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Agricultural 
ExperiXUPit- Station
ABR N iV EJRSI TY
44I
p
-- -- -------- IL - __~~_ _~
AUBURN
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 8, No. 1
SPRING, 1961
CLOVER HEAD WEEVIL - Tiny Insect Causes Severe
Damage to Crimson and White Clover
CHEMICAL THINNING OF PEACHES- A New Simple Eco-
nomical Way to Improve Quality and Yield
EFFECTS OF :FIRE ON PINE PLANTATIONS- Gives Results
of 25 Years Research on Fires in Pines
WARRIOR VETCH - Auburn Developed Variety Proves
Resistant to Vetch Bruchid
FARMERS AND FERTILIZER DEALERS - Dealers Are Im-
portant Source of New Farm Information
3
4
5
6
7
BREWTON AND MONROEVILLE EXPERIMENT FIELDS - Prove
Valuable to, Southwestern Alabama Farmers 8-9
IRRIGATION INCREASES POTATO PRODUCTION - Water Ap-
plied in Right Amounts Increases Returns 10
FERTILIZING COTTON-CORN ROTATIONS - Research Points
the, Way to Top Yields ......... 11
ALABAMA'S CLEAN WOOL CROP - Wool Produced in Ala-
bama Sells at Lower Price Because of Low Volume .12
THE THISTLE- N. 1 PASTURE WEED? - Reports Results-
of Chemical Use in Control 13'
SUMMER PASTURES FOR STEERS- Reports on Latest Stud-
ies with Beef Pastures -14
INDEX TO ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agri-
cultural Research in 1960 15
WHERE DOEs OURT PORK Go?- Large Slaughter Plants
Are Principal Alabama Hog Markets 16
O te CCT, Nearing completion at Auburn University is the
new Biological and Plant Sciences Building, which will provide
modern teaching and research facilities for the School of Agricul-
ture and Agricultural Experiment Station. When completed it will
house the departments of Agronomy and Soils, Botany and Plant
Pathology, Horticulture, and Zoology-Entomology. Funds for con-
structing the building were provided by passage of Amendment 5
in 1957.
la a& aim 0 0
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH --------------- Director
COYT WILSON --------- Associate Director
CHAS. F. SIMMONS -- Assistant Director
KENNETH B. ROY --------------- Editor
E. L. McGRAw ------- Associate Editor
R. E. STEVENSON...... Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; H. J. AMLING, Associate Horti-
culturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart-
ment Head; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant
Pathologist; AND KENNETH B. Roy.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 301. Response of Crops to Lime in
Alabama.
Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenance
of White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama.
Bul. 330. Costs and Returns of Producing
Runner Peanuts in Southeastern Alabama.
Cir. 127. Mechanized Cotton Production
in Alabama.
Cir. 136. Nifrogen for Dallisgrass Pastures
in the Black Belt.
Leaf. 60. A Comparison of Starr Millet,
Sweet Sudangrass, Johnsongrass as Dairy
Forages.
Prog. Rept. 74. Opportunities for Profit on
Your Farm.
Prog. Rept. 77. Systemic Insecticides for
Thrips Control on Peanuts.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
t s IIil I.IIII 1 1 1 I ti tIt,,s lth it I iilt i C-
cits(Is this is tr ue.
1 akc tit(C Cisi of cimlsoii andi \dlijtc
cto\ x ie- seco 1 1 o of dit t i j )ii ii t AlabamatI .
past sex Ctal x eirs, desicste it gootdjo
tinxy, aind~ larx estiti.. B3ack of the loss sied
itlls is (it- If titt l Iittlie tI itl - Ait tlill
itisect kix as 1iii'cilx Il
1  
xx \ccx ii_
so1 lwiAx ilt sille rii' It s wheii're l ( 'I is
i.DA\i ixx t t c Ii illw 111ial seCd 
1
)roilc't ol
Clover Head W
Is Serious Farm
or oto a )tits Ciw oi- toe c'p that tiitlix
l."iixx Cis AI ir tiilig to oitlher crops. Seed
thait 5C'x il l tiiiiii pitildis it Clix I
SeedI ilii' sipp)
1
ed tot the Sottitasterii
States cx cix x\ear.
hiiAC xxcC'xii is c'ausedC l)ix the litl xac feedi-
l(ilC 11x oile and~ budl~ ot tit(C 1)111t.
the seeii liCAl ilfa\ bei daiiwIidC i ce 'l
orl ill\ ix fiex aroundl C tile l)itis( otf tilt'
fhort ori til ill ide olt ill tseedC heiad.
Six tiiito l IC0 alld il 11) head' IIarel
tnot i11ltitIlltil. fit illallx \-Cises tile lit AC
Weevils per
head, No.
v-'*~
Clover head weevil (inset) can seriously dam-
age crimson clover like that above unless
control measures are used when infestations
reach the danger stage.
MAX H. BASS
eevilI
Pest
SIDNEY B. H
Dept. of Zoology-Entomo
and
AYS'
tOg y
OF butd to it] o c anid lidt11i. Tis is
i'speC'ili ttrti ill iiiixlix iiifcstcd xx lute
illili(' itt xxekix initerxvaix tol diitei-iiiie
thec xx ccxii piipiialious ill ith liite aiii
crii tsit Clix c ii se ,C i ap1 i ) 1. .\(ilil( xcc-
As ale first iilsiiciie till Cl illsitli ill Illidi
l(I)I-I l I i l ii litr iici t t ill . I in
siCtIllt lugim tile x iilcrI ltiiiils.
'Iiie, firstd ietItull itt li- adIti llil' I tters
its \iix\ I ,iil itnfisteid fiIis ilx ii' la-
iwc4 tot secll licais xxithi ;11 stil3et itf
\\l it 1w m lji'',e it.l h re i
raid droptiiuux iluaiton C115 i tietfxxst
til 5,Ii Mi1ii andl coltliillimTt ilie
ti ittNiv \pi few11 \ildiliiipi~ i illiti' ilis
iiiti 1 ~1cs i st of whil it (. (I - fl llowsi
lla i ui \iirii esatte-1 e.ci it dibe-
(tli~lts xxr in withi lit rapeid ui liii
luitilitApitl and4' \xetix. e 'licwitatcis xx rc
21,;lil ltliciitt 1, ol)d'! 2w iICI rpiti.
clilji 2 o pah il iitI lt illideiiat 21li. ll
tat ills~i .lcitallilt he s spe~i hI x ()iti'
isti effe'ct txi\ xx wlI app]i tit i d ii tim
sI 1)1 sicxo h'li Cl',lli.Iii. ill",ad ut
Al Ci ill c aft ix ill ii is effetiSC' cc'so.
de stluctin m o ii p l'illililllI'l lii ics. t
Aiti' p ll x ii \ . 1)1 t tit
4 
t I~ spr). of'
teilic Il n SI ill di il lii of- hep15ach0 r
p r c ( i Irllla foll ap) '1 11 1
March or ear A rCxilis itfctir- et )
itih i) i lit ilk s oldl l nii hi e itt j isC ttj
illtr a pliati nIo ixj o~f ix.s hisxr. ax
NC-0cl excep 255-ltiol 1 pi 3it tli
ari xil 225 19
t ~lptctu qIoo2 I)ip 534 o- l~e
tii~cs 2b1t 182hlediii o lnsi
tiit ri l\ o756I Isila a d spiyn
1) ) 22 v2ttta)ccIfitil 
al s e i
[Oi('i l 18711' 226Ct
E vti i.:itt i I I7(A T E \1NlO
I )titi ti -ii(r~ltIoil 
of Ise t)cd
IC~iilllltil htliterili tcr Au ri.
CHEMICAL THINNING G6 Itae
4oea rOUt eaey
H. J. AMLING, Associe Hocicu~ltisct
C. C. CARLTON, Supeccntendent,
Chilton Area Horicuture Su~bstionc
Pac-uu nujc -ator in sze at different stages
af thinning. Starting at left is 2 days before T-day and
extreme right is T -15, figure carresponds to Table 2.
it this were11 the onii stalge xx le thliliccc i'-
coldh 1be aiccmplishied.
2. lic cettri iiccit othi caiile thin
iig ehicilcixcs need2( the applied at samei
121iticadl orrIccxthI stage tic Ih etfeetix e.
:3. To) Ieoiig c solie frunit g cxt
cl ll ge th at Col be1( u(2 sed tic tdetect thlis
Ciic al stage inl t Ice field.
ITo meet these ccl jeet ix es 2001 an d 400It
sinlglc tree1 plots xcere iiseti ill I1959 and~
1960), respetix elx. Thrcee ocr 4 linccs o)1
eacht tree selectedl at random111 55121( tag-
ged,. and b( lossoms and t
1 
Ii t counl~ts tor
eat] i tind rh ecoridted separatelv. A inii -
10 nr it of 1,00 btI lossoms11 per tree xwas
ulsedt. Thcree to 5 sinigle tree plotsi were
tisetl foi- ealch ticiticcecit.
ilco 1959) anit
1
I9601 trtutillcits coicsisttcJ
TABiLE 1. INLUEN ox c NAA. :3 Ct, xAii Ccitcnui It'(. OiN l,'It CENi 1211(11 SET1 \\lik_
APIED' A1.1 xI )Iiicxc'N SiAE xitis ti il liicxi x)\I.PIE ti,' Liicm:iA ll EAsic
Mlatc iial
N AA
3 C1
1
t7.lcn cc I PC
1Tumpit r li , 1 I,
Pe '12 eit of frcuit ctftroin( aptplicaitionis it tdifferen 
t sttcS__
.51)V13' 88- S(); I %\cck 2\\ ccks :3 xweeks Chceek
Poc. P'ct. J'c/ PcI. I'cI. Pct. Pet.
