* VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1962 yi "' I I 2t Agricultural Experiment Station AUBURN UNIVERSITY H1(iHL1tiH 15 OF AGRICULTURAL. RESEARCH - -1: HIG-ILIG-TS of Agricultural Research A Quarterly Report of Research Serving All of Alabama VOLUME 9, No. 1 SPRING, 1962 n t4 44a e . .a . PELLETED FEEDS - Promising Method for Improving Beef Production on High Roughage Rations WHAT IS YOUR FARM WORTH? - Major Factors That Ac- count for Value of a Farm 3 4 INCREASING ROW PLANTER EFFICIENCY - Seedbed Prepa- ,ration Affects Planter and Cultivator Capacities 5 4 CROSSBREEDING WITH BRITISH BREEDS - Crossbreds Per- formed Better in Auburn Tests 6 DISEASE PROBLEMS OF CLOVER AND ALFALFA- Surveys Show These Crops Constantly Plagued 7 SORGHUM ALMUM - FRIEND OR FOE? - Other Annual Grasses Better for Alabama Farms 8 RESISTANCE TO NEMATODES - Cotton, Nematocides, and Fallow Used to Combat These Pests 9 COTTONS OF TOMORROW - A Progress Report of Research Aimed at Variety Improvement 10 SPRAY VS. DUST FOR LEAFSPOT CONTROL - Fungicides Tested for Control of Peanut Diseases 11 FOLIAR FEEDING FOR WOODY PLANTS- Applying Ferti- lizer to Above-Ground Portions Effective ............ 12 Sow PERFORMANCE - Proper Management Outlined for Control of Certain Environmental Factors------ 13 PECAN PROBLEMS ATTACKED BY TEAM- Research Under- way on Fertility, Diseases, and Insects ............... 14 INDEX TO ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agricul- tural Research in 1961 -15 AUBURN'S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM - Traces Development of Research Facilities .......... 16 O te COMIet This pelleting mill with associated feed milling equipment will permit concentrated research studies on the value of pelleting feed for cattle. Use of pelleted high roughage rations for beef cattle is covered in an article on page 3. E. V. SMITH COYT WILSON ..... CHAS. F. SIMMONS. KENNETH B. ROY E. L. McGRAw ... R. E. STEVENSON .- Director Associate Director Assistant Director -Editor _Associate Editor Associate Editor Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT WILSON; H. J. AMLING, Associate Horti- culturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart- ment Head; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant Pathologist; AND KENNETH B. ROY. 7ew and 7me4y PUBLICATIONS Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Bul. 337. Nitrogen and Moisture Require- ments of Coastal Bermuda and Pensacola Bahia summarizes results of 8 years' field tests on fertility and water needs of the two grasses and effect of nitrogen applications on chemical properties of soils. Bul. 338. Opportunities for and Limitations of Social and Economic Adjustments in an Alabama Rural County gives detailed socio- logical data gained in a study made in a low-income area of Alabama. Cir. 141. Response of Field Crops to Fer- tilizer and Returns per Dollar Invested gives response of different crops to various fer- tilizer elements and amount of return from each dollar spent for fertilizer. Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An- nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White Clover presents results from sod-seeding oats, rye, wheat, ryegrass, rescuegrass, Caley peas, and vetch on well established Dallis- grass-white clover in the Black Belt. Free copies may be obtained from your County Agent or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. 'II Published by AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY Auburn, Alabama I I ) Feeds are pelleted in this machine at the Main Station, Auburn, for use in feeding tests to evaluate high roughage pellets. A\I iitai'es that liai Ic'i e lniX ih\i fori )Iwllctel feeds Zli (I) sum i-ca c ii l ii I.\ cilin ui I ) il tii i S l I animaiii Is ii 2 ) I I prlii strii ng lt hia 1 lilg prpitc of petd feds I New Equipment Installed til ofi ;I pellet imlil a111( suippoirtinig tccd llmilliiiuz cmjmnipiiuit at thie \'sintli luin tI)ii- el Gittli 13cscai-c cl it. Thiis mlill is IT()\\ Il"i uisied tii lilict tttcIs fed ill tcsts at tlic \Viic gi ass Sibstatilii H-cadtlaniil tlit Lo.nsx C oa(istail Pli~mii Siii statin, (:aiiitlii andi Mlaiin Stitlioii \ui In p)ili41(l SiLoi'es wXas pimllislmid inn mi thani 2 \-cars aigi ( jour- il it \iial Scicc., I S. 150t6, I959 ). [his ( pint i-cs\ialiil that (cdilii tit iill pcllitci cmii1 silacfe cimitaijiel abu i tlic, Sitli( ii1( Id\ ,ilill ci 5 I cittlc is did a cininnild its iattcmili 4y lcccl. liiuilciiii m. (hIlvI iitaikc of tlic' pilliti silai(i \\as5 its gii-at as Ilic iltilkm oft flic lattlimc mlitiiii. WheI Ic Is col(1tollsl~ccr)sltr a Iuhsi PELLETED FEED W. B. ANTHONY, R. R. HARRIS, J. G. STARLING, V. L. BROWN, and J. K. BOSECK' JpcI iii tio that Illaiie Ii in ill gliii ori iiats. HiXX e\ ti. \0 lcI tdtll - lv]atcc anid plillctct these threei silagcs hacd siiiari milmtm i- ti\ \ ailic. Pelleted Coastal Good III a N6 t c~Itst ait tin LIIXXcr (mmoistal Plaiii Silstuitimimi, pc(llitit CmmastamI 13cri iiil 4iass Iiuix 1iii\ ccl toh ln am nnjrc satislactin s loir stiickci calvXecs thlam did thie lis ill ]ii4li(, foii. Pcilimriiiamicc ta~ riii this tial clcailx 5Iio\\X tha~t pellctili 4 IidX incrt ascd Iced iiit~ic Ibs cattle aiilnd n ii X cd liX( m XX cgli Iamig I.a i+ giscc( cii 1!1~ promising method for improving beef production on high roughage rations \iiilii ltlltcI lia\ tial XXas tinmic it \mdirIm)II. Ill this tcst thic basill raio \\as X it pclit iiclc iiimstls io Stili coired Coam~stal Bcnii imta ,iass ( 9-3,9%y . )t Ilcr it m .9dilcts \\ iiic salt, I '4r dicalcimii m ~ pi sluliiti. (11 andt camiI( ii iilassts, .5%.A sccl I ritimi \X iS pie)llet siiiilaii tim thc liI mliii i~cct it cim~iioiicl 5.', cittmmiscmic mi itil 5', groiiiic shlledi coiin, amid 41 atilla nical. Thiisi t\\om pilIcttI ritills XXr ii t It'ld tim Ii lii pcr c-XX t. ,ii i, 11). ,51 al 1ua .11ea 76 1 Liiiiul Ofi tst. (LINi A\ ii igi (ilil ic,ii 1). 15 155 0t.971 9. 6 I5 155 1.45 12.6 .\iitiim andl Morris, aii l simici ilc(Iartmit: Sta rlimig, XXiingili's Sullitioii: loiiX 11, t,iiXX cr (isti lli Sislu~tatiii ant(I tlnsick, I iimu I in \ah- il S sistitmion. .\ltlloinmgli sinn results ot lcctlii pcllcts toi slanliti cattle liiik promiiising it mlax iii a liinig tiimc bllii XX itlsph-acI lose (-all hei lnaiul of ptclti liaxs. 