)c. 54444 Los ) 41,41er (lal\ i(')( ii of(i 4441')th i tIoool cii' luli a44 ix. il'ilq144( c4444 i il (144) li lr cII ~ i(x' '' ) a kxx i sc 4( o-)14t ))44(14' ,c iti' ' I m lii lx 1 i la I)4'4t('( t e to4 444 p',illtx i o44))))) xolit ii iii~ ia . ( I(I I lnhlxt xr no4 i ,i'tix 44 t'4444i)4 c t', i llitix off p4(144) ig 14(1:il ll c lll lil tl ia.. ~ At left is a hedge of sasanqua camellia, at right are two forms of common camellia, ~'~' J~ and above is a border of miscellaneous com- mon camellias. *,~~i.'11 lix xxnii~t Iilil I')) lwc i .) pl c it.1k lx IIIIII Hi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( cfxSI4)1 (1c I i -'t.n i\ t I\(' I iI \\on l t. a~ in m findItlixl pinkliic ('nlip tn 1. in iiinh til toii Ih iplitc iusn t clicrl coputc to bCii 1)44kl i'i) (eeop m )jx ' pub it i lci \1 gI d i i ' I'n 14' Bhi (1 I piiC m atrltd ix'nliniix i'ioxxii i'xiiji'( i loi mttinx ii il ii' ix i ilii'' l ti \iinxt Ilt., 196.3.pl~ ipiii Ill i cil t. sas1)14.xi(lii~ c'.4444'liaix ill fuill Ilox '1' . t1he tilic of (it il )4t',4 o(') 4)s))hx4 griill 4)(14 i till C' '4 414(14)44 Citl4 (I' x..\t 14)441Ili x('4 xit\ ' pi i4u'illx If) iil~g(' xx\its )4441)' ) 1) 14 Il \ili i \it iiiittic'x X 4 i 4 tij liaiuiii F'lnriI)4 il Tc'x.O Stair Slii(i-I'tik)4 1 i44 Sc't 'i 14. k k. 4 if).pitt4 . C')IIxIf IsolT oft he~i' xtt'lx. 444 t)) 141' lxiii c ose \i xj4t iii t c441 4l- I xx(' of th i hol e 1)444)) i ilii c t i .) it) 4' 'rlic' stps .4)or)14 toi 1 4(4441 i ts pc ilisi~ (Cninr of flin4 r Ios p 1 ink \\ 1)114' li 3 44x piiilk Bell \Ilxt uulit'i cix,' iii('1iill tlit' 444hip 1)44)44 theii AI iI 41)4)4 ( Cill iil (C1441) I lit\ I' xii ha ictold dailr \\it c xx u44k1 n .\lii'tjili l. t' l)ikiii 01cpa lix \ lilix be lloxxr i dlt'tucii' ( 1 ilct 1411(4'r ton i('lii1. Yc'x -')i i ll h xx uu r'i ltiihx 4)44 h 41 s x(4x)i N .4) itthe4.( Dlikirs Ii lit\. tc tlc l'xi'licollx 4444 lt xli i(ti'x had' Foill oif v/nit Narrowph li4'.iii. )'p 44f4 i t la 1 f 4 ) 4p 1 it.t ii 'idoi (444pac.t I ii4 hI l)('.iitxt xx liciv c \ ii'iiiiix 14ii4))4ili'i' 4) til' lii c'. ll t'ci .444(u'nii~c s iixilldi c 144 s )i444 itsc 1144' ('14) .4x l).t' L'')s xxt act kI lI, i)\tx. I ('ell .41'4itxtisill xx sil hi'~ ou xx.41 ixic cai 444)4( ('Iii4)ll ti-ili)le to' (44 o\ 44 (ix i) I xx.llxs ( ('Iil 'c ('( c'.4) 144 .444 ilIi i il c )14)1) to'. '1 l( 1) a144 1444( siipc' FAYETTE EXPERIMENT FOREST E. L. McGRAW, Department of Publications A NINP01ANII H:1oP tiil)ce 1 ta copiii ctN t\Xthids oXl11f' Stt's a loi stlitiii lroit if(in.a thel ulmi i'g) utvX iX the( FiX ott t'Expt'imen(it ForeXt XXhere thei ei X ll~ ('11 jil li \-itX s begunii fio 1945. 