25.5 24.3 tt16.7 2 1.6
28.1 2.3. 7 22.8 114.1 9. 4 2 -4. 6
19.1 1:.2 18.7 15.6 21.8 27.6
52 50i 55 72) 65' 84'
I51)113 5 tics sactr fuil b)loomc.
25 S _IIlict slitce xx icic SO tic 8.5 (1 cit iiks hix\ 
c splitl.
SO hit stacci x\Ocwn 801 tci 8.51. oif icit Ilacil of ct licil '.iiitictc c\tlcdt.
initit. Stage 2 is leeo'lii/eti lIx hialio-
icig Ofi 
1
it alit
1 
ICetIleet per-iialP l-)xth
lIIicriwcg thlis pcldi ii)(l ~ 121)11 o lextiplinelt
is eComcpletedl. Fidlciss ing this stalgc thctie
is ait ipiti ilccease Ini pcri2cir grcxxtlc
that cclitililucs cilitil inatticitx . staue :..
slcee,.stil tcteniltal thliiiic cit p)txilits
xxitl gi ccxxth egliclaticis flits cclix\ beeni
ccepcortetd xx I ti stIc Ii) ate i als xer ccc a
plited ill stage 1.
Current Investigations
t fir st occittix cs ill th ctiir-relct I-.
seareli pi cignanl xx c :
1.cT finid stiae of hii it dtevelopmllenit
colder Alithanica 
conitioncis 
xx]el lienpplI-
eationis oflN V\ icalptiianc'ctti (,citcid
wuccldi ictice i lit set, andt tic tict 'riloic
4
ciofc periodii ioplit ioo il f cit3 (T~ ( cllii cii
i)iI('icc'\ Ill ciIlict aeid ) N:\A \. d ,ct:3-
elha c IP( .:3rcci)-spixi- ll cx
jphilw of~ c I ilit,. Atciitio cccid sttilt'cs in tice
ilfliicdcticc cc-ictriitioil iofc :3 (T:x wecte
cilited iltl i I19)130.
after the dange(Tr of [rn st hi ls p assed l ma'c
SO11 he a1 12111 Iin erejali real itx
Area IHortieclturie Sullstatitai m.id itt a the
MIa in Statin. Acchtcrn I hat c rex ealed
[ hIloSt at terlnl)S to 6 thllejIl I thui
peaches eonsistecitiV inl tI e post -b)11(111
perid haxve failed.
Importance of Fruit Development
B~efuore reacinlg Iiatli it pliaei f~ocs
through :3 rec(1li/etl stagres cif tiexelop-
lnenlt. Stage2 1 be1gins5 withc lhssiiirg
iiti lasts 30 to 40t) a vs. Du)riinig tis pe-
riod the pericarp) ('(ilie portioli cot
peach) ilcie ill o size alid (lidospern)l
(food( t- Need com1 2i11pltes its ( txtic p-
T\Biii 2. kIXECEc ca. .3 (11i ccx [Ccc (ix i t' SFti \\rcu -\N PPIcD')lil N( 11ccx.ciF
(1I1 Ii Al I_ cilxxixi. Plclic
'\ ,ic lii I
PI ceLIct of firuit .tt iromlc apiilttii dinglc crititl thilliilli Iwihd
T --2 '+ -'I -1-+6 T-p7 T--9 -- I-ttrm )T.3 15 (K III
.3 CPit' I ptI t11c 6.01)1l.9 21.3' 21.9 311.4 17.5 :3.7 2:3.8 :301.7 :3t1.6 .31.9 22.9
:3 (P 2.5 t 2l 21.7T 2 2.:3 :12 1 19.4 136.2 2.5.8 :15.t0 :37.0 :31.7 .34.0 :3 8.t) 22~ 2
iicmi. (1") 7.5 71O tt0 69 .59 7.5 68 .53 (6t0
T icfcrs tcc tit clix \\Wx clit. Icicit tciclicliucc it's ,Iiltdl ilii. ri(il Lc lm\~ tic
Ntiicchc iecr toic\ s itfci T clit\
It I iefcrs tci hiad tiiicii,
Results and Discussion
11c 19.59 the citical stage xxt, as tod
tic exist fioi N \kA. It \\,ias the o)111 stage
that NNA app)Jlicationls iesicltet ill at re
tictiil of frii t set, Tabcle I. Thcis saint
eritil stage a~ppetretl tic be1 ielatted tic
the tlioinccig effeetixvencess ofi :3 (T. Ap-
phlct ici cocf thle lattci growxthI regi cltinr
xwithin approcxil1lilt elx 8 dity ofcc the tciti-
eal stati eutd i " i ncg, Vatbl11 
I
Noc rttlietion ilc flitiit Set rIcSlted ficini1
a~pl)
1
icatilli 1 oif 3 CP appliiedl at othert
tiniles. All applicatioins cof elci c IPC, re-
stilted in l 1edution 11 11ruit set. I'l, tdte-
gree ofi ttlillliilgo aecltx ecd at the x arins
stages ofi dcx eloplllIt x urietl.
A study cit friiit saml pes colected nt-
x (aic c th a t til c tI ii ilci (21 enli)5
1
12n1 1
assoilat ed xx itt c til*ei cit ical stage ats de-
sceld1( II, c tlu re1 starll worx ik ers for
N AAt crrespond ited toict siitll in creast
ill frilit size. This ocurri ed xwithc ech
Ilf thet xvarieties stuied1(. 'I'112 ill easc wxas
of siiuch alililt that the 
1
1i ssitcilitx cit
kisilig it Ill thce fieltd tic cesigiiatt thct
critical statge oflteired go Icit poiss it)ilit ies.
The I196I rislillts conifirmeidt thoise ocl
tinecd icl t1959. It wxas fouinid thait app
1
li-
Cations ct :3 (T a t ttit( tegiiiiit iol the
stage xx II110(1 o llil toe eectixe titic ilii
flg the latter phiases ccf tile stage. Table
2. Tiitsc stuidies also iliitted that re-
tllitilc ill Ii it set talc he1 achitettd atl
the cicd ofl thce stage it hcighc tciceeltra-
ticilis cci :3 CF ire lis12d. I hccx xer, the
colcietritiotici that xwoucltd grixe sattistat-
torx ti ili hg itl thet end ct f cltlt- tiitituci
stakge \\(ciiiitt linlilate fte Crop
1 
it app
1
lied
atl tic btgncliccg cit thle stalge.
I HoT! 0I itt' of iiix-estiocutis it a ii.l
(if slices ill amti isiti(55. 'Ill i('tore.
Ili 19:14 at stii(lx\ wxas licgit A tlw ,\i-
iii r at %aiit s itt nt d oi 4 (11ff rci t
ih\ spt((cs ti Siii(5ix V sttttric row.".
littitii ii spacitig \\ias (6 X (6 ft. ile ariak
%\it dj\ (id tcd iiito 5, 1 4 iIljC 1)1ttx Md
f It tied the 5(-cti ill xiitei fiiiitxx iiit
piiitiit iti c\xti-\ 2 \ eais tisci tfi
il ltei t~ fohiii x wiii it
1 
all it N 4
Research Results
Ili 199 25 xco tatitcrt piiititu&
x00x as liseofhlxititttcc i hic til il pci Ittd
\iti gratiti trfitts iii tieic (-icd
iliit\tohi xx a sldtii04 iltctdct ht.d it
Lotot *i\i\its i i lst xixlpiititcti ti cdct
Wititi dit aili picics byit i' pciiih
btitiit i - 4- itic
1 
fir x itat itvtc xWith
btlixit, itkcw lItiii I ii and cdtll4 aticldi tcx
itmd tiM ttttile x Thi ,iitrn Coi icht
unil ,i txxic lt xirs ofi Sin x i iiat
c\Clebecilne lnlitil~r oTes
ixt fite Rhlltois Ita tM a.
\liiluittii 2312-~ the i,'- peio 45
titirl hutris ()It tttt 2 ibl-c plo the
Six-xt \\tur lill h t allst Il of _
, itiit ii x rt i nd ittitici iii itc~ ort
4~ t
1~I~ 
it
t
-
i.'-t&t
It, Ht~ 
s~t'i1~ it
~ ~J' ~I 4
An excellent stand of four species of Southern pine planted in single row mixture on on
unburned plot is shown at left. These pines are 25 years old. Species are: 1. shortleaf,
2. longleaf, 3. lablally, and 4. slash. Reduced volume as a result of burning every 4 years
is shown at right. Species are: 1. slash, 2. shortleaf, 3. labially, and 4. longleaf.