'Ilii lirge iniitial ins istnict tii la icmiiic ltitiomlis. Pci lla)s Ile\\ midias, misicam cl, iit ii it i t 11ma\u liilillm i pillitmil Iccui cra. 41, % I 00 4 NIL A' What el Vaal FARM WORTH? J. H. YEAGER, Agricultural Economist AVERAGE MARKET value of land used for avocado production in California in 1960 was $4,750 per acre! What made this land so valuable? Three major factors account for the value of a farm - net earnings or net in- come that a farm will produce, location, and home features. Any one may contri- bute more to value than the other two. In most cases, however, all three items influence farm value. Value Some understanding of value is neces- sary. Value is often thought to be the same as price. Price is the value of a specific good or service expressed in terms of money. Value is much broader. A thing is of value because it satisfies wants. When a farm is sold, it is valued at the sales price. To the buyer the farm may have a value more than the sales price. Market value is the highest price that property will bring if sold on the open market within a reasonable period. The buyer should be informed as to the best uses of the property. Both buyer and seller must know the value of similar property in the community. The seller must be willing to sell. There are many other kinds of value. Condemnation value is used in connec- tion with taking property for highways, lakes, airports, and other public uses. This value is related to market value, but normally it is somewhat higher. Other values are determined in connection with loans, liquidations, and for inheritance, income, and property tax purposes. Influence of Net Income Net income from, a farm may be con- sidered as the flow of value over a period. The amount of interest received in a year from a savings account is related to the money on deposit. So is net farm in- come related to farm value. Historically, the value of farm real estate has changed with net farm income (see graph). Changes in real estate value have lagged behind changes in farm in- come. A major exception in this relation- ship has occurred since the early 1950's. This exception may indicate that farm real estate values are influenced more by other factors than net farm income. Capitalization of net income that property will bring over a long period is one process of estimating farm value. Suppose net income is $3,000- in this case return to farm real estate after costs including labor and management are de- ducted. If capitalization rate is 6%, capi- talized value is $50,000 ($3,000 .06). In case of a farmer owning and operat- ing a farm, the capitalization rate should be higher than the prevailing first mort- gage interest rate. A higher rate should reflect risks of owning and operating the farm compared with investing in a real estate mortgage. Location and Home Features The $50,000 figure above probably would not be the market value of the farm. Such factors as location in respect to roads, churches, schools, towns, cities, hazards, and available utilities affect value. USDA reports show that discounts in average sales prices of farms for lo- cation on unimproved dirt roads may run as high as 20%. A home does not contribute directly to income. Thus its value would not be reflected in the capitalized value, al- though it adds to the value of a farm. Home surroundings, age and condition of house, architecture, size, location rela- tive to other parts of the farm, roads, and neighborhood affect home value. To determine the value of a farm, in- come-producing ability, location, and home features should be taken into ac- count. Value comparisons should be made with similar farms that have been sold in recent years. Trend in Values In 1950 the average value of farm real. estate in Alabama was $49 per acre; in 1955 it was $59; and in 1960, $81 per acre. The increase since 1955 has aver- .aged 5% per year. Will farm land con- tinue to increase in value? No one knows the answer to this ques- tion. It seems logical, however, that farm real estate values will continue upward as population increases. Land needs for roads, airports, cities, pipelines, and hundreds of recreational uses, such as lakes, parks, game preserves, and golf courses, will grow. Some additional land may be needed to produce expanded food and fiber needs, although per acre yield increases will meet a large part of these needs. Government programs and policies are also factors affecting values. Why the $4,750 per acre for avocado land in California? It is because of high net income per acre along with many other factors that contribute to the in- crease in demand for land. Nonfarm uses, as they affect farm real estate values, are becoming increasingly important. ROW PLANTER EFFICIENCY E. S. RENOLL As sociate Agricultural Engineer - ~IB&~h ~ a H o~IX\% MANN AC 111 per daV call V011 plan t? Is \N l (liIci ghhoi. gcttili It1o1 capacit\ troml his illachlies thli v oll, D~otS Seedbedc~ prepal atioll havet alIX ill- fit ie oC' 01 IoXX-Crop Ii a'h ii ie capac it.\? Thiese and( i tub's othe que 1 1tstions IS r11 hcingy 'oltiioualX aIskedi lX tarmers. Fieldi capIcitX Xvaries gret'ItlX froll field to fie'ld Illd from11 oper1ationi to opt'1dtioll. \IaiX fators II' I ii1(1 c in mach iic capacity. SIomie oIt tles ac CtoI rs hav~xe 1been I el XXtli ll)a eti. Ot her fatos ,ichli asXiCI ti lin i spa( 5hce' at ioXX ends1 1111(] tqlllitN of seedbledi pIC'parI- Last Productive Time Lost pr odulctivet tinc for t\picill tarm ioaciiiiies riwI(es from 10%)~ for tisk har- rowXXs tol 5'st) 1 or mo' lire for cominies. Be- CI'ilt stuidies o1 lott' tiime tfor ro OXclrop plan1 teris suggest thait soire (It these ia cilies haIX C' lotst time X icl IIs gtreaIt i1s 615'r. in g at row~ Cinds, andI( makin~g field stoIps MlidC adjuistmtits ale lost tim nI' dt as Il rC'stlilt Xwiill lifilt'i Ce tiheC field ci apacitY of tile plan~terl Field stops] zmi ad Itjutintll st Inigllt be cauised tIN flIltY etquipfl]C'it or i)\7 Poolr jti (n il It il the part ofI tile (operatolr. TFiese field sttops a111 1(1 Iltliits Illight Seedbed Preparation tages. In creased pla.1iiter capac its duii i ( the CplanII ting op4 leratlin p rt ti111)1 is no (t chlief, adX\ allita~ys of a XX elI prCeparedt stetd- bed. Diing recenlt .studties It Aubuhtrn oIf someIC t t tilt, factottrs that ill(iti coce field Caii , iv, it ilppet 'at c tihat St CCI i tconCtI- Ill 1 9601 at compa(]risonl (If two fiteltls XX\-1s Xas \\-(,]t'I plIX (ri/Cd and( firil. (:1ro tt resi- tile wXas pitoIXedc IllIi t'r a111( tilt surfta~ceC XXas( reaIsonably)I smithti. Fid B hlad c'XCII. A 2-rotw 1lailtt'r XXa used tit'iIl bo~th ficds. Plailtilig 11 1 )tratiolls til tilt two fieilds Xer (it' it i l Xwith rtespect totr Iact- olr, diriXvCer, sptettd, rowX len1gth, a111( t ilrl1 iilg areal. wa.s kepjt. 'Filt' results ttf tis pilnte'r Cilil- citv stildv are as follows: Item ineasurcd Time to add secd and fertilizer, pct. Tinic for turiiiiiL,,,, pct. Time for field adiust- Illents and stops, po. P,,,:it(,r specd, m.p.h Acr uapaci y, acres per hour Xatittll. I0( Tll a -rIX cu~ltiXvatotr, thtt Capll~itX" ill Fielti A Xwas 1..3 actres per il tir awl l iiIll t ti 13 it XXas( 1.1I acres. pearedct tot lbe assIc'iattd Xwithl fieltd suirfalce caitt'5 t hat Fieldt 1 1111ha1 10 m ortic stotps thii [111(1 A. Summary thlt folloinlg: 2. iPlan ting( caIpacity of a 2-o 1 pXs'llan~ter XXasI 0.4 acrCe pe'r hlour gr1ealter o11 tilC A 13 .3. 3 3. 3 eXe l]surfale CowitiitlI tf tile pol- seet- 9.3 9..1 bedi Canist' excessiXvt fieltd stopis andt field 8.7 21.0 atlpliiltilts. ,3.9 .3. 