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Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
H 
A 
S
VOLUME 9, NUMBER 3
FALL, 1962
:1
N,
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 9, No. 3 FALL, 1962
SILAGES - Cost to Produce, Harvest, and Store in North-
ern Alabama 3__
PERFORMANCE TESTED BULLS - Calves from High Gain-
ing Bulls Gain Faster and Bring More Money 4
ROOT-ROT AND SPITTLEBUGS - May Be Cause of Damage
in Coastal Bermudagrass - 5
IRRIGATION BY MEASURING LIGHT - Device Automatically
Turns. Water On and Off 6
BEAUTIFUL, FUNCTIONAL HEDGES - Many Plants Suitable
for Hedge Plantings 
7
POULTRY DUST - Makeup and Causes of Excess Poultry
House Dust _ ________-- 8
GULF - IMPROVED RYEGRASS VARIETY- Rust-Resistant
Variety Promising for Alabama 9
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF TIMBER STANDS- Hardwood
Control Important in Stands Converted to Pines 10
VETCH MAKES HIGH CORN YIELDS - Vetch Turned An-
nually Will Supply Nitrogen Needs of Corn 11
FARM REAL ESTATE VALUES - Continue Trend Toward
Higher and Higher Prices .. - 12
BUYING PRACTICES - Pork Processors Turning to More
Direct Buying from Farmers ---- 13
ULTRASOUND - SPACE-AGE NEMATODE KILLER - New
Control Method Described 14
RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY FOR ALABAMA - The Rabbiteye
Blueberry is a Multiple-Use Plant for the Farm ...... 15
COMMERCIAL STRAWBERRIES IN ALABAMA? - Strawberries
are a Potential Money Crop in Areas of Alabama ..... 16
Oft de aCd' Here sweet sorghum at the Tennessee Valley Sub-
station, Belke Mina, is being mechanically harvested preparatory to
storing in silo. The results 
of a 7-year study at that 
Substation of
the comparative costs of producing, harvesting, and storing sorghum
and corn silages are reported on page 3. Comparisons are made on
the bases of both cost per acre and cost per ton of silage.
~~:!
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH Director
COYT WILSON....... Associate Director
CHAS. F. SIMMONS--- Assistant Director
KENNETH B. RoY Editor
E. L. McGRAw------- Associate Editor
R. E. STEVENSON------ Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; J. H. BLACKSTONE, Agricultural
Economist; H. J. AMLING, Associate Hor-
ticulturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart-
ment Head; AND KENNETH B. Roy.
lNew and me4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 325. Rod Closets for Southern Farm
Homes.
Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenance
of White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama.
Bul. 329. Oats for Forage and Grain.
Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.
Cir. 133. Cost of Clearing Land.
Leaf. 62. Warrior Vetch-A New Variety
for Alabama.
Leaf. 64. Ball Clover.
Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-
nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White
Clover.
Prog. Rept. 72. Artificial Light for Grow-
ing and Laying Birds.
Prog. Rept. 75. Grinding and Molassifying
Hay for Dairy Cows.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
SILAGES- Production and
Storagje Costs in
Northern Alabama
W. B. ANTHONY, R k. HARRIS, J K. BOSECK, and
J. H. BLACKSTONE*
ISL(~ Is (;iIt(\\,i N more it) \idhalia tocda\ tili te tif~oire.
i gh qiilit\ lot agec is iccoittticicdcl as' titi baisis of dt suess-
liftil eiiig proio fiior beeif andr clitrv eattit. (Qoialit.\ of
livesxtock ()it mainy fa ris riresoit S a tjiility foiwag.
If\ ittx iici dloes it cost peit dee ori per toil toi p idiice,
I i~tt i's) 11( stoltil aign Ti is it aquestioin tacitig faitir
w5ho xxsl nto tinclel silage ill their fieditig pitigi attn. It is
at diffictuilt tfiiestiooto ainiiswe r b'cauose of wide xai attoois ill
xihtgt' intkitig pra:ctices. txpc ~5of* ecftiiia't uised, I pe of'
stol agre facilities lised. ad 1( ifieretit stlagc -. lops gtroxx 1t.
()thei factor s re(latdtt to tilt p)ofitiilcittss tof silio-t' til a
gixen fatitt inttludei the kindc of lixestoek to he led andt( les el
of' prtodlietioti: as vilthailitx atil cost of other feeds; axvail-
:thilit\ of wxotrk lot-(cc' atnd iiiiitefotterN iitetded tuo itki' silat.o
ittici ott! tloi of acqi ill ttg these' items; dud kindc auth size of
silii usic
Research Conducted
lieseatilt oit silige ciops hv~ the Aubiurint Agricuttrtal FLx-
perloittilt St ,ttii tCi rtitc lt the Tenese 'ti CSCC\ tI Suti
statioi. l3etle \lia. inecledi xorghilio ittd Cotrn. AS too'
phiaxe of ti tis siliw riesea rch, special eimiph asis %\,its plae'd
oii seciti lug lboth plix sical antdt cost datd iu tilt' piroductioni
Mtidc fthix t'stilii of tltist' Crops. \X Ieit clit toi xihage. the ciiii
friti \\x-iis cleitteci, itit(I thle Sot-Ylll gititto ill afilte ioilk ttoCil
thiutlt stagre. 'These eCrtps aie ioxxn it fii ophtt C'S silt
lotiri sotil, that is tilidrlail hx at ehei t bedt. Oats xcieseedecd
af ter xiii gitolil n ii~sed foi- grazing tiid silatge dutr1itte 3 of'
te7 Yetars iii stoighiot silage' reseatect. lit ll] Y ears, oilts
t'specctix tb\
AxVEtRAxii (()ri iLit \t IlE AND) Pti-i ToN\ Vlt CoRN Amii Sowutiit \i
Stixi:t iBs SPEIICt OPERTxIOtNS
IttIti
I'rldficttiii coists
I illit', silt
Packintg
Stiiragt
TOIAL COSTS
CZiiuii silige coists Sorgltuui silatge cost
Per tete
Doii.
36.06
1.13.48
1:3.17
4.91I
1.92
1lit00
80t.57
-Per toil
3.) 0:3
1.1.3
1.11
.42
.16
.9:3
6.78
Pet alri
Doi.
34.0)4
12.32
12_.2,0
.4.210
1. 13
9.43'
7:3.38
Pc'r toil
2.40)
.86*
.:30 *
.0)8,
.660
5.17
Ax. no.i uci i s stit-
cdied itlt 'ciir 14.A 12.5
Ax\. x ii li tils
igrueil xx i~dlt 11.89 14. 19
0Duiii ut 4 yieirs oit ot titi. 7, sorghiitim xxits stirucd itt i tictel
'jlt. xx ittic liixx ii it thet its 'rain ciost fiti iitloioi , filliti, 
paci it
xx c seeded .tltet hix t'xt of cot-1 ii ar wtid~ t\it s usxedi iitlx
for gfi ltotu. See jtriilitctiiiti anid coist dtta ill tabile.
Results
As tiiit axeritgi toverta 6-x , cal pei oc, cornt sila.e ciists xxetie
S6.78 pei tiiti for all costs, cash Zitit riot cdli.h illiiw all
iipc'iatititis riiiii produiictioit thrugtich stor age. (itists Ix xNeairs
for corini silito' htave x ari'cl fionitit ato\\- oif $5.84 per til tot
aiilt itto $81:1.03. Y ilcds ofI c'oiri stlage Itixtc x aie itti il
at loxx tif 5.70) tius pet ii to at ltiii itt 16.15 toins. Yields
exeecieci 12 tiils itt 4 stars ot ofi 6.
Ax itt) as etag e ia er fit i-a eiodl. soi giiii siliagce costs
xx cit $5.17 pei toillfoi ill] costs, casit andc uoiloi'shtorii iii!
opceiationis froiti ptiicctioiit thtigli stoiwgi. (itusts per till
Ilidt(xvariedclo itii ltixx of S$4.36 foita higrh ofi S7.32. )~iticis
pit ac're itaxe t' iieci itiiit alosx of 9.07 tiis toit a Iigit of
19.S1 tils. Thie ax erilgi cost per tiuit iii iiightiol silte
of $5.17 ist pcilitaps liix hbya a a cii age tif .50C pcr toii doe
toi its ltas ilTi iteeit stiored ilut atrentch sito 4 x tars out of 7
xx,]teill ciomipared' tio eCl silage. C"orit silalgi xx as stortd ii t an
ii1)i iglit Siloi ill atll y ears.