7fe e#eca '
FIRE ot PINE PLANTATIONS
REID 1. FOLSOM, Assson Forester
t"I t xx li of, sliltx x as lttcr. dii i that itt
2 x cai aint iitlt iltttx ix. lThis iiili
cihcxs that slash iicx imps xtlittt fite I-(,
sixtiltict 1)x thli sctiiit x.tcii afteli phit
speciex tistct hait stitx ix i id (tit tix
xxo iii iii til tliiiaii t th 1(1 oIi stt.it
1ii ilitct \lic is liii atitic calk ii
it ss shiliri aniit titiiit lalt starii hll
1 ticlt 4rtx ii xxep ()x 5teii xscl i hic
i )liitttt ."i ixxtli itl \oi lo iOiii f liiia
bltris iitcrtiixisI.
l)II-1 poii~i t il Idi itst otil th i' IIitl ini led
tio. 1 4t is ii iif itiigittlcx x it ic il
t iC ttiti\tl O iii
1
0ithit it \itsi tt ICi it
lii rtxixti it isiccicx.
ptif ,ii x ttits hadiit tl titi iii tit iiiiti li\ itl
andii tii 2- i it I- st\at ititi i itts A\ ci
iotc t ]. a It xx ats thei xitt~titxttt retrattl
Ill this Illixcil pliili t4 lii tlixk xxas
pilot . I lixx x ti, IONAiti\ xxias ciiuiuitti
xit]. hit 0 t1 x ittIV I c(peti hut tiiii4 it ilttt-
ills litittytu titait I x tru slash xx is tilc
iiltxxcit\\s L. ii ii ti tillal pill tc but
ittstiitx ith tisttiiftiveril is t~iliii
i fax iii iiii ititli )ii slat ihuldi
It it\ tl it i I t it t)1 ( lill Ii Ii I Ii I I ( is il I t ici tp it ed.
0~ A
0
A small volume on an annual-burn plot is
shown above. No lablally survived. Species
are: 1. slash, 2. longleaf, 3. shortleaf.
Typical bruchid damage to hairy 
vetch seed
(top row) as compared with sound 
seed of
the resistant 
Warrior 
variety 
(botto m 
row).'
Bruchid or vetch weevil is shown 
in center.
Six to S \xcks ,ilter llarx ('5, lbrildbi'l
in~festationI Xx as (Leterlle(I lb coillitilla
1,00 ((0 seeI d ofeci Vil jetv f ront 
eatch
plIot, inispectinig each sied. 
and counit-
incr tilt number of seed lroi xxhich 
x c
x us had emer ged1.
Results
that \\ liirioi is iii.iix Oistalit 
to till'
T 7111 \1I( IMUI 1315( 111101stch \\cc\ i.
\vhich oes ex eisv aig toticp
tihle va 1rieties, 1has iiiet its ma11tchi!
I Iii.hlxT resistant to this insect is the
ncxx viarictx . Warrior x\etch, recentlx re-
leased lbv the Aulbori I 1 ix ersitv Agri-
cultural 'Experimnit Station. Based 
oii
test rexults, hairx x v etch groxx ers 
Clim ex-
pect to lose ahont halt of their seedl 
crop
from daitge by the hrnchirl. xxhIereas
xxitli \\ arrior. tllex xx ild 
lose lone.
Seed of siuscepftile xarieties at harx 
ext
MV (Ieept ixe. NV hat app~ear 
s to 1be good
Seedl act( al l iiiax he of poor 
qit l it xble-
cianse of hriichcld dllalte toi (Teruil 
ltllt iIll
Vliible 
ciaia ge 
to the 
seetd mav 
no t apl-
pear for xsvcial xx ieks Afte 
rx ext xxIe wit
thle ilisects cllerge, leav 
i olx cloptv
seed coa(ts. ( See pholto.
B~esidex its u se for gi ell ii 
ir i r 11(
g(ril,ii. xvetch has lleeil giroxxk li r seed
inl Alahama. Dil ringy tie( 
1 94 1 -45 period,
allllial xvetch seed prodictioii 
inl the State
raiii.~ed hetxx eel) 2 and 
212- niilliol lb).
cotyt agent reports) .
A large lper ,llt-
agfe oif tis xx'its hlairx x-etch 
seed. Siiice
194.5, lloxxxer. xvetch seed 
pio illlictil ll
steaikl declined to less 
thanlll lil-half
mlillion 11). lbx 19W58 
the xvetch briichitl
hiiig il ilolillat factil
Yield and Resistance Tests
Iit the fll] of' N )56, tests xx 
(cr beguii
to dleterm ine x ieldis of WVarriori 
aind ha i rx
vetch and1( their resistan ce 
oi- 111)1res is-
tai le to the 1 uin 1i. lin 
all] tests coitton
stalks xx cre tixed ats 
su pport for the x\etchl,
except for onlle scm iii 
at A lexani dria
( 1956-57). xxhet rix e \x as used. 
All plots
wxere liicatedl at rililinil 
1( eetd
4 tio 5 tiise ii the experilneia 
di aras.
Seed xxere threshed xx itl 
at stlltioi~r
thresher.
Auithors tickiii\ fxxudge tile 
cooperitti(illi
aind assistaiir of i 4iiii T. 
Glaze, F. E. Bur -
trin. annd J. Wi. Lzulgfordl, 
slipeiitenrlcllt.
of tlie Alixaniacr nd( 11(Irattx 
illc Exprimen~it
Fieldls, and1( thll I'lald Brcediiig 
t nit, Tal-
li..'.t. rcs(Iictix 15.
Itii.icd
ollii~the first Xx 1001o dax x of spring. 
BxN
the titte xvet chI i S ill blom. ill] of the(
11(lillts iare x\x Ilelx v ciIt t e(I ill 
\ ctellI
fieldIs. Ax pods Iiri thle feliailex 
attalch
cggs to the oultsidie. \ x xhatched 
hir
\-te pclletlatte the( pods mlid 
feed ill tll(,
scdl \\xhre thcx i eiriiiii unitil 
xiisd are
hiarxvestedl of uVlnt il thet pods1 ])irst 
opell
Mid thle 1 onch ids eirnerge ats aiii uts. 
There
is oiiix one gyencratiol o)f lucli(id 
a ca.
Theys do noct infest seed inl 
stoirage.
.Aliilrn eiitoiolo '(ists haxve cx eloped
elfectix I, iinltllols flit colntiollilm 
thle
WARRIOR VETCH-
orewcire~t! a to 
ei v&'oraed
ED. DONNELLY, Plant Breeder
SIDNEY B. HAYS, Assistant in Entomology'
\,eh bh (1id. 'Fil)( 1. At the .Al1exanl -
dia Field (:3 x ear pe id, rili l-
festattioii of hair xvxetch seed axveragend
.51. 1%. xx hereax no( ilifestatillli xx ax 
foind
ill1 Warriiir Seed. Similai relatioiiship 
xx Is
foiiid at the Plaiit Breeduiig Unlit, 
Ta!-
lilssee, a01(1 at tile, Pratt\ ille Lxperiiiieiit
Field 1.1st x ear --ii Iestcd WVarriori seed,
miole; inifested hairx x\etch sed, 45.05,
i11 d 48.6(f4 reis
1
)ectix clx.
WXar rior produced higher x ielns ofi
seedl 111111 ha1ir x\ etch at 4 locat ions.
Tile 2. ' iclds of WVarrior rallgcul fromr
1,.009 tio I , 112 lb). (If seed per acre 
at
Auihirii, Tallassec, anod Prattxville ( cell-
tral Xlahlim ' , as ciiiipaiedl \xitl 195
to .50-1 11). oIf: hairx x etcli scenl. At 
Alex-
aln (il iortliern Alab~aa) WXarrior iii at
'rie xx\Ihill, hairs lxciagcdl :387. 
lDuri
igthlis period i-r \cdsof Warior
ililliites tha~t WarIriiir ix nlot 
15s xxelI
adll
1
)tc lotr seed] p)rodulctionl ill nor1th-
ciii lt.ilola is it is ill tll(. cintiral 
piir
tion of the State.
soil It tIle irixstili Expel iileit Field 
ill
soth criis Ai tliI lia, seexd\illolli cttl iol ofi
(othell. ;I( iir .,el l o
The Bruchid
Th li d ill lii cliid is at siliall, alllilt
isIcclbill , ti(li peal xx iI huit less thlan
half a1s large. Briilelids llilerillt (f1illy
hrulid ill stiptilit 's arietiis. lb-,
mo(st effectixe ciii troIl requnires fouri 
ipl
pl icatiolis of 1(1(1r il or- DD)T (ilrilig 
the
flix "ii period. Such contro eaue
add1( to the (05t ofI seedl p111(l1ict ill 
. TItIi
ilrilclii(l lexistlilt \Vilrriolr 
xiiiietx ilfis
tilll
Certified W~arior l sied is ino~ lx leil(
fil l ixen t AssoiationIl pnlgin11. 