8 4.Oliao aatvwsifune [Ty)IlJt r tIli(,t coll ( iti IS itt 11he plitr C uitorllFc~ Ca a s .4tyal lI 't, XI ll 'fi c tctr XXal ilrt CI ll] I .ti t11ti '5. CultiItIr t'Ipacitv tdurinlg first cul- tiXvatiton XXIs 1.5) tol 2.0) acreCs per dlay it relec fi t(ro sC'I1wdt ft ill thl fill sile~ tot ( I ) hantdle 1ltnt' actrtes XXith a I The steer shown is an example of the type t: be expected from a Here- ford and Angus cross. CROSSBREEDING evaell 97106de4 6 Feed14 TROY B. PATTERSON, W. M. WARREN, J. F. PRICE, and G. B. MEADOWS, Department of Animal Science ] ii tiitit'\ixt ft'x xtitf' a x i' ciii il it10 ' it l f(t't il~ 111441,14 it' ii ttiid Ill1 it iih i it't'tithie 0ti1ii, (: to xx .114 ,tt it l apic ptqli x 1 i o fi ct"d h it cd lm c ota litl co ll'st 1t.\\ tuii i c o 4 iiiict t'.i c xc(dtfhfi pl il it cicl o f crosses i rllix. Brtisx c iii d pi ' ittix lo .14 ( 1 jixxl t' txlxx,-( ut t't iixio o f t'tix. ~ il'riet d t i -:3 carx xpe xriod 1.4i itt it flA b r ii i tf it .t 6 li u tl-l 'Icrliit s it~ l AI] t'iixe ixxxci' riixit (il pasxturet xx thlit tcuel) O ikirs 1 -o\\4'cixx. At xxt'imitti thte xteert ('iix\ t'x Xx cit' plitced il pcitliliitit'it x vpc ltcait 2~x t't'kx xx c ifli xx'dt Icr aitilt- t ci t after''xi .110 bt'tr iiie 14111 to tilt Blvcd ~ xx ,tc itiu'ii xi eillit Noi. Lb. \tll1 13 477.2 tit [ uttfm 12 4018.8 'i tntiirii 14 4:310(6 X I I -:' 4 88.x 7 A X S 4 4501.2 11 X \7- 4T7.8 I I X S (- 5 32.7 8 7. A I () 476. 4 S X II1 9 472.6 A\x. poll4 ('It] itx 39 _1139. I A\x. ttuxiii dx :3 9 -182.7 A\. iii ii iglit 2.053 2. 16 2.09 1.901 2.1:) 1.86 2.05. 1 .901 I1.98S 0.08 -1 I i I IiliitI 96.9om S6)2.:' 9 .56.7- /1(1 7. 2 1)7.A 9i L:3 (1 Iilltul xxi-itli 57 1.1 5317T.6 5412.9 622.7 51)1)2 538 1.6 6 19.:31 5S66 6 12.4 5-t-1.5 6111..4 6(). 9 Caircaxx 12.1 10.8 121) 12.7 12.8S 1 2.1() 12.3 1:3.11 12.5 11.8 12.6 0. 8 tli - XI t)juxl\'c /it 8 ql iii. ()(iS 2.183 0.60 2.21 S1.o) 2. 21 I 0.7~ 1 .1)2 01.71 2.02 (1 1 76 2.1 0.653 2.17 1.6 2.0)8 I11 (). 9 ) iw rati foo an\ itt I izwe of 2ia 3 :) I ii Ii had xtti bxtiiii14tciiTlxxlici (i'll oI 1 i ol icc. Aofi w i c t slii -i'.i tc \\its (It (Itilii'. k X' 9i i 4i' i sa l t. ic xa Results I t c ii'f rllllc t,1llI('.s (L ti itt' uiiI t t c 3'il ii 4 ill( lix cli i ll Iltll(' ie.'tx th(ii xx t'.itids xx ci gut. bet- .I'lttiiiiit't to I ( p li t're s I i n\c (r t hc't f ii(' lft cr i xtic stx reul it actro t ii i l t iti fIt i r it t li ttci (.)Ix o i 'ic tt'i r iii xi.,.T1 fiti df irlice i(\iittl\\ cot' tu ti o il (t' x, ax ll ic\tii ft \viiii iiax it civtaxx ix lit' tiiix ii '(1 ,1(1c ao xl)ii'. Te of1 (ii itci cit ('x t.ilico'l ix Ie ixc i . a ttl titiffld \\a cc t it. itit'tiill t\\ ei ait ' l fbi ia c t t ix'ros- xx t)Iii I1\4 r it it lt r is t'tiiiit 4:iit i l i it III fitiafc ii'i'di t e xxtgh. il t'. T isctifiCiiTIr _ (di ipri' tat cxt'x fiat grnitt't \\itias I iirii than lorii iithti taix x. si ao 1(Slt () taxl tI x itt' an it'.ii' ilia CtIitxxiin'tixth cIx ol brdjta' hlixt ix Ii hgle icix tf ti' ii 1)( lollllu I) \m ) Cliossjm :I) Sii. i-iit D \i . A\E11ACE. 1957-60 ' (]ill cas, _,ladc nlfilil- lim-d \ cre: 9-Lo%\ ( :ood I 0-Nic(limil (;ood; I 1 -11 i '('11 (;ood:12--I,()\x 1:3-Mcdhim Choicc: 14-IIi!_,h ('hoiuc. - Abim-Oatimi, are iis(-il hir thc cr(),scd. I'lio, first ihbrc\iation of a(h cross is the 111alc allot t1w Second thc Icillille. tlil'[ Fii riil, au (lisodst'x of ilox tid ilId ill , fi cip ie ix ill eth l I cpsiitx. coIllilitl oxliiicl. h\ox 111cx le til' lef caloftilig atfitsxxti ila ag iio thf Illx t1 ellipiit dxei'xxes oef -Ii ii~i ai Iitfidittiiii lii as it( \1kilijtiaite of ai\ alt iixtcd(f l, lieti'i i, xr illix lit spotiiic aicltfiii tha tlit ~laxite 01 gail rI licti0ll1ill tlic ie idqilli t\ f ha,\.if aid l iiii (,, isilitfi xiit( hi tlo tl cx'S01 Iix o( ciiixx ld bv bf ceriiifiict 11)1 ii!s ahe itllatxt.Th inliufici iiff) 1 xii iiigiilixl'i I )i liu i igtc-c li x 1 to ihe i ol sitiui crilof isf kinftf i if that pi t. Fox x aimf lhi. Pslixof xxl Iil t i- cl c r eisxi cui)- l.\ t 1 llfalfa P.Scildafxii \triliifia Thex i ocirlle ar1 tsc ieuriici of cf diixi ixi xiii lje liax i ietix tI leaxt ti iil xxii tilil I inc xillos dlits fcses itr pi I xilitii duig t~fitriili(t anichix of the \iihiiiii Mt oxcxix \gti le t'ill l(xi jtlit St i-crdii. oiii fic~~ xx -cit ciiiii IIIIirt' mrtliai orlii tuilii4 11 i xoi Surveyi Conduci'tiedxx iix x )ixcixexi (x i iliitltii Ii if ' 1 )lt flit )(ti ighit Ccuo u '"iix hli l i) Is(xilit licifpot 1Iliuk ptch 'i~o\ixxI ix ililoxx P1\x Illstic Iit I( it 'hot Sth i otiuiai t-i oxx it rot Scx ire \Moderaite E. A. CURL. Associate Plant Pathologist DISEASE PROBLEMS of clover and alfalfa cal x xl~ttil: (1) dal: ifppaiciitlx iii dix- (txt' pli exilt: (2) ill to 10tl:;iof Wcax c aff~ct'c hut iiii ifpfietialeilt iiiiitit - of tissuec dtli'xtui it( .3) 111 50t' if lcax cx1 alffectetf iidLo oilop to 25%' of tixxiu c t tro etf; (4) 50f-90',", of lcax es iflecteif antI/or 25-50% oif tisxiictlif i dc ti l: anit .5) ox tr 9t0% i Itix t'x iffcttd I iiio ox er 5(6, if txxiic tltxtiox tt 1 Sce toi xfi iioot i l cioxxii tdisteases fr. it pai titularll til \\it ax tmliuiaits asxlhilt iiiiiilt at' Mi xt, x(AC. Diseases Encountered T1 ntiffcerint tfjxcascx xwcut cuucoiit ti ic! (iii xxiiitt' ucrt 4 ii cuii iii cluxc ci Mid 9 oil alfdlit. 'I'fic iiiiixt (1tftstiuitix( tlxcit if xxhite \\x i xax Sclci ot mmi filit cinxt'tl lix tIc s'oil f uIliix Sciiir tinoin rii/fsii. '['lit tixcaxc' xxit axxc tn' a tOF lixAi-I Oxi 1,0\i iix lix ii i i, \ IN ALXi -M xnxx lmx. rii t1Pu'iiiii llli 1 .At ti. xl I959-61 NI t( i liix ii 959 1960 1961 2.101.) L11 LIT 2.54I 19.)1 1.72 t .98 t1(60 2.001 2.3")5 1.810 f1 1.): 2.11) 1.47 1.18 It 1 1 .90 19159 1961) 196 11 t959) t6() 196 1 2. 1:3 2.86 2.7 L52 2.36 ;47 1 .68 2.0)1 2.116 1 .60 2.1 2.001 2.001 1.31) 2.25 .21 1.95 1 .9) 2.:3)1 2.11 Upper left shows healthy white clover leaf contrasted with that diseased with bacterial leafspot. Upper right shows white clover with Curvularia leafspot; lower left shows sooty blotch on crimson clover and lower right is Ascochyta blight of alfalfa. tfit( lalck l3clt Sufititouii it \iu t. I iId I6 th l wu it f) lolIo Ii i~ct d 1riot f u till x. 'T'e iiiiixt dtllauuyiuiu liufspot ii- e'lxix if xx fiitt clox cr xx ei Stilgolioxpira heit xpit ai itf.