I etatilecl chit av xe itot beeni cit'selopedi i the co st iof
feeichiti silivge. 'Ihlis ciist xx ciilcl \ilx ft ool fatrinl to farmil
ibtsed oit txe p of iii liailiig cqifpfmitnt iised, kind aticdi at-
rti't"iue(it (if feecding eqipmilieit andc iitiut t ioi silagi fed
per feeing. th'lese costs xx tulcilo' c'\expectcec to it lry ft too
a i xx\ iii 50)' per tollto i .t 1Il o f ii S2.00 It)ilpuilig utpiit
titi. i'fheieitc iii theit(d i ~~i itigiiiiis
Summary and Conclusions
"Ikit st~I.~ s all c'xpciisixe oiit tititi. 1I iiix 5cr. it c'ail
lbe onic iof the checaper fin is of prit ilitig lixvistoick xxithit
Ai e'ffic'ieitt gii toi sti~lo wfoux ttld bic coist lioi coiirl siltgac
liut tot excetei 86 pli tilt oi siirgliiii $5 pet toilttii all
Coists e asl atit lionitsft ticlitig pirocdictiiii ttitoligh xtiii
excee'd 12-1 1 tiis of inait lahor andc 8-I1) hoiuis tof tractotr
t iime per tet c'.
lit ieiitg tcsts b\ tit(-i' utltt A \gticittiital Expiilieot
Statitti wxithi ctttlc' citi i silage Ihax lutei supior tio sortrltui
silag.e iilt tit('p udietitit ofi both itcf'an mii iilk. 'Flit' xiii gitit
siltgl's fed ittxc iticitidid tite xxxwitt Solitiitis atntc tiit' highl
grant -icliitg llix ttts. (ii silatge. p)iipl'iki siilitittleiteci
xxwith 'ili ait ati priitcitl i. n ct it t o\\,i cost iittiic iot xxii tir-
inig stocker steit'rs ir fe iitg ciai rx coiwxxs xxhet coi sts arie kept
xxitiit the il.iigc fountd ill this stittis.
ile stage ofi iitatuitit\ tif planits xx Iell c'Iit fiti silatec its
xx iii its the iiethod~ tif storage, ioateia tillttiitec's silalge
tptalitx. Livsxticktoeit iiitkig sil~ti' ior thec firist titli ire
tiiigil tio Scek tciiictlills ci- beftiti the crop is hlr xc'sttci.
Thlis is l'spci'etlh triue tt soi liti silag~e.
PERFORMANCE TESTED BULLS
Sire 1-igh Quality Calves
TROY B. PATTERSON, Department of Animal Science
W. W. COTNEY, Superintendent,
Upper Coastal Plain Substation
A LABAMA NEEDS heavier beef calves
at weaning with sufficient quality to de-
mand top market prices.
Gross as well as net returns per calf
are dependent upon a combination of
price per cwt. and final market weight.
In breeding research at the Auburn Uni-
versity Agricultural Experiment Station
attention has been directed towards bulls
that will produce calves that meet these
requirements.
A need for further information on the
merits of bulls with different perfor-
mance records prompted a study at the
Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Win-
field.
Procedure
Brood cows used in this study were
developed on the Winfield Station from
a group of grade Hereford and cull Jer-
seys obtained in 1946. Purebred Here-
ford and Angus bulls have been used
since that time with replacement fe-
males being retained from succeeding
calf crops. Some culling plus replace-
ment females produced a herd of approx-
imately /4 or better grade cows.
Bulls used in this study were furnished
by the Main Station at Auburn and were
selected each year at the end of the
annual performance test. Only bulls that
indicated inherent ability to gain rapidly
throughout the entire test period were
saved as high gainers. These bulls were
heavier at weaning, gained faster on test,
and had a higher weight per day of age
than average. Two Angus and two Here-
ford bulls were retained with these quali-
fications. The same number of bulls of
each breed were retained as low gainers.
These bulls represented the lowest of
their breed with respect to gaining ability
each year.
The cow herd was divided into four
groups of about 20 cows each according
to breed, age, and previous record. Ex-
cept during breeding season the cows
were handled as a single unit in order to
eliminate any unnecessary environmental
effects. The calves were caught at birth
and the sire, dam, birth weight, sex, and
4
birth date recorded. The calves were
weaned at approximately 10 months of
age and each calf was weighed, graded,
and evaluated. All calves were placed
on a permanent type pasture of Dallis-
grass and white clover for an average of
100 days. Because of poor gains the first
year each calf received corn supplement
TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE OF ANGUS AND
HEREFORD SIRES (2-YEAR AVERAGE)
Daily wt.
Breed gain 
Daily per Breed-
and birth 
gain day er r-
no. to 
on of grade*
bulls wean- 
testage
ing age
High A
Low A
High H
Low H
Av. High
Av. Low
Difference
-2
-2
-2
-2
-4
-4
Lb. Lb.
1.98 2.88
1.85 1.78
1.99 2.74
1.80 1.78
1.99 2.56
1.82 1.78
0.17 0.78
Lb.
2.10
1.76
2.22
1.76
2.16
1.76
0.40
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
12.0
12.5
-0.5
* 11-High Good, 12-Low Choice, 13-Med-
ium Choice
at the rate of 1% of their body weight
during the second year. Little benefit
was realized from this practice. At the
end of the grazing season, the calves
were weighed, graded, and re-evaluated.
Replacement heifers were retained from
the two high gaining groups and the
remaining calves were full fed for an
average of 143 days on a high roughage
ration. At the end of the feeding period,
the calves were weighed, graded, eval-
uated, and sold to packers in the area
on the basis of carcass weight and grade.
The performance of the eight sires
used during the two years are given in
Table 1. The difference of 0.40 lb. per
day of age probably is a more accurate
evaluation of the true difference in gain-
ing ability between the two groups of
bulls. Since differences of as much as
1.5 lb. per day of age have been noted
among tested bulls, the differences be-
tween groups shown here are well within
the expected range. Effort was made to
keep the two groups equal with respect
to grade. This was not possible and a
difference of 1/6 of a grade existed in
favor of the low gaining bulls.
Summary
The results of the progeny test of
calves produced by these two groups of
bulls are presented in Table 2. Calves
by high gaining sires out performed
calves by low gaining sires in all respects
except grade. The calves by the high
sires graded 1/9 of a grade lower and
brought slightly less per cwt. than the
other group. For the 2-year average the
difference in weight gain in favor of the
high sire group amounted to 31 lb. at
weaning, 35 lb. at the end of the grazing
period, and 52 lb. at slaughter. As a re-
sult of the heavier weight, the calves by
the high sires grossed $10.02 more per
calf.
Projected to a bull unit of 30 cows
with a 90% calf crop, each high gaining
bull would return the producer $270
more per year than a low gaining bull.
Or for the normal useful life expectancy
of 6 years an increase of $1,420. Since
the cost of maintenance and production
of the two groups are approximately the
same, this increase would be profit with
the exception of the difference in initial
cost of each bull. A significant fact is
that over half of this increase is realized
by weaning time.
TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE OF CALVES BY SIRE GROUPS (2-YEAR AVERAGE)
Daily Daily Daily
gain aily Daily Final Slaugh- Gross
Group Calves birth gain 
gain slaugh- ter returns
toweaning pasture 
feedlot 
ter grade 
calf
weaning
High Angus**
Low Angus
High Hereford**
Low Hereford
Av. High
Av. Low
Difference-
No.
30
28
29
30
59
58
Lb.
1.53
1.48
1.59
1.45
1.56
1.46
0.10
Lb.
0.69
0.62
0.57
0.56
0.683
0.59
0.04
Lb.
1.93
1.81
1.88
1.74
1.91
1.77
0.14
Lb.