Last
year ablout 15,0 .S 11t)li. oI certified 
seerl
xx as priiduicedl.
TABL 1. IIP I l 'RC xx II Xi oit Biui 5lI NFS-1)
Alevi11 (il
Prattx ill(.
'i l-el tilge oIf
inJo II 1(1 lairx
Pet. Pct.
0.t0 501.1
0t.0) 45.1)
0.0) 18.6
Noi tlel i Alabamla, :-x (111 axveiage.
( 'A1 iZLIIit1 I x(I I ~ c Iu~ Iillsf-V tr
V1) 11111l
AXlexaiiiria'
I ill IC
TaIitts 
liii
Y'1 o11lf s ed
WXarrior1 hlaix
Lb. LI).
558 :38 7
I,00t9 195
1, 1 9 4 0,3
1432 504
\oitlwin Alabinnit,
C(Ilitial Alal);onit, 2-yuar zocragc.
'clitial Alahallia, 1 \(
Ccntritl AlitImma, 2-year
Y Mi B I L111 I i it z ll it talc l an 1 ii\ 1(11
xLi) to ditt iiiil tili(St -tail i/Vfs xti. llt~
a tlik reseathe ioof i('xearel cat beo
rea l ser axe tohi ut'dmli rs. On eth
olthr hasl akl soi t ca of jno i t iii ll ii
whisbiin ratill's.cl e ot
italitti il th flow ofi rseath fact ito
110)1o l- \\ispitxcl 11) 1 t e e
St~lv.1FerilFertilizer -s Sold os fe
vie c- ii isi t Soorce ofitjii foili .30. tjf(
Iii I(,\ liii i iiirs Thus thei d ciiI.i ill r \\t i~tio
sx ib iiirt' x i gt a b tiii i i t ill ofi
fetiizers rt'oits(tl soil ttsif 4 'r - iti t i
coit al paiitiices. fso~. iii-
fer tilitzer 'al s ioi i ti o fron 41. i tt
1-12-12.
Niuibe'r of g'rades antI kinds fi Ititi-
iizt rx Sold b\ iii ideis riitid ttl liiit 4 to
15, wxith theit' ax iagI bing 97 gratdes.
Almiost two o-thirdts oif thle tdealers Sldt ltess
thlli 1(0 'f."rtIts ti- kilidtl of ftertilizetr.
()ixl. 27 3 reportedl sale ol limet'tonie bor
al'iiltiii al Jproses.
Sping5i sales (ji tiiiv \f ut' tti iwutci
for. 9J3 of all \ Soltd, asx tcomparetd xxiii
r4 ofth liiP.), ottl ST, of- K. .0. Ai-
llost all ulu'il'rx uott salt's of t'e
Biulk tltlixti aiid spisr.i( oiif Iri-
liieti xx it' iifftii't lb\ 5 of the 41 teaI-
eirs. Thex, offtered hulk tius % oixtf all-
(,iitilx . till coist of bulk fer'ilizetr det-
lix (lit to faiot's xxas tlit sitilo' as tilt
Purchases by Farmers
fertilizeri fril mu ibis iarc it iii init
I 53 iauuleis ax\ crilgre 't l1u ilg sligltix
ix( 6' tollus of fe'rtilize'r. Thoisie wxhio pliu
tchase't frin deateirtis xx ith is .11 tru~e N ol ue
if sidles boughit the most lertiiizer per~
tolitux antI biauitil iooi' "ralt's or kiiids
of, feri lizers . Fa.rmerts xxhoi isinuli~t f ronil
tdtalers X\x ithit .i loge vooiit of it'es
til 5 ti t'f arther t to purtchase fetrtiliz er
tbhiui dit ioarnels xxho bouugit friun siall-
Credit Sales
\itlii itt eatsiu, ugt'upiti e t'il-ii l utits
fuiitlx to pirc it lic ittilix its ferli-
roxx . ljeutiiitr l1i'ieis xx\eie listt'dl as
for fertil iiei purcheli s. Blanks xweie
liaii first xx lifnuuiit liii tird.ii''
tciditiy c're'dit puurlset ll ii lxtrage iif
8.8 tils t'i11
1
).re't xxith 4.5 toos fur-
faiot'rs xxI ho Iioligiit i nslli ion ceeit
dlealer s. 1)talitus expessedt till- iopiioni
thtil x 1i t1ist ofe illdi toi attract
ii iii etlt elirgt oil retli\(t ales ofxfets
intres I Oa.c Ibi ledo itidest wxas
itppliedto tiiIle luau 15s a flait late regilt ti
tleitir ch'iargedl iiti'ilst iiilx toc the tfint'
the iisait xxas oittstalitiiig. ill moist east's
;I ti)0
1
) ot', iir at petrsonlal iiote xxa ignittetd
Its set'uritx . Liais xxere' iotstaoiits 6.4
111111ll is iili\ ax 'iag'.
\llliiisto tt eru i iiiri'll' frtilizer
iii ili. A inii Nx of tlieal s o reiii-
ioit'll that thi'x nadoe soigistiunus in
WCitoi iu tatiolux as to kiiitl ir gi atit
.1i0 itiioiiut of fertiize'r to lust'.
io t ii it rol ill iii liillr 1 c4 tI'lilizt'i plir
FARMERS aad
FERTILIZER DEALERS
JH. i(EAGER, Agricultur-al Economist
Small Units Do Big Job-
BREWTON and MONROEVILLE
EXPERIMENT FIELDS
J. T. COPE, JR.. Agr-onomist
A 11 1.151, VII \ F A(Ii0 1 92T has1 11(11
of tol d ihct lrleC.o (Itl~-
It'i A ll tillt 'h a s 't t he II A I abli a ldI
XX t pci 
-it't
1  
ii sl I 
i l 1111 k 
flc lli t 
'i c1d sX
r iteHc Cr (ll Filc i cri i n xlI1w1 1111 K al
catedilC ~l~iX I il ll) aotw sci Alabam. 'li c\
Early Research
t Al iy-' li 111)1) ill( 1141lito tl A), l i tba~ Ill i
Itill 11 I c'I 111ami I Xg thes cro'ps' \ thI u It I erIIli11
Thesel IX i lii ( 1 1 well jallll'i X till ollt
rates ofI Ic-t ii itill Xl- o'd il' tilt cropls
iICCI i4- IIIXI roitio i i lt t i a I dI e \hc'(lli
t l Vl I (II )ilaV.I
toll C. Oc i t la '4111'5t prdue 11 . Ill
5 
tis
bu(1 ills 95 .litoil] \ lI(l gcI ll as t XX \1(411
tol till' h ln~' S 1tateII. (111 XI
Crop respanse ta fertilizer
and lime is shown by the
photos. Vetch field at
left is at the Monroeville
Field. No fertilizer was
applied in foreground,
whereas other plots were
fertilized with lime,
phosphorus, and potas h.
The grain sorghum (right)
at the Brewton Field
shows growth response to
lime. Lime was applied
at left, but plot at right
got none.
4-%
Air"'
U, 
4
kit t1 II t ' Xts . fT ll( il~l i Ii ll i A \ It X
87 fim. pc1 acreIt ill fY5S and it IX\ eIi(t'tf
6t T )fill'- X thel 6-i'f XXa ptit di. l'.114t
X ofti li~ 2. lf A Il t)55. sali Iit tIiX
Itf PIX b1i it i LI acr il it 1111111 IIIII
oit'tf, t (I i ii. 0 ltI e tr t'\Io
loe\ il I flut titt XlffeltfX ft'XXl tfii
'fft'Xtt i l'ff Xf11 iiiXX fia til c pir io f it test.
uT ' itt i tI( 1960 \,itst :36 fIX i ll ('f
lii('tit01t'tf iit lii Xi II'I i I( ()ift l' (:Ii ltd
Y~''ieilds itl Stat r c111 f rifi'i'XIItf it bt I XI'
fill 1l(th 11 1. i 'I I Id Itst it I t \ lu 
1
i'tl I
p eli tt tti til I~s i -iIs i itl 111/11 14 tlill
hilsbccl t thr ecserch arct
Ltr fthu 'icoit'itX de 11t f o fi i l iI I' XI iiIXX i
ill CiiL IX k, )'t if ill fltIit,, it fIlli
cropsfI XXcl I'll'fit itl~f ittf Ill 
t
f
t
p'
t 
tIll iI.
ii 'Etll XXIille ifs~ 11 a it (I I c li lita Ittit]i)-
laX ' X IiXX I O tIX jt X 11')fX 
tt ( ') tt ill
pri1u111 1 
1 
1)iit., it ( X sc t tftt kii (tI- Xl11 It.I
ofXI~'' Io-1 \d I ilpl' I tltI i I 1111 lil (It
rtiXI l f liis (X Itim fI ll tl( IX 1it'l I'l
tit e'tilt.c l't''Iii X f t cpII tso lit\ll
sit()\ Ii ti(' t 111. Il ' (d the i llit Xft ll ati li di
flitittitl fit tottir tl f-( t'\ f'op .l 11 ttf ilst f Ii
pH l'XX i an potfsf .111 X idIt.11 filc fIif
111(1 it ]X. l lm t c s s
Ill addXXitio Siuto cit it'i to it tft't't 111'llX
Left-aerial view of the Brewton Field shows
how research plots are arranged. Center-
alfalfa at Brewton Field is observed by many
visitors every year. Right-this corn plant
at the Monroeville Field shows typical symp-
toms of zinc deficiency.