\cocl 1ixt 1lighit ill \lax itf fim out f N6 m()) id it1961 . A I ncttu ial lt'ifxjat caiixti collsitl llt lt'if dunl- at( ill \lixv of I1961. (' iiiiciitli ii eituf pi t ( xiiot, 1 iliotchi xx-its thet ilixt pri x alit aid ci tfiing~ thixctax iif criiixiii cloxc ill the flit trx xping of all :3 xeis. laxxtu i ix xx \cit ]iiioxt xeccclx, ffcttd-1 nit! tlit( (Iixtixt' xx'its miostpi ut inl ficltl that hatd not feit'i lyrite b\x lix (stuck. Tfhei olllx oift'c i tluxet thiit ocetiiu itt! coluxixtt'uitlx \x-ixs ( :tlcosfhol a at. \lflfu xx \\a da i~e ioxt lix \xeot' lix ,tit liafxpot ill \luxai\;1( .i lin (ifd 1-96) Midt I1961. Spi iii lilac kltuui. toixt'tf b)x thit xiiiu' f11iuui.x xx\ax ilxii fplcx alenIt onl fpe'i/a lt'itfsiit illutl Stt' li liiliii Icid xfot xxr ti u ciin oloi l alfalfat tliownglit t'e xi lliicilixsilw ig loxx11 ii giiftid colitft' abilte citaf tiip. Alfalfat tf"ixu'sux xxci iii- ttiixifit't ill fieltfx hlot , vtl cllitptd ori Control Measures Btecalumu offt'te tx l loxx calsh x alit of iliixt f i ic ciripx, elicall ctuil- tro] Tricixsili tx il( t xl(flili fi cticall friui a cosxt stilutfpoiuut. Six (,itx of lcaf tlix- Ct'uic max it' I tleclf) Ifliitei) P~illg Ori Thisiic~ f lu itti iliptx the1 lift txc of flit, parasitic olililixilixs hid pit'- xci Ixt the til'at fronti I idili (1(i) toi ill- t(Il i(xi t f pol j(ol ts. Suittc Selicrotinni liiglit iil Sclci otili i Ci r of aii' o_;inxttf fox fuiuigu tfhit ix for i '~cial x ciix il li h xsii, liili, i utiltiii xxitli ti lxx C1(9)5 IllaiX lv'iilii thir x('x titx Sorghum almum- FRIEND or FOE? C. S. 0 LND, soit Agrononist ii1S i 5W01 , I Sil 4 11 iii ll ii illl IS it I it i It iii pest tillt li iI X till bll it hias ritt c ill l Xllc states" 01 is i \,citlieci idcai is clpi)ctcis ciii ic't, all.-co jdill tol icsiits lit I il'XI stlii ii'X ua 1'(V 111 diii it, diii iti 11 thie last 4 s ci 5 tito (ictcii i ti 1' \ iii lit So'i ii l 11111 aslliil I it tl g 114 1)01it lt liii Stit( Natural Hybrid 1)i tsii 1111iell Xi lti li fslili l 2.5 1flll st appcps to \t o iuiil 11i d of,' ii11 li olgls a11( 1a11 I ll 1 jiX,. Si 11411 Sorghum.111 dIsoScn cdilli Aliiiiii il 1 5b o 25ili~i ye~'ili i 15? 3tiitXl. Ai till' l-ro\iljrs lilt l ii. S ielil it ils 4111lii lilll illi I it thc i i it t h s If I jiiI I lil I~i l .5511 i s e :1i iiX i iliiiflutl ('ii ss illit Camp1 If ill Alli IXilli Pit ill ) I t o l l 1 . I 1.\ 3. ( j 2.27 6. 1 S 4.5 6.7_6 -4.51 1. 1 1 torli'. .\ it Id' lii I iic ;aIIi-I I )( IS ill, iSllt 1.51i t.0 t 2.86 1,32 5.0)7 5.28 .,' [157 5.77, 6.92 5.0t6 5. 1. :.)3.66 .71 4.6 1 4.80t 4.22 jollos151 l i lsa s. I II 15 15 (I tllc suI ill sec(ill i g l of51411 I Soli- oXt 11 ii ll i ollill i l-illtsi llSS. e p o lc i ll t i r ll t l Siiicc S(I~rlll il iiilloi is, fi-r all pi acticil 11 prp scs. all 'iilil I illi, hdes r.mSiitsi ( la ittioe colim- wit ovtherli I l .. . i( X it l i iit s is a l hl ll it fi hl toa le it ia it c ai r al tilltl o wec thi 0114 t eachlaers ciat i i tie Blac Be5 ilt sailil iSo alil ta Si 110Iillilillo Proas hcts iii\\,its a o t f(, siu \iliiii Co lilS tS ci. \itli a acils b a ss - 1cs leaf t aI (;ahl I l-illill-. al cross. .\t til l Gulf ilstil lilstatillil. ci ielii i o to]- ;wisthl (11111 hiilh iiss It11 111tili utitiics prdu41055.er ilt i I I i)liliii ti I (iliti s ilit ii S I o i fo ag qiii iv Si iih ii i 15 i ll i t, iresi toc c iat i ll it calu ll? 111(1 atii i ist i fiiiii B4isla Belt all Pici liii 1111Substationsst lidiiit thai cattul e iliiiii I' ~ i 7 4 fitq ~ ,'! ~ ~A Stand survival ot Sorghum almum righti is generally poor the second year as compared with survival of Johnsongrass tleft). N. A. MINTON, Nematologist, USDA E. J. CAIRNS, Nematologist A. L. SMITH, Plant Pathologist, USDA R OOT-KNOT NEMATODES, serious cotton pests, may reduce cotton yields 50% or more. To find ways to prevent this loss, researchers at the Au- burn University Agricultural Experiment Station conducted studies of the effects of 3 types of cotton, 2 nematocides, and land fallowing on the number of root-knot larvae in the soil. These tests were made at the Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. Tests Conducted The first soil samples were collected on April 7, 1960 just prior to the application of nemagon (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigants to certain plots. Auburn 56, a moderately resistant variety of cotton; Empire, a highly susceptible variety; and Gossypium barbadense, a highly resistant selection were planted April 18. Soil samples were collected periodically and a count made of the nematodes recovered per pint of soil. This infor- mation for the various collection dates is given in the chart. APR APR MAY JUN JUN JUL AUG AUG SEP OCT NOV 7 26 17 7 27 19 9 29 19 10 7 The number of nematodes in all treatments declined dur- ing April and May. The decline in number in the non- fumigated plots resulted from the small amounts of roots available for feeding and the rapid utilization of food re- serves in the nematodes resulting from increased activity as the soil temperature rose. The nematodes also began enter- ing the cotton roots as they grew and were no longer free in the soil. During June and July the number of nematodes increased in both the fumigated and nonfumigated soil, but the increase was much greater in the nonfumigated soil. Late-season differences between fumigated and nonfumi- gated plots were slight. However, fumigants are effective if the nematodes are suppressed until the plants become well established, since the seedling stage is the critical period for nematode control. The aim of practical fumigation is not to eradicate nematodes but to reduce the number present to a Resistant Cottons, Nematocides, and Fallow vs. NEMATODES level low enough to permit plants to become established. The cost of eradication would be prohibitive. Both DBCP and EDB effectively reduced the nematode population level during the critical early growing period of cotton. The nematode population levels did not rise as rapidly under the resistant cottons, especially under G. barbadense, as under the susceptible Empire. Although the resistant cot- tons tolerated nematode attacks well, the nematodes were able to reproduce on the resistant plants. Galls were smaller and less numerous and root decay less severe on resistant plants than on the more susceptible ones. Fallow and fallow plus fumigation maintained the root- knot larval population at a low level throughout the tests. Fallow without fumigation was almost as effective as fal- low with fumigation. However, results indicate that resistant cottons or soil fumigants will not reduce the nematode popu- lation to a level safe for root-knot susceptible crops the fol- lowing year. Recommendations Planting root-knot resistant cotton varieties, such as Au- burn 56, is the most economical root-knot control measure for most Alabama soils. Other tests have indicated that soil fumigation plus the use of a resistant variety may be prac- tical on productive soils that are heavily infested. In addition to being resistant to root-knot nematodes, Auburn 56 is also resistant to Fusarium wilt. Fusarium wilt does not occur in the absence of root-knot nematodes and it increases as the number of nematodes increase. Therefore, the root-knot and Fusarium resistant qualities of Auburn 56 make it a good variety to plant in root-knot infested soil. The chart shows infective root-knot larval populations in plots planted to various cottons or left fallow when fumigated with DBCP, EDB, or left untreated. COTTONS of TOMORROW L. J. CHAPMAN, Assiiionl in Agronomy A. L. SMITH, Plant Pathologist, USDA Co'FF0xx \ii B hiti- tit FITIliZt/ ill a fexx \iix. I tx appcti at ci iniit.ht lit cIi- tit cix tiftiitit nxa tlifbec\ co tred iixttald ot fiveitt. A~ltlhiti~rh oo lt soi itlitii there xx\ill tie tteir differlc es . A btukiir of* ,(,ties is \atxl' tb e~ plitiltx iitinaedctiil l Hybrids, When? lull Ili iot Ilvix j \)1 iti x ii lieteri lxx ill etttt \ x t] ictteits useixd ill (hut1 t iilit tait x s, istiit ill tihe tilt1c lii t titi are trill ciittitllx hx \bitt call ibe Ittitdc ix ai- attlc to irt oxx cixS. flTes at c ( I ) itititc lI Crilosx pitilifilt l iat id (2) tfil ciii itioiii 1.'itiki cornI t ito othe cripi ti cox.