857.9
805.5
829.4
780.7
844.7
792.6
52.1
10.5
10.5
9.6
10.83
10.1
10.4
-0.3
Dollars
$212.17
199.48
199.85
193.66
$206.48
196.46
10.02
* 9-Low Good, 10-Medium Good, 11-High Good
** Only 22 calves by the high Angus and 18 by the high Hereford were fed out during
the two years.
uitzm 'J.l iitui ithc(' il \ih\ oiia. sml
s itt~ I ez IIi a, I 0 I is I w lI ols . \c I to)( -Im k
Iio hg illo~y oist Co staNl' \i tsfirset
hasepot, jed h'till th \no iii ofh 1958 ao
eitii 01 L'iilotc l Stied to i't hint
(theesi' ll-r thso (lics a \k i ll as,,
enire (lieids'X asc Jievotisiionkoositio
iloorn ('tttstililt iscti the\ ila
suf~cre it pittlefrbut
xx itsi a x iiitt'. tiiiit's o ril\ thc AIII' sit.i tt
seelt 1111 5 ,ii (tilli slit tiioto gili it.
that iiti it 'sI ls iii tll iiiec i l- 5 t'iitill
itttha t i pvlal oc u its.1-, ols ''i
Root-Rot and Spittlebugs
in Coastal Bermudagrass
R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Asst. Plant Patholo~losi
is ittlt tiseti. 'lie iestiltiiigf dliise nlat of
iegast ti e i oi~ l, lae i t 1' c ond pi i ti onsI('t
toricti i i llit 1ei ii le ilt cilX I til' tIatf
it'~ r ant the t estt Xs, i ii it.2i1.idis
ei s t'iiil \illil. f11-lit. oil tt piltsl
htie ill snicXi g lciii to . iliit. a1iitd
a (11(' Hil I itst I" otl i 
1
itil ti'. i t
iiii'Te it tiitll 1 t i s %it s i ltl. ill itll'
weu st a or liJttiv ill .\itl \lillt' silt"~ In
littioli points. 111tcrilill cXaloilliltioll dis-
Closed it 1)1-()\\ it to I)Iztc.k- rot till ow"llont
the stelli tissues. Wheo the clo"'lls
illoculated, thc rot rapidl -N. ill\iLdcd alld
dcstrovcd t1w clitire crown iold root SN's-
tell), fillalk filto the stelli's.
Thc importiloce, s c\ crit alld distri-
blitioll of this discilse ill Coastal Bcr-
Illoda fichis of Alabama ill-c (.1111-clitl \
loidei io\csti(,iition. 
Factors iolhicocin",
ill(. deNclopiliclit alld spreild of ill(' dis-
casc ilool ill(. respollsible 11111'ros itl.(, I)(~
iil(r studicd to (Ictcriniiie t1w most likck
Methods for cootrol. The possibIc leli
tiollsllip of SI)ittl('l)ll(,S to cstahhsJIIIlcI 
t
itild SpIcild of tlic diseils(l is I(1(Vi\ ill"
speciid i1tWol ioll.
SNOW
FIG. 1. Adult and immature stages of spit-
flebug that attack Coastal Bermuda.
/ 7
FIGURE 2. Left, Coastal Bermudlagrass infected with raat-rat fun-
gus. Center. healthy plant of the same age. Right, lower portion
of Coastal plant split lengthwise to show root-rot development
after fungus had been injected into plant crown. Note spread of
root-rot (gray to black) color into stems and roots from the in-
fected crown.
A 
1 
rlt icti thatttoeasires lit and
oilI a111( oft is nlot a1 dreaml but a rcalitV.
It is aI precise bult simple illstrullelt
til (t indlicates soil 1111) t iir ( deplet ionl
and1 irrigatiotn n1eeds, takes the guesXX ork
outt (of irrigationl and( call1 redhuce 1l1bo1
01111 otherl c'osts fby fl1'111i ni g s1o1la1 ene1 rgy
(light)
liI gI'eelobolses oIf Aubhurin Agrii itlral
Experimnot Station, 11101v cut fl(-i-v,
been gi-t'OlIC e rilm 11 ta0lly l Iig silar
121nergy in112151111)112 its to co0 . itrI I tile1 ti1101
of water apptl~ication111. tIII cOfl~foprislll XXitl
such othe2r 0)12(111 as "by feel" or exper-
ience atnd( telns iometers, irrigao c11(o1ntrol
l)V so1 lar12 l1rg\ resultedl ill highI crof)
Yilds(1, ifiualitX. .1 ('051 cas 
returns.
Equipment
s5' vStem, till' needied c(fplifilll t is an0 ill-
strum11121 t thaot measulIries slr en 11 ergy and1(
1ma(inItainl 1It accumula1 1ted( titltf. The1 ill
strinnout operaItes satisfactolrily 11ff hat-
teries a5s XX ill as5 light curIllent. tt co~sts
ahout $30) tio bmild, hut its serv ice life
has1 1nlit 1)een1 determined12(. Thle inlstrume1nt1
uIses 0 pho~itolectr ic tIll ii ti i lleasurci
011tl total ill lIghit eolein g' \odifica-
tillX Made(1 the ilIstrlluI1lit 0t conItro~llinlg
dev ice tio opferate2 roagultic XX ater vaIlves
ma~ticIllX irrigate' croips. 'f'll- counilter XX OX
mifi~iied to aIctivate the irrigationl sy stem
tiloll ill irrigatill perl('l.
Application
illistulre loss thrlugh the plilt ( trolis-
fliratiotl) . There11 is at direct pos
5
it iv2 ef
tilol beCtw en the amiot 
of solar cncrg\
fallng ool a crop and( tile dlepletion lot
sioil noistulre.
The alfloillt (fo f vial so)1 1il molisturIle
depends 011 the soil lfLtor anC 001oliomo
Sil~ m 11i xtures tis1'( foll greetnh11ouse crops
01)112 moithstuItre. Typfical examI ples ar:n '3
Cla , 1(11111. I:; pealt 111055. 1:3 S,111(1 2 -1 4
fpillts pe(r cublic fioot (If rilixtutre: 1,2 pea2(t,
1,2 pic'l itlC0 inittr -- 
211 ne \ 51 plints pe(r
cublic fiiot.
tf thle soil is aIlJXXed( tio 11122o)me tiio
(It b efore lloist tr(' is app lied1, plant
gr),xXthI is poo 1111 v1( /ills and1 (
1
lialitv
gliiXX ti 111 a 'i fil oly af ftetd by' XX 
atcr
stress. 1' I' iii'.for, pIrecise con11trill (of planl
grllXX'thl is poslsible fbX X ((lying ilrrigation~
frie11(i ('. Use oi f sila l 0 (II(rgy no eosure-
11)21 ts perm~lit more alcicurate coilntroil ilf
ll1Itsturt1 stress tha l llil melthod)(s its AIv
feel." For i sttilcI', Iliilht (If Easter lilX
plan1 ts XX (1 limited tilore by5 tilis 10(11115
tliiXX (rs aIl1( fli)XX ('I si/z'.
Conclusions
J('(tiltIl(' deilc' intio the Ir tri gatio s(1XXste120,
IRRIGATION 4 weoeaq c
'1,'V
~t
6W,5
Chrysanthemum plants in bench ore irrigated and fertilized by automatic light control unit.
At left foreground is magnetic water valve; at upper right is phototube for light control
unit. Perforated plastic tube distributes the water along bench.
it ha~s 1)1(1 pos sile to l comle(te'l alltol-
As XX ith all inIstrumtsI1t, perIilodic chec21k
of, the (controll er has b)1212 Ile('e125.1rv ti
ensure1 goodl op('ratilo Less (liffitllltics
~x112(cooollt'r(l Xx ithl thijS lighlt cool
telisioicitc'is. LiIlli(Ierablle sav inigs if)
laofr cost resulted XX ien com pa redi XXiti
hiand or scroi-alIto)lylatic loutliods of' ap-
p)lyig XXatet.
For ifach si l mIIixtulre, there is at isoi-
011101 arnoittlt of moisture that call 1)e
stored alIld avaoilihe for phlaIt gro'xthl
Irr~igat ionI restolres mo1 istuI re (1s it is (1e-
pleted.f For prop If ( r11igatiol l) Isag' the'
is storeId (tile 1itlIlilit av ailablef1 1(11 plialt
gro)XXth ) , h11IXX fast soil rflli st IIe is b1ei1ng
dlepictedf, and1( IIliX (11-Y call thle sol ill
allo)\ 12( to become101 XX itillit I ilcilng
X t(l(s or (Ilialit y
1Income01 ma\O be1 illcreaseli beas of1.111 I
hligher quaIlity and( greater vitlds, ollif
lab~or costs can b e reduled. Ooe experi-
men tal c2ropfo) 1 4 X it Itt oot bench11
go ssell $528 XX hell irri gat ion \XXas based1(
oil e'xperiencee. WithI irrigationl hased oil1
so)1ar cilergv. it 1)12111 of' tile saiIe I s 1ie
made(11 1 (gllo1s return I of $536. InI the 1 la tter
case, cons15id erably less lbor \X 11 requfired 2(
to1 irrigate the crop.