jaict i(11(11( XXII). la 'X Xiit cIXe I I I
p dlcil Ott)) (411. \f'('\ t cip s )1' .(1
20 lI m il(l tha areii risitilit X t ItIX.
tc ot, pit Wiwi-' fai palltlt0 flAXc 11(11
cill ~ Ho llc Produicion thC.1
\XN 116ri .\frilhiiit~ 1IX tl 0.1 t 10 fdirs
tlls 4 r FiIIii4. \ ,111'i 'i ilat ing ht s hccii'
btc rfIII t i sp i ('X piltIll 'I l l \ oi ill
fill 1wl I 945 4 it c131'XXtitot. to ,i the
AkId(41' of 55ill, i1-t '011XXI f(Illcc Mclii I tt
Xtl.1)11 (It hc ()Ilt~ 11111 Icc ItillX ll'l
\t r il I' ll bIX Iilit i Ill('1 ill ' iIt i'( thv li
X til t lm s V ai i el lw Iii.ts Us
4
-
'-.XX
-i ~r
V
IRRIGATION-a 4ey to
acceade POTATO PRODUCTION
SAM T. JONES, Associate Horticulturist
IRRIGATION, timed properly and in the
right amounts, can mean the difference
in success and failure with potatoes, a
crop of high per acre value.
The potato is grown in southern Ala-
bama at a time of the year when rain-
fall is generally adequate. However, as
production has increased in northern
Alabama the high requirement for water
becomes more apparent. Irrigation is
quite profitable in drought years, and
without it even short periods of drought
can be detrimental.
Research Conducted
Research was recently conducted at
the Auburn Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion to determine the response of pota-
toes to various soil moisture levels and
amount and frequency of irrigation re-
quired to maintain these levels. In addi-
tion effects of various drought periods
at different stages of growth were in-
vestigated.
Potatoes were irrigated when available
soil moisture fell to 80, 60, 40, and 20%
of the total available moisture capacity.
The soil was a Norfolk sandy loam, with
a total available moisture holding ca-
pacity of 1.2 in. per ft. of depth.
Yields Increased
Average yields of U.S. No. 1 Grade,
A size potatoes are given in Figure 1.
Irrigating at 80% available moisture gave
higher yields than irrigating at 60% avail-
able moisture. The 60% level also pro-
duced higher yields than the 40% level.
Although irrigating at the highest level
gave the highest yield of potatoes, it
does not necessarily follow that main-
taining 80% available moisture or higher
would be the most economical practice.
Irrigating at 80% available moisture re-
quired an average slightly above 14
irrigations for the 9-week period from
plant emergence to harvest, whereas ir-
rigating at the 60% level required an
average slightly above 6 irrigations. All
rainfall was excluded from the plots.
10
The most profitable moisture level at
which to irrigate potatoes is influenced
by many factors. The range is between
the 80 and 60% levels. It is significant,
however, that potatoes respond to in-
7 5 :15 o
14.
>- 25o 6 5 6
0 10
80 60 40 20
Per cent available moisture
Yield in Cwt. per acre
Number of irrigations required
Figure 1 Yields of potatoes from different
number of irrigations at various available
moisture levels are shown in the chart above.
creases in soil moisture up to the 80%
level.
Frequency of Irrigation
The frequency of irrigation or rain-
fall required to maintain soil moisture
above the 80 and 60% levels is given
in Figure 2. During the first 15 days
after plant emergence (April), the aver-
age number of days between irrigations
was nearly 8 for the 80% level and 15
for the 60% levels. During the next 23
days the numbers were about 4 and 7,
respectively, and during the last 22 days
before harvest 3 and 6, respectively.
During the total 60-day period between
emergence of potato plants and harvest,
average number of days between irriga-
tions was 4.1 for the 80% level and 8.5
for 60% level.
Average daily evapotranspiration losses
in inches of water per day is also given
in Figure 2. Evapotranspiration rates
were slightly higher for the 80% mois-
ture level than for 60% level.
Stage of growth had greatest influ-
ence on evapotranspiration rate. Water
loss was .04 in. per day during first
15 days after plant emergence; .11 in.
per day during the next 23 days and .18
in. per day during the last 22 days be-
fore harvest for the 80% level. Calculated
* Evapotranspiration at 60% level
SEvapotranspiration at 80% level
.150 5
.075
.025
-15 16-8 8 39-60
No of days after emergence of potato
plants - (May -June)
~E rrigation frequency at 60% level
[1Irrigation 
frequency at 
80% level
Figure 2. Frequency of irrigation and evapo-
transpiration rates at different moisture
levels are shown in the above chart.
maximum potential evapotranspiration
was .18 and .16 in. per day during the
first and second halves of the 60-day
period. (Station Bulletin 816, Agricul-
tural Drought in Alabama.)
Since rainfall was 
excluded from these
plots, drought could be imposed by with-
holding irrigation water. The table shows
drought results of different durations
being imposed at different crop growth
stages. Withholding water for 2 weeks
during early stages of growth did not re-
duce yield below that of plots irrigated at
the 80% level. However, withholding wa-
ter for 2 weeks during midseason or later
resulted in a yield of only 60% of that
produced by drought-free plots. Droughts
of 4 weeks duration reduced yield by
approximately 35% if it occurred early
in the growth period and was more detri-
mental if it occurred later. Six-week
droughts resulted in drastic yield reduc-
tions of about 84%.
EFFECT OF IMPOSED DROUGHTS ON YIELD
OF No. 1 GRADE, A SIZE POTATOES
Time of Length of drought, weeks
drought 2 4 6
Cwt./a. Cwt./a. Cwt./a.
Early 132 85 23
Midseason 82 83 21
Late 70 81 19
A l ilI A XIII I iO\ a('r('x of Cottoil .11111
2 ii ii i w o(1 CoIrnI! \\ ill 1)1' piit II
(11tt l.,all a\ r(r'I of~'Ii i 1 111111'( thai I 11111'e
It p1 l 'l\ feriized ii i %N(1 XX '.tilt'i is
gTood, all ax ti,ie ('iti of 114 bales of
CtI ton ai id 5t ) ii. oft (01iii or (1 t'oi iiX
bei cxpet'tt(t. Kilo\\x ii14 it t ll" ]ti\l/I
Much Research
StitIii I Aui~ Il ii A i t u% E'1111 x p-\rtiiinIwitl
Stioll hax xax coitii crtil~eciti.1 pii (4)111
illt al1l s ti li t of, t tatc to 'xte mi up
thC1bes xx a xto fetilizteci Co titmid Corti.
xx ici ellil('hts liaxe sIiikl th1 Xax bIc
tiop ('IXl tilirctt ixT~ cied lt'xx gro\]
tilrtttiiiIhli talli I0(l XX i' Crt I,, rclo\ iTilo
\ca iixitc u ~ll i thei' 11111i fid Ai ~t
"Ia 1111 iltitalx of, C-tcl \iiiliiit'td Co11rn
pill iiitiii(ii ll iiji i . .lllti jiiltlxi itro (1 C
tCiiii'iilliX Ixx lhlet xiii pi iill calprce s
hasl i lc XX T lit'ta,( tw lliiXX 1(
it'r ut ftill's lbt hsi l t' Im t \i\t' dell'lt
fl111111s alld ra~tsx it xl\ticitjiiiixt boithl
I it.t.l Xxl jilt 11iii 11 ixe dst'te il Ii lltl To,
'I Iit it t i tj aI /ie p. it I Text I t c utdd ilitu1t
This is cotton and corn in a
2-year rotation at the Monroe-
ville Experiment Field. Corn is
planted following vetch. 
k
Fertilizing
COTTON-CORN ROTATIONS
JT. CaPt, JR. Agronomist
141,pho iphois potsh a ii ii hutc ii
Cotton and Corn Needs
tiill is ii,1 I I Il 'II I u lt (.i uti I it I I11 lti l.f(I.