( ttoii pitltit) is tooi Iliax\ to tit carieid Ix\ xxii Ki heiiilthititx x t lfiietit crxass tttioatix of Itto fii u i ilitll- ilia of luelle I Iceii.i apouii x bee cin tttiic iit\il high pIittifitt lix li tttiltl \\cd it be ace l xii t siiiitct fctorxy troiciott oft Iitt' bitt ttc tlix (ttxxc p eit l o f tlic ttii iiaiclit ili tbilt cotl1 ticd itxisitil 1111 xiikx ii to taixli\,the pltit ill oliol ot f ptiihiteui flit ittilitiutti itlialc xtct tlitx\ I ictitis hlaxc liccll di iiuill ciidin. IThis imakix it poiixlei tio prltici Itx li \ rid seiii xxitlititit ilttixxcl- pruiicingi. Ix I\ biii or i itil xli tlttititi alit t iitbcr crops. uf tlchil m i atx lx titoit is far tiii i~t 10 ticil. A xsiticltiirx xlicc oii itlic xtcij ttcjxtx ale Ilitptfitt that axitsit ictui\ xilitict ot xtclitlitx xx \\i be I uttitd. Use itt clicialxs tiio iititict tiilc xtci iixl i titt\i isi tril ixit ii a ix otlt f it- Sections of cottonseed at T 771 "_ right show rcsults of one phase of cotton breeding research. Dark spots in two of the seed produce substance known as gas- sypol, which is poisonous to some animals. Seed without spots are from a glandless line that does not produce gossypol. ertic itt il x liii il iji ilitilit .ii tutiu \\itl i ici. lii itt ptattx 'F lei icli p lixlii ii xccdwe art ticiii als iticit isc it rcdi1tcitt itlit xxuili gi catlx iticreaxi thit coist ofi lix triti xsiei. Low Gossypol (iixxx p i i xibiltittc proui cedui lix tiie titit idark glaulx x \ixildi( ill hlauk iuild thle xsced. IThix xiixitioct ix toixic to cii- itt ofittoiiccti toill. Gosxs ,poi titlist it is xitatl iii l tiit liliii I ciii ixitt tit lt lanitlexs liis ofi coittont liiaxi tutu ixit- Ix to atv itti is \ it I lit tie of Iii iiiix\ p d.i Insect and Disease Resistance [Iistiiitt to ctitii instcts. \lt tadx scieit- t lcati I ftcdisico\ xe itiat ittctxii o i il illt i itre x}itiii te I) x.fed ols h taces secetetI Iv Hth iiiiii x i ai~t fill, oiti e I1t tiixe \iitht. lctl ts]i\( xx itti xtuiiittit, pickcrx, such ctiiattcis i,x tax cxt a n tixi tlitii Icix iocc \illt xx otfti itittar ut xx tattipo hilos . li t ht ili s itigtdesiriiclci t ii i iot li xiii~ ati th i ll iii xthu il toi mciitt ittl)\ ci ttiti tio i e et i ll the ix el cti 1 ),i ti x i s In xxii i t \gcil tuii(, i tiecii i t ii lo ct it piltut xx ii ii tot i ri lr qxx tuaiti.e tts tx c tti li tu iti is titcoicix: c be\ cel taixthe stiarcthi 16)lch uisattix i i\x gixxill)to tud ) smothica 5 Ilcxx.t teisl 1 - Ai I ()I IS \ \ I I IIi ) I t t I It (tIis 11 LM5' ( jwill t i ts. It f i Itt I ( l isi I(' It t I tlt' it 1 t' it x i t I t ii~t i i ittII'. IIIIt s ac c a ( I se iti di I I.- till' huh i I Il c itt i llc5j1it t a ii tll. pro- diit is11 t \(Itli 5511 tl 51) 2i 0l Ill 4iiil rct it 'it Ii, a iii titst splAts Of Ci lt s a iffI ti it s 1 )'tit'siil t t lIIi (1), c lwel1' (''itlsi ri ill]\ (o\ er oii 0/l i'l tilctc ltit 11111 tix 1' \1 h l fpo I ii(ti its cl .titi ltd I ll ;Iditioll ther \\45 al pilt.\iciatt'tiigx ilit cits lt ispt ili asiiii is 4 x t'i'kxe Ipciit its it llii tte fiut S lii tci L'iti cdii Sates.iit'aitii itt titestet apts itt tolic 1) 4 \t i) .t liixx lit ' tc iic it o it ith tilhiitl I itt' ii( oii li both oritt'. ut I ll'. it i i t ot These leaves show typical spotting caused by peanut leafspot. The disease organi sm may be in the leaf for 3 weeks before the spotting is noticed. Once leaves are in- fected, there is no effective treatment. SPRAY vs. DUST for Peanut Leafspot Control JA. LYLE, Head, Deparit'ent of Botany and Plani Paihotogy tilta lt' iI ii ilo\x 1945 194 7 1 )49 1 950t 1915 1 10.5 2 1953 il& plliltl pc acre1 2O079 ,o15;' 1. 105 2 .l12) 7 1 1 )'l :1'1i li 261 t',i -18 2 5 2 xxlt c tic itl (1111 tilHt, 9 X li s. t' I list ciotnsistetnt ill 1 71ti hi liaic \itt'5s XliIII t il tis clii tiiii1 lii itho i 'I'71 t i ilit' ti y c. lilet i11111 i i's k drt I li t lt' lil ill C 511 ( 1 1 1iidttid X sp l is .i ill itti tI~ illott illd aiitt : ) I I p I t t ' , h 1 I1 ) 1.5-25 1I). tilitlil XIII .5 2 11). I1'2 'cl i''.'.u'i ( 'ppi't-t9t praui , 2 gal. xx\ it C lll itt 1 liiil tial t it I ii' t ttt' iltt' iii copptrtis lt 'l 00 tle Illi.t S rv \\(I( ap ii ed s i S tillc A. i t h rate ofit.(4 T ) i.i pc ts i i i r itc it iii tI . tu t X itl As ti o \1 it\ I ili d itii ti t l isl tic IiXIiti []los hi~ti tI t.i t thuti Co p ii' It it ixst ill ci tiix - ili (i) I1t't Ti sis is i tilc b\) lix he Ii 'cticid st itt' t tinit t cl it r 171 ' ti i t 1 itll- lpil X tis it )o\\ iSll' It c4l it' il lit t it ages Spilt". I i t IIt N'io. Nio L.544 1,.57 1 1.5(52 1 604 1. 129) 21oiT-2 1P 86 _.155 1 .(G - 1.62:3 2,174 16:3 I .5):)1 2,121 7 1 I I2.5 21 168 16t06 2,210) 1M :15 1 2 t1,850t 2.229 :390)tt 37tt 1 1 1 1( 1 ()1 I)o [I lu \ I- spll,\)s \I) I)i ,I,, o-, )'it 1.1) \\I) 0 1 Pl .\L-r 1,11.xisl'o'l YwId 1)(.1. (( Ic ) w1d Ili( lcit. c Wit I Wi I I ) W I Wi I 1, h. 1, 1). 1, 1). 1, 1). Examples of foliar feed. ing of both landscape plantings and canned plants are shown. 'S I A '1' rr'~ '1 Experimental Results Xx ti ogil applicionsI Il 01(11 to thie soi1 t IIill or 8,: " Or1 it] I ('I I I i\ (ill It I I I1loon it of N 111)111 O 1112(1it IlIitilsoul e Of iiilI I iptollis. I ll)\X c\x cr.), 1 141i (Ylox tih of tihe Ii uLt tops' X\I its XXs. Stud\i OIf the cost (If I I 10CI-iiISilT~ thC OA O ;LI1)1\i"lTi. 1ii ill gr1.(11 'i-8-8 to soil it (112 jut 11(4-1 Xitli II.( FOLIAR FEEDING TOK FURUTA and BILL MARTIN Department o f H-orticulture 8 1 .:2 1 1.52 21 90.L2 9158 151,, 1,6( ~i r alll li ((1 IItioll' Xol'ilc \\II I h So~iil 14 mXX tb xxlx .I illIll-X\itli l lll~l ii('tdo illI ft'ie \\ 1 1iil I ill' rie i nt the(1 So x il F EIAN)G( ~O~) PI_" XI S 1bv apl i 1( f1t tili/Il t tile aill\ (,-(r'I ( 11111 p)1 ut il is is III it li('XX. Bx lIsiIIll a ioi.lctX (I ilii fillx (IX c Iclli llt II illIX xxliii til 111 I l XIIIrt ii I I f I ) til 1111 I it s ('ii 111 It 1111 is tfll\ cIf. i I .llotlbli I Il (~cs t \ll! I iI l b o ill itf 11111 t Sc l ll ltIs 111 tll.l~~i~l I ~ el Ore 1 s111.' t o 1 e tlt e iid 111111 f('(I 1 to1 cIX 1111 i llstl s tilli t fi's 11 lit I ()i I av ('ll11)11 . I IIId Ioll' lcii fl 11b' So12 o f t~ lirci Acn lt -tl flillli ( I ) lli 11oxx h \-i t x s (rood 4 l1~ fl (IX (8)c soi X ap xiitiolit feti~lie 1111\ I i 11\X c)i I ) I o Il 1i it i l I) 81 ic (1 ioI thff gotl 'll'X ill l sill flilt XdI jll xx Ii)e Ili t11illt i xrwt Iei l'l xit ii c t il] CII \1) 11 la lappfliain Of I cll f/ til I'II itililllld 14 its I.