Coolplet ( au11 tomation) of1 cr1op irri go
tiool an d f ertil i/at1io by light It 10105(1 c-
rocot is practicable. Ad\X ailtaogcs a1re: ( I )
precise control of ploolt gr-olX'th by regoi-
latiiig alioloit oft O tIll'r supplie11d, (2)
XX oter 0 apf)licaIt ions t imed' to actua toiil)1
linlistuil 1 depiletion). (3) doll11age to plaits
ao ided2, (4) soil 011(1 roots Iulldistti 1)2(1
(lid (.5) suitale1 to groin p)XiI~flanlts iII
Ilelilcs. bell(1 ori pots alnl othler ('olit(IiII
T0K FURUTA, FRED PERRY
and W. C. MARTIN
Department of Horticulture
A5 ass 1 sl X'iiiit'1 istt 
1
)irjtlls. o
\clatN.Am llit'suai'c cal bct l
1
teiil Iia'tit'
ti
1
ldt~t i fleht'i1t prs es.lti 4051
Nitot flo i ll t i Vl.\\'Il it I i'rs call he~t
ti s i t o et r il it itl \Niii thei
to .11 ld i t
1 
t lsl tt' or ilit' a iti so Ithit
itillit'l lslitil ill tJ plls' chtp. )IltG o
as ti it (:li ll ll'i \it'iihtta Bit t lt 
M it hot' Btl i ss itit s it ll Ia tI alI it I I t'a
(Itt altilt's. sit. as (s,s fitt'ii.I l is t-
Beautiful, Functional Hedges
from a Variety of Plants
HENRY P. ORR, Hor-ttculturit
Plnts \\ gi1t itoar (1s i br1)555c 111)55 ('Ilnrc
lcit~~~cs arie cti itsakgolldhd 1
stti t't' i ill tt't'tutli14li ai' li l' is ill' I
stil s I lll N are lt 115 s'I itt forthilts 11111 it'-
can~ bied eaily maitind Iwth(sto-
lossy Abl lela (oegoun pcvla l\\ il
Sibakru a nd wisece \ith udls \~e
leiabapee Ho lly right w lc-
te). Pht 2:iThree deilre l-ile
hedges o'rel Olifier af Comellialtlt.''l
that rit), ato desrabe thCa dctpr
me hll~r toanua Phloto 3:ll toBur el o\(
fordes Chines Holl (righ t i- on 1i
b- ie eail shapceito on excel
Poo1Exelent larg hedges arw
uprigh haaege, naow (ihn-r
hede are sOcdera 121 Cmi
Steps in Establishment
A (food \\iIN to prepare soil for plitilt-
in'T ll(,(I(Y(.s is to clllti\iItc thol-oll"111v it
strip 4 to 5 ft. \%i(l(, and iiworpoiatc nIto
it it llcil\ % applicatioll of N\dhottcd
IlKilitil"(1 M otlicl oro-'allit.. illitterial. The
soil Illixtilre should bC it(Ijusted to thc
optillillill Jill (acidit.0 lot- tit(' Species
(.1losell. Alto.], plillitim, healtliv, volilla
plants, the ' v shoilld bc Clit back- to \vithill
5 to 6 ill. of the soil. lic(b2cs itre (,cii-
crallN, plailted ill it sill(de I-()%\- 
or it stil(r-
to\\ of trccs ol slirlibs.
Spilcilla of plitilts \ilrics with species.
For it lo\%, compact hed(Ic, plants call bc
placed 6 to 12 iii. apill-t. sliell species
its ("leopiltra silsill)(Ilia (:itillellia and Bill-
ford Chillese lloll\. are spaced 18 to -24
in. Small tl-(,(, specics cilli bc \Xider
,qmced.
1AIM
POULTRY DUST-
What is it?
What causes it?
J. L. KOON and WATER GRUB, Dept. of 
Agricultual Engineeritng
JR. HOWES, Dept. of Poutrty Science
111111 t it.
It il bcili i ('i It aiiit l iii \iii lie lld th t itI IId ll tlittt 
arc
Two Dust Types
dustit'. i-iX XX IXl i ( i flat aIX X kv t X III. t ' il.\ I do IXt
\ iti it T] .iii \i
1 
a i~iti i~ as X Xki tI l ij "'I I t it I Il I t I I I t i
Ths \cemperturec Afts mounl ethrable.
The fla. t, fltat p i cls iog d ilsz rilI ltc lt
XXISitc it titIlic i te Xil ( I tite itii'ti
5
XX sitI' Xlel kX Witti
FIGURE 1 (top): Crude protein was the major 
component of
dust from Leghorn hens in Auburn tests, as shown 
by the graph.
FIGURE 2 (bottom): Temperature has 
a decided effect on quan-
tity of dust produced by chickens. The 
graph shows differences
in amount produced by Leghorn hens at 
different temperatures.
8
Two types of dust porticles produced in poultry 
houses, identified
in the study, are shown in these photographs mode 
through micro-
scope. (Scale: 1 in. 50 microns.)
l. II)I -ll(li HI C Cl~th iit ICal \\ ilitcr Il1) ths ad (111d
iICttt'l rulst I C'istilli Cc.
Tihats thet stors ofi (4iii Ix (' 41(255 it (('XX % il c It()\\X i\ ill
B\ d ijt iltlislt ite pli Xtel SillS C' 0111'IX i I, idN lil)l(food
rcilsoiu Its ec\ic'lit t7oiraoc liilhit\ aniiiil C'i)lcitX toi tiii tush
A s'i ous bihandiap of 'ollilliolO. ill Itihiaiii IX ( 41a1 is its
Xslulcptlibilit to (2n(X Iost. Ndl10211 reli'(1c(' , 1(1(5 .11 itiqillit\
of tiiil ('. JUnt il (((~x 1 (l ~imrovd IS( 4v XXSgl iti';11
New Variety Better
l)X rt'soits ofi 2 \(1(r (It tc'sil 4 at fh lu' \i's lrl It\
1
)iriolic'lt
F ;ield. I
1
,imt Bi t'C'tlu~ Llift it Tai1 sc,t'' and the Gu.ilt Cout
Cine it IX .1n o'( Lai ('l'iit1it I284 (' 'T'C'\d5 \aic 4'(1 it dle.I
IX ( 11is. Lea',I iis lit. ('11(5 to the 1(2 4o(1(1 ill It ii Apt iil \hI
'411 t c l ll( 4ltllinlil116 ill upIrighlt gr\4lti. Seed IililllXs
aboullt 2 XX i'tks I'llliii tili ('(IinionI IXl'ci(XXas.
AhllIl0i( ];h tlits piriloducc frontm to~ iii (Is 0'i 1tt, h
\\-]tll Il1st coiliihitilolS(is (2er laiX l ii1C, Stich~ i(X at tilt GuIlt
Cadst Subistaitlin ill 1961-62. sce chitit.
XX Ill, Ii. idit XX l'tlit'r ill \Idl CII. Apil i d \la ,( vI. Lt' eS
ssere shairp]i Ir(i~ce( it flit' (illf (:oaslt Subs)taItioni b.\ t
Illetd of jlltltli\ iii CIliXX it ritost. , i)st'1it t'~hat 4 Il' 1111a
litth o (i 1(. Cr155 I ]list, XX1(1 ica collillill XXI', el 5( I i isteA'.
Early Seeding Important
Its (riasls i's ((itel st u~lt' to() Ldac fl si.tisitcl\ \\ XX 1(.]
l'.l/ie 4Cl of t ia ii toill'I u Xro~ t before4 Xtold \is tilriii 4 \ill4ilt
".\laill. ca uitll b ob il i ll 4. bv te~il 4 ils(tos t(Ii
5ll Ils tcst 11112.it~lX aido' dur'tigl StemberX( .15 il tli
Silit4C. lituICiI (It its ru1st ictsistdIc'e. (;iilf Jplilits hidIS Cstltl
for1 hiS\ hr silil 4t wsill bhil c lii 4bt' (111t11 it till co'i~lliolI.