Sii it xii i i Sii t tio ii an li i ixi
tlax t Xacii i xdcx ill thiir resxionsex toi
pociish. Saihxctjui s ilSchx as I l f'oui~t lil'x
oil 11 the xi Nit ii ll alii ld ll W i ll~
t itatim i i l li'' 
17
the~il i irCx t i i. Monrill
111111 t ciid I t' tt i iiill Fi t I)ill l])l'iiiil'itx
('il iii f ill lxii as4 il XXII I li i'li l'C
toi l tash I !Ci) ii it t o jx li t has 11111
ti ll tIi liiiho I I li ed XI l-i r I t iii
tl~(,,Il se of Legume ]sptsl ad
I"llilil 
Cottonl (Sxeed Cot ton)
1 'ixst 6tt i). IlN
V7irst 6ttli ) 1))
Vt li) 11). K I
Courn fliloxwing \tc'h
'iixt 6tt 
li). N
'tau Xihl friii t6t V
11111 lilt , I I it tlIt 111 iii (,Sii l(, \i ltt ix t i l ,i slit t au \etch
P(.l clc i,.d ill o~a o) I cac 
lixdol (W C l' i i Ott) clx Ii, ill l l'd f Ciii ill a
2 46 21S7 7Tt1 '551 2-to 5 8 6 452 t'icii.(t ot ciiouit :tttt 11). ofi tt-11-14 is
1 9tl 823 10it 2, 4 18 1t 1I 8
I 810 2_267 18(1o 2 ,~810t 2,6 1 I'Sttt 2,ttI li4"llidi'x is IX\ itlit ti l it IX f 11 
Xlo\ t .of a I I*
lilt. 1311. 131, 1311. 1311 1311.i13n. 
itt i iIiIt doi tif/t i oilt tl, e d
3.11 5.-l 5.2 6. 5 I (6 5. 5. ' b luI'tX il loCiit.iiiii ill tll' TIMMc'i t'
1
)i'i
I1F.',I'0\ ,F OF Col-10\ \\D (:oil\ 10 ULH I HAZA I IoN vi Si\ Lo( . i-io\,, 1959-60
E, L. WIGGINS,
Asso~lole Animal
Breeder
CLEAN
WOOL CROP
aetej 6recev
p
Wool Grade Study
B3tf tue slit 'imi tiflit iii 1958S sainpies
lifX wooi XX tI I taken froem 30(0 sheep
Osw ited hv tiit \oiuri mi \rien ilt urai Ex-
Jperiliii'it Station SX 'stilll. lie i'tlts ailit
1
luocationi Of' tihese siheep) are rix eli ill
itihle 1. The samples XX re seiit to the
Sheep1. Coat., aid iti 11( Scttoti, USDA
\grieiiitiirai 1ieseareii Serici. iBeitsv ilt.,
It c'ato he s'eii ill Tabile 2 that thet
icI (s of the x aijol s gradies of XiAlam a
tioill axet agt 'Ie file wXoiils jeietie
Ill \ ('XX of th iit l lige illiages ofi tihe. Sheep
i111t11b.1 ofi locatjions i thie Stalte. the
iicll woilX jeids iiitaii'tdiljl this
ati soud the taet -sthattie' Xofr Aat
hlinia xsNiiis. Thiese 'estilts iniitjtate that
iilballiat \\XX iii ilt2 tiistaiiiX \ tighillj
pni ditc'ed at pre sct t make s it tdificmult
A11 Iil id I t lili giI In' ) II IlIit' do
('ililiti _ N I ilolil
Wool Quality
ijViiet l-'isl xii it efrome the~ sitt tpis
iN i lt- i. liili l''illciul th i rt iS I' sititit
that ( Illoj s t ttioil) slilit lug.a Ihiei'eii'
fit'eet' otiit triti iatial mtusiiit' iire
XX itii i ii IliXX of ipliiic ljtX"Iii
Ditoifreterionn le Pri hl Sice
titfiti ith' wool allc'i iis i ij
ta ill' e il j t'it iii ti'li,it ofiiii i i'tt' -\ o
thtj ifita XX ii ii scati' lliiir lT i XX lul
fucll isoo isihold Sll foritt Illr ttatk
(it'ill I m i ti it' t t ill 5 ,il r ii I-l-ii ist 
Xli
Ill tfh
5 
is 'w tfie. flis l's tiffit js fttst't
tiettiat'l hit wX il \ ii itt'r steli iteo siile'
Sjeiti is X\Ii X\ tijffjitit tio 'stjlitt fIX\ e
t'sjitlltt' tf ii5th ilr l i til o t XXI ii i ver all ll c -
ft'i ) ,l lit isl so](' ii XX 111 ll ic i titi i dI
tid l l' Sth s itit I lls t dfil' l i Xt li it si'
1 
'1
ilbii \attli XII tisrieffc- o
'I xii 2. ('Iiz% Yw Xis osii ALiABAMAi
Woll N ationat
:'i 
it
Nio. Pt
193 5 7,")K
52 60.157
115 6i .0)6
jllr AdtillhititiOTi 11.5, pp, 7 tatt K.
StrXi'e to plI elite it iiii'ge' ilitrliltt liltl
XX)o ctti(lip. AXs titis gijitii jSlttiliti.d it XX'iil
iltsjs andl otiita higit' r iccu
,F I slot, I [i It s \t),l VI 1,x'\1) Lii stAIt' I ll ()I SlEEP U.si lSE I t's'sA \ io Y IE I)'i 
FEIXII\A-1ION'S
N 111111111'
oft u\\X c
Al Ill Itn
St (I- Cast alt it ti
SiI istat it ii
i1r3tce
itt I liliii litil't
It() I 
1
o'isu't
15S Solitlk Si
I I Tt ti-loodt
2 fite
'3 lu ll l
1 htit-i iblood
4 oittijiio
:3 iiite
4 ittl'lili
'-Ti i lli li
5 [ile
V
Location
7/,te THISTLE-
DONALD E. DAVIS, Boanist
'. 5' ,
'AAl
A comparison of untreated and 
treated thistle is shown above. 
Left is a healthy plant and
right is one treated with 2,4-D.
t1 III, CPit KIN. bristix tilistic
but it t'ertaiiii,\ ranoks ill tht' top
This th iistile, C irsiii orridid
cu rs throlughoit tile State. 13 cxid.
x er. prl'cklx. it hias iniaoix ot her
tel isticx that imake it an impilort
till e cst. Iil Al abam la the 1)1istl
is at peici ilial and l eaeh plalt 
It
iiiles bs xxiiid an l eilil
ev er\ mionthi of the Vecal,
Fuiitheniau e if \-iil cholp at lit
tie downxl all il erag.e of) 4 Htes 
1
lif 15d,000) planits per' atcre hav e I
sei x ed ill Alabamiia. R(5e tcic
We ed \\-it, star ted iii 1 956 Oil W
(Orr'is hain i ll Biliiek ( mu itx 
all
Chemicals Tested
hax e beel I testedi dillll
TREATMENTS
Results of applications using variou
cals at different rates to thistle a
in the chart as percentages of 
w
after treatments.
1 0.
110, ot'-
e-s liiing
tiliic-
anit pits-
thistle
)ri)(llt'exs
Carrited
datlatpii pis alliti ile, 2, 4-1) itioinle 
salts,
2.4-I) e'ster s, \i(PA. 4- \l(:P3 I. 
aodt
iPBA. 'Ilie tests icied st udi's 
ofi tiiits
i'\eept thle 2.4 h)'s. 4- 
\Rl ) ( B i at x
\ICP' wexrte t elitlalix\ dropped 
from0
tests heealuse thie , ga~ix llisiitisftol1
six t at rate(' Ii e(esll \ fo t 
r tilitrol. Bie-
stilts ti, thesei tests ife gis eli 
ill tlit' eiait.
r ui t' th itifro n 2 1- xx a i tn s lt l e 
ii tue 
1  
t it e i
11. (I~ these 
latex aii loiiiiiitat 
ions. \l( IA, 
4-
wel o11th 
2 li) adte 
[i 2.4-i s ] 
apj'at't
ttoi tis
iliitti tP. ctr lt 'I'i t tll ' x31) a es ii xx i ci licin s fxoe -
tpiRt't stit't twite si(iltl be tlt 
tit'x tie
(Iaiiit ati titat'h 
piis xxci itsii
ttoii Ixx tid 2-. '[e -iiit i'li( 214 hixx5s 
api
xxjtii 2fe-tv dri Nl:'A).d 
N
ixtures e Resclts ooflc S pr ApctioSdpo
liit ol , i i id 't 
i l te' il e itt li 
I i ill (x t) 
tic x Iii.
s chem- otrilxin .illj tretedii 
plox tx iiir toio "ill
re gvn t'to tlowetx 'Iiits pht'i 
ap e 'ti li'l\\ tit stilix
(.eds lefttcIt it~ ld oi( 
p t-ia
luth Ii' s t1-1 111 tli
Germination Studied
Six plots xx cr t''stiiilisiii't and1( at 
iil)
IWpiliatel ' lHiiltlill iiitt'rijl ix ll] thistle
5
h''l stiid\ frontii) Iiiioiarx I195T 
tillioughi
l1960, showxed th at tilistit' seetd 
gt'imi-
nati ii it s xer tn ruregn iii. 
1Thei peak
(1c1 liullatioii Iotccurretd di lii g j aiiiiarx 
and~
Febhi iair , itan ax erage ox t' 5.10t)9 
seed-
\lI'lt aiitij~ Xiiig 
et ii. lj~ljj~ 
\r l
Thistite s'td gel imiiitt't 
il tx cix 2-
11)111 ti peuriod boli t ill Oi i I 
x ear olit of
Atugiist. It xxit also h serx td 
that lit'xx
Sproiiti foated cx r r1iots 
ti le thiistle
plnt (ilittli tut eaic 
had I(t)7 o ctit
tliustll lt ow'x ithe tio~l 
Fxfirtutiill itl
ax trc ttl 4 xx twiee ciu t'l 
tpoit
tlitt~ .xxi kill. t ii0\x t I' ilt Si is111CU ii 
t A p-
taisximtly r I t'i'iii ,t hlt'ith 
titlest
were bllt xil illi iliti \ 11\\ Sl tilltS 
1
)ti
till t o lt'iiits. Nx xcin4 \ 
P10 of thei
ltl'tiic rpiii te t e tit(, it' xltitt' 
ix tid
tin' .Th l)secll Ncitilf eoe 
i
SUMMERloeI
PASTU RES /ighits.
foriii'
Miic0
Grazing Steers!S
1
I
thei' i
tmtrc's.