\ii thoughi f l 1 I-) p lI t fifdcio ~li hIll liiaItiiii 0t-8-8 to soli ill XI 5(6.2 59).1 60. 8 Advantages Il lii' f(flilli III nti liid ill I illll Ictli r tisi appil ied Io thf soil 11 ((ll 14 xi id slutliixn. il~liall 111111 'is I li 1 11 r ii it cl xxri lize l111( the i folilr( lx xxiiiI l i oill itl all xxi a liill' tfsil yi~ I i l f Use . tfli \\1111 II I 118 ol l Ic tll till ts woI iXll li lt i 24 86(.1 MOST SWINE PRODUCERS know that the number of pigs raised per sow is a major factor in determining profit. A common question asked by a pro- ducer seeking a herd boar is "How many pigs were in the litter?" Research has shown that the number of pigs raised is a trait having low heritability. This means that it is strongly influenced by environmental factors and not easily im- proved by selection. Research has also shown that a well-planned crossbreeding program is the best breeding method available to the producer who seeks to improve sow performance rapidly in a commercial operation. Research Conducted Researchers at the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station and at other state experiment stations have con- ducted many tests to learn which envir- onmental factors are important, how they exert their influence, and how the producer can control them through proper management. Research has shown that gilts bred too young will, on the aver- age, ovulate fewer ova and farrow fewer pigs than those not bred until they are at least 8 months of age. Also, well-grown gilts that are lean and firm at breeding time but gaining in condition raise more pigs than those too fat when bred. Gilts and sows kept in firm, muscular condi- tion during gestation have less trouble at farrowing and raise more pigs than those that are fat. Conditioning Important Proper conditioning before and after breeding can be accomplished only by limiting total dietary energy without re- ducing protein, vitamins, and minerals below safe levels. A bred gilt should re- ceive about 0.8-1.0 lb. of protein in her daily ration - a bred sow slightly more. Five or six pounds of a well-balanced 16% protein ration containing at least 15% alfalfa meal will supply this amount and usually furnish adequate vitamins and minerals. One to 1'/2 lb. of 40% pro- tein supplement and 4 or 5 lb. of corn daily will also supply about this .amount of protein. However, it may not supply MANAGEMENT INFLUENCE ON REPRODUCTION Treatment Ova Pigs No. No. Concrete 13.,30 10.04 Pasture 13.48 10.68 Antibiotic 18.56 10.23 No antibiotic 13.22 10.45 enough vitamins unless the protein sup- plement has been formulated for the pur- pose or supplemented with good pasture or good quality legume hay in racks. Pasture Desirable Excellent pasture is very desirable for the breeding herd because it supplies high quality protein, vitamins and min- erals, facilitates conditioning through exercise, and makes it easier to safely limit energy intake. General health of the gilt or sow at breeding time and dur- ing gestation has a marked effect on the number of pigs farrowed and raised. Disease Control Brucellosis, leptospirosis, and erysipe- las are important causes of poor perfor- mance. Respiratory disorders, enteritis, abscesses or other infections that cause fever or weakness at critical times are also important. A group of sows to be bred should be watched carefully as breeding time approaches. Any sickness should be treated and every effort made to have each female in top health when bred. Poor health at this time will cause fewer ova to be shed, fertilized, and properly implanted. Individual animals, obviously in poor condition, should be removed from the group, treated, and held for later breeding. A group of bred sows should also be observed carefully during gestation for condition and gen- eral health. Prompt action may prevent an individual sow from losing her pigs or farrowing a weak, poorly viable litter. Hot summer temperatures adversely af- feet litter size and viability of litters. For this reason bred sows should be kept coo] by using shade, sprinklers, or wallows. Feeding Tests Since gilts performi better if not ex- cessively fat at breeding, it has often been recommended that they be limited- fed before reaching 200 lb. Recent work at this Station does not indicate that this is necessary. Thirty-two gilts were kept on full feed on concrete until they reached 200 lb. An equal number of lit- ter-mate gilts were removed from con- crete at 112 days of age and given a limited ration on pasture. When the gilts confined to concrete reached 200 lb. they were also placed on limited ration on pasture. Both groups were "flushed" by increasing their feed intake shortly be- fore breeding was started. No difference was found in number of ova produced or in number of pigs at 30 days of ges- tation. It has been reported by the Missouri Station that feeding a high level of terra- mycin or aureomycin for a period of a few days before and following breeding resulted in increased litter size. In recent work at Auburn, 0.6 gmi. of terramycin per head per day was fed to one-half of the gilts in a group of 64, for 5 days be- fore and after breeding. No benefit was found in number of ova shed or number of pigs at 30 days gestation. It may be that response to a high level of antibiotic at breeding depends upon presence or absence of disease organisms which are sensitive to the drug. 13 7 tanageme4t pactices affecting SOW PERFORMANCE C. D. SQUIERS, Assoc. Animal Husbandman I, (JA~ee ~I WV! 'V 7 ''I Pecan Problems ATTACKED by Research Team URBAN L. DIENER, Assc. P!onl Pathologist GEORGE H. BLAKE, Assc. Enlomotogist HARRY J. AMLING, Assc. Hor-itictrist Iii x's 1imt il it.s micth as ittic Yeti tcis \ii oIli t fccxtiol of i axi titXciii pitdctiotnii t, c 's pool iiistxilsc aci i l-i stett tiltl i ii lpr I 1)'i t itiitliz iolI.,i itii c)tl ic cucu poo Ilit ci'-'eli ttit liii it , it 1 . i ittl t aiic isillil tcittl i \ ttips.u ilc (lists ofcit l''ls. Sit itt ciii 't'tt liilfc' llicit iill it o these. area'cs is lccc'sxsil cI t top irciiiitt ill icc . tc' ci alpproc iiti s c culturial iE'spciiitiit Stititi tot siilx tScic Diseases Itccil i lcics lici jclitix cc xc' pitl t il oi ci iijlttt its oxfc iii its io \it xkt't peal stabi fillilc.s (ctstro,,tix s ts iii Iicit.Ili x ticcs. Vaittit's ic'sistitct toi scabl ac ditelh hiculi stistccptidi ti do\x\ 11" spilt icid iii cxxi itctiiut. Tretts of iixt o\ctl X vi~tti alrt attilckt't ti1l ctatii ix stitch tlis eascs s c lot cith, (;ciiuccctci le'iI spoct, it I cl p~o\\ tl x ulilc F'it..wiiill sp t\ cx'Cicilicitits \\ tert diiu li 196 i xx tic ~coper atoirs' iii Aii- I tca Ic wa i3ilclxx in, a ii l i iobice Ciiiuctices. Bottic Ilti cc cxxsiii t I, i cli dcilict ) aUicl ilir ialiisc a cix xx cc\\ ictti toi xlct: i' ),t t i slt) ( D thic ZT ) t Ixxit iii ut' ('l pis ioi (~' Z(Icti) il Stiiicx itl Succes \t]- e~tck iitt is clx i iiiic ioc14 ( (cit cc Idom As siiitx ccI ill tlct tilli]i , (It 'lilt eti ic iii iii st'iil it s iii itcicw ci \\xit ii (Iitltcc trtcc's slifitic clwt'xN lossexis. Insects of Pecans Insicits axrcx ('istlct',ic' to pcat aiti I ii )iiclit \\ it\l s.i (is .ii iiilcxts ci iii and~c Apidcs iclilic \ itaiiit~ alld Ic I tc cctlx cio lciatu't tic',s. t',ccsilli t~ lo ss ofi t i it'cit t.I( xp siht'x cir t ci f cii i'st I scuts 'i xlioitk- "A si ('tai- x cx s C'iiisc i iits ori tIli I p pi'i'iilitix ~. Stli ciis tic'lclciticii is i.custet iix tilt, lall xx\\ix cb\ IIIIiidtt tihe txx\ i o. 4 1iirclti 46-Ii its siciliI liiiitxb c itid txx cts ill xxi i borieiis itc tiiks coi ilt iiitct I ciii ix. 