II'still 4 oIf is u 4riss, is bl'-1 cilltilIlitl. SIX cil ]ito(XX\\ 'i 1
Growth of common (Italian)i and Gulf ryegrasses an March 21 at
Auburn orc, shown. Plots were clipped 1 month earlier.
GULF-
IMPROVED
RYEGRASS
VARIETY
C. S. HOVELAND, Associate Agronomist
18 GULF4,235 LB.
FEB. _COM~MONj 1,300 LB.
000 2000 3000 4000 5000
OVEN-DRY FORAGE, LB. PER ACRE
Yield data show that Gulf ryegross produced more than common
during winter and spring at Gulf Coast Substation in 1961 -62.
9
3 SURVIVAL 
and
GROWTH of
;planted pines after
stand treatment
The ab ove - -recated area shaws typical
problIem of numerous low-grade hardwoods.
1
k itAAIA xx xt ii xND SWii 1 t -1 titf
(Iicilx titk ii xxo c \itlih ix gl\-(iidt hiot
1
xx iadx that itt lot (.italc (tt prtdieili5
\aiiiolis tItltilxs of coeilettilog hatrit
xx 111( standsl tio piuti stmidx etnopix ki t
xr ges~ itod \ll it re en.cir
i\c psti ti xx ax titt of-1.39 at ttei
Fax let cap lliei it expct ilt lt iid
4j(l, (txiitt o liiiittit ot 
xilivx ix al ait
tol\\il.. x \h h It io ll i tlitxs xx (it'ax 
ut
xixt xxi il lx i
A s t rill titil titu tit 19 tt'iii th
xxi vt dix Iiti f xxx oltit tof ct Ai-
Sttio t t st 'liiil xiff l titix i 
s ofxxi
(olvei llior xi.co oi M \\i xxoxxi
Axi frill
Chili frill
Foltiagei sprii\
(I iick
N .
66:3 82.2
6T:.3 8sit
59(0 7 .1
58 -172.0
4:18 54.A
599 7.
Olii.il1 xtt it S117 pit aori
ofi ill lixc iIi .
10
I t ill lit's
1I 1 -1
-4, 14
1,9171
SHERMAN WHIPPLE,
Assoiaie Foresier
a tit at xx itti itixit excpt .
4io. airtt xx itpth a bt rcietu Stef tilI
itI -to- itliti xx ie o ti dl tI aTooitt
4.aitl (itdllt xx at ixitit ici iitix- tx cit s
ict iti~t. St m \ r: il. lbh \ce
il( titirdt ig tchiiing a u :3 itt/t,12I. wid
I ratit ) llbrkiildttatttx 611 r.xxie p
5.1 l hiii i r irdii a rit iibii - Sit ame li
xxit iat Iix i x ltt x i ti li t itt 
o
(:. (lk.
xit t\ tiril ot it id, \\,i Iiittild I9
al1-' c o lxtilb939 alldw iti hatei ilitl~c
to (1 1i it Z(5 R I I It xp titt 4TIll.ItI IeIic
xx oold coax i t ii I t\ ili tl lforll.ii h
Sor ix al att t :ood xl jaiosniti\ 1959i
Februtor t19a59eitl arct \\9% ltd
to peli t 6 Xe t. A ttcis Triitx iiits
2to ughx itt t er appiiit6ied afir t hiltd
o54ti/ac for rax it x itoit p89' for ticat.
mxentt 1,eigtabe oA pu tlithe oit25',
tie ti t i xx i lix tha i i irec (llite
ttteiittiictx atir :3 xiir. Aftert 2 \,(il s
ax et age tiiight itt pitc tutlloX itig tiliagi.
titattitet-it xxis Icix ttili tot- all] 
tiatt
xiti oftth Ili itt oi all lixve treix ( taxI
treattitetlits.
1 . Afti :3 x iti x greatest suix ji andtt'
grotxx tof itt4,iti(1 pixe xxere teeiii tie
2.At thc x(i-x litax x ttsaai Of o i
clide appliedl toliaige xprai~igl hat (lxx tia
to) plitted piltix atat rtil-e (tt(1( rottx
rates iot xtttx ix itig pitiex [i. 2 v i'it x.
cittzel ill thit a iti age liiltxs of plic tin
tlhe first .5 tiaiticltx.
4. Saitieatori sntirxi a it
1
groxx tt
Average height of planted pines by treatment at 
the end of 1,
is shown in figure above.
2, and 3 growing seasons
1.4 3,6 6.7
I.BULLDOZER
1.7 4.2 6.7
2.AXE FRILL
1.5 3.8 6.3
3. INJECTOR
1.6 3.6 6.6
4.GIRDLE ONLY
1.5 3.7 6.4
5.CHAIN FRILL
1.2 3.0 5.4
6.FOLIAGE SPRAYE
7.C E K1.2 
2.1 -3.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AVERAGE HEIGHT (FEET)
tlit' firt 4 \ 'ill but grixc it - itititi' 11)
Six ital xel ta f ter it ist, it nled ill addi-
I ii u hlt1it ct wasi e mptin b\c t x-t
ttiott'tl t ilnte ittii af \oilk xatal
arllc ',li [)(tx,) ovth xp 1)ih.i f i
totit tted ta ttxt Aub 47n5.5. itofl is2nd%
Phaitsol xxer'o aniiged x that thr nutiet
0it~ tiinpiixo '0(ol i i lcrtitli' III 1201lic to
t I \11 Pl t itte i ll at 8o 11). Of P.c x(
(frtol mlpcrphitetitut 'a W) 11). of20 xeaix1
811uit of p'oit tcash 1947t-t55. at 120 ('h)
tit ii0c ctx661 tilici 10 11i ). 1 1i. oflltc
cxcx pltsu \\d x ii catw ttd t iltl
llxiit pii itx expet imt 6.5'ix i
Plot I ahi I. A gitd o tt ttt logiirni
ax liit cmarisonsfu i clbciat x iutt' that
tI x (Nat itrtrxx tiit' l nouetaxci ags.
80 li1. oc cit tig thix xiii' p-citti. xii (3)
8'0cat). o coliiici '( al i t iitit'(i xxu hCeti
81) -lied iii h N il x'x ii ithoi it aditionatl
' iti 1. 'Fll:) l i o Colo- ('tti]" I .: I
oui NvIc .- ,I)i iixiiix
No. Veitch N C'rip
I No xtthi
2 \iloli ta
'3 Vetchi (it.
2 \xcars
4 \Vi t
t
h ('i.
(5 No ctt'h
N cars ii
8 N ctii c.
*3 \icars
01 Corn t
0I Vetch
Ciort
01 'ctch
Cii i
I Vct'I
Coi(
80 (Clin
80) Vetch
Corn
811 N ith
('uui'i
810 N tti
(Cornt
ki. A-4~ i
At left is field of corn without nitrogen or
winter legumes. At right is corn with winter
legumes annually.
i pt lot a at i xe ii( it icicaxi' ill x icid
from 8011)i. itf N xx\its 4:3 hit.. frtom xec
aihtii( 54 buo., atnd fto ct h phi tx 1) i.
ofi N 55 hit.
The \r(1 ofi ('((Itt tiuttit 
tue( Ji(xtihttti
\th 1cl o ift'e l uii t t he ix ix c l l it liit
2.'Li' cIec(t of tlic \x tti 
igiicxxi
xx it'i 11ai i th i st aitttai a head1 t iii-
it 52-55 i t i t 33 ccx~ir lii pim blle a gttri-
ii i\ x\ Exi'io tiii \i till VAItitt, i'i QUL,-,i i
,tiiiti ( \ - o ittiw ii xxx AL B NA 1947-61
'47 '48 '19) '5(0 "5I '52 '53 '54 '5 '56 '57 '58 '594 '601 '61
17 1 4
45 611
16
1i1 57
I5 14
iS 12
719 61
15
:38
lit
15 12 72
15 52 6 1
6 12 15S
5:1 57 S(O
16
52 61 7 7
1 3
5: 57 84
13 17
5 22
54 :3.3
25
6( 1 S 3 1 (iT
26
4 27 3 5(49
(61 '59 2(9 65S
101 -) 2( 12i
5I 55 :31 87
15 25
55i' 55 :3: To 76
--- 28
61 58 28 83
'3 4:3
!8 I7
8 '55
6 8
I I
94 5 2
G 15 10I
25 2:3 16
56i1 W, 2.5
22 17-
56 65 1201
194
:39.( 118
:36 65 81
25 25 17
51 1 12 116
21 17
'51 10;3111
194
194 901117
(4 6 2.3
6 1 (46 (42
16
5i 12:3 618
(8 29 88
(69 7.3 6 6
17 16 5t
6i2 1112 (41
18
6 11111 86
67 1118 941
2 ,-x r. 
atx
'S-xr. ax.