'F it', foresl)t priojec'(t Xas IX OXtil iisl (id fit I1944 XXitli ii furiii(I sl of 91(0 acres tX fi landi. Addtiiiia l urchasesX ill ]946 i:o c'reased( thei arca tol the' presenit total of 1,40)1 aicr'X. The atii trltiX et' -o l - 2.5 acresl). TheI reI~iiiim i 1:36.5 ac101 t( 111it) . ii ll it re o'iif ~ tii r prodcXtii on The igil t]XXili was(((IX.d t PastY and P~lllereet oditions 1o\ti At talit' an o pstion of sii'ilc. tn s lI.i( ei'lillic]N ;35 of, mcab i cil r,i taf ilt' I(X iitlzn fllt'ttt'I stands o~t'l(f CiX o id tloX dieve'l'ot' X it fi l IiXX( X t i il.Ic' (j()E4tc of flit o er biil't'.i. l\\ fli filX slldonI if , ph lic' IioitIXX ids pine old inisckIli X ticu .ii (o ds Ai oa likoEX ilit )iiic . X litc oak, ,iiit lloX popl. Th li. \c' two typs Eiilr i(4t'91(11 to (t1e uppi end of iititii XX\ tlc'ro (E sitiN lliot-' ((Io ii l fyellas e XX iw iton ((0I tXX ii(i30l.I' Research Progra tli'i l. p( i 4(1( itiioi \\ r u t l ic XX lotsl tov o ItXXhish i til t i l]c iiv tlit' fuoalX areas~ Xft ilc XX Lit ter liti to it' Xli fiav XFl- tot 11ci l rl 1((('eX Jil l l) (olojt't tX iifi il IX pooic Nroli-lt ti YetpiXc tie \\ ililtd FREEll Bullod eti or Repot oe Proes to (lo~~E Vt S\t teicmh Dirtetoretivl illol\,(I taubutorn, A lb isama l PermllIt No 1132l~l 11il 62 lli tOM Most of the overstory in the area at left has been marked for a better stand. The area at right has been row-thinned to proper stand. (llt] tfill hli lii ti OXX i t% of high' 0( ( t lfi it.% fores't p ilofults poi~le %diilc k(,i)i - ill,,, tilt cuiltui c(osts XX itfiii thi nc toiiie Xtl~il hee ill ii (a fli1l.]ot l Th litilI oic Xtic Iiir tol fictcrilofXiX p ittiol i fl (ttii. 1 30 th(,io Iii 19a4 .1 tlitIX of tif eIt't of Xjtt'i cuiil-ii X 15fo gn n l hil-\ii t. \\Ii its fiic] fiat] i i0-11le Xtilit if blm X(I s((I fX(it XXC trX con(Il t rol b\1 t t fi X herbicidesl oiii llt'i~X i t(.t'l tutf~iithilr .ii4 h (l l~iIt't 95:1, it ] d of theXX XXfct 'i site pIiiXX ('I go all fflo 'lti t XX of) O loX tpoplir XXit ('I'lgliX il llXld filght The fiel hg't it )ixe st\Iitll)(] ot. scicea c (11 X joil(fr('lsN XtisctIXe t'trill'(f illc9a tt'ii i ar t' il XXl J11X 11 so'g~ i l.5 oo tlIw' weref L simiod ito 2ilil' tiir oiiiif extremf XXrought Ii plci\('(I Ill] lliI thicepio \\ts o eerie h bstIX.hd o plillitiXLTY ve F\ pot In old AVOIDs He~ils PAYMiit ENT tha plliiIXO of)300 )