R M. PATTtRSON, Assoc. Agronomist 
ip pi it'd
W. B. ANTHONY, Anma) Nutritionisi 
flater.
V. L. BROWN, Supt., Lower Coastal ruitte 
ofi
Plain Substation 1le 1
Left: Ste
graze 
wi
irrigated
I-.. t ixt titis Ii s little hardii ti swc tie' period. R
silx fili thatli cx its dl cc is suppoitsedl test past
to Itix c'. A\t ittiei timetis thet ittiig I, anro-
is tix ithutukech. A\-fo gutc ixhltittio t ,I i'urtie s
Siueh is the Case xx itli itsitigy sittotilit titliis ill
pettililtietit 
1
).tsti it is fiir grailtgx eat hitig ts icc ill
stcts ill Alaiit . Thc athiitlc'e ofi hit- \tliii
utgC prouicedc lbx th est, crop
1 
s poii ( duHI~ ciitii ii
tin' siI cilon g lt i10xx ittilix icIliul ,tii- Iii toll]
titl gaiius proiuced otkc thei dark chitc. cutp. Ye c
This ptriibleim pints ili thei iteeci lii betq tttc xx ci
tcer siIItiiii'(I rgiitssc's aixi beitte'i xxit,txs tio i
1
ii1it.
use' such ciiips fur pitiliitug1( steers. Tluis tilei stc'c'
is tle ic' ttof itt itiitiit rgieseaurchi li tilt, isti 
'
\uiiiii ii.gicitituitrt Ex~pe'timen'tt Statiott.
Forage Systems Studied
Fou ii i i l utcwxstc'iils fo r grit/ill ttrs
hio~ u i Ici i stuie ld at tIc ui'Li xxcr Coaxs tal
PIliu Siiiustattiiii sitici' 1957, wxith uantd
wxi thout iri'igiiti~ii. Ftoraugce imixture'is xxce. 
titi
I () Cuastatl BImi i tuil ss \x itli Soo I- ilsg
seeded i-\ I.' atic c'riistti c'liix ci, 2) Did- slidalii
lisgi uss-xx htiti' c'liixl c'wxithi sod-sc'i'dei'u r, Pear at 1
sweect smduttigrauss fiilliixxd hi i i% t Si
Icov er, andi(4)- pearl m rilicet to]-
cv ixr i-e giass-eriosot lover (1. l
oilt the xx itter grazing cnips wxetc
ofiiith titfll 1959 issiti' of Mi -
SiiiiITi it! iil croips, nilict atid
xwi'i si'itl ci' l ech xea (ii i \la\.
0) 11i. 
of 0-14-14 
pcri t't't 
\\i ,t il)_
LIntuit if lit tiliii't X its .tiiilii'i to
Istil att 1( Ditlis xx lte ehiix e pas-
5 ititgeit j50) 11). N pier ,tce') 
\\,iax
tii tiillet tic Sitdlanitas stinti as
Wixei III) andtilagalin atliiit 6 sxeeks
:tiastjt \\ias letrtilizedl txxice at thc',
80)1l). of N. No iiitiiigeii xx-ias upl-
0i tile Daicg~s xbt loxver.
1"
As
'4..
ers on test Sudan plot in foreground
mile pasture in background is being
with 1i 12 in. of water during dry
ight: In addition to grazing, Coastal
ures provided 1 1 tons of hay per
1959 and 1960.
tiii, pastuiies xx eic irrtedtii tilte,(
sitimilet oif 19.58 atinc 196) ittic
1959.
ii prc't ) itt ttice ai ii ftoritge pri-
xx cte inmeutsm red cxverxy 28 dax \s
2 aceri pa.sture cs ot caIi]i suint e
il -im sL(
t
e of licbef hied
1 meti not tist culiiii si iotiti..
'S \Ne'uO iii Iliseriiss R lil Willm
Results
l~ata ii it ' ~ltl"" itr e rtages for :
\(icrs, 1 958-61) ill twxo patddthcksx 
of eatel,
pitstitre criop, irr igatted ail ci ot ut igalted.
01 the eciips tested, p)earl tmillet \\,its
the( most respisix e to itrigTit ion. lIi iga-
itt itntreaxec'i at iiig ctptcitx ofi titis
croup a little m ore than otli-ii It steer per
.teti'.1 fiitw age - ma n~tter pttdlietiiitl li
licr ettla tll, ai 1( lix -etigltt gititilx 9v82
II). pet atete. (Xrn g ix llct iand fptet tI tcl.
iige t111(i heel prodtuctioni of' the l)alhlis-
gfilts-x titc'e iix cr 
1
ttxtiit es Xxecsiiiat
wxith and xxithotiit iri iatititi. Ilixx exit -
1mute- xWhite Cel er1V\ gi ex o it li1WTte
petriodl oti tI e itrt c,,tted p astiures. Y1iel'd
R'sjiii se ti' Coai~stal atttc sliilitgt ss to
iri xto its tuegligile iiiig, the :3
veats.
As -womild lie expetedl, there xx\its 'eat-
i x cut x i tiii iii responitse to trrtga-
tion. Jix exx eighlt gutuims per .tet ftitttt
igut~rted it tillet xx ere 262, 211, atmid 378
11). ill 1958, 1959, tmid 196): cotmpairale
g_)ittns frit the( tuotirrigfated 
1
)ustitt i's wxetre
155, 248, and 2:34 11).
(Xmitis pcer itiital 
xxr ci llttptiixcd lix
Iffigatititi tilx ott slimiltiriss. IDutihx gtii
peir steer' (it sitd.im ilort- th c'I957-59 grit/-
it g seats tx aci umed 1.14 11). wxithut
jii igaituot ilunil 1 .42 11). xxhitii in Poitted.
x eritg cidixy git ts peclt stel fot I ot' o t
xxT ir t little ittite than 1 11). pe duix and
.~iiiiit 3 4iii. claix oii (Coastti Bet midtt
t ild Ilhlisgtutss patues.
XX it h oit ii ir at itt). Coasta Iwxais thce
t[ttist Pt odttetix f' i the tutur 111c sitoints
titu-s. III utditiont to (Tiintg, this crtip
proditcid ati i e of tg ' i teutrNx 2,500))ii.
ofi ]it ill the 1959 itti] 196)) siltxits.
lluii il xxas tisimtll> itdeiiate for
groxxtit t11i t thit'c'CIilliriit, uthoutght
tinte xx ti short di ittighit peioidts. Be''
stilts fritt titis expeiriimentt ittcate that
it riguitititi is itit eeiitiitiuilx sind ill
it stietl 'rga/it ig Pt ugrittit. Thuesi' iresitlts
filt t i show xxed 1that oil lit iton ci xii .t
g1i ass xxe not) gieuttlx xiupeioitr tio peiit-
Ile it 
1
)itsti iii's. Blieu isi' of' tis an (i c he
utd dlit ioid elixp eitse of' est it1 iinitg si t-
tlci ,t ikitls, thex atie Iii t reetii iem ided
gts tit.1CIllrpr fitsergaiypo
O UCTIOs OPi lIIAIti it ANiD N''iti-IHGtcEtu. IxStiti 
nitS1,1 Bitt (,Axiii,
Dr\ toruige
y i'ldl ))i aere
Nut irig. hu] g.
letiimiwi passur
l It it.co c
Lb.
9.842
4i (46
4,:344
6 6 15
Axv. citiix stockinug Bce(f uitij
Nstt trrie,. I i a. Nut irii'. trie.
I) .
1 0)8~lt4
4,268
1T6
S 44S
'iits ig riii,( o \ t'.ting slt icrs.
FOR THE convenience of HIGHLIGHTS OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH readers, articles
published in the quarterly during 1960,
Volume 7, are listed below according to
subject. Complete indexes of the 6 prev-
ious years of publication are listed in
the spring editions of 1959 and 1960
Animal Production
CAN PIGS TASTE?-Tucker. Vol. 7, No. 3,
1960.
CREEP FEEDING, AN Am TO EARLY-
WEANED PIGS-Tucker. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
FINISHING BEEF STEERS IN GULF COAST
AREA-Patterson and Yates. Vol. 7, No. 1.
1960.
RATIONS FOR FATTENING STOCKER STEERS
-Anthony, Starling, and Boseck. Vol. 7, No.
3. 1960.