I \iu 2. )[tt 'wi (u lltx' i'uiix
itt xiiiA \i xii 1 01 \ 1,[ 11 I x xii
'I'l it ti tt'iit
o 1:3
811). N
kit vtr n. xiiiit'
(2nud x car
V)t \
lix ii'tl N
But. 1311.
ct'tiiit1)~i'i'. )t'
591
(17 :3'3
66 52
1i1
8011)i. N_ - 5:1 12
2ttd x\(,ilr rc'ittu'' 27 i16
)I of catr ift('r tiroing
icgi itic .itiitliai\' 6 6 S55
No N i1
gi ((xxtli of xci.\'(4(11 i 
cihi'tttti
tutu aiiid thtid xer xi f tci xchi \x.'as
o' tilil,:3 x tr xxill inorc thit i pay th(e
c'ost oif Sc('i a;ii pliantinig the xxiiiter.
einii'. Te \ x rc -1 x\cals ( 1958 and
961 itt xxicth th(e x iclti xxere' icxtep-
tiliailk gooid. Ilt tiiisc 2 x\catrs titie xx-ias
atl i ii it e ' of ix Ct 1061 fll. friont thec
xxii ter legitiit. in) 19610. tue titt iix',r
afil' the xx iit heTgtiitit' the i xlii' pitt-
(itit't'u anl ittit ase iii 2:3 h)it. of corin.
Howexxvxe'r, if thc r esiduei ailonie hadit bleen
(1c)ii(hcl ii, a liss of tix ci 7(1 hit. oc-
thurrid oxe w'hx tat xx\,itx p rioiducedi xxiti
adiihi'jttte Iittiou~i'i. ht rida i'\iho ii lli, (of
nxittog'n lt-i' xax iii Yieldtits, tni
VETCH makes high CORN YIELDS
D. G. STURKIE, Agronomist
1930 '32
INDEX
(1947- 49 = 100)
200
H IGHER AND HIGHER
That has been the trend in Alabama
farm real estate values for several years.
And the spiral will likely continue 
be-
cause many factors are exerting pres-
sures to push prices higher.
Alabama Situation
Value of farm real estate in Alabama
in 1961 was about 80% greater than in
1950. During these 11 years, the in-
crease averaged 7.3% per year. An Ala-
bama farm worth $60 per acre in 1950
was worth an average of $108 per acre
in 1961. These estimates of market value
and changes are based on USDA figures.
The upward trend in farm real estate
values (see chart) has shown indications
of leveling out only twice since 1940:
First in 1949-50 and again in 1958-54.
These were periods immediately follow-
ing declines in the general price level of
the economy.
Trends in Alabama farm real estate
values have closely followed the national
trend. Before 1947 the U.S. index of
values was above that of Alabama for all
years. Since 1947, however, there have
been 6 years in which the U.S. index
was below the Alabama index. In 1961,
the Alabama index was 5 points above
that for the Nation.
12
Will future farm real estate values in-
crease faster in Alabama than the U.S.
average? The situation during 1959-61,
when Alabama's values were higher than
the U.S. average, may be a clue for the
future. Much will depend on economic
development in the State.
County Values
In 1959, average value of farm land
and buildings in Jefferson County was
$309 per acre, highest in the State (see
map). Mobile County was second.
Counties in the Tennessee Valley and
Sand Mountain areas had the highest
average farm real estate values. Gulf
Coast counties of Mobile and Baldwin,
and Escambia, Montgomery, and El-
more were the only counties in the south-
ern half of the State that had average
farm land and building values in excess
of $100 per acre.
Lamar County had the lowest value,
$33 per acre. Generally, counties in the
Piedmont and parts of the Lower and
Upper Coastal Plains areas had relatively
low per acre values.
Increases in farm real estate values in
the past 5 years were greater in counties
with low per acre values than in those
with high values. Four counties had in-
creases of more than 100% from 1954
to 1959.
Average per acre values
of Alabama and United
States farm real estate
during 1930-61 are
shown by the chart.
S Given are index values,
with the 1947-49 period
assigned a value of 100.
u.. 
..-- ALA BAMA
'34 '36 '38 '40 '42 '44 '46 '48 '50 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62
Farm Real Estate Values
Go Higher and Higher
J. H. YEAGER, Agricultural Economist
M 
WINSTON 
CILAN
MAR E WALKER
s. FAYETT5 
6 
LI
33EO 
55NSTLAR 
67
-.ENE I J WV COOSA 
A- 7
zo .. P 
...............
6
PICKENS DALAG MCO
O557
WOLSCOXHAN 400
GRENBALE 
58N 94 500 
OSA 50
C L A R K E 
RR R C IL OT L E C E N PI E 
6R O U
MOORE159
71I ONOE 
6ENRY 4 
5
WA8IN53S00COFFEE KALE HINR
KYng o 9 Ce sCOVINGTON 57
1233STO
m MORE THAN9 $98
Thema. sow.avrae.eracr.vlu.o
far .lad. ad. bildngsin.labmaac
cordng o 159. ensu.ofAgrculure
160 -
120 -
80 -
40 L
Why Values Increase
Population pressure on land and as-
sociated variables seem to account for
a major part of the value increase of
farm land. In 1960, persons per square
mile numbered 568 for Jefferson, 253 for
Mobile, and 146 for Madison County.
Average for the State was 64 persons.
Increased demand for space for homes,
work, and recreational activities natur-
ally ups values.
Associated with population growth has
been an increase in number of automo-
biles, which also require space for driv-
ing and parking. It is estimated* that in
the year 2000 there will be 230 million
autos in use in the United States, as
compared with 58 million in 1959. Popu-
lation is expected to grow from 180 mil-
lion in 1959 to 330 million in 2000.
Based on these figures, there will be an
auto for each 1.4 persons in 2000, as
compared with one for each 3.1 in 1959.
Other variables, such as higher per
acre yields on farm land, government
programs, and demand for farm or rural
land as an investment are pushing values
higher. Most factors for higher real
estate values seem likely to continue,
causing the trend toward higher and
higher prices.
* A projection by Resources for the Fu-
ture, a nonprofit corporation founded in 1952
and financed by grants from the Ford Foun-
dation.
I I
ALABAMA is an important commercial
hog producing area even though pork
consumption has exceeded production in
recent years. The State's shortage was
estimated at about 16% in 1959.1
The amount of pork handled by Ala-
bama slaughter plants is considered a
measure of the State's self sufficiency
in pork production. However, many
slaughter plants do not depend on Ala-
bama-produced hogs for their only source
of supply. On the other hand, Alabama-
produced hogs are sold to out-of-state
pork processors. In addition to the out-
of-state movements of live hogs, pro-
cessed pork is shipped out of state, while
at the same time pork is shipped into
Alabama. These movements are normal
market adjustments, but they determine
to a great extent purchasing practices of
pork processors.
Processors' Needs
Needs of pork processors in Alabama
are primarily for barrows and gilts. The
proportion of total hog slaughter for
* Extension livestock marketing specialist,
former graduate student in agricultural eco-
nomics; and agricultural economist.
' M. J. Danner and D. A. Linton. "Where
Does Our Pork Come From?" Highlights of
Agricultural Research. Vol. 7, No. 4. Winter
1960.
Season Per Cent
Winter 26
Spring 24
Summer 22
Fall 28
FIGURE 1
1959-69 by classes was: barrows and
gilts, 96%; sows and boars, 3%; and
butcher pigs, 1%. Marketing of hogs
other than barrows and gilts generally
must find slaughter outlets out of state.
Results shown in this report are based
on a survey currently in progress. The
study is an attempt to determine the
pattern and seasonal distribution of the
movement of livestock and meats in Ala-
bama and the Southeast. The previously
cited report described the makeup of
the pork slaughter industry in Alabama
and the origin of live hogs slaughtered
by processors. About 60% of the hogs
came from Alabama sources with Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, and the Corn Belt
furnishing most of the remainder.