'il c'tli i tt iix tt' caiii iii pc jutiti i 11) 196i1 itstl tic. ilisc'tts wer C fi it it~x i tt li t lix hy 1cati cii ipplctxcticiis tic iliiltutu 1 l lati io o x( I Il)1)1 iiit'.it pclit ,ticic i). icst't'tjt'ctlis xxcrt ippciit't (Co-, I looc I. t'ic( x'-sScxii xNcIi I i iiI Am i Bl ' s I lici t"\c) xx liI Xi ii I xlii t)isi,c icichix fot ox i citi it titu-ct ut ,ctiiiiis it c~*c t U .ilicti cii ( 1 t 2 pcicldx /cc ccii 2 pi c ds Silcc itt i'xx tc i ll acccccc \tit tilt' X\ii' li~st t tcclu dii'xcslc Aii ist t ii.)tc prci'sscc xxi c ta,1 ilut littici "i111c1-split. Left: pecans from unsprayed tree (top) were ruined by scab; those tram tree sprayed with Cyprex (bottom) are undamaged. Cen- ter: These ceaves show symptoms of mag- nesium deficiency typical of Stuart variety. Right: Magnesium deficiency symptoms on Success pecans differ from those on Stuart. P hys io logy i'ti tillic(. I tij l ci t is ofi pt'txc I i ccs di. c l ( o li.' l b l tilts( ofi is it)i iti1)1.11 i crop cc itii tecot diil pa tlos xiiNSiti-m iiil it it /ici Il iii iic. i h l \ t itli ' tiI it tlitI o i~hu lt i i tc t c liii iii ho i ~t ~ 'll p ai li 'i ,,ic ix t i 1d1 is ill-( i xx d lab . i s t iil lii iote t i m soilt~t ticts doi liotsl\ ]'i'~.tto\ lici ci c'.ittsii i c ills Al his it\isc's. pca xxttics l'cillc aix si xx lt c i ti k.de 41iic cx -l iill- li il lcii itlt' ot tese ilaid .ljtlicc o ic4it tcilcttliii it t)'i xi 0 -w rc oci icl st (i ittc lcil i ll ii~Ix W ii Is pi c.'ilitcis taic i ' itil. l f litfisilll d c'licii' lielts atvgci it tht tt'c xtii iots.r illtxicit ulccilciit t a ill ccs i' Thiiii l 1 )ii1 ittL i tii i, iii ( l utIci cii a IN 1961, 52 articles reporting research results in 16 major areas of investiga- tion were published in HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (VOLUME 8). For convenience of the quarterly's read- ers, articles published last year are listed below by subjects. Complete indexes for the 7 previous years are listed in the Animal Science ALABAMA'S CLEAN WOOL CROP SELLS BELOW PAR-Wiggins. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. EARLY- VS. LATE-DROPPED EwES-Cotney and Wiggins. Vol. 8, No. 2, 1961. SHEEP RESEARCH IN ALABAMA-Wiggins. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. SILAGE-GOOD FOR WINTERING STOCKER CALVES-Harris, Anthony, and Boseck. Vol. 8, No. 4, 1961. STARR MILLET-AS A SUPPLEMENTAL GRAZING CROP FOR SLAUGHTER CATTLE- Harris, Anthony, Boseck, and Evans. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. SUMMER GRAZING AND FEEDLOT FINISH- ING OF 2-YEAR-OLD STEERS-Smith, Grimes, and Patterson. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. SUMMER PASTURES FOR GRAZING STEERS -Patterson, Anthony, and Brown. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Dairy Science DAIRYING-COMING OF AGE IN ALABAMA -Wilson. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. FORAGE QUALITY OF ANNUALS VARIES DURING GRAZING SEASON-Hawkins, May- ton, Little, and Rollins. Vol. 8, No. 8. 1961. Farm Economics CONSTANT CHANGE-THEME OF ALA- BAMA'S AGRICULTURE-Yeager. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. CONTAINERS-PROBLEM IN MA EKETIN G VEGETABLES-Street and Kern. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. FARM LIVESTOCK SLAUGHTER DECREASING IN ALABAMA-Hudson and Danner. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. FARMERS AND FERTILIZER DEALERS-Yea- ger. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. FEED PRICES-CHANGING AS LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY EXPANDS-White. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. INCOME RESOURCES IN RURAL CENTRAL ALABAMA-Huie and Kern. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. MARKETING TOMATOES FOR HIGHER RE- TURNS-Street and Kern. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. STATE'S POPULATION-CONSTANTLY CHANGING-Yeager. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. WHERE DOES OUR PORK Go?-Linton and Danner. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. spring issues of 1959, 1960, and 1961. You may wish to bring your files up to date. Extra copies of all 1961 issues are available to those who are missing copies and wish to complete their files. Write Editor, Auburn Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala., for replacement copies, specifying which issues. Farm Machinery FIELD TURNING SPACE NEEDED FOR TRAC- TOR EFFICIENCY-Renoll. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. Field Crops NEW SORGHUM VARIETIES FOR SILAGE- Hoveland, Evans, and Patterson. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. TIMELY PLANTING UPS OAT YIELDS-Mc- Cain and King. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. WARRIOR VETCH-RESISTANT TO THE BRCHD--Donnelly and Hays. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Fertilization FERTILIZING COTTON-CORN ROTATIONS- Cope. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Floriculture FLOWERS CAN BE WATERED AND FERTIL- IZED AUTOMATICALLY-Furuta. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. HOLLIES FOR ALABAMA LANDSCAPE-Orr, Fisher, and Furuta. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. Forestry FIRE VS. FOREST REPRODUCTION-Whip- ple. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. THE EFFECTS OF FIRE ON PINE PLANTA- TIONS-Folsom. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Fruits and Vegetables IRRIGATION-A KEY TO SUCCESSFUL PO- TATO PRODUCTION-Jones. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. PLUM VARIETIES FOR ALABAMA-Norton and Turner. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. POST-BLOOM CHEMICAL THINNING OF PEACHES A COMING REALITY-Amling and Carlton. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Insects and Controls CHAGAS' DISEASE IN ALABAMA-Hays, Turner, and Olsen. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. TINY BUT MIGHTY-CLOVER HEAD WEE- VIL IS SERIOUS FARM PEST--Bass and Hays. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Index to Articles Published in HIGH-LIGHTS of Agricultural Research 1961 No. 2. 1961. 15 Plant Breeding AUBURN 56 VARIETY-VALUABLE TO EN- TIRE COTTON BELT-Chapman. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. DEVELOPING NEW VETCHES- Don n e 11 y and Clark. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. Poultry Science CONTROL NEEDED FOR POULTRY RESPIRA- TORY DISEASES-Edgar, Brewer, and Mora. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. IMPROVED FOWL CHOLERA TYPHOID CON- TROL-Mora and Edgar. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. MASH VS. CRUMBLES FOR BROILERS-Cot- tier. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. SUMMER STRESS ON LAYING POULTRY- Howes, Grub, and Rollo. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. YEAR-ROUND COMFORT FOR YOUR CAGED LAYERS-Grub and Rollo. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. Soil Pests SOIL FUMIGANTS FOR ROOT-KNOT-John- son, Cairns, and Ware. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. Weed Control AQUATIC WEED HERBICIDES EVALUATED- Lawrence, Blackburn, Davis, Spencer, and Beasley. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. THE THISTLE-No. 1 PASTURE WEED?- Davis. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. Wildlife GOOD QUAIL HUNTING FOLLOWS MOIST, COOL SUMMERS-Speake. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. Miscellaneous AREA NEEDS MET BY FIELD RESEARCH- ALEXANDRIA EXPERIMENT FIELD AND PRATT- VILLE EXPERIMENT FIELD-Cope. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. COTTON DISEASES-AND GEORGE F. AT- KINSON-Foscue. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH- LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1960. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. JAPANESE QUAIL FOR ECONOMICAL RE- SEARCH-IVey and Howes. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961. LEGUME INOCULATION-PRODUCT OF EARLY RESEARCH-Roy and Foscue. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961. NORTH ALABAMA HORTICULTURE SUBSTA- TION OFFERS RESEARCH ON SPECIALTY CROPS -McGraw, Morrow, and Hollingsworth. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961. SMALL UNITS DO BIG JOB-BREWTON AND MONROEVILLE EXPERIMENT FIELDS-Cope. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961. THE PIEDMONT SUBSTATION-A STORY OF RESEARCH FOR A DEPLETED AREA-McGraw THOSE EARLY YEARS . . .- Foscue. Vol. 8, THE BLESSING of agricultural abund- ance in the United States is the result of a dream of 100 years ago! An idea grew to free man from his dawn-to-dark struggle to wrest food and fiber from the soil. In this land founded on freedom and equal opportunity, uni- versities were to be established in every state to teach the working man to do his job quicker and more efficiently. All men were to be free to gain an education "in the several pursuits and professions in life." The Land-Grant Colleges in every state were made possible by passage of the Morrill Act in 1862. At the end of the Civil War, Alabama accepted the land-grant offer of the Federal Govern- ment and the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College was established at Auburn. There were questions that confronted early agricultural educators. "What were better ways of farming" and "how to teach these ways?" Only through trial and error - by actual experiments on the land - could the most productive prac- tices be determined. The first Board of Trustees sought to establish a system of experimental farms in the State. A col- lege farm of 16 acres was under cultiva- tion by 1874 and arrangements had been made to experiment with cotton and corn in the Tennessee Valley near Courtland. Outlying experiments were added 3 years later in Wilcox County. In 1883 the College was provided the funds through a fertilizer tax to estab- lish and maintain an experimental farm, of 226 acres. The purpose of an agricul- tural experiment station, the first director, J. S. Newman, defined as follows: "Farm- ers generally cannot afford either the time or money to conduct experiments with such accuracy and persistency as to render the results valuable. Hence, the necessity for an agricultural experiment station where such investigations are conducted for the general good under the auspices of the State." Impetus to agricultural research came in 1887 with passage of the Federal AUBURN UNIVERSITY CENTENNIAL FEATURE Hatch Act. Research funds available for agricultural research were almost tripled in Alabama with the beginning of fed- eral-state cooperation in a nationwide re- search program on behalf of farmers. Results of experiments made at Au- burn were of such value to nearby farm- ers that those of the Black Belt, or prairie canebrake as it was then known, clam- ored for a branch experiment station to learn to cultivate their stiff, clay soil. In 1886 the Canebrake Experiment Sta- tion was established. Cooperative fertilizer experiments with farmers on different soil types were started in 1888. The "Local Experiment Law" passed by the Alabama Legislature in 1911 made possible a vastly expanded program of field experiments throughout the State in cooperation with farmers. In 1927 the Legislature provided for es- tablishment of 5. substations, 1 in each of the major soil regions and experiment fields on the less extensive soil types. Work was started at once to determine suitable sites for the substations. In op- eration by 1930 were Gulf Coast Sub- station in Baldwin County, Black Belt FREE Bulletin or Report of Progres: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama Permit No. 1132-2/62-IOM Auburn's AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM Substation in Dallas County, Sand Moun- tain Substation in DeKalb County, Wire- grass Substation in Henry County, and Tennessee Valley Substation in Lime- stone County. Experiment fields were lo- cated at Alexandria, Prattville, Tuske- gee, Monroeville, Brewton, Aliceville and Lafayette. The latter two were discon- tinued. Five additional substations were pro- vided by the Alabama Legislatures of 1943 and 1947 -the Upper Coastal Plain, North Alabama Horticulture, Pied- mont, Chilton Area Horticulture, and Lower Coastal Plain substations. Fores- try units were added to the system, plus a seed stocks farm and a plant breeding unit. The Ornamental Horticul- ture Field Station, officially established in 1951, was an outgrowth of the Spring Hill Laboratory, started in 1928. The Auburn Agricultural Experiment Station System today is comprised of the Main Station and 23 outlying research units, a far cry from the 16-acre farm first culti- vated at the College. Agricultural research recommenda- tions were accepted slowly at first by farmers, but in the last 25 years an agri- cultural revolution has been in progress in Alabama. From this System have come to farmers better varieties of crops; more economical methods for food, feed, and fiber production; effective insect and dis- ease controls; improved breeding and feeding for more economical production of beef, pork, poultry, milk, and eggs; better methods of weed control; and farm mechanization that now enables one man to do the work of many - to name a few. Thus, today's farmer has become a highly skilled individual who provides food and fiber for many people off the farm. S PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300 LILLIAN FOSCUE, Graduate Assistant