Dairy Husbandry
MANAGING JOHNSONGRASS FOR DAIRY
Cows-Smith, Hawkins, Grimes, Patterson,
and Rollo. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
MATURITY, PRESERVATION AFFECT VALUE
OF SUDAN SILAGE-Hawkins, Smith, and
Grimes. Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
WANTED - GOOD SUMMER PERENNIAL
GRASSES FOR DAIRY Cows-Rollins and
Hoveland. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
Farm Economics
(No. 1 issues of Volumes 6 and 7. Ex-
tra copies of all 1960 issues are available
to readers who are missing copies and
wish to complete their 1960 file of the
research quarterly. Write Editor, Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Auburn, Ala., for needed copies.
Farm Machinery
FIELD SIZE AND MACHINERY EFFICIENCY
-Renoll. Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
Field Crops
ADAPTED POPCORN VARIETIES FOR ALA-
BAMA-Isbell. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
COASTAL-VETCH-CRIMSON GOOD FOR Cows
AND CALVES-Hoveland, Anthony, and May-
ton. Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
CORN-KING OF SILAGE CROPS-Anthony
and Boseck. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
50 TONs OF ALFALFA FROM A SINGLE
PLANTING-Evans and Smith. Vol. 7, No. 3.
1960.
How Goon Is COMMON BERMUDA?-
Hoveland and Burdett. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
HYBRID VS. OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VA-
RIETIES-King. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
SILAGE CROPS FOR NORTHERN ALABAMA
-Evans and Boseck. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
Fertilization
CHANGING VALUES AND TAXES ON FARM
REAL ESTATE-Yeager. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
EGG ASSEMBLY COSTS ON PICK-UP ROUTES
-White. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEWIVES' MEAT
BUYING DECISIONs-Hudson. Vol. 7, No. 3.
1960.
FATHER-SON FARMING, A BUSINESS AR-
RANGEMENT FOR MANAGEMENT-Brown and
Chastain. Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
FINANCING HOMES FOR RURAL RESIDENTS
-Hurst and Rose. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
FINANCING RURAL HOMEs-Hurst and
Rose. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
INFLUENCES ONBUYING HABIT-Van de
Mark. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
INSURANCE COVERAGE OF ALABAMA FARM-
ERS-Belcher and Yeager. Vol. 7, No. 1.
1960.
IRRIGATION COSTs-Yeager. Vol. 7, No. 2.
1960.
MANAGEMENT MEETS CHALLENGE OF
CHANGING TIMES-Smith and Blackstone.
Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
WHERE DOEs OUR PORK COME FROM-
Danner and Linton. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
PERENNIAL LEGUMES IMPROVE SOIL FER-
TILITY-Sturkie. Vol. 7, No. 3. 1960.
WHAT IS VALUE OF SOIL FERTILITY?-
Rouse and Evans. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
Floriculture
CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR PLEASURE AND
PROFIT-Orr and Furuta. Vol. 7, No. 4.
1960.
Forestry
EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION ON YEL-
LOW POPLAR GRowTH-Whipple. Vol. 7,
No. 3. 1960.
FENCE POSTS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL IN-
COME-Whipple. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
Fruits and Vegetables
DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH VEGETABLES PRE-
SENTS PROBLEM-Street and Kern. Vol. 7,
No. 2. 1960.
HYDROCOOLING PEACHES-Harris. Vol. 7,
No. 2. 1960.
Index to Articles Published in
H-IGHLIGH-TS of Agricultural Research
1960o
Graw and Brogden. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
15
PRODUCTION FACTORS - IMPORTANT TO
QUALITY OF IRISH POTATO PRODUCTS-Har-
ris and Barber. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
TOMATOES FOR TOMORROW - Greenleaf
and Carlton. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
WHAT TIME IS BEST TO IRRIGATE SWEET-
POTATOES?-Jones. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
Insects and Control
FACTS ABOUT HORSEFLIES-Hays. Vol. 7,
No. 2. 1960.
NEW INSECTICIDES FOR EXTERNAL PARA-
SITE CONTROL-Hays. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
WATCH OUT FOR CHINCH BUGs-Eden and
Self. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
Plant Breeding
ATOMIC RADIATION FOR BETTER PLANTS
-Clark. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
Plant Diseases
4. 1960.
Poultry Husbandry
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT FOR GROWING PULLETS
-King. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
Now-A VACCINE FOR COCCIDIOSIS IN
TURKEYS-Edgar and Bond. Vol. 7, No. 3.
1960.
WHAT'S TIME TO A HEN?-Moore. Vol.
7, No. 1. 1960.
Soil Pests
ROOTKNOT NEMATODES-A YEAR 'ROUND
PROBLEM ON ALABAMA FARMS-Cairns and
Johnson. Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
Weed Control
LAY-BY CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN
CoTToN-Searcy. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
Wildlife
LAND MANAGEMENT FOR GOOD QUAIL
HUNTING IN THE PIEDMONT-Speake. Vol.
7, No. 4. 1960.
Miscellaneous
INDEX TO ARTICLES-PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1959.
Vol. 7, No. 1. 1960.
THE CHILTON AREA HORTICULTURE SUB-
STATION-A STORY OF RESEARCH GEARED
TO NEEDS OF THE AREA'S FARMERS-Steven-
son, Carlton, and Short. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1960.
THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN SUBSTATION
-A REPORT OF ACCELERATED RESEARCH
THAT IS PROVIDING TIMELY RESULTS -
Stevenson, Brown, and Watson, Vol. 7, No.
3. 1960.
THE UPPER COASTAL PLAIN SUBSTATION
-A SUMMARY OF RESEARCH THAT CHANGED
A CROPPING SYTSEM-McGraw and Cotney.
Vol. 7, No. 4. 1960.
THE WIREGRASS SUBSTATION-A REPORT
OF PROGRESS FROM FARM RESEARCH-MC-
F OUR OUT OF EVERY 10 Alabama-pro-
duced hogs going to market are bought
by large slaughter plants within the
State, which represent our principal
market.
Here's where our porkers went during
the 12-month period ending September
1960: Based on live weight, federally
inspected packers bought 42% of the
hogs sold at auctions and buying sta-
tions; wholesale packers, not federally
inspected, purchased 28%; local packers,
9%; and butchers, 1%. Farmers bought
5% and probably more than half of the
remaining 15% went to buyers represent-
ing or buying for meat processors.
More than two-thirds of the hogs pur-
chased remained in Alabama for process-
ing. Hogs shipped out of state princi-
pally went to Georgia, Tennessee, and
Florida. Less than 1% was shipped out
of the southern region. The majority of
Spork moving out of state was sold di-
rectly to retail outlets in the form of such
conventional cuts as ham, loins, bacon,
and shoulders. No important amount was
shipped as whole carcasses.
Marketing Study
The foregoing information was dis-
closed by a current study of the Auburn
Agricultural Experiment Station. Its pur-
pose is to determine the origin and where
hogs go when sold through Alabama mar-
ket outlets and slaughtered in the State's
processing plants.
There are four federally 
inspected
plants processing pork in Alabama. These
are the only plants that can legally ship
pork out of the State. In a recent survey,
these plants shipped 80% of their pro--
cessed pork out of Alabama. The remain-
ing 70% was sold to other packers, chain
stores, and small retail outlets within the
-
State.
Federally inspected wholesale pack-
ers sold 48% of their slaughter in the
form of fresh pork, 27% as cured, 5% as
edible offal (liver, tongue, and similar
items), 8% as sausage and variety meat,
and remaining 12% as lard, see figure.k
This group shipped 88% of their fresh
L
pork out of state, 18% of their cured
pork, 15% of their sausage and variety
meats, 39% of their lard, and 28% of
their edible offal.
From a group of wholesale and small
packers not federally inspected, princi-
pal differences in processed pork output
were noted. These latter pork packers,
for example, processed proportionately
less as fresh pork, made more sausage,
and had less lard than did the larger
federally inspected packers, see figure.
One-fifth of the output of smaller, local
packers was in the form of sausage,
whereas sausage production of federally
inspected plants amounted to only 8%.
WHERE DOES
OUR PORK GO?
D. A. LINTON, and M. J. DANNER
Department of Agricultural Economics
Make up of pork slaughtered by large, federally inspected wholesale packers (left); and by
wholesale packers (center) and by smaller packers (right) not federally 
inspected.
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
-
Permit No. 1132-2/61-1OM
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300
Most of the plants included in this
study were concerned mainly with pork
slaughter. Their primary interest is to
increase the sale of pork and pork prod-
ucts. Among many of these plants, lard
made up a smaller percentage of the
total output, for which there may be sev-
eral reasons. It is possible that one of the
reasons is in the closeness of trim of
fresh and cured cuts. Obviously a closer
trim would result in a larger amount of
fat and lard.
Summary
In recent years, consumption of pork
per person has declined. If this trend is
to be reversed, a pork product accept-
able to consumers is a necessity. Most
consumers desire pork with less fat.
Closer trimming would result in a larger
amount of a low-valued product, lard,
and the need for locating a market out-
let for such a product. This is a serious
problem that Alabama hog producers
can help meat processors solve by greater
care in production programs. To, this end,
Station animal scientists drawing on re-
sults of Auburn breeding research have
stressed production of meat-type hogs -
more meat, less fat.
-7 1