Seasonal patterns of commercial hog
slaughter, and thus purchases, are shown
in Figure 1. Fall and winter periods ac-
counted for the heaviest amount of
slaughter. The lightest period was in
summer, although the variation between
seasons was not great.
Supply Sources
Processors in central Alabama relied
on out-of-state sources for hogs much
more than did those in other Alabama
areas. Processors in all areas were heavy
importers of hogs during the fall, with
out-of-state sources accounting for about
half of all hogs purchased. Lack of hogs
marketed locally undoubtedly forces pro-
cessors to seek out-of-state sources. With
more care exercised in production and
marketing programs, hog producers
should be able to supply the fall needs
of pork processors.
Only the larger wholesale plants buy
hogs outside of Alabama. Local plants
(those slaughtering 300,000 lb. live
BUYING PRACTICES
13
PORK PROCESSORS
D. A. LINTON and M. J. DANNER*
weight or less annually) relied on local
sources within 75 miles of the plant.
Reasons given by managers of wholesale
plants for buying hogs from other states
included: (1) not enough hogs available
locally, (2) proper market classes not
available locally, (3) shipped-in hogs
were of higher quality and yielded higher
percentages of primal cuts, and (4)
shipped-in hogs were cheaper.
More Direct Buying
Alabama pork processors have turned
more to direct buying from farmers dur-
ing the last 10 years, relying in 1959-60
on direct sources for about half of their
pork slaughter. Agencies from which
Alabama processors obtained their h(gs
in the 1959-60 period are shown in Fig-
ure 2. More than half of their direct
purchases were obtained from farmers at
the plant. A 1950 study of agencies sell-
ing hogs to slaughter plants showed that
these plants bought only 25% of their
hogs direct from 
farmers.
2
Agency Pct. total purchases
Direct at plant 31
Auction markets 28
Own buying stations 17
away from plant
Order buyers I 7
Independent buying 
4
stations b .
Dealers 2 f
Direct from farmers
at form I
FIGURE 2
Direct buying increased remarkably.
However, the proportion of hogs pur-
chased from auctions remained about the
same. Apparently other sources are re-
lied on much less now than during the
earlier period.
The use of direct buying from farmers
enables the processor to more nearly
control the quality of hogs purchased.
This trend is likely to continue. Hog
growers, as indicated by these studies,
must become exceedingly quality con-
scious both in producing and in market-
ing. Auction markets must also be aware
of the need for quality in their offerings
if they wish to continue as a major mar-
ket outlet.
2 M. J. Danner. "Livestock Marketing
Agencies in Alabama." Auburn University
Agricultural Experiment Station Bul. 284.
1952.
W5
Methad af treating plant
roots with ultrasaund to
destray nematades is
shown here. Roots af the
tomato plant are sub-
jected ta high-frequency
saund waves in water
tank.
'V
A N\% A Nil CUNUSCA Xi XX til Clitl
pIllt -pl ax itic I ' ii'iia
t
iiClC is bl wi stil
Cdited at \ilhlH A~fi Cilttiral Expeimyeiit
CXcl Cif nolt YeCt 
1
ilictiCal.
EssCitillX XX lwhat Ilas bl'i liii itt1is
that liiiilltlCx call bit killedt XX itl tieat-
xlett'Cox tit taiol ldit tiitl hii' the
Wlitpat hat islho U theaund? ~ cs
Cijrtiaxl l~i iatioiisi ilixk fill. tril il', Ft
seedsliht ca.1 il ll b t iCat ill tati k C oCf~ls'
wi~aer. t C~tC~li iix~~tX i
WhiXli) at sliii lt'asountd? iiau
Citl is 5iuluu i x a i iji tlccsilll~i s lits iilti
pau 17, testiiig fur flawXs ill the xiiitaCc or
Llld XX 'Iliii toigthetr lpracticaillX ;1i)V
xiiiai lir tixxiiilai uiictails. Med'tical Ilse s
iiitiits, Xiii t4Ci X, ailli ltxx paJlilll Clilital
tdiilling.
Agricultural Uses and Limitatians
XXiCi ii iii li cf ax('x. illil t l a.tiiit lili C
t'llt'r' ofi uitauidt'x aiuidigsii XX itod
cot'litixs t'l slis XX c ix still tiittl. I'i
XXnc IX uc ofi~ so'iis'~l i'io CnistsX of
icscplicit Ipoxs tha arc lii lillX I v ill
p ktl l l' Iij~l i"il an haso li tt
ciii't oi ne itli's Sataing Soixxil ith
ULTRASOUND-
Space-Age Nematode Killer
E. J. CAIRNS, Nemologist
liii I a] ic I o iL lic t ' itiit'tl is. it i t
stI(aI I i o ) ill ti it] I ) clircu ax i o pa tll
t' i r i ai 
o r i i ph 
e lilti ix o llitI l 
ii x i 
i t a l .
(I ii M'i t'x iii o i the pri ca ix I i I li X u
IJU t I sCX ,1M t rl'i i Cit killi ao tli I'C
Al l i CX Cii alt Itfilixl thai til t hat
fiiii 'd at 1titt,(ttt l C lisc Y is Crtical.
CX Ci X tiX 's Lii' l iitiiii'IX 
ii'C( oifxci
90,i' cvdcxX perC alit
1
l klxile iiiitt'iitx
XXii) tlc',a i ut de i lliii i] 5 ii less C tC'i avi
inii. xp urit t t o 0.liiil' ii 'iii'iC'
frI- liti or~i C'ilitC'C thpatcl. ~ai to~l
1
ihiiitx I \(It at iX i li tlit' iiiioi v rctui i
Iiiiiidatlx 9i0,000X a iCvcXIX Ye'rt, x ,
iii iivia tii Ii atiX itX tiilhiiX ts. iX L
17XX i ~thi i f C ti w iiiIS tiilliC iX~ iiiiiiii
liii i/ ilii, to \i oii liCli if rcii a i ii i i i
isI ilprta xi itoo i ll Ci iiX IC i X tl iii(c th ield
Ii ithoilw oaixi utl n caill 1wi Ciiitiiatl ( i
h t ici ts'xa IY IXII'(xi 
1
ijiiIil il
lihuua cotieto. Aitiiil poi Cisiil iii,
tAit tat ix lli l ilX i l i d~i n iii si
uiltiii ii d xto ii etacdepXitopai
be)t rN and niotl ti e tot sou th ern A lalbama.
Geor gia an o rthern(ii i Floridit wxill gro\tx
\\,,] ciii all pats of Alabamia if pi operix
Linprox iei t of thetailrbitcx e llti
ltdrx, wxas state seve x ral xel' tat ao b\
the USDA andt ill c'ooperatini withl si's
('1 al -staite~ epcr iient't station Is. As dit'sutlt
attet isties. anic xYield. \x mcetiotis" id
I aldntt e arc f sliperioni to older itti
at tectics anld atl- t\ xxeif adapted for lio'.1t
Ilse atid for loilo iW xhole'sale ' mat ktt
The hlilcoss ier. xwhoi is meatrching for
exiotic plant oIitct jal for laid'scapiiig xxiil
finld the attractixvenetss andt colorfuilness
of the irliox ('1 rabihitcx v' luiticllt'i
alaipttd hit tisi' inl itatiy places aitd
the homne xwhere a liuskx" eaime txpe plat
is preferried, keepit ig f i t lili thI t the
f ni it produciiedt is del icious . The Itolne
g ri det or orchiard i o iti iiincle sexveral
platits iot differeciit xvatrieties.
T ifh i e, [fioeell, Mn i'i itoo, at itI
Gartdetn Blue hiaxve lperfot nied xciv xxeli
atl t he Auo ori Ui i trsitx A grictultu ral
Experimen'tt Stattonit it 3- ' \catr-old planit-
tug atnit shoultd he dlesirable fot' latote
itsxc. Wooditiard is anthert1ic pitomtis inig x at
ictx' iteiig tested at Atihi n. Mnlcicito
is the hitrgest f roitedi xiii ietx' iii the ftrcs-
coit pliantinig. It xxviii ax erage 1'2 ill. Itt
tiai a ctet if ptrioperly pruneid . Flatnts of
MNIcid itoo lt ( at t itas x igori is Lis othter
x arieties at dc tend t ti p iridice lIoxw :3- to
4-filtt plants h\v the thtirdt griixx iitg seat
xli. Mncilitito has good quoalitx xxithi a
vei's atti alt ixc tdartk ciolioretd skitl
The x at ietx' Tifiti tt irtdues htigh
vieltis ofi gititt tjalitx berie is xxithi at
attratetix tc lute skill. Frutits itt this x irietv
axveiage apfrtlxitltatelx 12 hi. inl diattter
if ~pel rix'titlid
f-I ciln 11111 p r IIdii ces a lightt greeti
Abasket of Tifblue rabbiteye blueberries
is at left and samples ef varieties at right.
RABBITFYF BLUEBERRY
for Alabama
J. L. TURNER oand H. J. AMLING, Deporfrment of H'orticulture
if nott prutned.1 Althiough Hlioiehell dti 's
of Catrdcin Bloe atid Ti'dhitic ill the thirtd
firoxxiltig Sisilt thii iptialit\ otf tis x a
rietx is iititstaiiditig. Fru it arc largec iti
tilt oloriedi.
Gardenci BInc proidicimes the highei st
x ieldts of the i xcirit't iis testetd. Ft iii t sizet
is satisfatit xantd pickinig preistents ino
tdetn Bituit plan ts groiwx ci t'tt antit spreai-
itig itt itre desir abi'le i for cceges ari'it t
the hitiitt'
ill tih' ilsl si'iitol xx iteis Mnittii
andic 1-lict l Iairt'e ioitcxx im ltIate tIil
set ft itit ats iteax\ dl its the ither txxoi
x irietii's.
stepts to etnstirt' sucss gi il'in thet
rltititeve hit i 'I rrt
Prepar e at hitle 2 X 2 X 2 ft. fotr proipt'r
half top
1
soiil fori fill sil, Nit adidctttnal
ot gat i it'i att'm is olect'ssiiry v Ni h wiii xith
xxeli-ri iatd taixxci it to it dIep th iot 8 ill.
Ott \ ear fteltd tfoiiix iiplants are 'des'ir-
tbl' fior trcttisplaiti ig ild tititalix gix '
sat isictiti t istlts. Sit th l iits the
scittic depth ats thet'x \~ it c lii triti the ir'ts-
ei\, pactkinig the sitil mlixtiure xx(,I'l arotitil
iroots. W\itter tutuotigilx aftir stetting. fItl
These rabbitcye blueberries are growing on
the Auburn Station.
thet blase of thlt icxx i set ptiitt. N ittrate
toitls itt N sholdtit noit he ist't liii fcitil-
iin b it lubrries. Acddit ionali N tao bte
supplied ill hue xxithi '
4 
lit. ilf chalin
ltei. Apll 1 1ll. o it'ther the seittil
the ratt by 1 ih). ptet yea tuttp toit ci iaxi-
nititti1 if :3 11). per planit. It is nott tites-
sillt tt gyo abovei tils tate. stiltit call hie
used tto ittxxcr thei p I)I xxe ittt ti''tssikrx
xxiiik itito toil.
toi ])ilost xYears slippieliti cir irri ga-
Proitittg is esset itiail if g(rtit N ils iof
itigh qi ait ' berries att i to be iolbtaitnedt.
stilts ill smlall. ptotl. iquality bett'tit's itit
piol shtoott atitl lealf dcxvelopmeintt. (Clt-
i1
1
CIi'ild it Ileast '2 01 thei flttsx - h ldst
fritiitig shoots dfiii itig tltc xxititet. Most
all] txxig tx pt shoot grotih shtoultd itt it'
mttovedt. A tot it-pr-i i itg sxystem shoiuld
xxhlen thety ate- 5 to 7seats iold, lii adiid
tioti, all xx eik gfoi x iii tut's shit]t(t hi'
1etitx i'd.
Var
'I'tf it
Itt t
til
Cant
YIEL iiiND.i Dxii iii It~IVS FOxR-s t
ANTBtiNe, ALABAMA.ix 1962
'ixiiirs t'st .it first ic~kingil
pt s.
ict 6/26/(62 612
li' II 6/ 26 62 '
dttu 6 /26/ 62 2 14
](I[ t]( 6/26/(12 7 :
COMMERCIAL
STRAWBERRI ES
in Alabama?
H. J. AMLING and J. L. TURNERr Oeportmenl of HiilAIAI
E.E KERN, Department of Agriultral Economics
S _\l M Afrk t X M 'iic i XtidXX i1tii C liiii
lop ill liX C fl.il Icililiit thul iiitll apoit
fill pctjllil ~ ull \ ii i ti
1 
perio o t heiiist
tdfli li di ~ s be ti c X X ic r\ eiit fiitw hcpst
51 1 tcirs X I i fo\ i e\ i to, it c it cut (. lii (fil
prodution ) itildCCX cl( ftiiiit ct I ic-i'slio
IClll( to F iLithiX iillc tC~ ii
E\iiis iit lI t corshud hci ciid Xii ob
i X ii i(XX l lliX XX ii ii ill\ ((XX ilit pos-li
silf i c \jilrl pi liIr to ilIl .du
1 
liXX tol-
I\ hisi Xiilil pi aiticl hii reu t iC sti dXX
inli a theoX ii1 tills Iii iXrstit is AiiNiI
lti ill imen Sfiti in \Iifiiuii he fIi it
edto
1
I til li tisi iii iltilli X ieii.
Vajiit 11ics iit of t ii (\ cl I \t~i iit-
Cllilti ill fiX 1 1(11 IN \ fell o fIX \ ti I ill(l i
lul ill jlli- il ", t of X 11 11 ititc 
andI X
ileI )i x i IX ili I c's I IX i t II i I o I I 1
1
iioir
Ilia iX tiiiil l its.B rild tid jhlol
Ii ifs tut 
1
li4I w cra i f c i b ii t I 
("ii
it I I diiiidf Il i tit N i pior itif ph i~mc i
Blosso11 msli XX if it fiX fo lll.rs
cCXX. aliift i fli ilwto sl liIIl I ilili 1CI
l ic olf ti lt if d i/ l il k ic t a isliie ii
ol d Iiljl it plitlt s .iicilli il lel the 111
sf X fnxiloyle p iit 11111 ic esifthiicd f t he i
liit il the \\iuit111. i b S b\ f llf. S) 11
aDiuwli i X s its sthouXXlil tiIX Ipia noit
clse iifltili TX ifl tii ( i f ill th he . fx
cedi X liTtt IX 1111111should till I ittl ed.
i I ciI c t (l i/s. ~ Su c Ifflic it]]()\\s o it-
il its \\11 ii fll l Ip ll th~is iti c il~l per
FREE ulle~adtinor\ Repourcl)'t s of or
flo\\el Ads brin Alabamail-insda
Permits Nnd c1132rtil-s 8ettl 621CM
tics ~ ~ H ill soiKEMNAllilo Alwp Udt
N ~ ~ ~ ~ OT 2plctii pledillwfl m
cill ~DEROT kALAtl ~viiiisl te1111w
40CI
300
200
MAR APR MAR
5 25 5 5 25 5
JUNE
25 5
This chart shows the Birmingham market
quotations for strawberries from March
through late May for Alabama, Florida, and
Louisiana berries packed in both the pint
flats and quart crates.
[ENALTY [OR PRIVAIF USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT Or PO TAGE, $ 00
~Rp (I.,
-ill P
'I 
1
p
RI
11  
A..
P,,
Ic, *41l,.
I, 
1
'(X "~'R
51111
'ii ~
1
' ~
Iini i f iti it A Il itba1( fiit It CCIN i~f 1.)
11). per idci of ctuatl N. It f pollit 111111
IiiC(. lof tihe stiiXX frrX )liit w ill Ill
(~xX (ili 111 tlic rti uu 14 X ll
At fll 1coldiof liii Xcst till, 1(1. shouldii
b c i i IJXX\c fi hhliliatliX to SX ill. diii
po 1011lo ttoi-l ~. flofhodti l
16 oi 24 irt. ri dt' iit hirlici piii li111
dul loiiidc ovIid tiiXlpi i rl~fdlio~lo i
1
)et. fiIlilili i tlli dac fe hil l-jtitf XI
PRc Ilii PER2 T.FA